Morphological Characterization of Ganoderma Species from Murree Hills of Pakistan
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Plant Protection, 03 (02) 2019. 73-84 DOI: 10.33804/pp.003.02.0128 Available Online at EScience Press Plant Protection ISSN: 2617-1287 (Online), 2617-1279 (Print) http://esciencepress.net/journals/PP MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF GANODERMA SPECIES FROM MURREE HILLS OF PAKISTAN Fakhar-ud-Din, Tariq Mukhtar Department of Plant Pathology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Proper identification of wild mushrooms is important to study their biodiversity and Article history ecological role. The discovery of new medicinal mushroom species will lead to their Received: 13th May, 2019 exploitation as an industry. No research work has been done about medicinal Revised: 29th July, 2019 mushrooms in Murree hills in the past. Keeping in view the importance of Ganoderma Accepted: 28th August, 2019 species, the present studies were carried out to determine the distribution and Keywords prevalence of Ganoderma species in Murree hills on different host plants. In all, eight Ganoderma species of Ganoderma were identified from Murree hills of Pakistan. Cedrus deodara Cultural characterization and Eucalyptus citriodora were found to be the most susceptible hosts of Ganoderma Morphology species. The identified species were Ganoderma praelongum, G. chalceum Pileus (Eucalyptus citriodora), G. applanatum (Abies pindro), G. curtisii, G. multicornum Forest trees (Cedrus deodara) G. lipsiense (Acacia arabica), G. multiplicatum (Pinus logifolia) and G. boninense (Morus alba). These identified species were non-mushroom and belonged to Phylum Basidiomycota. Variations were observed among different morphological and cultural properties. The color of the pileus surface was found light to dark brown and one species showed white to creamish color. The maximum length and thickness of pileus was found to be 32 cm and 10 cm respectively. Majority of Ganoderma specimens were lateral, central, stipitate, dimidiate and sessile. Among cultural characteristics, colonies of the Ganoderma species possessed brown color and some were white to creamish. Colonies were circular and smooth to slimy. Most of the species produced the hyphal system trimetic which had the generative and sketal hyphae. Most spores were brown ellipsoid and oval shape. The maximum spore index was 2.5. Maximum tube size of 1 cm and minimum tube size 2 mm were recorded. Pale brown cystidia with thin walls were seen from the germinating cystidia. Corresponding Author: Fakhar-ud-Din Email: [email protected] © 2019 EScience Press. All rights reserved. INTRODUCTION (Ganodermataceae) and the genus Ganoderma. Ganoderma species belong to the kingdom Fungi, the Commonly known as a wood decaying fungus, it causes division Basidiomycota, the class Homobasidiomycetes, white rot of a wide variety of trees and can be described the order Aphyllophorales, the family Poleporaceae as a phytopathogenic fungus (Chang, 1999). Ganoderma 73 Plant Protection, 03 (02) 2019. 73-84 DOI: 10.33804/pp.003.02.0128 spp. are considered as medicinal fungi and over 250 and the presence of these pores are obvious Ganoderma spp. have been reported worldwide with characteristics that distinguish polypores from other most of them from the tropics. Ganoderma spp. are used common type of mushroom. They degrade the wood over in folk medicine to cure various diseases such as time and produce a fruiting body (or conk) on the surface hypertension, hepatitis, hypercholesterolemia, gastric of wood. Ganoderma species are among those fungi that cancer and many others. Due to its ability to cure many can thrive under hot and humid conditions and are different diseases it received different names like “Elixir usually found in subtropical and tropical region of life", “Food of Gods", “Mushroom of the Universe" (Moncalvo and Ryvarden, 1998). (Wasson, 1986). As early as 800 years ago in the Yuan Dynasty (1280-1368 Several strains of Ganoderma spp. are commercially A.D) Ganoderma lucidum has been represented in cultivated for the preparation of health tablets or drinks, painting, carving, furniture, carpet design, jewelry, tonics and sedative drugs widely in Taiwan. Therefore, perfumes bottles and many more creative artworks. Ganoderma spp. have received a wide interest for studies According to the two famous Chinese herbal medical ranging from identification, phylogenetic relationship to books, Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing and Ben Cao Gang Mu by Li the content of natural products and their biological Shi-Zhen there were six known Linghzi species in China activities. Ganoderma has been known in Japan, China and at that time (Wasser and Weis, 1999). The G. lucidium other countries as a food and raw material for the complex is composed of species with annual fruiting development of drugs. It is a shelf like mushroom that bodies having a yellow to reddish laccate cuticle and an grows on dead and dying trees, the fruiting body of upper layer that is smooth and grooved. The surface is Ganoderma is employed medicinally. Among the different sometimes covered with brownish spore powder. colors and shapes of the fruiting bodies, the red variety is Bracket fungi of the genus Ganoderma are known by mostly used and commercially cultivated (Steyaert, mycologists for the crust-like upper surfaces of their fruit 1980). bodies, which in all species, such as G. pfeifferi and G. G. lucidum, a complex known in Chinese as Lingzhi, the resinaceum, have a varnished appearance. Arborists and word lingzhi, in Chinese, means “herb of spiritual managers of plantation crops know them collectively as a potency” and has also been described as “mushroom of cause of decay in a very wide range of tree species all over immortality’’ has been considered a symbol of good the world (Flood et al., 2000). fortune and prosperity. Lingzhi may possess anti-tumor, Proper identification of wild mushrooms is important to immunomodulatory and immunotherapeutic activities, study their biodiversity and ecological role. The discovery supported by studies on polysaccharides, terpenes, and of new medicinal mushroom species will lead to their other bioactive compounds isolated from fruiting bodies exploitation as an industry. No research work has been and mycelia of this fungus. It has also been found to done about medicinal mushrooms in Murree hills in the inhibit platelet aggregation, and to lower blood pressure, past instead of the fact that there is enormous amount of cholesterol and blood sugar (Willard, 1990). medicinal herbs and trees in those areas. Keeping in view Ganoderma species are not classified as edible the importance of Ganoderma species, following studies mushrooms, as the fruiting bodies are stipitate, dimidiate, were carried out to determine the distribution and or reniform and rarely sub orbicular. They are thick, prevalence of Ganoderma species in Murree hills on corky, and tough and do not have the fleshy texture different host plants. The Ganoderma species were also characteristics of true edible mushrooms such as identified on the basis of morphological and cultural common button mushroom. Several types of Ganoderma characteristics. products are available in the market including, ground MATERIALS AND METHODS fruiting bodies or mycelium processed into capsule or Study areas: The studies on the distribution of tablet form or tea, Ganoderma beer and Ganoderma hair Ganoderma spp. were conducted in five randomly tonic (Jong and Birmingham, 1992). selected union councils of Murree i.e. Ghora Gali, Charhan, Fungi from the family Ganodermataceae are classified as Darya Gali, Sehr Bagla and Murree Urban. The such as they have many tiny holes on the underside of morphological studies were carried out in the fruiting bodies, which are pores that contain the Department of Plant Pathology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid reproductive spores. They have woody or leathery feel Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. 74 Plant Protection, 03 (02) 2019. 73-84 DOI: 10.33804/pp.003.02.0128 Collection of specimens: A total of eight fresh fruiting illumination. All the cultures were incubated at 30oC in bodies of Ganoderma specimens were collected from the dark for 3-4 days. different host trees in the Murree hills from spring to Microscopic examination: Basidiospores obtained from monsoon (March to June, 2011). The specimens of spore prints of each specimen were examined under Ganoderma were collected from living infected and dead microscope by mounting in a drop of sterile water or trees of Ghora Gali, Charhan, Darya Gali, Sehr Bagla, and Lactophenol drop. Measurement of basidiospores was Murree Urban. The samples were collected on its carried out at 640× magnification using an eyepiece vegetative stage and sorted accordingly. The location/site reticule calibrated with a stage micrometer. The length and substrate on which Ganoderma grew were recorded. and width of basidiospores from each of the eight Photographs of Ganoderma spp. were taken in their specimens were measured in this way. Spore index was natural habitat to preserve their morphological calculated as: characters. Specimens were cut out from the trunks of 퐿푒푛푡ℎ 푆푝표푟푒 푛푑푒푥 = trees by sharp razor with care to avoid damage to the 푊푑푡ℎ stipe and pileus, and soil was removed by washing with Preservation of specimens: The collected specimens water. Field notes on the macro characters and habit were preserved in appropriate preservatives were noted. The collected specimens were individually (formaldehyde or alcohol) in the refrigerator at 4oC until wrapped, brought to the