Patel et al : The Healer Journal January 2021; 2(1)

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An Assessment of Local Use Pattern and Traditional Knowledge on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Bishundayal Prasad Patel1, Bijendra Shah2, Vikram Basyal3, Shiv Mangal Prasad4, Raj Kishor Sah5, Narendra Nath Tiwari6, Ashwani Upadhaya7 1Head, 6former head, Department of Dravyaguna, Ayurveda Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, , Nepal, 2TA, 5Head, Department of Shalya , Ayurveda Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan Univer- sity, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal 3Director; Environment and Development Society (EDS), Naya Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal 4Head, Department of Kaumarbhritya, Ayurveda Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kath- mandu, Nepal, 7Professor & Head, Department of Dravyaguna, Rajiv Gandhi Government PG Ayurvedic College, Himachal Pradesh University, Paprola, District Kangra (HP), ABSTRACT: Background: Nepal is rich in culture, tradition, knowledge of traditional health practices. In fact, traditional healing practices these practices of health care. Practitioners of this traditional medical wisdom are called as traditional healers (THs). THs are prevalent in every ethnic group and community. Majority of rural people are very dependent on traditional medical practices of THs who mostly use locally available medicinal herbs and spiritual methods to treat diseases. Therefore, this study had investigated whether traditional healers had the knowledge, skill, practices and technology of diagnosis and treatment of diseases which could be utilized to assist in providing health care services to rural people in Nepal. Materials and Methods: Using a cross-sectional research design a total of 25 traditional healers from Kapilvasttu district of Nepal were interviewed. Responses on the following topics were obtained: socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, skill and practice regarding medicinal plants use. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the responses. Results: Traditional healers’ knowledge, skill, practice and technology of diagnosis and treatment of diseases were related to tradition and culture of particular ethnic groups and communities. Majority of THs (n=25) are male (73.33%) and Hindu (88.29%) by religion. They mostly used medicinal plants (85.6%) singly or in combination with shaman, spiritual and others techniques. Less than 22.5% of THs had got training from health related institutions formally. Rest of the THs had acquired the knowledge and skill of traditional healing practices from ancestors, colleagues, self-study, from guru (traditional teachers), grandparents etc. Some of the both trained and untrained traditional healers would treat 52 types of diseases including gastro-intestinal and cardiac disorders, HIV, cancer, mental disorders, fractures and other common diseases with 79 known medicinal plants. Conclusion: The results indicate that traditional healers (THs) have acquired traditional medical knowledge, skill, practice and technology from their ancestors, teachers, trainings etc. They use medicinal plants as a means of treatment for providing primary health care to local people in population. However, further health policy and development of controlling mechanism for them on the treatment related issues is necessary. Keywords: Ayurveda nutraceuticals, Nutraceutical, Kathmandu, Nepal

Access the article online Dr. Bishun Dayal Prasad Patel Quick Responde Code Head, Department of Dravyaguna, www.thehealerjournal.org Ayurveda Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal Email: [email protected] DOI: 10.51649/healer.54 Submitted: 18.11.2020 Received: 20.01.2021 Revised: 21.01.2021 Accepted: 26.01.2021

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BACKGROUND therefore rich in ethno medicinal knowledge.

Human beings have been depended on plants from time In countries with limited access to modern medicine, THs immemorial.1 The Rig-Veda written during 4500 BC to are often the main source of health care providers in both 1600 BC is believed to be the oldest repository of human rural and urban areas. In some countries in Asia and Africa, knowledge mentioned about medicinal usages of plants in 80% of the population use traditional medicine for primary Indian subcontinent. Although, such old documentation is health care needs.14 In Nepal, there are more THs than still not rediscovered, but the knowledge on plant utilization Allopathic practitioners (APs). APs are often concentrated is believed to be older than the vedic period. In Nepal, in urban areas reducing medical care to rural access.15 Traditional medicine is used extensively by majority of the Although there is wide use of herbal medicine, traditional population, that includes Ayurveda, Acupuncture, Unani and various forms of indigenous medicine and Tibetan by rapid urbanization, migration, climate change, and the Amchi medicine.2-5 increasing number of modern healthcare systems throughout In many cases, traditional knowledge has been orally the world, including in Nepal.16-20 passed through generations from person to person. Some In Africa up to 80% of the population uses traditional forms of traditional knowledge are expressed through medicine (TM) to meet their health care needs.15 In Asia and stories, legends, folklore, rituals, songs, and even laws.6 Latin America, populations continue to use TM as a result of Traditional medicine is also known as indigenous or folk historical circumstances and cultural beliefs. In many Asian medicine; comprises knowledge systems that developed countries TM continues to be widely used, even though over generations within various societies before the era of modern medicine is often readily available. modern medicine. Traditional medical practices vary among geographic regions and cultures. Three factors legitimize Nepal is rich in culture, tradition, knowledge of traditional the role of the healers; their own beliefs, the success of healing practices. In fact, traditional health practices their actions and the beliefs of the community. Traditional medicine comprises those practices based on beliefs that country. It includes plant, animal, and mineral-based were in existence often for hundreds to thousands of years medicines, massage, spiritual therapies, and varieties of 15 before the development and spread of modern medicine, and which are still in use today.7 Traditional knowledge (TK), indigenous knowledge (IK) and local knowledge (LK) generally refer to knowledge systems embedded in the cultural traditions of regional, medicine (TM) as “the sum total of knowledge, skills, and indigenous, or local communities. Traditional knowledge practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences includes types of knowledge about traditional technologies of subsistence.21 health, as well as to prevent, diagnose, improve, or treat 22-24 physical and mental illnesses”.8 Nepal is a natural storehouse of medicinal plants. Nepal’s location in the center of the Himalayan range places In the developing countries, 70–80% of the population the country in the transitional zone between the eastern and relies on medicinal plants for primary health care.9Globally, millions of people in the developing countries rely on of this unique geographical position as well as its altitudinal medicinal plants for primary health care, income generation and climatic variations. There are between 35,000 and 70,000 and livelihood improvement.10 The use of plants as medicine plant species that have been used for medicinal purposes in is slowly increasing in the developed world11 because they the world5, and about 6,500 species of which occur in Asia.2 12 According to WHO, about Nepal is ranked as 9th among the Asian countries for its 80% of the world’s population, especially in the rural areas depends on herbal medicine for their healthcare needs.13 plants.25 Indigenous people living on their traditional territory reported.26 Among these, about 50% fall under the rubrics largely rely on medicinal plants for healthcare and they are

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“useful”27 and “ethnobotanical”28, and about 25%–50% are ethnomedicinals.29.30 Catalogues have recorded 1,792 on wild plants to meet their basic requirements and all the to 2,331 useful medicinal and aromatic plants in Nepal4,28, ethnic communities have their own pool of secrete ethno reporting their importance in alleviating human health medicinal and ethno pharmacological knowledge about the plants available in their surroundings10,23,27,30,43, which has remedies, and traditional therapies.4,15,29,31 In Nepal, at least been serving rural people with its superiority. 1,600 to 1,900 species of plants are commonly used in These plants are also important for local livelihoods44 traditional medicinal practices.3,4 In Nepalese traditional and income generation45, and they do fetch higher market medicine, more than 2300 plant species32 are used by 125 prices.46 The global demand for medicinal plants is caste or ethnic communities speaking approximately 123 increasing and, in India alone, the market is expanding at 33 It has been estimated that between an annual 20 percent.47,48 Thousands of tons of raw material are exported every year, mostly to India, but also to Asia, and the great majority of these 78 species are located in Europe and America.49 Mustang.34,35 Many of these plants have been used by local indigenous people for centuries, with medicinal uses playing Plant constituents continue to be a vital part of Western an important role in both health and culture. medicine, and are still considered an important source 33 The Traditional healers in Nepal can be divided into-(a) Dhami- practice of seeking evidence helps in identifying important Jhankri (b) Pandit--Gubhaju-Pujari and (c) Jyotishi.36 medicinal plants and may also lead to the development Dhami-Jhankri are shamans, Pandit-Lama-Gubhaju-Pujari of new or important pharmaceutical drugs29 with future bio-prospecting potential.23,50 Numerous drugs have been in Nepal while Jyotishi are astrologers. Dhami-Jhankris act introduced to international markets51 through validation of as mediators between the spiritual world and the material traditional medicines52, indigenous therapies53,54 and ethno world of day to day life.37 pharmacological practices.55 spirits are believed to be common causes of illness in rural areas of Nepal. A previous study reported that approximately In the past in many rural areas of Nepal, traditional medicinal 4, 00,000 to 8, 00,000 number of THs were practicing in knowledge and practice was passed down entirely via oral Nepal.38 tradition based on a mode of transmission and personal experience.5 More recently, however, knowledge Traditional healers (THs) typically treat patients using transfer has also occurred through formally recognized various traditional techniques. Although such techniques are school level education.2-4

39, National and regional demands for herbal medicine are 45,46 and chanting for relieving pain and other health problems by accelerating , and globalization of herbal medicine, 40 These treatments are carried out using along with uncontrolled exploitative practices and lack a variety of traditional tools.41 country’s medicinal plants.56,57 Sustainable utilization Plants and plant products are the primary source of and management of medicinal plants based on traditional medicine and a highly valued resource in Nepal. About 90% knowledge is therefore necessary. of the Nepalese people reside in rural areas where access to government health care facilities is lacking, depends upon Due to changing life style, extreme secrecy of traditional local herbal remedies.10 Medicinal plants play vital roles in healers and negligence of youngsters, the practice and the Nepalese livelihood22 and the use of medicinal plants is dependence of ethnic societies in folk medicines is in rapid frequent in several regions of Nepal.23,24,42 It is estimated that decline globally, therefore, ethno botanical exploitation only 15-20% of the population of Nepal living in and around and documentation of indigenous knowledge about the urban areas, has access to modern medicinal facilities; usefulness of such a vast pool of genetic resources is 52,58-59 equally prefer traditional medicines.22 The ethnic people deliberately needed.

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This study was cross-sectional for documentation of Forests cover 70,865 ha or 41% of total area of Kapilvastu traditional medicinal uses of plants by local people in district; 30% of forests are on hilly terrain and the rest in Kapilvastu district of Nepal. The aim of the study was to the plains. enlist medicinal plants found in the district. Study design and methods: It was descriptive cross- MATERIALS AND METHODS method for selection of participants. Study subjects were 25 Study area: Kapilvastu is one of the districts traditional healers from the district who were willingly to of Zone, Western Region of Nepal. The district, participate in the study during data collection period using with Kapilvastu as its district headquarters, semi-structured questionnaires translated into local language covers an area of 1,738 square kilometres (671 sq mi) of the participants. Participants were selected on the basis and as of 2001 had a population of 481,976, which of their traditional knowledge and practices in the local increased to 571,936 in 2011. The name of district comes from the sage Kapila and his followers who built here i.e. , Hilly and Mountainous. Similarly, it is politically a city called Kapilavastu. This district was a part of the ancient Kingdom ruled by King Suddhodana who Centers, Ayurveda Aushadhalaya (Ayurveda Dispensary) was the father of . climatic zones namely and Netra Jyoti Sangh of the district were consulted to lower tropical (<300 m or 1000 ft.) covers 86.8% of area, gather information of traditional healers in the district. upper tropical (300 to 1000 m or 1000 to 3300 ft.) covers 12.0% of area and subtropical (1,000 - 2,000 m or 3,300 Data analysis: Data collectors were visited to their clinics to 6,600 ft.) covers 1.2% of area. The summer is hot with temperature above 27°C and winter temperature remains checked thoroughly and rechecked for consistency. Data below 15°C. 18.0 software. Data were presented in frequency, bar and Kapilvastu is bounded by to the chart. east, Dang District in Rapti zone to the northwest, to the north, Balrampur RESULTS district, Awadh region to the west and Socio-demographic characteristics of traditional healers no.1. Sex: In general, (n=25), 88% of respondents were males and only 12% were females. The gender disparity seems to

follow the lines of the role of women in patriarchal societies. Age: Findings suggested generally that Traditional healers are mostly senior citizens. The survey results showed that the greater proportion of THs (84%) were above 50 years, whilst only 16.00% were below 50 years. It was found that there is a decline in the number of practitioners as one goes Figure no. 1 down the age groups. Discussions further revealed that this trend was mainly due to the lack of interest of the youth in It is situated at a height of 93 to 1,491 metres (305 to 4,892 ft) becoming apprentices. above sea level. Geographically, the district can be divided Education: Study showed that there was a general decrease into the low land plains of Terai and the low Chure hills. It in number as one goes up the educational ladder. The survey has three revealed that 44% of respondents had never been to school, A 2011 census reported that 50% of people in the district they just knew to read and write. The overall literacy rate were Awadhi speakers followed by (18%), Tharu (11%) of the population 5 years of age and above was 66%. The and native Nepali speakers(17%). The number of immigrants literacy rate in urban areas was 82% compared to that of from the neighboring hilly region is increasing every year. 63% in rural areas.60 Ethnicity: Generally, majority of

20 www.thehealerjournal.org l The healer l Volume 02 l Issue 01 l January 2021 Patel et al : The Healer Journal January 2021; 2(1) respondents were upper caste groups (60%) who were well aware in the community. Janjatis were the lesser, whereas Leguminaceae or Fabaceae was the most common family the Dalit were the least involved in this profession. Racial having more species in the area. In total 14 species of Religion: In terms of racial composition (n=25), The majority were Hindu (92%). THs believe on traditional faith although traditional beliefs vary from one ethnic group to the other, the belief in ancestral spirits is common to all. Occupation: The survey showed that most of the traditional healers (68%) involved in agriculture related occupation. Traditional healers were known in the communities by the name of Vaidhya (Traditional healer, 16%), Jadibuti byabashayi (Herb traders, 4%) and Dhami (Shaman, 12%).

Medicinal Plants and Their usages Figure No. 2: Family of Medicinal Plants

The other common families were Apocyanaceae, from the traditional healers in the district. Local name, Asclepiadaceae, Moraceae, Zingiberaceae, Euphorbiaceae, botanical name, family, parts’ used, dose, dose forms, Labiatae, Lytheraceae, Combretaceae. Liliaceae, preparations of the individual medicinal plants were Acanthaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Oleaceae and Punicaceae. documented during this study presented in the table no. 1 and 2. Parts of Medicinal Plant used for Preparation in dose forms: Generally, THs fruit, latex, leaf, rhizome, root, seed, stem, tuber and whole (n=5) used herbs, shrubs and trees for medicinal purposes. plants were used to prepare various dose forms. THs used Majority of THs (27%) used trees for medicinal purposes. Out of them, 26% of THs used shrubs, 24% of THs used juice, paste and powder; fruit was used to prepare dose herbs and 24% used all parts of plants for medicines. It is forms of decoction, juice, paste, oil and powder; leaves were evident that all parts of plants could be used as medicinal used to prepare dose forms of decoction, juice, oil massage, purposes. In Ayurveda, ten parts or whole plants were used paste and powder. as raw material for preparation of Ayurveda remedies. Generally, THs used herbs, shrubs and trees for medicinal purposes. Majority of THs (27%) used trees for medicinal purposes. Among them, 25.90% of THs used shrubs, 23.50% of THs used herbs and 23.50% used all types of plants for medicines. It is evident that these all goups of plants can be used as medicinal purposes. In total, ten parts or whole plants were used as raw material for preparation of herbal remedies.

Geographical distribution of medicinal Plants: Majority of THs (55.30%) used medicinal plants from terai region to Figure No. 3: Parts of Plant used in preparation of dose forms prepare local remedies for their clients, 34.20% of HTs used medicinal plants collected from hilly region and 10.50% of Mainly seed, tuber and whole plant were used to prepare juice, paste and powder. Stem used to prepare decoction, THs used medicinal plants collected from mountain region in the district. These data show that mountain, hill and terai juice and paste. Latex and rhizome were only used to prepare were equally fertile for medicinal plants. obtained from tree, herb and climber respectively. Family of Medicinal Plants: In this study, 79 medicinal

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Tuber and whole plants were mostly collected from herbs. traditional healing practices. Majority of THs used powder Flower and root were frequently harvested from tree. Stem (57%) followed by juice (47%); and then decoction (19%) was collected from climber and herbs. It is concluded that through oral route. Externally, paste (25%) was frequently used dose form. Oil and oil massage were less considered used for medicinal value. for local application by THs.

Herbal Drug Form: In this study(n=25), majority of Seasonal availability of Medicinal Plants: This survey traditional practitioners used powder (39%) followed by (n=25) revealed that majority of THs (56%) found juice (30%) for their clients. Paste and decoction were also medicinal plants available in rainy season; the least of used in remarkable level. Massage oil and other oil were THs (8%) claimed that medicinal plants found in autumn season. On the other hand, a large group of THs (36%) did not response to this statement. Generally, the appropriate time of collection of herbs is October to December i.e. autumn season. Rainy season is appropriate for growing herbs. Medicinal plants can avail easily in this season. It

performed in the pre rainy, rainy and post-rainy season.

Prevalence of major diseases in traditional healing practices: In this study (n=25), THs (22%) claimed that patients of gastrointestinal disorders commonly visited their clinics in the district.

Figure No. 4 : Herbal Drug Form

This result is found of complicating method of oil preparation. Powder, juice, decoction and paste can be easy prepared in the resource limited condition. That is why, these are frequent in prescription.

Route of Drug Administration: Local application and oral was mainly two route of drug administration of traditional healing practices in Kapilavastu district. Powder, juice and decoction were mostly used through oral route whereas Figure no. 6: Prevelance of disorders treated by HTs in paste and oil were applied locally on the body part wherever the district required. Clients of respiratory disorders, urological disorders, orthopedic disorders, skin disorders, neurological disorders and cardiac disorders were chronologically the second, third

treated in the clinics of traditional healers. The THs of the district also treated cancer patients with herbal remedies

the most common which can be implicated with unhygienic condition of the rural people.

DISCUSSION Figure No. 5: Rout of Drug Administration The study has included 25 THs from the study district. The In this study, powder was the most frequently used drug in

22 www.thehealerjournal.org l The healer l Volume 02 l Issue 01 l January 2021 Patel et al : The Healer Journal January 2021; 2(1) vary from the interviewed one. The sample was also small Ethnicity: Generally, majority of respondents were upper considering the numbers of THs in Nepal. The newer THs caste groups (60%) who were aware in the community. may be excluded because of lack of information. Religion: The majority were Hindu (92%). THs believe on traditional faith although traditional beliefs vary from Socio-demographic characteristics of traditional healers one ethnic group to the other, the belief in ancestral spirits Sex: In general, 88.00% of respondents were males with is common to all. This also makes documentation on the only 12.00% females. The gender disparity seems to follow the lines of the role of women in patriarchal societies. It Occupation: The survey shows that most of the traditional might be attributed to the fact that the act of healing is held healers (68%) involved in other occupation i.e. related sacred by traditional families thus mostly passed on to male to agriculture. Traditional healers were known in the children who were considered heirs to families especially in communities by the name of Vaidhya (Traditional healer, the Terai and Hilly regions of the country where the system 16%), Jadibuti byabashayi (Herb traders, 4%) and Dhami of inheritance is patriarchal. In patriarchal societies, males had to bear all major responsibilities for caring, fooding and on sex, age and educational level of traditional healers. The social relations and females look after household activities. study found that Youngers are less interested in traditional Age: Findings suggested generally that Traditional healers medical practices which may cause threat to existence of are mostly senior citizens. The survey results show that the traditional medical practices.66 In several studies showed greater proportion of (84.00%) THs were above 50 years, that the majority of patients visiting traditional healers whilst only 16.00% were below 50 years. It was found were from rural area5 who was mostly lower class and low that there is a decline in the number of practitioners as one income generating citizen. This is similar to the study done goes down the age groups. Discussions further revealed in Trinidad. that this trend is mainly due to the lack of interest of the Medicinal Plants and Their usages youth in becoming apprentices. Generally, the notion is that formal education and modernization had created the Generally, herbs, shrubs situation that made it unattractive to become a traditional and trees are used for preparation of medicines. It is evident healer. The situation is obviously a threat to the survival that all types of plants can be used as medicinal purposes. It of the profession as majority of practitioners were old and weak and might not be able to practice in the near future. seed, stem, tuber and whole plants were used as raw material Considering the fact that documentation on the practice for preparation of herbal remedies. In this study Bark, of traditional medicine in Nepal is limited, this revelation rhizome and latex were obtained from tree, herb and climber poses a challenge to any intervention that aims at preserving respectively. Tuber and whole plants were mostly collected knowledge of the practice. Education: Study shows that from herbs. Flower and root were frequently harvested there is generally decrease in number as one goes up the from tree. Stem was collected from climber and herbs. It is educational ladder. In a total of 68% of THs were literate. 61, Israel62 and Colombia University63 where clients, those used in the district were found under Leguminaceae family with high-income level had used traditional medicine. followed by Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Moraceae and The study conducted in the United States64 to investigate others. possible predictors of alternative health care use indicated Geographical distribution of medicinal herbs: Most that those with higher education and poorer health status of the plants are collected from terai hilly region. A few were associated with alternative medicine use. The healers of herbs were collected from mountain region to prepare in the current study followed traditional treatment systems. medicines for their clients. They used the least number of Healers in Tanzania65 agree in diagnosis of patients with this herbs from mountain because of far away from the terai study though they also use laboratory test results made in district. However, this data explains that mountain, hill the hospital in addition to history taking, physical diagnosis, and terai were equally fertile for medicinal plants. It can be and divination to identify diseases.

www.thehealerjournal.org l The healer l Volume 02 l Issue 01 l January 2021 23 Patel et al : The Healer Journal January 2021; 2(1) claimed that any kind of diseases can be treated by locally available herbs. That is why, local herbs must be preserved of Central Nepal which recorded a total of for sustainable utilization. 60 medicinal formulations from 56 plant species. Medicinal plants were used to treat various diseases and disorders, MAPs Parts’ used in Drug Preparation: In this study, data with the highest number of species being used for gastro- intestinal problems, followed by fever and headache. Herbs root, seed, stem, tuber and whole plants from the traditional were the primary source of medicinal plants (57% of the users’ group that were used for drug preparation. In general, species), followed by trees (23%). In Rasuwa district, local these parts of herbs were used for preparation of powder, traditional practitioners treat ophthalmological problems, paste, oil massage, oil, juice and decoction. Fruit, leaf and tooth ache, kidney problems, and menstrual disorders.43 whole plants of herbs were used for preparaton of powder and juice. It is found that whole plant, leaf and bark of herbs Similarly, in Hulma district of Nepal, medicinal plants were were frequently used in traditional pharmaceutical industry used to treat human as well as animal diseases by local and healing practices. knowledgeable people. In the study area of the district, a total 161 plant species belonging to 61 families and 106 This study fndings were similar to a study conducted in genera used for treating 73 human and 7 veterinary ailments Addis Baba which was also found plants, animals and minerals as a source of medicine.67 culinary uses and additional uses for 67 and 33 species of Herbal Drug Form: Powder and Juice were frequently medicinal plant species respectively. Most medicines were used by local traditional healers whereas Massage oil and prepared in the form of powder and used orally. Roots were other oil were least used in traditional healing practices. most frequently used plant parts. The uses of 93 medicinal Complicating method of oil preparation may be the reason plants were not mentioned in any previous studies.30 behind less use in the patients. Powder, juice, decoction and In of Nepal, a total of 132 ethno medicinal paste can be easy prepared in the resource limited condition. plant species belonging to 99 genera and 67 families have In this study, powder was the most frequently used drug in been documented from two ethnic communities Magar and traditional healing practices. Majhi. These plants were used to treat various diseases Rout of Drug Administration: Local application and oral and disorders grouped under 12 disease categories, with was mainly two route of drug administration in traditional the highest number of species (61) being used for gastro- healing practices. Powder, juice and decoction were mostly intestinal, parasitic and hepato-billiary disorders, followed used by oral route whereas paste and oil were applied locally by blood and lymphatic system category.68 on the target area. In a study conducted in far western region of Nepal by Rokaya Season of availability of medicinal herbs: Most of the MB et.al documented a total of 947 species belonging to medicinal herbs were found in rainy season; the least of 158 families and 586 genera used to treat gastrointestinal THs (8.00%) claimed that medicinal herbs found in autumn disorders in Nepal. Diarrhea was the disorder treated by the season. Generally, the appropriate time of collection of herbs highest number of species (348), followed by stomachache is October to December i.e. autumn season. Rainy season is appropriate for growing herbs. Medicinal herbs can avail were endemic to Nepal, whereas 16 orchid species were protected under CITES69 Appendices II and III. medicinal plants can be performed in the rainy season. Types of drugs’ Preparation: THs used to prepare power Types of major diseases in the community: In this study, (Dhulo), liquid, paste, pill and oil, etc. THs prepared most of the patients complaining gastrointestinal disorders these medicines in their own pharmacies. The sources of visited traditional clinics in the district. There was also medicine for the majority of interviewed traditional healers prevalence of respiratory disorders, urological disorders, were plants, animal by-products and minerals. All healers orthopedic disorders, skin disorders, neurological disorders used both dry and fresh parts of plants for preparation of and cardiac disorders in decreasing order. remedies. Crushing, powdering, squeezing and pounding

24 www.thehealerjournal.org l The healer l Volume 02 l Issue 01 l January 2021 Patel et al : The Healer Journal January 2021; 2(1) were indicated by majority of the healers as the methods of In this study, THs of the communities reported that they preparations of herbal drugs. used medicinal plants found in the districts as well as

Uses of medicinal plants by Traditional healers in the country. THs claimed that they treated 52 health disorders communities of the districts: or diseases traditionally used parts of plants or whole plant In total 79 species were used by traditional headers in the respiratory, cancer and other disorders and diseases in locally available plants. Some of the them were collected by traditional healers from other districts and market. prescribed for appropriate dose in a day for a time of period through local or oral route. medicinal herbs showed the main ingredients of traditional therapies, and they were considered a main lifeline and study in Chitwan National Park, Nepal had been recorded Dadeldhura districts of far western region of Nepal. Use 185 plant species having medicinal value that had been used of Cordyceps sinensis as an aphrodisiac, Berberis asiatica for eye problems, Bergenia ciliata for disintegration of been used for cattle diseases. The result revealed that the armatum for toothache were the most frequently mentioned. either the root or steams were also worn to cure diseases like Medicinal plants were inseparable from local livelihoods fever, headache, jaundice, cough73, etc. This practice is also because they have long been collected, consumed, and common in other region of the country. managed through local customs and knowledge.70 In a survey carried out in of Nepal reported In another study conducted in terai forest of western Nepal 60 species of medicinal plants used by the local people for has recorded 66 medicinal plant species belonging to 37 treating 25 types of diseases. The study showed that the families and 60 genera. These plants were used to treat common people used fresh medicinal herbs whereas the various diseases and ailments grouped under 11 disease healers used both dried and fresh herbs.74 categories, with the highest number of species (41) being In a survey conducted in of Nepal among used for gastro-intestinal disorders, followed by (34 various ethnic groups and communities of 101 household species) dermatological disorders. Herbs (53%) were the documented 102 medicinal plant species belonging to 59 primary source of medicine, followed by trees (23%). families and 92 genera used in traditional medicines for Curcuma longa (84%) and Azadirachta indica (76%) are the most frequently and popularly used medicinal plant disease, trauma, jaundice, skin disease etc. The study species in the study area. Acacia catechu, Bacopa monnieri, revealed that faith healing system (Tantra/) was more common in lower caste whereas practice of herbal Tribulus terrestris were threatened species which needs to treatment was more common in the upper cast people. The be conserved for future use.71 study had also showed the poverty relation with traditional In Sindhuli district of Nepal, a total 74 medicinal plant medicine that was related to utilization of medicinal plants.75 species has been recorded from local traditional healers and A study in of Nepal had been documented tribal chiefs’ aged 40-60 years for treating 24 diseases like indigestion, diarrhea, dysentery, cough and cold, fever etc. Among these medicinal plants, 23 species have been used etc. The duration of treatment varies from a week to years. for the external application, 45 species for internal use and 6 72 species for veterinary medicine. study area.76

Indication, use, dose, route of drug administration and In Shey-phoksundo National Park of Nepal 2001, Lama duration: et.al had documented 407 plants including 100 medicinal plants and the indigenous use of these medicinal plants www.thehealerjournal.org l The healer l Volume 02 l Issue 01 l January 2021 25 Patel et al : The Healer Journal January 2021; 2(1)

34 Another study conducted in Shey- preparation of local remedies in the form of powder, juice, Poksundo National Park of Nepal has recorded 529 species paste, liquid, oil, etc. Mostly, THs collect herbs from local of medicinal plant species and reported 94.3% of the total farm, forest or sometimes purchase from local traders and medicinal plants. These plants have been used in traditional locally prepared medicines were administered through oral medicine by the amchis for remedies of more than 50 ailments route. like cough and cold, dysentery, typhoid, rheumatism77, etc. They use medicinal plants as a means of treatment for A survey among various communities of Parbat and Kaski providing primary health care to local people in the districts reported that the local communities have been practicing traditional medicine since time immemorial with the health needs of a large percentage of the Nepalese rural 83 medicinal plant species belonging to 51 families and population. However, further health policy and development of controlling mechanism for them on the treatment related fever, constipation, menstrual disorder, sore throat, heart issues is necessary. diseases, typhoid, infertility etc. The study has further been documented their mode of preparation, parts used, quantity ACKNOWLEDGEMENT and route of administration78, etc. In of We are very much grateful to THs who willingly fully Nepal, a study reported that the local people had been using participated in the study, without whose assistance this study 78 species of medicinal plants belonging to 50 families would have been impossible. We thank Multi Stakeholder 79. In Sindhupalchok district of Nepal, a study documented the study in 2015 A.D. I also like to thanks Dr. Santosh 42 species of plants belonging to 34 families for curing 45 Poudel and Dr. Ishwor Adhikari for data collection from the of administration80. In of Nepal 2004, a study Limitations of the study: There is a possibility of selection bias due to the unique circumstances of the study which 45 families were found in the practices for the remedy of allowed the researchers to interview THs who included in diseases like measles, anthelminthic, sinusitis, bone fracture, ear infection81, etc. Medicinal plants were major sources of been included in the study may vary from the interviewed health care of rural and remote people in Nepal. Folklore respondents. The sample was also small considering the and traditional healing practices are popular among those number of THs in Nepal. Lastly, the newer THs may be people living in scarcity of allopathic medicine. excluded as they were not listed in the District Ayurveda CONCLUSION Centers and Netra Jyoti Sangh or popular in their Traditional healing practices are mainly practiced by communities. traditionally learned or knowledge acquired people in the RECOMMENDATION communities having knowledge of medicinal plants and their This study recommends that interventions targeted at usage uses in various ailments. In this study, 79 medicinal plants and preservation of medicine plants should be: were used by traditional healers of Kapilvastu district belong to 46 families and 79 genera for remedies of 52 diseases like egular platform for experience sharing between the diarrhea, dysentery, fracture, dislocation, diabetes, asthma, traditional healers and experts of these sectors. common cold, cough, fever, pain. Gastrointestinal disorders Promoting documentation on knowledge, skill, are the most common among other disorders treated by practices and technology and indigenous medicinal traditional healing practices. It is interested that some plants for intellectual properties right. disorders like cancer, epilepsy and cardiac disorders were Identifying the capacity gaps and building the capacity also treated by the traditional healers. Leguminaceae or of traditional healers to beware upon the preservation Fabaceae is the most common family which belongs to the and protection of medicinal plants. most of the medicinal plants species in the area. Bark, leaf Need further studies on traditional medicinal plants and whole plants of medicinal herbs are frequently used for practices.

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Photo CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Author declares that there

SOURCE OF SUPPORT: None

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Uses of Medicinal Plants by Traditional healers in communities of the district: THs of the communities reported that they used

local or oral route shown in table no. 1.

30 www.thehealerjournal.org l The healer l Volume 02 l Issue 01 l January 2021 Patel et al : The Healer Journal January 2021; 2(1) Oral Twice times in a day APR 1-2 months 1-2 months 1-2 APR APR Twiceday a in times Twiceday a in times Oral Oral at ..Oc nadyAR1 month 1 month APR APR day a in Once day a in Once L.A. L.A. Paste Paste Powder Powder CST CST CST CST ml 10 ml 10 Twiceday a in times Twiceday a in times 3gm 3gm Twiceday a in times Twiceday a in times Oral Oral Oral Oral Decoction Decoction Powder Powder Gastritis Powder, Juice Oral Twice times in a day 10-15 ml 30 days 30 days 30 days 10-15 days 10-15 ml 10-15 ml 10-15 Twiceday a in Twice times day a in times Oral Oral tsf 1 tsf 1 Twiceday a in times Twiceday a in times Powder,Juice Powder,Juice Oral Oral 1 month 1 month ml 10-20 ml 10-20 Twiceday a in times Twiceday a in times Powder Powder Oral Oral Gastritis Gastritis Juice Juice 2-3 months 2-3 months Gastritis Gastritis gm. 3 gm. 3 days 30 Twiceday days a in 30 times Twiceday a in times Oral Oral ml 10-15 ml 10-15 Twiceday a in times Twiceday a in times Oral Oral CST CST Ulcer Ulcer Powder Powder CST CST APR APR Twiceday a in times Twiceday a in times Juice Juice ml 5-10 ml 5-10 L.A. L.A. Twiceday a in times Twiceday a in times Oral Oral mellitus Diabetes mellitus Diabetes 2 weeks 2 weeks Paste Paste disorders Urological disorders Urological gm. 1-5 gm. 1-5 Twiceday a in times Twiceday a in times Juice Juice Oral Oral disorders logical disorders logical Powder disorders logical Powder disorders logical Gastritis Asthma, Gastritis Asthma, Pain Pain micturition Burning micturition Burning Leaf Skin disorders Powder, Juice L.A. Twice times in a day APR 1 month 1 month 1 APR APR Twiceday a in times Twiceday a in times weeks 2-4 weeks 2-4 L.A. L.A. ml 5-10 ml 5-10 Powder,Juice Powder,Juice a day in 2-3 times a day in 2-3 times days 7 days 7 Oral Oral ml 10-20 ml 10-20 day a in Once day a in Once Powder Powder Oral Oral disorders Skin disorders Skin month 1 month 1 Seed Seed Leaf Leaf 1 tsf 1 tsf Juice Juice Twiceday a in times Twiceday a in times Bark Bark Oral Oral Cough Cough Powder Powder Typhoid Gastritis & Typhoid Gastritis & Plants Plants Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Jaundice Jaundice Root Root plant plant Seed Seed Uro- Gastritis, mellitus, Uro- Diabetes Gastritis, mellitus, Diabetes Leaf Leaf & Bark & Bark Leaf Leaf Whole Whole plant plant plant plant Shrub Whole Whole Whole Shrub Shrub Caesalpinia bonducella Linn. Shrub Root (Ash) Piles Paste L.A. Once in a day APR 5 times 5 times 5 APR APR day a in Once day a in Once L.A. L.A. Paste Paste Piles Piles (Ash) Root (Ash) Root Shrub Shrub Linn. bonducella Caesalpinia Linn. bonducella Caesalpinia kandha kandha . ..LtnNm ye at’ue niainTp D rgsShdl oaeDuration Duration Dosage Dosage weeks 2-4 weeks 2-4 Drug’s Schedule Drug’s Schedule RDA RDA ml 5-10 ml 5-10 a in day Thrice a in day Thrice Oral Oral Type Type days 15-20 days 15-20 Powder Powder 1 tsf 1 tsf Twiceday a in times Twiceday a in times months 3-6 months 3-6 Oral Oral month 1 month 1 Indication Indication 3 gm. 3 gm. Parts’ used Parts’ used Twiceday a in times Twiceday a in times 1 tsf 1 tsf Powder Powder Twiceday a in times Twice Oral day a in times Oral Types Types week 1 Oral week 1 Oral Asthma Asthma 3 gm. 3 gm. Powder Powder Fruit month 1 Fruit month 1 Twiceday a in times Twiceday a in times Powder Powder Climber Climber Oral Oral cold Common cold Common 1 tsf 1 tsf Name Latin Name Latin Twiceday a in times Twiceday a in times disorders Neurological disorders Neurological & Root & Root months 2 months 2 Linn. precatorius Linn. Abrus precatorius Abrus Oral Oral Powder Powder Tuber Tuber Decoction, Decoction, N.N. N.N. Tree Tree Lalgedi Fruit Lalgedi 3 ml Fruit Whole 3 ml Whole Herb Herb S.N S.N Twiceday a in times Twiceday a in times Acacia Willd. (Lam.) Arabica Acacia Willd. (Lam.) Arabica Powder Powder Shrub Shrub Shrub 1. 1. Shrub Oral Oral Gastritis Gastritis gastritis abdomen, Acute gastritis abdomen, Acute Babul Babul (Lour.)sinuta Merr. Acacia (Lour.)sinuta Merr. Acacia Linn. calamus Acorus Linn. calamus Acorus Tuber Tuber Fruit Fruit Nees. vasica Adhatoda Constipation Nees. vasica Adhatoda Constipation 2. 2. Sikaaakai Sikaaakai Paste Paste Bojho Bojho Shrub Shrub Tree Tree 3. 3. Asuro Asuro Fruit Fruit 4. 4. (L) Correa marmelos Aegle (L) Correa marmelos Aegle 5. 5. Gastritis Gastritis Herb Herb Linn. cepa Allium Linn. cepa Allium Bella Bella Bark Bark Linn. sativum Allium Linn. sativum Allium 6. 6. Pyaj Pyaj Tree Tree Ulcer Ulcer Uro- Gastritis, mellitus, Uro- Diabetes Gastritis, mellitus, Diabetes Whole & Fruit Whole & Fruit 7. R. 7. Br. (L.) scholaris R. Br. (L.) Lasun Alstonia scholaris Alstonia Lasun Saptaparna Saptaparna Shrub Root Shrub Root Herb Herb Leaf Leaf 8. 8. Wall. paniculata Andrographis Wall. paniculata Andrographis 9. 9. Shrub Shrub Roxb. lakoocha Artocarpus Roxb. lakoocha Artocarpus fool Ankuri fool Ankuri Tree Tree Linn. racemosus Asperagus Linn. racemosus Asperagus 10. 10. Badhar Badhar indica Azadirachta Juss A. indica Azadirachta Juss A. 11. 11. Kurilo Kurilo Neem Neem 12. 12. 13. 13. Punarnava Punarnava 14. 14. Gandhe Gandhe 15. 15. Tableno. 1: Pharmacological aspects of Medicinal used plants in communitiesof Kapilvastu district

www.thehealerjournal.org l The healer l Volume 02 l Issue 01 l January 2021 31 Patel et al : The Healer Journal January 2021; 2(1) months, months, APR Powder Oral Twice times in a day 1 tsf /3 gm. 1/2 -3 1/2 gm. tsf /3 1 Twiceday a in times Oral Powder days 10-15 gm. 10-15 Twiceday a in times Oral Decoction Aphrodisiac Powder Oral Twice times in a day 1 gm. 1 month 1 gm. 1 Twiceday a in times Oral Powder disorders, disorder,Skin Mental months 2-3 tonic memory & Dementia days 15 ml 5-10 months 1-2 Twiceday a in times Oral tsf 1 ml 3 Twiceday a in times Aphrodisiac Oral month 1 day a in Once Juice L.A. month 1 gm. 3-5 Twiceday a in times Regular Juice Oral CST tsf 1 disorders Neurological gm. 3 Paste Twiceday a in times APR Oral day a in Once Powder Oral day a in Once L.A. Powder Powder Cough week 1 gm. 3-5 Fracture Paste day a in times 1-2 Allergy Oral Rasayan Gastritis Juice Eczema Diarrhea Cholera, disorders Latex Aphrodisiac Juice Oral 2-3 times in a day 2-3 drops 2 2 weeks 2-3 drops 2 weeks a day in 2-3 times Oral APR a day in 2-3 times Oral Juice days 30 ml 10-15 Juice Twiceday a in times Oral disorders Fever, Urological Aphrodisiac Leaf Juice Latex 3 months plant disorders 3 gm. Urological Twiceday a in times Oral Leaf plant Juice 2-3 months disorders Neurological APR Fruit day a in Once L.A. plant days 10-15 plant Paste 2-3 ml Twiceday a in times plant L.A. dislocation & Fracture plant Paste Root Whole plant plant Woundhealing, Latex Shrub Root Piles Powder L.A. Twice times in a day 1 ml 2 weeks 2 ml 1 Twiceday a in times L.A. weeks 2 gm. 1-5 Twiceday a in times Powder Oral Powder months 2-3 week 1 Piles gm. 3 Twiceday a in times gm. 3 Oral Root a day in times 2-3 Gastritis L.A. Shrub Root month 1 Juice Tree Paste gm. 3 Twiceday a in times Oral Whole disorders Urological Powder Herb Gout Leaf Shrub Tuber month 1-2 Herb gm. 3 Twiceday a in times Jaundice Oral Stem Whole Climber Powder Herb Flatus Gastritis, & Anorexia Fruit Tree Whole Herb D. Don Don D. Gaertn. Gaertn (L.) Dryand. Dryand. (L.) Pers. (Berk.) Sacc (Berk.) ex ex W.T. Aiton sinesis Cordyceps ba aha jhaar 20. Patha Cissampelos pariera Linn. Climber WP Gastritis Juice Oral Twice times in a day 10-15 ml 30 days 30 APR ml 10-15 Twiceday a in times Oral ml 2-3 a day in times 1-2 L.A. Juice weeks 3 Paste ml 10 days 15-20 a day in times 1-2 weeks 2-4 Oral gigantia Calotropis tsf 1 gm. 2 Whole weeks 2 Twiceday a in times Twiceday a in times Gastritis Decoction Oral Oral Herb Leucoderma Anka gm. 3 Twiceday a in times WP 16. Oral Tuber Climber Powder disorders Respiratory Linn. Juice asiatica Centella Rajbriksha Herb Ghodtapre 17. Linn. pariera Cissampelos Powder L. borivilianum Chlorophytum Headache sensation, Burning Bark 18. musali Seto Patha Tree 19. Seed 20. Hum Buch. nurvala Crataeva Climber cold Common Cough, Yarsaghum- Stat Gastritis Rhizome 21. Barun japonica Cryptomeria Linn. sativus Cucumis salla Dhupi Tuber ml 1 22. Herb beej Kakro orchioides Curculigo 23. a day in times 1-2 Tree musli Kalo 24. L.A. Roxb. caesia Curcuma 25. Whole haledo Kalo Linn. domestica Curcuma 26. Powder Herb Haledo Whole dactylon Cynodon Akashelar- 27. Tree Roxb. teres Dendrobium 28. Dubo 29. Harjor Linn. prostate Eclipta 30. bite Snake Bhringaraaj Respiratory 31. pressure, Blood Amla Latex 32. Shrub Aankhle Leaf Whole 33. Tree Herb Boiss royleana Euphorbia Linn. thymofolia Euphorbia Siundi Linn. bengalensis Ficus Dugdika 34. 35. Barra 36.

32 www.thehealerjournal.org l The healer l Volume 02 l Issue 01 l January 2021 Patel et al : The Healer Journal January 2021; 2(1) Oral Twice times in a day 3-5 gm. 2 weeks 2 3-5 gm. Twiceday a in times Oral Juice Oral Twice times in a day 200 ml 1-2 weeks 1-2 200 ml Twiceday a in times Oral Juice months 1-1.5 3 gm. day a in times 2-3 Oral Decoction Powder Burning micturition Juice Oral Once in a day 1 cup 7 days 7 1 cup day a in Once Oral days 12-13 Juice 200 ml mellitus Twiceday a in times L.A. micturition Burning month 1 Paste days 15-20 ml 20 day a in times 1-2 1 tsf Oral Twiceday a in times Fever & days 10-15 Oral disorders Skin Decoction ml 5-10 + Decoction a in day Thrice Powder Oral days 10-15 jaundice disorders, Bone 3 gm. Twiceday a in times micturition Burning Juice Oral weeks 2 Gastritis Powder 2 tsf Twiceday a in times disorders Urological Oral disorders Respiratory Powder dysentery & Diarrhea Fruit Bone disorders, jaundice Decoction Oral 1-2 times in a day 20 ml 1 month 1 ml 20 a day in 1-2 times Oral Decoction month 1 month 1 5 ml jaundice disorders, Bone Twiceday a in times APR Oral Twiceday a in times L.A. Fruit Juice Paste Whole plant CST disorders Bone disorders Bone APR Bark a day in 1-2 times Bark L.A. days 10-15 fruit Paste months 2-3 5 ml disorders Neurological & Cancer Twiceday a in times 1-5 gm. Oral Leaf Leaf day a in Once L.A. Leaf Juice Paste plant plant Gastritis disorders Bone Stem Leaf plant Shrub Leaf Cough Juice Oral Twice times in a day 5 ml 10-15 days 10-15 5 ml Twiceday a in times Oral Juice Cough Leaf Shrub Opuntia monacantha Haw. Herb Root Cough, Common cold Powder Oral Twice times in a day 1 tsf 2 2 weeks tsf 1 Twiceday a in times Oral Powder cold Common Cough, Root Herb Haw. monacantha Opuntia Benth siundi 37. Peepal Ficus religiosa Linn. Tree Bark Bone disorders, jaundice Decoction Oral 1-2 times in a day 20 ml 1 month 1 months 3 ml 20 ml 5-10 times 6 month 1 Twiceday a in times a day in times 1-2 Oral Oral days 15 APR APR CST ml 5-10 a day in times 2-3 month a in Once Decoction L.A. a day in times 2-3 L.A. APR Juice Twiceday a in times Oral L.A. jaundice disorders, Bone Paste Paste Juice Bark Paste days 15 Tree 3 gm. Sciatica months 2-3 Twiceday a in times Oral disorders Skin ml 5-10 Root Twiceday a in times CST Diabetes & Menorrhea Gonorrhea, Linn. religiosa Ficus loss Hair Oral 3-5 gm. Root Diarrhea Herb Flower Powder Peepal Climber a L. day in zeylanica times 2-3 Helminthostachys Leaf Br. R. (L.) indicus Hemidesmus Pain Shrub 37. disorders Bone Oral Gastritis, Acute Bark Kaamraj Juice Herb Flower Sariva Linn. rosa-sinesis Hibiscus 38. tree Seed fool Ghanti 39. Wall. antidysentrica Holarrhena Tree Juice Linn. inermis Lawsonia 40. Tree Bankhirro days 10-15 disorders Cardiac healing, wound CST Mehandi 41. Linn. indica Madhuca 3 gm. 42. Linn. indica Magnifera Twiceday a in times Fruit disorders Neurological APR Typhoid Twiceday a in times Mahuwa Oral Climber L.A. Aampa 43. Fruit & Seed Linn. charantia Momordica Bark 44. Climber Powder Herb Shrub & Flower Karela Linn. cylindrical Momordica Paste & Stem 45. days 15-20 Ghiraula Tree Linn. prurita Mucuna Mill. indicum Herb Nerium 46. Linn. abor-tristis Nyctanthes Kapikachhu 1 tsf Karaveer Twiceday a in times 47. Parijat Indigestion Oral Linn. sanctum Ocimum 48. Whole 49. Paralysis Fruit Herb Tusli Whole Powder Climber 50. Fruit Chepte Herb Linn. corniculta Oxalis 51. Shrub Chari Amilo Linn. urinaria Phyllanthus Linn. longum Piper 52. amala Bhui Whole 53. Pippla Linn. nigrum Piper Tree Gastritis amarantoides 54. Pogostemon Maricha Rudhilo 55. Bark Linn. guajava Psidium 56. Tree Amba Roxb. marsupium Pterocarpus 57. Bijayasar 58.

www.thehealerjournal.org l The healer l Volume 02 l Issue 01 l January 2021 33 Patel et al : The Healer Journal January 2021; 2(1) 1 1 month 10ml 10ml Paste L.A. Once in a day 3 ml 1-2 months 1-2 3 ml day a in Once L.A. Paste an i asg ..23tmsi a l1 month 1-2 weeks ml 1 gm. 3 1 month a day in 2-3 times a day in 1-2 times L.A. Oral gm. 3 Twiceday a in times massage Oil Powder + Juice Powder weeks 2 1 month gastritis abdomen, Acute gm. 3 Twiceday a in times Oral tsf 1 Twiceday a in times 1-3 months Pain Oral days 10-15 Powder Jaundice ml 10-15 ml 5 Twiceday a in times a day in 2-3 times Oral Juice 2 weeks Oral Cough Epilepsy, mellitus, Diabetes 3-6 months days 10-15 drops 2-3 Twiceday a in times gm. 2-5 gm. 3 Twiceday a in times L.A. cold Common Juice Twiceday a in times 2 weeks Oral 2 weeks Juice Oral 2 months gm. 3-6 gm. 3 Twice Twiceday day a in a in times times ml 6 3 months Powder Oil Oral Oral Powder Twiceday a in times Oral gm. 10 problems Cardiac Twiceday a in times Powder L.A. days 10-15 Juice 2 weeks Fever Juice ml 5-10 infection Fungal ml 3 problem Eye Twiceday a in times Paste a day in Thrice Rasayana Oral Oral disorders Urological Gastritis Juice Cough Juice disorders Bone modulator, Cough Immune healing Cough Leaf Diabetes mellitus Powder Oral Twice times in a day 3 gm. 2-3 months 2-3 3 gm. Twiceday Leaf a in times Oral oil Fruit Powder Stem (Climber) plant mellitus Diabetes Fruit Leaf days 10-15 ml 5-10 day a in Thrice Oral Juice Obesity Whole plant Fruit Whole plant Tree Flower Paralysis Juice Oral Thrice in a day 5-10 ml 3 months 3 ml 5-10 days 1-2 a in day Thrice Oral 1 ml day a in Once L.A. Juice months 1-3 ml 5-10 Paste Twiceday a in times L.A. Paralysis & Root Juice Flower weeks 1-2 Herb months 1-3 2-5 gm. Tree Piles a day in times 1-2 250 ml Twiceday a in times Oral Oral Bark disorders Bone Powder Tree Decoction Leaf days 10-15 Herb gastritis abdomen, Acute ml 5-10 pressure blood High Bark a in day Thrice Bark Oral Tree Tree Juice Gastritis Stem Climber Miers. Wight & Arn H. Karst. H. Heyne ex Roth ex Heyne Gaertn. f. Gaertn. Don. ha 59. Anara Punica granatum Linn. Tree Fruit bark Anthelminthic Powder + Juice Oral Twice times in a day 3 gm. or or 3 gm. Twiceday a in times Oral + Juice Powder Anthelminthic bark Fruit months 1-1.5 Tree ml 20 month 1 a day in times 2-3 Oral Linn. granatum Punica 3 gm. Twiceday a in times & Leaf Decoction Oral Anara Shrub D. anthopogon Rhododendron 59. Sarpagand- 60. Powder months 2 Guras Linn. communis Ricinus 61. Whole gm. 10 Arandha Twiceday a in times robusta Shorea Leucoderma Shrub 62. L.A. & Bark f. Burm surattense Solanum Saal Root Tree Kantakari 63. chirayita Swertia Paste Gastritis Herb Skeels (L.) cumini Syzygium 64. tikta Kirat Jamuno 65. Fruit 66. Terminalia alata Tectaria coadnunata Tree Terminaliaarjuna Niuro Kalo Asnaa disorders Skin 67. Terminalia Roxb. bellirica Arjun 68. 69. Fruit Barro Tree 70. Terminalia Retz. chebula Joints, Wound& bones Dislocated Haritakai 71. Root Tinospora cordifolia Herb Guduchi 72. Lindl. Trudelia cristata Harjor 73.

34 www.thehealerjournal.org l The healer l Volume 02 l Issue 01 l January 2021 Patel et al : The Healer Journal January 2021; 2(1) 10-15 days 10-15 Oral: 200 200 Oral: ml Twice times in a day LA: 3gm; 3gm; LA: Twiceday a in times APR Oral Twice times in a day 5-10 ml 3 weeks 3 ml 5-10 Twiceday a in times Oral Oral Juice L.A., Decoction Paste, Anthelminthic Decoction + + Decoction Anthelminthic problem Eye Bark Leaf Bone disorders Paste L.A. Once in a day 10-15 leaf 15 days 15 leaf 10-15 day a in Once L.A. Paste disorders Bone Leaf disorders, Skin mellitus, Diabetes Fruit Herb Tuber Neurological disorders, Asthma Juice Oral 2-3 times in a day 15-20 ml 10-15 days 10-15 ml 15-20 a day in times 2-3 Oral Juice disorders, Asthma Neurological Tuber Herb 74. Sisnu Urtica dioca Linn. Tree Leaf GI disorders, Diarrhea Powder Oral Twice times in a day 3 gm. 2 weeks 2 3 gm. Twiceday a in times Oral months 3-6 days 10-12 weeks 2 3 gm. 1 gm. Twiceday a in times Powder 1 gm. Twiceday a in times Twiceday a in times Oral Oral Oral Diarrhea GI disorders, Powder Powder Powder Leaf disorders Neurological Tree Leaf Cholera Shrub Linn. dioca Urtica Cough Flower Sisnu Fruit Shrub Vitex Linn. negundo 74. Shrub Woodfordia Kurz. fructicosa Simali DC. armatum Zanthoxylum Dhataki 75. 76. Timur Adhuwa 77. 78. S.N. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Abbreviation: S.N. = Serial Number, N.N. = Nepali Name, APR = As Per Requirement, L.A. = Local Application, CST = Continue Same Treatment, ml = milliliter, gm = gram, tsf = tea spoon full, RDA full, = spoon = tea tsf gram, = = milliliter, gm Treatment, Same ml Continue CSTLocal = = L.A. Application, = Name, Nepali = APR Number,Per Requirement, Serial N.N. As = S.N. Abbreviation: Drug of Route Administration Indication, use, dose, route of administration and duration: THs of the communities reported that they used medicinal plants found in the districts as well as other as well as districts the in found plants medicinal used they that reported communities the of THs duration: and administration of route dose, use, Indication, local oral or route shown in table no.2. Table no. 2: Indication, Use, dose,route administration of and duration

www.thehealerjournal.org l The healer l Volume 02 l Issue 01 l January 2021 35 Patel et al : The Healer Journal January 2021; 2(1) APR APR L.A. L.A. L.A. L.A. L.A. L.A. Bark Bark Bark 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

36 www.thehealerjournal.org l The healer l Volume 02 l Issue 01 l January 2021 Patel et al : The Healer Journal January 2021; 2(1) APR APR APR L.A. L.A. L.A. L.A. L.A. Bark 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

www.thehealerjournal.org l The healer l Volume 02 l Issue 01 l January 2021 37 Patel et al : The Healer Journal January 2021; 2(1) APR APR L.A. Bark Bark Bark 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.

38 www.thehealerjournal.org l The healer l Volume 02 l Issue 01 l January 2021 Patel et al : The Healer Journal January 2021; 2(1) APR MAY APR APR APR APR APR L.A. L.A. L.A. L.A. L.A. L.A. L.A. L.A. L.A. L.A. - Bark Bark Bark 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. Rasayan 45. 46. 47.

www.thehealerjournal.org l The healer l Volume 02 l Issue 01 l January 2021 39 Patel et al : The Healer Journal January 2021; 2(1) Stat APR APR APR L.A. L.A. L.A. L.A. L.A. L.A. L.A. L.A. L.A. Bark 48. 49. 50. 51. 52.

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