Early Modern , 1450–1815 Also by Geoff Mortimer

EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS OF THE THIRTY YEARS 1618–48 Early Modern Military History, 1450–1815

Edited by

Geoff Mortimer St Edmund Hall, Oxford Editorial matter, selection, Introduction and Chapter 6 © Geoff Mortimer 2004 All remaining chapters © Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. 2004 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2004 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-4039-0697-7 ISBN 978-0-230-52398-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230523982

This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Early modern military history, 1450–1815 / edited by Geoff Mortimer p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN978- 1–4039–0696–3 – ISBN 978- 1–4039–0697–1 .)(pbk 1. Europe – History, Military. 2. Military history. I. Mortimer, Geoff, 1944– D25.P35 2004 355Ј.009Ј03—dc22 2004047837

10987654321 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 Contents

Notes on the Contributors vii

Introduction: Was There a ‘’ in the Early Modern Period? 1 Geoff Mortimer

1 The Medieval Legacy 6 Clifford J. Rogers

2 Spanish Military Power and the Military Revolution 25 Fernando González de León

3 Ottoman Expansion, 1451–1556 I. Consolidation of Regional Power, 1451–1503 43 Rhoads Murphey

4 Ottoman Expansion, 1451–1556 II. Dynastic Interest and International Power Status, 1503–56 60 Rhoads Murphey

5 Naval Power, 1450–1650: The Formative Age 81 Jan Glete

6 War by Contract, Credit and Contribution: The Thirty Years War 101 Geoff Mortimer

7 The Prussian Military State 118 Dennis E. Showalter

8 New Approaches under the Old Regime 135 Peter H. Wilson

9 The Sixty Years War in North America, 1754–1815 155 Francis D. Cogliano

10 Sea Power: The Struggle for Dominance, 1650–1815 177 Richard Harding

11 The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic 196 Alan Forrest

v vi Contents

12 A Wider Perspective: War outside the West 212 Jeremy Black

Index 227

References

All references in this book are given in smaller print within the text rather than as notes. The date/author system is used, quoting the author’s name, the year of publication, and where relevant the particular page or pages referred to, for example (Smith, 1999, pp. 127–35). Details of the corresponding works are given at the end of each chapter. Notes on the Contributors

Black, Jeremy, Professor of History at the University of Exeter. Author/editor of War: An Illustrated World History (2003), European Warfare 1494–1660 (2002), Western Warfare 1775–1882 (2001), War: Past, Present and Future (2000), European Warfare 1453–1815 (1999), War in the Early Modern World (1999), and a large number of other books on early modern military history and other historical topics.

Cogliano, Francis D., Reader in American History at the University of Edinburgh (PhD Boston, Massachusetts). Author of American Maritime Prisoners in the Revolutionary War: The Captivity of William Russell (2001), Revolutionary America 1763–1815 (2000) and No King, No Popery: Anti-Catholicism in Revolutionary New England (1995).

Forrest, Alan, Professor of Modern History at the University of York. Author of ’s Men: The Soldiers of the Revolution and Empire (2002), The (1995), Soldiers of the French Revolution (1990), Conscripts and Deserters: The and French Society during the Revolution and Empire (1989), and a number of other books on this period.

Glete, Jan, Professor of History at Stockholm University. Author of War and the State in Early Modern Europe: Spain, the Dutch Republic and Sweden as Fiscal–Military States 1500–1660 (2002), Warfare at Sea 1500–1650: Maritime Conflicts and the Transformation of Europe (2000) and Navies and Nations: Warships, Navies and State Building in Europe and America 1500–1860 (1993).

González de León, Fernando, Associate Professor of History at Springfield College, Massachusetts. Author of articles in a number of journals, including The Journal of Modern History and The Sixteenth Century Journal, and of chapters in recent monographs on early modern military history. His book on the Spanish Army of Flanders is forthcoming.

Harding, Richard, Professor of Organisational History at the University of Westminster. Author of Seapower and 1650–1830 (1999), The Evolution of the Sailing Navy 1509–1815 (1995), and Amphibious Warfare in the Eighteenth Century: The British Expedition to the West Indies 1740–42 (1991). Co-editor of Precursors of Nelson: British Admirals of the Eighteenth Century (2000).

Mortimer, Geoff, Lecturer in German at St Edmund Hall, University of Oxford. Author of Eyewitness Accounts of the Thirty Years War 1618–48 (2002),

vii viii Notes on the Contributors and articles on this period in a number of journals, including The English Historical Review and German History.

Murphey, Rhoads, Reader in Ottoman Studies at the Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies, University of Birmingham (PhD Chicago). Author of Ottoman Warfare 1500–1700 (1999) and many other books, chapters and articles on Ottoman history.

Rogers, Clifford J., Associate Professor of History at the United States , West Point. Author of War Cruel and Sharp: English under Edward III 1327–60 (2000), The Wars of Edward III: Sources and Interpretations (1999), and other publications on fourteenth-century England and the age of the Hundred Years War. Editor of The Military Revolution Debate (1995), and co-editor of Civilians in the Path of War (2002) and The Journal of Medieval Military History.

Showalter, Dennis E., Professor of History at Colorado College, Colorado Springs. Author of The Wars of Frederick the Great (1996) and several other books on German history, including German Military History 1648–1982: A Critical Bibliography (1984).

Wilson, Peter H., Professor of Early Modern History at the University of Sunderland. Author of Absolutism in Central Europe (2000), The Holy 1495–1806 (1999), German : War and German 1648–1806 (1998) and War, State and Society in Württemberg 1677–1793 (1995).