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Egypt Human Development Report 2010

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Egypt Human Development Report 2010 Egypt Human Development Report 2010 Egypt Human Development Report 2010 Youth in Egypt: Building our Future Final exams coming up... He has such ...then I’ll good values... need a job to get I can wait married The Egypt Human Development Report 2010 is a major output of the Human Development Project, executed by the Institute of National Planning, Egypt, under the project document EGY/01/006 of technical cooperation with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Copyright 2010, United Nations Development Programme, and the Institute of National Planning, Egypt. The analysis and policy recommendations of this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the UNDP or the Ministry of Economic Development. The authors hold responsibility for the opinions expressed in this publication. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission or reference to this source. Concept, cover, photo montage, design, layout by Joanne Cunningham. Illustration credits All photography by Joanne Cunningham, UNDP, MDG Sailing the Nile Project. Printed by Virgin Graphics (www.virgingraphic.com) Local: 2010/9803 ISBN: 977-5023-12-2 Acknowledgements DIRECTOR AND Heba Handoussa LEAD AUTHOR AUTHORS Chapter One Heba Handoussa Chapter Two Ashraf el Araby, Hoda el Nemr, Zeinat Tobala Chapter Three Ghada Barsoum, Mohamed Ramadan, Safaa el Kogali Chapter Four Heba Nassar, Ghada Barsoum, Fadia Elwan, Hanan el Shair Chapter Five Magued Osman, Saeed el Masry Chapter Six Heba Handoussa, Heba el Laithy Chapter Seven Maya Morsy Chapter Eight Ali Sawi, Zein Abdel Hady Chapter Nine Laila el Baradei Chapter Ten Ziad Bahaa el Din Chapter Eleven Ragui Assaad Chapter Twelve Amira Kazem Chapter Thirteen Habiba Wassef, Tarek Okasha Chapter Fourteen Mostafa Madbouly Chapter Fifteen Heba Handoussa, Magued Osman, Sahar el Tawila, Mohamed Ramadan, Heba el Laithy, Dina Armanious Chapter Sixteen Sally Isaac, Shaheer Ishak, Nihal Elwan, Seif Abou Zeid, Abeer Soliman, Nermine Wally, Salma El Fawal, Engy el Refaee { V } INP CONTRIBUTORS Ashraf el Araby, Fadia Abdel Salam Special thanks are due to Hoda el Nemr, Zeinat Tobala the Population Council for providing the full results of its EDITOR AND ADVISOR extensive Survey of Young People Gillian Potter in Egypt (SYPE) which was undertaken in the summer READERS of 2009. Sincere thanks are Osman M Osman, Safie El-Din Kharboush, owed to Sherif Kamel and Halla Ali el Din Hilal, Hossam Badrawi, Shaffey for their continuous Djavad Salehi-Isfahani, Dina Shehata, involvement with the 2010 EHDR Mounir Tabet, Nahla Zeitoun, Team and for their valuable Glenda Gallardo, Mario Posas background papers which have informed various chapters of the RESEARCH AND COORDINATION report. Thanks are also due to Nahla Zeitoun, Heba Abu Shnief, Ehaab Abdou and to the energetic Defne Abbas young team who authored Chapter 16 and conducted focus TRANSLATION ARABIC groups to follow-up on the SYPE Nadia Abdel Azim, Mohamed Ghazal, results and their implications. Rosette Francis ARABIC COPY EDITING Nadia Abdel Azim SPECIAL THANKS Noha Mekkawy, Mohamed Abou El-Khir, Seheir Habib { VI } Preface oday, about one quarter of Egypt’s population — young men and women between the ages of 18 to 29 years — aspire to full and productive lives as they move from education to work, to citizen- Tship, marriage and the establishment of independent households. As the next generation, many will take on positions of leadership, while others will contribute significantly to productivity and rising prosper- ity. It is clear therefore that their wellbeing will affect the growth and welfare of Egypt as a whole. The outcome of youth’s transition to adulthood, if badly managed, becomes highly problematic. Many will suffer from poorer skill and job outcomes and therefore prolonged periods of unemployment; young cohorts with little experience of com- munity participation and civic duties will acquire a fragile understanding of citi- zenship and its responsibilities; and many will develop an unproductive depen- dency on family and state, when what is needed is a young and dynamic body of industrious and resourceful citizens able to meet development goals in a fruitful and inventive manner. A positive outcome to this susceptible transition phase to adulthood depends on an environment that will enable young people to successfully negotiate the drawbacks and difficulties they may have to face. Emancipation and empowerment are essen- tial to egalitarian participation — not only as a commitment from government but also from young people themselves. Civic freedoms and personal liberties need to be accompanied by the performance of public and national duties, by responsible and accountable citizenry. And as one young contributor to this report suggests, commitment to such obligations must also come from families, learning institu- tions, academia, NGOs, private voluntary organizations, the private sector, youth led-organizations, the media, political parties and religious institutions. Each of these institutions has a vital role to play in ensuring that the Egypt of tomorrow will meet the ambitions of today. Many national governments have also devised comprehensive youth strategies, youth policies, employed youth lenses, formed youth development bodies or estab- lished independent youth budgets to help youth overcome obstacles in their path to adulthood. Egypt is no exception. Youth’s modest participation and little civic engagement are being addressed through the creation of clubs, sports and leisure centers, while political parties, the ruling National Democratic Party in particu- { VII } lar, are promoting youthful membership and contributions to the political debate. Young people’s high unemployment rates, particularly for those entering the labor market for the first time, are a source of great concern to the Government of Egypt, and efforts are being exerted so that the mismatch between higher educational and labor market requirements is significantly reduced. Indeed, the education system as a whole is being reformed to introduce pedagogical practices that promote not only marketable skills, but also critical thinking, creative problem-solving, and at a more fundamental level, the values of tolerance and openness. This report suggests that to complement such enabling conditions, a number of pre- requisite must be addressed. Egypt’s record of democracy and respect for human rights must match internationally accepted standards, corruption and deteriorat- ing individual and community values must continue to be attended to, and reli- gious intolerance eradicated. These are concerns that have been frequently articu- lated by young people in this report. More attention needs to be given to enable the culture of voluntarism and civic engagement to grow. Participatory mechanisms can be further developed for young people to have a greater say in the planning and implementation of affairs that will impact their lives, notably with regard the design of political platforms and the partaking in local and national elections. The government is committed to develop and adopt a multidimensional concept of youth welfare that gives greater focus to the interrelated dimensions of educa- tion, access to ICT, employment and the quality of jobs, income levels, gender parity, health, civic participation, and so forth, and to translate these into an inte- grated strategy and action plan. The government is also committed to attain an equitable distribution of capabilities and opportunities for all of Egypt’s youth. What will be more difficult will be to address such issues as leisure, well-being, and even the dynamics of the family including social cohesiveness, which fall under the umbrella of civil society. In this respect, it is clear that both older and younger generations alike must bear an equal responsibility for preservation of the environment, citizen safety, community values, positive aspects of culture, and oversight for good governance. Osman Mohamed Osman Minister of Economic Development Chairman of the Board, Institute of National Planning { VIII } Foreword I am delighted to write this foreword for the latest Egypt Human Development Report (EHDR), which focuses on the vital issue of youth in Egypt: their aspirations, the opportunities available to Ithem, the challenges they face in realizing their personal goals, and their potential to contribute to human development in Egypt. This is the eleventh such report produced by the Institute of National Plan- ning, Ministry of Economic Development, with support from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). According to the 2006 census, approximately 40 percent of Egyptians are between the ages of 10 and 29. The 2010 EHDR analyses the opportunities and constraints facing youth from a human development perspective. It examines the role of youth in Egypt’s development process on issues such as education, health, gender, pov- erty, employment, housing, and participation in society. The Report showcases success stories of youth-centred initiatives, programmes, and projects, calling for greater consultation and communication among young people, the Government and civil society. It also identifies and assesses the most pressing issues affecting youth in Egypt, with the aim of formulating a ‘vision for youth’ that is based on equity, opportunity, ownership and their participation
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