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Ministry of Northern Development and Mines Ontario

ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Open File Report 5961

Aggregate Resources Inventory of the Sioux Lookout Area, Northwestern Ontario.

by

Staff of the Engineering and Terrain Geology Section, Ontario Geological Survey.

1990

Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given. It is recommended that reference to this publication be made in the following form: Ontario Geological Survey 1990. Aggregate Resources Inventory of the Sioux Lookout Area/ Northwestern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 5961, p.93

meen© s© Printer for Ontario, 1990

Ontario Geological Survey OPEN FILE REPORT

Open File Reports are made available to the public subject to the following conditions:

This report is unedited. Discrepancies may occur for which the Ontario Geological Survey does not assume liability. Recommendations and statements of opinions expressed are those of the author or authors and are not to be construed as statements of govern ment policy. This Open File Report is available for viewing at the following locations: (1) Mines Library Ministry of Northern Development and Mines 8th floor, 77 Grenville Street Toronto, Ontario M7A 1W4 (2) The office of the Regional or Resident Geologist in whose district the area covered by this report is located.

Copies of this report may be obtained at the user©s expense from a commercial printing house. For the address and instructions to order, contact the appropriate Regional or Resident Geologist©s office(s) or the Mines Library. Microfiche copies (42x reduction) of this report are available for ^2.00 each plus provincial sales tax at the Mines Library or the Public Information Centre, Ministry of Natural Resources, W-1640, 99 Wellesley Street West, Toronto. Handwritten notes and sketches may be made from this report. Check with the Mines Library or Regional/Resident Geologist©s office whether there is a copy of this report that may be borrowed. A copy of this report is available for Inter-Library Loan.

This report is available for viewing at the following Regional or Resident Geologists* offices:

Sioux Lookout District, OPP Building, Box 3000, Sioux Lookout,POV 2TO

The right to reproduce this report is reserved by the Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines. Permission for other reproductions must be obtained in writing from the Director, Ontario Geological Survey.

V.G. Milne, Director Ontario Geological Survey

CONTENTS Page Abstract...... vii Introduction...... l Location and Access...... l Physiography and Surficial Geology...... 3 Extractive Activity...... 8 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas (Map 2)...... 9 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 1...... 13 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 2 ...... 14 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 3 ...... 15 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 4...... 16 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 5...... *...... 17 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 6...... 17 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 7...... 18 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 8...... 19 ©Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 9...... :...... 21 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 10...... ,...... 22 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 11...... 23 Resource Areas of Secondary Significance (Map 2)...... 24 Bedrock Geology and Resource Potential...... 32 Summary...... 36 References ...... ©...... 62 Appendix A - Purpose, Methodology and Data Presentation of the Aggregate Resources Inventory...... 65 Appendix B - Suggested Additional Reading...... 82 Appendix C - Glossary...... 84 Appendix D - Geology of Sand and Gravel Deposits...... 88 Appendix E - Aggregate Quality Test Specifications...... 92

TABLES

1. Total Sand and Gravel Resources, Sioux Lookout Area...... 39 2. Sand and Gravel Pits, Sioux Lookout Area...... 43 3. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas, Sioux Lookout Area...... 53 4. Summary of Test Hole Data, Sioux Lookout Area...... 54 5. Results of Aggregate Quality Tests, Sioux Lookout Area.....57 El Selected Quality Requirements For Major Aggregate Products.. .93 FIGURES

1. Key Map Showing the Location of the Sioux Lookout Area, Scale 1:1 584 000...... vii 2. Bedrock Geology of the Sioux Lookout Area, Scale 1:1 253 440...... 33 3a-4b. Aggregate Grading Curves, Sioux Lookout Area...... 58 MAPS (Back Pocket) jt 1. Distribution of Sand and Gravel Deposits, Sioux Lookout Area, Scale 1:50 000. 2. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas, Sioux Lookout Area, Scale 1:50 000.

ABSTRACT

Figure 1. Key map showing the location of the Sioux Lookout area, northwestern Ontario, scale 1:1 584 000.

This report includes an inventory and evaluation of sand and gravel resources as well as a discussion of bedrock aggregate potential for the Sioux Lookout area, northwestern Ontario. The report is based on previous studies in the area and a detailed field assessment undertaken during the autumn of 1989. The investigation was conducted to delineate sand and gravel deposits and determine the quality and quantity of aggregate within the project area to help ensure sufficient aggregate resources are available for future use.

In the project area, 11 areas have been selected for possible resource protection at the primary level of significance. They consist largely of end moraine, ice-contact, esker and outwash deposits. A number of undeveloped ice-contact and esker, features have been identified within the report area and generally contain large quantities of aggregate. Selected

vii

Sand and Gravel Resource Areas occupy approximately 380 ha. An estimated 295 ha are currently available for extraction, containing resources of approximately 30.6 million tonnes. In addition, numerous deposits which add considerably to the

resource base of the project area have been classified as

resources of secondary significance.

Selected Resource Areas are not meant to be permanent, single land use units. They represent areas in which a major resource is known to exist and may be reserved wholly or partially for extractive development, and/or resource protection.

The sand and gravel in the study area is generally of high quality and is well suited for most road-building and general construction uses. The material varies from sandy aggregate, suitable for road subbase, to coarse gravel, suitable for crushing. In general, the report area contains large resources of sandy aggregate and limited resources of crushable gravel. Resources of crushable gravel are especially limited in

Vermilion, Jordan and Benedickson geographic townships. There are also large tracts of land which contain little or no aggregate resources. Consequently, it may be necessary to transport aggregate lengthy distances to supply construction requirements in certain areas. Factors which may limit aggregate quality in some deposits include the abundance of oversize cobbles and boulders and the presence of excessive quantities of fines. To alleviate these problems, the oversize material could be removed or crushed through a primary crusher and selective extraction measures could be used to avoid areas that contain abundant clay, silt and/or very fine sand lenses. The project area is underlain by early Precambrian bedrock of the Canadian Shield. The bedrock of the Sioux Lookout area comprises folded metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks and mafic and felsic intrusive rocks. The bedrock in the project area may exhibit wide variations with respect to aggregate quality over relatively short distances. Consequently, site specific testing is -recommended prior to extraction.

XI

Aggregate Resources Inventory of the Sioux Lookout Area Northwestern Ontario

By Staff 1 of the Engineering and Terrain Geology Section

^-Project Supervisor: I. Szoke; field work and report by R.G. Gorman; compilation and drafting by Staff of the Aggregate Assessment Office. Assistance with review provided by the Resident Geologist of the Sioux Lookout District of the Ministry of Northern Development and Mines. The Staff of the Sioux Lookout District Office of the Ministry of Natural Resources assisted in the collection of data, field checking and review of this report. Manuscript accepted for publication by Chief, Engineering and Terrain Geology Section, October 23, 1990. This report is published with the permission of V.G. Milne, Director, Ontario Geological Survey.

INTRODUCTION The sand and gravel resources of the Sioux Lookout area, northwestern Ontario, were investigated by a two-person field party in the autumn of 1989. Although the results of this work would normally be released in an Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper, the Open File Report format is used here in order to make this information available as quickly as possible. The purpose and methodology used to prepare this report are essentially the same as those used for an Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper, and are presented in Appendix A. The format in which the information is presented on the maps is explained on the map legends and in the appendixes. Granular deposits related to glacial activity are widespread in the report area. The Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas discussed later in the text include the deposits which are considered the best suited for extractive development. A wide range of aggregate products can be produced from these deposits and their continued availability as sources of aggregate is important. It is essential that planning strategies recognize the value of these areas in land use plans.

LOCATION AND ACCESS The report area is located within a 25 km radius around the town of Sioux Lookout in the District of Kenora. It extends from Minnitaki Lake northward to Deception Bay, and from the community of Hudson eastward to Botsford Lake. To transport sand and gravel more than 25 km in this area was not considered practical or economical thus the limits for this study. The study area occupies approximately 85 000 ha and is covered by the Hudson (52 K/l), Sandy Lake Beach (52 F/16), Sioux Lookout (52 J/4) and Yonde (52 G/13) map sheets of the National Topographic System, at a scale of 1:50 000. The report area encompasses part of Grand Trunk Pacific (GTP) Block No. 10, and parts of the geographic townships of Drayton, Benedickson, Jordan, Vermilion and Vermilion Additional. A substantial part of the project area is unsurveyed. The town of Sioux Lookout (population of 3027 in 1988) and the community of Hudson serve as commercial, industrial and institutional centres on a regional level (Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs 1990). Road access to the report area is provided by King©s Highway 72 that terminates at the town of Sioux Lookout. Secondary highways 664 and 642 run approximately east-west and provide access to the western and eastern parts of the report area, respectively. Secondary Highway 516 (Marchington Lake Road, local name) links Sioux Lookout to Secondary Highway 599 and provides access to the most remote part of the project area. Access within the area is also provided by numerous logging roads. A main line and a branch line of the Canadian National Railways pass through the central part of the project area and connect Sioux Lookout to other destinations to the west and east. The Sioux Lookout Airfield, the only commercial airfield in the area, provides another transport route to the area. Near the town of Sioux Lookout, a large network of interconnecting lakes and rivers, which are inaccessible by road, can be accessed by shallow draft watercraft. Major lakes within this network include Lost, Pelican, Big Vermilion, Abram, Minnitaki and Botsford. Access to the more remote parts of the report area is provided by float- or ski-equipped aircraft from Sioux Lookout. Primary employers within the report area are the lumber, transportation arid tourism industries and the government. Many parts of the report area have been extensively logged in the recent past and additional logging is projected for the future which will necessitate new forest access roads. The construction of these roads will create a demand for additional aggregate supplies. Rivers and lakes within the study area lend themselves to recreational activities such as boating and fishing. In the autumn, many sportsmen are attracted to the area for duck, grouse and moose hunting. Cottages line the shore of Pelican, Abram and Minnitaki lakes. Ojibway Provincial Park occupies approximately 2630 ha near the southwestern part of the project area and has been classified by the Ministry of Natural Resources as a recreational park.

PHYSIOGRAPHY AND SURFICIAL GEOLOGY The glacial deposits in the report area are underlain by early Precambrian bedrock, which often occurs at, or just below, the surface of the ground throughout much of the report area. Bedrock ridges and knobs have a maximum local relief of about 75 ra in the report area and are typically veneered by soil or are bare. The glacial and postglacial deposits and underlying bedrock combine to form part of the Severn Upland division of the James physiographic region (Bostock 1969). Low to moderate topography characterizes most of the study area, with the average elevation being about 357 m above sea level. Glacial and postglacial materials form much of the area©s ground surface, although bedrock outcrop is common in many localities. Large tracts of bare bedrock are especially common in the northern and southern parts of the project area. Swamps are common in poorly drained areas between bedrock highs. Glacial deposits in the study area are related to the last major advance and the melting of a continental ice sheet during the Late Wisconsinan Substage of the Pleistocene Epoch (informally known as the "Great Ice Age"). The surficial geology of the area has been evaluated at a reconnaissance level by Zoltai (1965) and the glacial history has been discussed by Prest (1970, 1978). Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Studies by Mollard and Mollard (1980), Roed (1989) and Gorman (1989a, 1989b) also cover parts of the report area. The aggregate resources of the Sioux Lookout area have been previously described on a regional scale by Sado (1976) and have been evaluated by Ringrose and McGillivray (1981) at a scale of 1:50 000. During the Late Wisconsinan Substage, a stony, silty fine sand till was deposited over large sections of the report area by glacial ice which advanced from the northeast (Hurst 1933; Zoltai 1961, 1965; Johnston 1972). This till generally exists as a thin veneer over bedrock, although in several areas significant thickness can be observed. These thicker till accumulations often flank bedrock knobs. Till is usually not well suited for aggregate use because it often contains excess fines and abundant oversize clasts. Till may, however, be a suitable source of fill in some localities. During temporary halts of the ice margin, as it melted northward, several moraines were deposited. Where the moraine ridges have been extensively modified by glacial lake action, boulders in excess of 600 mm in diameter are common on the surface. This surficial boulder lag hinders exploration for sand and gravel. Deep kettles occur on the unmodified parts of the moraines (Zoltai 1967). The largest of these moraines, known as the Sioux Lookout moraine (Zoltai 1965), is situated in the centre of the study area. This prominent northeast-trending moraine is approximately 7 km long and rises to a maximum of 9 m above the surrounding terrain. Steep slopes mark the northern and southern edges of this moraine. The major moraines in the project area consist predominantly of substratified, slumped and faulted pockets of sand, silt, gravel and till-like material. In some localities, pockets of coarse crushable gravel suitable for a wide variety of aggregate uses are exposed, but in other areas the aggregate consists of lower quality material containing abundant fines and/or oversize clasts. The Sioux Lookout moraine represents a large potential source of sand and gravel in the report area. A succession of discontinuous but discrete ridges, known as DeGeer (washboard) moraines, are located between Sandel and Stain lakes. These moraines delineate the frontal positions of the ice during its calving into glacial Lake Agassiz (Zoltai 1965; Prest 1970). The DeGeer moraines located in the project area are generally less than 5 m in height and consist of poorly sorted, bouldery sand interstratified with stony, sand till. Eskers occur as segmented, sinuous ridges in the project area. They were deposited by meltwater flowing in a tunnel complex under the ice or in re-entrants in the ice margin. The eskers generally trend northward or northeastward and have local relief ranging from 3 m to over 6m. A major undeveloped esker system is located between Walton and Kirk lakes. Material exposed in this esker system ranges from sand to coarse, crushable gravel. A large esker located near Frog Rapids has been a traditional aggregate source for many years. Deposits consisting of ice-contact stratified drift were deposited close to the ice-front as it melted northward. They are usually complex features whose origin can be attributed to a variety of depositional environments. A hummocky and kettled topography commonly marks the appearance of these ice-contact deposits. Many of the features form ridges along the lee side (southern flank in this area) of bedrock ridges and knobs. Lee side ice-contact features usually have a local relief varying from 1.5 to 5 m high. Although these deposits are generally small, they have been traditional sources of road-building materials in the report area. The material exposed in these deposits ranges from fine sand to coarse, crushable gravel. Large undifferentiated ice-contact stratified drift deposits are also considered important local sources of aggregate. Examples of these types of hummocky deposits are located in the eastern and western parts of the report area. Reworking of these deposits by glacial lake waters often resulted in the formation of a coarse, surficial boulder lag and associated wave-cut terraces. The outwash features in the report area were deposited by meltwaters flowing into bedrock controlled valleys or basins beyond the ice margin. Major outwash deposits occur in the southeastern part of the study area, east of East Bay, Minnitaki Lake. The deposits are situated in valleys presently occupied by the Minnikau Creek (local name, Tata River) and Forty Mile Creek. The outwash largely consists of well-stratified and uniformly bedded sandy aggregate. Fine to coarse gravel may be concentrated near the surface in many deposits. The well- stratified sand and gravel contained within many of these outwash deposits is generally well suited for aggregate use. As the ice margin melted northward, much of the land surface was submerged beneath glacial Lake Agassiz (Zoltai 1961; Teller et al. 1983). In the deeper waters of this glacial lake, silt and clay was deposited. Layers of silt and clay- cap many glacial deposits located southeast of the town of Sioux Lookout. Glaciolacustrine silty fine sand was deposited in the shallower parts of the lake. These glaciolacustrine sands are generally too fine for most aggregate uses, thus, the deposits usually contain extremely limited aggregate resources. In the shallow waters of the lake, pre-existing glacial deposits were reworked by wave action. Some of the aforementioned moraine and ice- contact deposits may have been deposited in contact with an expanding glacial Lake Agassiz. Erosional activity has been of minor importance in modifying the physiography of the Sioux Lookout area since the disappearance of the ice sheet and the lowering of lake waters to present-day levels. Muskeg swamps occur extensively in low-lying areas, and alluvium has been deposited along the courses of creeks and rivers.

EXTRACTIVE ACTIVITY Over 100 sand and gravel pits have been identified in the Sioux Lookout area. The pits are generally widely distributed, although they tend to be concentrated close to highways, logging roads, railway lines and population centres. During field investigations, the pits were observed at various stages of development since they are worked on a demand basis. Some of the pits had been worked recently, but several sites had been inactive for a considerable period of time. The location of the sand and gravel pits are plotted on the maps which accompany this report, and are described in Table 2. Unprocessed aggregate extracted from some of the pits in the report area has been used to produce asphaltic aggregate, granular base course aggregate and railway ballast. The sandy aggregate has been found to be suitable for road subbase, Select

8 Subgrade Material (SSM) and fill. In general, the report area contains large resources of sandy aggregate and limited resources of crushable gravel, which are especially limited in Vermilion, Jordan and Benedickson geographic townships. In many parts of the project area, much of the crushable gravel has been depleted and sand now predominates. Increased extractive pressures on existing aggregate deposits are anticipated within the project area because of a proposed highway bypass and a new hospital planned for the town of Sioux Lookout.

SELECTED SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCE AREAS (MAP 2) Map l indicates the deposits which contain granular material. These deposits occupy a total of approximately 5 300 ha and contain an original resource tonnage of 310 million tonnes. Many of the deposits have limited potential for extraction because of the restricted amount of available resources, predominance of fine sand, and/or poor accessibility. Consequently, only the most significant resources have been suggested for possible resource protection. The sand and gravel deposits selected for possible resource protection in the study area are shown on Map 2. Eleven areas consisting of end moraine, ice-contact, esker and outwash - deposits have been selected as Sand and Gravel Resource Areas of Primary Significance. These primary resource areas occupy a total area of 380 ha. Cultural constraints and previous extraction reduce the area currently available for extraction to 295 ha, containing possible sand and gravel resources of approximately 30.6 million tonnes. In addition, many deposits have also been selected at the secondary level of significance. These deposits provide alternate sites for extractive development and add significantly to the resource base of the report area. The end moraine features and ice-contact deposits including eskers, are the most common and widely distributed deposits in the report area. Aggregate of morainic and ice-contact origin is often well suited for road-building and construction uses but it may show wide variations with respect to grain size. End moraine and ice-contact deposits are represented by Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7d, le, 8 and 10. The eskers in Resource Areas 7 and 9 are prominent ridges that generally rise more than 6 m above the surrounding terrain. Glaciofluvial outwash deposits also contain valuable resources of sand and gravel. The deposits consist predominantly of well- stratified and uniformly bedded sand and gravel and generally contain only a minor amount of fines. However, large quantities of fines were noted in some pit sections. Outwash sand and gravel deposits are represented by Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas 6 and 11. Information used in order to determine the significance of a sand and gravel deposit include observations on geological origin, topographic expression and subsurface materials as well as sample analysis. Pits, roadcut exposures and power shovel excavations constitute the main sources of subsurface information in the report area. Because of the remote location of many of the deposits, subsurface investigation was usually restricted to

10 manual procedures of soil augering and test pitting using a mattock and shovel. For this reason, the depth of subsurface investigation was generally restricted to 1.2 m in these remote deposits. As detailed information is usually unavailable at greater depths, resource estimates for the selected deposits should not be treated as proven resources but as possible resources (see Glossary, Appendix C). Detailed subsurface investigation using power equipment is recommended prior to extractive development to determine the quality of the aggregate at depth and to delineate specific areas best suited for extractive development within the deposits. In some instances, the depth of sand and gravel in the Selected Resource Areas is significant as indicated by topographic relief. However, these depths often do not reflect the actual depth of extraction because of economic and engineering considerations. As a result, the average deposit thickness used in resource tonnage calculations is based on more conservative depth estimates. In many parts of the project area much of the crushable gravel has been depleted and sand now predominates. The main sources of crushable gravel are end moraine, ice-contact, esker, and outwash features located in Vermilion Additional and Drayton geographic townships, GTP Block No. 10 and within the unsurveyed area. Within the report area, large tracts of land contain little or no aggregate resources. Consequently, aggregate supplies may have to be transported lengthy distances to supply construction requirements in certain areas.

11 The predominance of cobbles and boulders is a major pit- workability problem within the Sioux Lookout area. Many of the boulders, less than 600 mm in diameter, could be utilized as a source of coarse aggregate if they were first processed through a jaw crusher. Additional pit workability problems that affect many deposits in the area include the presence of bedrock ridges as well as clay, silt and/or very fine sand beds. The occurrence of bedrock ridges in both ice-contact and outwash deposits can hamper pit operations and the estimation of remaining resources in some of the area©s pits. Selective extraction measures are recommended to avoid sections containing abundant clay, silt and/or very fine sand lenses. Laminated clay layers often overlie the sand and gravel, and these layers should be removed to avoid contamination of the underlying aggregate. During the power equipment investigation representative samples were taken from the test pits. Five of these samples were tested in the laboratory of the Ministry of Transportation©s (MTO) Thunder Bay Regional and Downsview offices. In addition to grain size analysis, three aggregate quality tests were performed. The results of these tests are portrayed in Table 5 and include petrographic analysis, Magnesium Sulphate Soundness test and Los Angeles Abrasion losses. The test results indicate that the aggregate in the project area is of high quality and suitable for such high-specification uses as concrete and hot- laid asphalt. Records on file with MTO also indicate excellent aggregate quality test results for the local aggregates within the project area. The general high quality of the aggregate in

12 the area, as demonstrated by the test data t is supported by observations made during field investigations. Only minor amounts of undesirable lithologies, such as chert and friable and brittle fragments were noticed in the field and in the test pit samples (see Table 5). The chert tends to be concentrated in the medium sand to fine gravel component of the aggregate.

Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area l Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area l is a prominent end moraine located in the central part of Vermilion Additional geographic township. This moraine is a relatively hummocky feature and is situated along the south shore of Lost Lake. Three pits have been opened in this resource area. At the time of field investigation, faces in pit nos..6, 7 and 8 ranged in height from 1.5 to 30 m and exposed variable material ranging from silty fine sand to pockets of coarse crushable gravel with abundant oversize material. Field estimated gravel contents were as high as 6(^. Parts of the deposit have been modified by glacial lake waters, as a distinct coarse gravel lag layer was noted near the surface of pit no. 6. Bedrock is exposed in the floor of pit no. 8. The depth to bedrock may be variable in the undeveloped parts of Area 1. Consequently, subsurface investigation is recommended prior to further extractive development. MTO reports that the aggregate extracted from this moraine is generally suitable for such uses as Granular A, railway ballast, Hot-Laid (HL) No. 4 stone and SSM. The abundance of

13 sand in sections of the pits has necessitated the use of selection and sand control measures during crushing operations. Oversize clasts should be removed or crushed to suitable size ranges before they can be used as aggregate. Silt seams and lenses were noted in sections of some of the pits and should be avoided during extraction. MTO has excavated several test holes in the vicinity of pit nos. 6 and 8. The test holes uncovered varying depths of predominantly sandy aggregate with lenses of fine to coarse gravel with oversize material. Resource Area l occupies 22 ha, of which 8 ha are considered available for extraction. Assuming an average deposit thickness of 9 m, available resources are estimated to be 1.3 million tonnes. Excellent access is provided to Area l via a paved road and by a main line of the Canadian National Railways. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 2 An ice-contact deposit, also located in Vermilion Additional geographic township, has been selected at the primary level of significance. Coarse gravel and large boulders were exposed on the surface of this deposit. Two pits have been opened in the resource area. Faces in pit nos. 2 and 3 ranged in height from 3 to 12 m and exposed variable material ranging from pockets of coarse crushable gravel to silty fine sand. Field estimated gravel contents ranged from O to 60^. Some parts of the pits are largely depleted and the remaining aggregate shows a wide variation, in grain size. MTO reports that the aggregate from this deposit is generally suitable for Granular A, Granular B Type l, Surface Treatment Class 2 aggregate, HL No. 4 stone and

14 SSM. In sections, selection and sand control are required for crushing, and the sand fraction of the aggregate requires blending for asphaltic use. Oversize clasts should be removed or crushed in a primary crusher to be utilized as aggregate. Silt and clay was observed in localized areas within Area 2 and should be avoided during extraction. MTO has also excavated several test holes in the vicinity of these pits. Many of the test holes uncovered material similar to that exposed in the pit faces. This material is potentially suitable for a wide range of aggregate products. This deposit is considered to be well suited as a local source of road-building and construction -aggregate. Resource Area 2 occupies approximately 10 ha, of which 7 ha are considered currently available for extraction. Assuming an average deposit thickness of 6.5 m, aggregate resources are estimated to be 0.8 million tonnes. Road access to Resource Area 2 is excellent.

Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 3 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 3 is located near the centre of GTP Block No. 10, northeast of the town of Sioux Lookout. This deposit exhibits a hummocky topography and forms part of the Sioux Lookout moraine. Shallow test pits excavated in this area exposed fine to coarse gravel with a fine to coarse sand matrix. Numerous cobbles and boulders were observed on the surface of this feature. Test hole SX-TH-6 was excavated in the southern part of the area, near Secondary Highway 516. Approximately 2.4 m of predominantly fine to coarse gravel with abundant cobbles and

15 boulders was uncovered in the test hole. This material was sampled from the test hole and contained 62% gravel, 34% sand and

4% fines (Figure 4a). The material appears well suited for the production of a variety of aggregate products including crushed stone. The sand fraction of the aggregate would likely require blending for use in hot-laid asphalt. A primary crusher would be beneficial for utilizing the oversize material. Similar quality aggregate may be available elsewhere in the deposit, however, detailed subsurface investigation is recommended prior to extractive development because of the greater variability of sedimentation in this type of feature. Resource Area 3 occupies an estimated available area of

26 ha. Assuming an average deposit thickness of 5 m, the available aggregate resources are considered to be 2.3 million tonnes. Resource Area 3 is readily accessible via a road which branches off Secondary Highway 516. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 4 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 4 is a lee side ice- contact deposit located between Stain and Pullar lakes in GTP

Block No. 10. Pit no. 40 has been opened in the deposit. The 3 to 6 m faces in the pit exposed fine to coarse gravel with a

field estimated gravel content ranging from 30 to 60%. In general, the material in Resource Area 4 appears well suited for

use as pit-run aggregate. However, pockets of coarse gravel within the pit are potential sources of crushable material if

selective extraction and sand control measures are employed.

16 Oversize clasts should be removed or crushed in a primary crusher. Resource Area 4 has an available area of approximately 7 ha. With an average deposit thickness of 5 m, estimated resources of sand and gravel are 0.6 million tonnes. Good access to the Resource Area is provided by gravel-surfaced logging roads branching off of Secondary Highway 516. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 5 An ice-contact deposit located near Superior Junction, south of the Marchington River, has also been selected at the primary level of significance. One pit has been opened in this deposit. Faces in pit no. 50 were approximately 9 m high, generally exposing fine to coarse gravel. Although the pit faces were partially overgrown and largely slumped, a coarse gravel lag layer was observed near the surface of the pit. Field estimated gravel contents were as high as 50% in some sections of the pit. The gravel is likely suitable for the production of a variety of aggregate products. Approximately 3 ha are currently available for extraction in Resource Area 5. Assuming an average deposit depth of 9 m for the area, aggregate resources are estimated to be 0.5 million tonnes. Access to the area is provided by a road branching off of Secondary Highway 642. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 6 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 6 is a glaciofluvial outwash deposit located near Botsford Lake in the unsurveyed area. The deposit is a relatively flat feature and is situated

17 along the Marchington River. Two pits have been opened in this resource area. At the time of field investigation, faces in pit nos. 70 and 71 ranged in height from 1.5 to 9 m with field estimated gravel contents as high as 5(^. The faces generally exposed horizontally stratified, fine to coarse gravel and clean fine to coarse sand. The material appears well suited for the production of a variety of aggregate products including crusher- run gravel with appropriate processing. Area 6 occupies 36 ha, of which 25 ha are considered presently available for extraction. Based on an average deposit thickness of 5 m, the available aggregate resources are considered to be 2.2 million tonnes. This area is currently inaccessible by road but is bisected by the main line of the Canadian National Railways. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 7 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 7 consists of three esker segments and two associated ice-contact deposits. The deposits extend from Walton Lake to Kirk Lake in the eastern part of the project area. The esker segments have been designated as Area 7a to 7c. The esker ridges generally rise from 3 to over 6 m above the surrounding terrain and are often flanked by kettle depressions. Sediments uncovered in several test pits excavated in the esker ridges reveal fine to coarse gravel and medium to coarse sand. Coarse granular material is common on the surfaces of these ridges. The esker ridges appear to have significant potential for extraction of both pit-run and crusher-run products, but

18 detailed subsurface testing is recommended prior to extractive development.

The esker ridges are flanked by Resource Areas 7d and 7e.

These ice-contact deposits are hummocky features pitted by several kettle depressions. Sediments exposed on the surface of these deposits ranged from silty fine sand to coarse crushable gravel. Numerous boulders were also observed on the surface of these deposits. In general, the material in Resource Areas 7d and 7e appears well suited for use as pit-run aggregate and is a potential source of crushable gravel with appropriate processing.

A primary crusher may be beneficial in utilizing the oversize material. Silt and clay should be avoided during extractive activities. Subsurface investigation would, however, be required in these features to assess the quality of the aggregate at depth.

The esker segments and ice-contact deposits occupy an available area of approximately 120 ha. Assuming an average deposit depth of 5 m for Areas 7a and 7d, and 7 m for Areas 7b and 7c and 6.5 m for Area 7e, aggregate resources are estimated to be 12.8 million tonnes. The close proximity of parts of Resource Area 7 to Walton and Kirk lakes may restrict extractive development. The area is currently inaccessible via road.

Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 8

Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 8 is a lee side ice- contact deposit located near Snair Lake in Drayton geographic township. Pit nos. 88 and 89 have been opened in this deposit.

At the time of field investigation, many of the faces in these

19 inactive pits were slumped and overgrown. Faces in these pits ranged in height from 1.5 to 6 m and contained variable material ranging from pockets of coarse crushable gravel to silty fine sand. Field estimated gravel contents ranged from O to 5C^. Much of the crushable gravel resources in the pits have been depleted and bedrock was observed in the faces of both pits. The depth of extraction in the undeveloped parts of Area 8 may be restricted in places by bedrock. MTO reports that the aggregate extracted from this deposit is generally suitable for uses such as Granular A, Surface Treatment Class 2 aggregate, HL No. 4 stone and SSM. The abundance of sand in sections of the pits has necessitated the use of selection and sand control measures during crushing operations. A primary crusher would be beneficial to utilize the oversize. Silt seams and lenses were noted and should be avoided during extraction. MTO has also excavated 27 test holes in the vicinity of pit nos. 88 and 89. Many of the test holes uncovered material similar to that exposed in the pit faces. The test holes also indicate that bedrock may be encountered at depths between 0.02 and 1.07 m below the surface. Resource Area 8 occupies 11 ha, of which 7 ha are considered presently available for extraction. Based on an average deposit thickness of 5 m, the available aggregate resources are considered to be 0.6 million tonnes. Access to the area is provided ,by a road branching off of Secondary Highway 664.

20 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 9 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 9 is an esker deposit located near Frog Rapids in Drayton geographic township. Resource Area 9 has been classified overall as a gravel source as it contains areas which are considered to have high potential as reserves of quality gravel. There also exist substantial areas where sand is the dominant material. This sandy material is suitable for lower grade aggregate uses. Four pits have been opened in Resource Area 9. Faces in these pits ranged in height from less than 1.5 to 9 m and generally exposed variable material ranging from lenses of coarse crushable gravel to silty fine sand. Some parts of pit nos. 102, 103 and 105 were largely depleted and the remaining aggregate shows wide variation in grain size. During field investigation, aggregate was being actively extracted from pit no. 104. Approximately 5 m of sandy medium to coarse crushable gravel was exposed during extractive operations. Field estimated gravel contents were as high as 70%. Portable crushing equipment was being used to process the aggregate for local use. MTO reports that the material extracted from pit no. 103 is generally suitable for uses including Granular A and HL No. 3 and 4 stone. In sections of the pit, selection and sand control may be necessary for crushing, and the sand fraction of the aggregate would require blending for asphaltic use. A primary crusher would be .beneficial for utilizing the oversize material. Silt seams and lenses were noted in sections of the pits and should be avoided during extraction. Bedrock is exposed in the floor of

21 pit nos. 103 and 105. MTO has also excavated several test holes to a maximum depth of 6 m in the vicinity of pit no. 103. The test holes uncovered varying depths of predominantly sandy aggregate with lenses of fine to coarse gravel. Overall, the deposit is considered to be well suited as a local source of road-building and construction aggregate. Resource Area 9 occupies 47 ha, of which 23 ha are considered available for extraction. Assuming an average deposit thickness of 5 m, available resources are estimated to be 2.0 million tonnes. Excellent access is provided to Area 9 via King©s Highway 72.

Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 10 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 10 is an ice-contact- lacustrine plain deposit located near the central part of Drayton geographic township, south of the town of Sioux Lookout. Pit nos. 109, 110 and 111 provide subsurface information for Resource Area 10. Faces in the pits ranged in height from 1.5 to 8 m and field estimated gravel contents ranged from O to 60%. Pit nos. 110 and 111 were extensively used in the past and faces were largely slumped. Generally, the aggregate in the faces of pit no. 110 coarsens downward with silt and silty fine sand near the surface and fine to coarse gravel concentrated in lenses in the lower levels of the pit. MTO has tested the material from pit nos. 110 and 111 and reports that Granular A and HL No. 3 and 4 stone have been produced. Selection and sand control would be necessary for crushing, and blending would be required for use in hot-laid asphalt. The silt and silty fine sand overlying

22 portions of the deposit should be removed prior to extraction to avoid contamination of the underlying gravels. Resource Area 10 occupies approximately 31 ha, of which 17 ha are currently available for extraction. Assuming an average deposit thickness of 5 m, aggregate resources are estimated to be 1.5 million tonnes. A paved township road bisects the area.

Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 11 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 11 is a glaciofluvial outwash deposit located in the southeastern part of the report area. The deposit is a relatively flat feature and is situated, between Batchelor and Eastern lakes. Three pits have been opened in this resource area. At the time of field investigation, faces in pit no. 127 ranged from 3 to 9 m. The. faces in pit no. 127 generally exposed horizontally stratified fine to coarse gravel and fine to coarse sand with a field estimated gravel content ranging from 30 to 70%. MTO reports that the material extracted from this deposit is generally suitable for the production of a wide variety of aggregate products including crushed gravel, with appropriate processing. Resource Area 11 occupies 64 ha, of which 52 ha are considered suitable for extraction. Assuming an average deposit thickness of 6.5 m, available aggregate resources are estimated to be 6.0 million tonnes. Secondary Highway 642 bisects the resource.area.

23 RESOURCE AREAS OF SECONDARY SIGNIFICANCE (MAP 2) An end moraine and an ice-contact deposit located near the community of Hudson in Vermilion Additional geographic township have been selected at the secondary level of significance. Pit nos. l, 4, 5, 9 f 10 and 11 have been opened in these deposits. At the time of field investigations, pit faces ranged in height from 1.5 to 6 m and generally exposed sandy aggregate with sporadic lenses of fine to coarse gravel. Faces in many of the pits were slumped and partially overgrown. Bedrock was noted in the floor of pit no. 10. Lenses of laminated silt and silty fine sand were noted near the surface in pit no. 11. This material should be removed prior to extraction to avoid contamination of the underlying aggregate. In general, the aggregate in these deposits is considered best suited for pit-run uses and SSM. Limited amounts of crushable gravel may also exist in isolated pockets. Additional testing should be undertaken to determine the quality of the material in the undeveloped parts of the deposits. Two large areas of the Sioux Lookout moraine (Zoltai 1965) located near the town of Sioux Lookout, in GTP Block No. 10, have been selected as secondary resource areas. The near surface materials found in this part of the moraine are poorly stratified silts, sands and gravels. The predominance of a surficial boulder lag on the moraine hinders exploration for sand and gravel. Pit nos. 21 to 32 and 5 test holes provide subsurface data for this feature. There has been a substantial history of sand and gravel extraction from this area and consequently, in

24 many of the sources, the crushable gravel is largely depleted and sand dominates. Faces in the pits ranged in height from less than 1.5 to 9 m and exposed variable material ranging from silty fine sand to pockets of coarse crushable gravel. Poor sorting, slumping and discontinuous stratification are a few of the many features that are commonly displayed in this moraine. Many of the pit faces were slumped and overgrown, and bedrock was exposed in pit no. 32. MTO reports that products produced from the pockets of gravel in pit nos. 31 and 32 include Granular A, Surface Treatment Class 2 aggregate and SSM. The abundance of sand in sections of the pits necessitates the use of selection and sand control measures during crushing operations. Silt lenses should also be avoided during extraction. A primary crusher would be beneficial to utilize the oversize clasts as aggregate. Additional pockets of high quality fine to coarse gravel were observed in pit nos. 23, 26 and 29. The gravel present in these pockets appeared suitable for a variety of aggregate products, including crushed stone. The sand fraction of the aggregate from pits in this deposit would require blending for use in hot-laid asphalt. MTO has excavated, to a maximum depth of 7 m, several test holes in the vicinity of pit nos. 29, 30 , 31 and 32. The test holes uncovered pockets of fine to coarse gravel and this material was found to be acceptable for a wide range of aggregate products .including crushed gravel with appropriate processing. Test holes SX-TH-3, SX-TH-4, SX-TH-5, SX-TH-8 and SX-TH-9 were completed in the eastern part of the Sioux Lookout moraine.

25 Between 2.4 and 2.9 m of predominantly fine to coarse sand with minor fine to coarse gravel was uncovered in test holes SX-TH-3, SX-TH-4 and SX-TH-9 (Table 4). This material appeared well suited for local pit-run use. The material from test holes SX- TH-4 and SX-TH-9 was sampled and found to contain less than 3(^ gravel (Figures 3a and 4a). A considerable part of the Sioux Lookout moraine remains undeveloped and significant amounts of aggregate are currently available for possible extraction. Detailed subsurface investigation is recommended to delineate areas with the highest potential for extractive development. Future exploration may uncover more pockets of high quality gravel and further increase the resource potential of the moraine. An end moraine deposit located south of the Sioux Lookout moraine has also been selected at the secondary level of significance. Pit nos. 19 and 20 provide the subsurface data for this deposit. Faces in these pits ranged in height from 1.5 to 11 m and were largely slumped and overgrown. Material exposed in the pits ranged from silty sand to gravel which is coarse enough for crushing purposes. High concentrations of gravel occur in a 1.5 to 3 m thick lens in pit no. 20. Thick lenses of silt and oversize material were noted in the pits. MTO data indicate that material extracted from the pits is suitable for a range of road- building and general construction products including Granular A and Surface Treatment Class 2 aggregate. Selective extraction and sand control measures are required in sections during crushing operations. A primary crusher would be beneficial to

26 utilize the oversize material as aggregate. The presence of silt seams and excessive quantities of very fine sand would restrict the use of the sand from the pits. MTO has also excavated several test holes in the vicinity of these pits. The test holes uncovered up to 5 m of material similar to that exposed in the pit faces. The depth of extraction in parts of the deposit may be limited by the presence of bedrock.

Five ice-contact deposits in GTP Block No. 10 have been designated as secondary resources. Pit no. 49 has been opened in an ice-contact deposit located near Superior Junction. Fine to coarse sand and fine to coarse gravel were exposed in the pit faces. MTO has tested the aggregate from this pit and reports that it is acceptable for uses including Granular A and Surface Treatment Class 2 aggregate with appropriate processing. The pit is largely depleted of crushable gravel and sand now dominates. Two additional ice-contact deposits near Sandel and Pullar lakes have been designated as secondary resources. One pit and 2 test holes provide the subsurface information for these deposits. The faces in pit no. 42 exposed 1.5 to 2 m of fine to medium gravel. The field estimated gravel content ranged from 30 to 40% and the material appeared well suited for pit-run use. Test holes SX-TH- 1 and SX-TH-2 were excavated in the ice-contact deposit located near Sandel Lake. Test hole SX-TH-2 uncovered 3.2 m of silty fine sand with fine to coarse gravel. This material was sampled and contained 41* gravel, 52% sand and 7% fines (Figure 3a). The most readily produced aggregate products from this deposit likely include Granular B Type l and SSM. The final two ice-contact

27 deposits selected at the secondary level in GTP Block No. 10 are located near Kenneally Lake and Resource Area 5. A series of l ra test pits were excavated into high ridges on the surface of both deposits. Sandy fine to medium gravel was uncovered in the test pits and these deposits have good potential as sources of pit-run aggregate. Based on similar deposits in the area, limited amounts of crushable gravel may also exist in isolated pockets. Three ice-contact deposits in the unsurveyed area show good potential as secondary aggregate sources. Pit nos. 67 and 69 have been opened in the two deposits east of Gall Lake. Faces in these pits ranged in height from less than 1.5 to 5 ra and field estimated gravel contents were as high as 5C^ in pit no. 67. Fine to coarse sand and fine to coarse gravel were exposed in these pits. An appreciable amount of oversize clasts was noted in pit no. 67 and bedrock was exposed in the floor of pit no. 69. In general, the deposits appeared well suited for extraction of both pit-run and crusher-run aggregates with appropriate proccessing. A large ice-contact deposit located near Out Lake has been classified as a secondary resource. This deposit is a hummocky feature that contains several kettle depressions. No pits have been established in the area and the deposit boundaries have been delineated largely through aerial photograph interpretation. Material exposed at the surface of the deposit and in a series of hand dug test pits consisted of predominantly fine to coarse gravel and fine to medium sand. The material appeared to be well suited for the production of a variety of aggregate products including crusher-run gravel with appropriate

28 processing. Subsurface investigation is recommended for this feature to assess the quality of the aggregate at depth. Three ice-contact deposits and a lee side ice-contact deposit within Drayton geographic township have been selected at the secondary level of significance. Pit nos. 74 and 75 have been opened in the deposit near Italian Bay. Although pit faces were largely overgrown, material ranging from silty fine sand to pockets of coarse crushable gravel with abundant oversize material was exposed in sections. Field estimated gravel contents were as high as 50^. The material appears well suited for use as pit-run aggregate and is a potential source of crushed gravel with appropriate processing. Lenses of silt were observed in localized areas and should be avoided during extraction. A primary crusher would be beneficial to utilize the oversize material. Up to 3 m of medium to coarse gravel was observed in pit no. 117 located in an ice-contact deposit near Alcona. Faces in the pit were partially overgrown and oversize material was noted. The aggregate in this deposit appears suitable for a number of crushed gravel products with appropriate processing. A primary crusher would be beneficial for utilizing the oversize material. The remaining ice-contact and lee side ice-contact deposits selected as secondary areas in Drayton geographic township have been traditional sources of aggregate in the past. Pit nos. 77 to 81, 83 and 97 to 101 have been opened in these deposits. Faces in these pits ranged in height from less than 1.5 to 9 m and exposed variable gravel contents. Many of the pit faces were

29 slumped and largely overgrown. Water was observed on the floor of pit no. 77 and bedrock was noted in the floor of pit no. 98. Many of these pits are largely depleted of crushable gravel and the remaining aggregate shows a wide variation in grain size. The most common pit workability problems within these deposits are the presence of cobbles and boulders and the occurrence of silt and silty fine sand. MTO has tested the aggregate from pit nos. 77, 99 and 100 and reports that the material is generally acceptable for SSM. The sand fraction of the aggregate requires blending for use in hot-laid asphalt. Sporadic pockets of coarse gravel with abundant oversize material were observed in pit nos. .81, 98, 99, 100 and 101. The gravel within these pockets may be suitable for crushing with selective measures. The oversize material should be crushed and utilized as aggregate. Several test holes have been excavated by MTO in the vicinity of pit nos. 99 and 100 to a maximum depth of 3.4 m. Pockets of medium to coarse gravel were encountered in some of the test holes and the material was found to be acceptable for uses including crusher- run gravel. Three glaciofluvial outwash deposits have also been selected at the secondary level in Drayton geographic township. Pit nos. 107 and 108 have been developed in one such deposit south of Area 10. The 1.5 to 5 m faces in pit no. 107 consist largely of fine to medium gravel and fine to coarse sand. Field estimated gravel contents were as high as 50%. MTO has tested the aggregate from pit nos. 107 and 108 and reports that products produced from these pits include Granular A and HL No. 3 and 4 stone. Selective

30 extraction and sand control are necessary in sections during crushing operations. The sand fraction of the aggregate requires blending for hot-laid asphalt. The aggregate from the deposit appeared well suited for local use. Home and cottage development may inhibit extractive development in parts of the deposit. Pit nos. 113, 118, 119 and 120 have been developed in the two secondary outwash deposits located near Mullen Lake. Faces in these pits ranged in height from 1.5 to 5 m and generally exposed sandy fine to medium gravel. Gravel contents were generally less than 4(^ and the aggregate appears well suited for at least pit- run uses. Blending would be required for hot-laid sand. Similar material may be available from the presently undeveloped parts of these deposits. A lee side ice-contact deposit located in Jordan geographic township, near Ojibway Provincial Park, has been selected at the secondary level of significance. Pit nos. 123 and 124 provide subsurface data for this deposit. At the time of field investigation, faces in these pits ranged in height from less than 1.5 to 3 m and exposed gravel contents ranging from 30 to 60%. Coarse gravel with abundant oversize clasts is the predominant material exposed in the pits. Although this deposit is largely depleted, MTO reports that Granular A, Surface Class 2 aggregate and HL No. 3 and 4 stone have been produced from these pits. The sand fraction of the aggregate requires blending for use as asphaltic sand. Selective extraction is required in sections during crushing operations and a primary crusher would be beneficial to utilize the oversize.

31 A glaciofluvial outwash deposit located in Benedickson geographic township has been selected at the secondary level of significance. Pit no. 126 has been opened in this-deposit near Eastern Lake. Faces in this pit contained between 1.5 to 4 m of fine to coarse gravel and fine to coarse sand. Field estimated gravel contents were as high as 5Q^ within gravel lenses in the pit face. These coarse gravel lenses within the pit are potential sources of crushable material, with appropriate processing.

BEDROCK GEOLOGY AND RESOURCE POTENTIAL The project area lies within the western part of the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. The bedrock in the area is early Precambrian (Archean) in age. The bedrock geology of the area is portrayed at a reconnaissance level in Figure 2. Geological mapping and reports by the following authors were utilized to summarize the bedrock geology of the project area: Hurst (1933), Pettijohn (1936), Horwood (1938), Skinner (1969), Johnston (1969, 1972), Turner and Walker (1973), Breaks et al. (1975)©, Trowell et al. (1977), Trowell et al. (1978), Page and Moller (1979a, 1979b), Breaks et al. (1981), Trowell et al. (1983), Beakhouse (1988) and Thurston (1989). The Sioux Lookout area is underlain by folded metavolcanic and metasediraentary rocks and mafic and felsic intrusive rocks which form parts of the Wabigoon, English River and Winnipeg River structural lithological subprovinces (Skinner 1969; Thurston 1989).

32 i," ©©^ r/ ^^^T^^vLuivv;,j [*Nl7~©^A^X©VV-w^V i •s?\-X* oN|t *.'^ \V-* v o.vx r^oo-.xi'fc /' x '^5 ^y^(?

33 There are two major belts of metavolcanic rock present in the project area. One belt extends from west of Hudson to east of Hidden Lake. The other belt is south of Abram and Botsford lakes, and is separated from rocks to the north by the Little Vermilion fault (Johnston 1972). Extensive mineral exploration has been carried out in both of these belts. The metavolcanic rocks generally include basalt, amphibolite, breccia, pillow lava, iron formation, rhyolite, agglomerate, tuff, dacite and andesite. Two main belts of metasedimentary rock dccur in the report area. The largest belt is located in the central part of the area and roughly extends from Patara Lake to Hidden Lake. The other metasedimentary belt is located in the area of East Bay, Minnitaki Lake. Generally, the metasedimentary rocks include greywacke, slate, conglomerate, arkose, iron formation, argillite, chert, siltstone and tuffaceous metasediments. Younger bedrock in the project area includes mafic and ultramafic intrusive rocks that consist of diorite, syenodiorite and gabbro. A large oval mafic body intrudes the mafic to intermediate metavolcanic sequence in the area between David and Allan lakes (Johnston 1972). The northern part of the project area is underlain by a complex batholith made up of a variety of felsic intrusive (granitic) rocks. The most common felsic intrusive rock assemblage consists of quartz-feldspar-biotite gneiss. Other felsic intrusive rocks include porphyritic granite, quartz-"eye"

34 granite, feldspar porphyry, granodiorite, quartz diorite and trondhjemite (Johnston 1972).

In the report area, the raetavolcanic and mafic and felsic intrusive rock types are considered as the most likely sources of

rock suitable for the production of roadbase, hot-laid asphaltic and possibly concrete aggregate. At present, no quarries have been opened in the Precambrian bedrock in the report area, however, a large quarry has been opened in a fine-grained metabasalt near Watcomb, 65 km southeast of the project area (GTP

Block No. 8). The rock extracted from the quarry has been primarily used for railway ballast by Canadian National Railways.

Much of the report area is underlain by massive, hard and durable bedrock which may be well suited for a variety of aggregate applications. However, the bedrock within the report area may exhibit wide variations with respect to aggregate quality over relatively short distances. Consequently, any site

that may be proposed for quarry development should be carefully

investigated before extraction operations commence, to ensure successful and economic crushed stone production. Variations that have an effect on the suitability of rock for use as

aggregate in the area include texture, mineralogy and degree of weathering. Rock hardness is a criterion that is an important consideration when crushing is planned. Excessive hardness makes perfectly sound rock uneconomical, because of the excessive wear

and tear it would cause on the processing equipment. Highly weathered, brittle and friable rock which is unacceptable for

aggregate use may occur in all rock types within the area. Some

35 of the coarse-grained rocks with high mica, quartz and feldspar contents may have bonding problems because the smooth cleavage and fracture surfaces of these minerals hinder the adhesion of asphalt and cement mixes. Stockpile aging may help to erode the smooth surfaces of the rocks and allow for better adhesion. This problem may also be circumvented by the addition of chemicals (anti-stripping agents) that can erode the smooth surfaces which allows for better adhesion. Some of the felsic intrusive rocks, referred to as "brittle granite" (Rogers 1979), may have stripping and popping problems. Rogers (1983) also reports that granitic rock can possibly react with portland cement concrete resulting in expansion and cracking of the concrete over the years. This characteristic reduces structural soundness. Within the report area, considerable latitude exists in choosing sites for potential bedrock extraction as there exist extensive areas where the bedrock out crops or is covered by thin drift. Therefore, numerous options are available in the selection of sites for potential bedrock extraction.

SUMMARY The sand and gravel deposits in the Sioux Lookout area are the product of glacial activity which occurred during the late Wisconsinan Substage of the Pleistocene Epoch. A number of these deposits which contain significant resources of sand and gravel have been grouped together into 11 Primary Resource Areas. In addition, numerous deposits of secondary significance, which add considerably to the project area©s resource base, have also been

36 selected. Care should be taken to ensure the continued availability of as much of the resource as possible. The sand and gravel in the project area is generally hard and durable, and suitable for most road-building and general construction applications. The deposits contain material which varies from sand, suitable for pit-run uses, to coarse crushable gravel. The most significant sources of crushable gravel are end moraine, ice-contact, esker and outwash features located in Vermilion Additional and Drayton geographic townships, GTP Block No. 10 and within the unsurveyed area. The presence of oversize clasts and fines are abundant in some of the gravel deposits. Oversize clasts should be removed or crushed in a primary crusher for aggregate, and selective extraction measures are recommended to avoid lenses containing excessive quantities of fines. Bedrock of Precambrian age underlies the project area. Folded metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks and mafic and felsic intrusive rocks dominate the Sioux Lookout area. The bedrock in the area can exhibit wide variations in aggregate quality. Consequently, site specific testing is recommended prior to extraction. Enquiries regarding the Aggregate Resources Inventory of the Sioux Lookout Area, Northwestern Ontario should be directed to the Aggregate Assessment Office, Engineering and Terrain Geology Section, Ontario Geological Survey, 7th Floor, 77 Grenville Street, Toronto, Ontario, M7A 1W4, [Tel: (416) 965-1183] or to the Resident Geologist, Sioux Lookout District, Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, Court House Building, Box 3000,

37 Sioux Lookout, Ontario, POV 2TO [Tel: (807) 737-2039] or to the Sioux Lookout District, Ministry of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 309, Prince Street, Sioux Lookout, Ontario, POV 2TO, [Tel: (807) 737-11401.

38 TABLE 1. TOTAL SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCES, SIOOX LOOKOUT AREA.

1 2 3 4 CLASS NO. DEPOSIT TYPE AREAL EXTENT ORIGINAL TONNAGE (see Appendix D) Hectares Millions of Tonnes

Vermilion Additional Geographic Township

1 G-EM 22 4 G-IC 10 -1

2 S-EM 136 12 S-IC 26 2

S-ICL 8 1

3 S-IC 81 3 S-LP 14

4 S-IC 8

1 G-IC 4 1 S-IC 160 17

2 G-EM 26 2

G-ICL 8 1 S-EM 776 69 S-IC 61 5

3 G-IC 18 1

G-ICL 4

S-ICL 60 2 S-LP 6

39 TABLE 1. TOTAL SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCES, SIOOX LOOKOUT AREA.

1 2 3 4 CLASS NO. DEPOSIT TYPE AREAL EXTENT ORIGINAL TONNAGE (see Appendix D) Hectares Millions of Tonnes

S-OW 98 3

4 G-IC 106 3 S-EM 22 .1

S-IC 118 3 ©

S-OW 12

Onsurveyed

1 G-E 11 1 G-IC 70 8

S-IC 68 7

2 G-E 3

G-OW 36 3

S-IC 108 9

3 , G-IC 8

S-ICL 124 5 S-OW 31 1

4 G-IC 1

980 57

40 TABLE 1. TOTAL SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCES, SIOUX LOOKOUT AREA.

1 2 3 4 CLASS NO DEPOSIT TYPE AREAL EXTENT ORIGINAL TONNAGE (see Appendix D) Hectares Millions of Tonnes

Drayton Geographic Township 1 S-IC 59 6 2 G-E 47 4 G-IC 11 1

- G-ICL 11 1 S-E 2 ^ S-IC 78 7

S-ICL 69 6 S-IC-LP 31 3 S-LP 30 3 S-OW 170 15 3 G-IC 8 ^

G-ICL 4 0 S-IC 320 11 S-OW 30 1 4 S-IC 362 10

S-ICL 8 ^ S-LP 2 ^ 1240 68

Jordan Geographic Township

2 S-IC 3

3 G-ICL 6

S-ICL 12

41 TABLE 1. TOTAL SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCES, SIODX LOOKOUT AREA.

1 2 3 4 CLASS NO. DEPOSIT TYPE 2\REAL EXTENT ORIGINAL TONNAGE (see Appendix D) Hectares Millions of Tonnes

4 G-ICL 10

Benedickson Geographic Township

1 G-OW 64 " 1

2 S-IC 105 9

3 G-OW 36 1

S-IC 1

S-OW 462 17

4 S-OW 330 9 1000 43

VnTAT. KTIP CTFITYV AP77A - 5300 310

N.B. Minor variations in all tables are caused by rounding of data

42 TABLE 2. SAND AND GRAVEL PITS, SIOUX LOOKOUT AREA

1234 5 6 7 NO. MTO NO. LOT CONC. FACE HEIGHT % GRAVEL REMARKS Metres Vermilion Additional Geographic Township l -62 3-6 ^0 slumped faces, largely depleted, partially overgrown

H9-12 3-6 variable gravel -concentrated in lenses, slumped faces partially overgrown, oversize material

H9-12 3-12 0-60 slumped faces, variable partially overgrown, oversize material, silt lenses

H9-18 3-5 ^0 slumped faces, partially overgrown, lenses of silt near surface 5-5 5-6 variable overgrown

6 H9-11 5 1.5-6 30-50 slumped faces, variable partially overgrown, oversize material 1.5-9 0-40 gravel concentrated variable in lenses, partially overgrown, oversize material, lenses of silt

H9-10 20-30 0-60 pit faces have been variable graded, slumped faces, partially overgrown, oversize material, lenses of silt, bedrock exposed in pit floor 1.5-2

43 TABLE 2. SAND AND GRAVEL PITS, SIOUX LOOKOUT AREA

l 234 5 6 7 NO. MTO NO. LOT CONC. FACE HEIGHT % GRAVEL REMARKS Metres

10 H9-9 1.5-5 partially overgrown, slumped faces, bedrock exposed in pit floor

11 H9-9 approx. 1.5 m of silty fine sand over 5 m of sandy fine gravel

12 2 1.5-3 overgrown 13 1/2 6-9 overgrown, oversize material, depleted to bedrock, bedrock exposed in pit face

14 H9-17 B 3 1.5-3 overgrown Grand Trunk Pacific Block No. 10 15 H9-16 - - 1.5-2 overgrown, silty sand

16 - ^.5 depleted 17 - ^.5 sand, overgrown 18 S54-7 - - 3-11 X10 partially overgrown, slumped faces, lenses of silt, lenses of fine gravel

19 S54-11 1.5-8 variable slumped faces, silt lenses, partially overgrown

20 S54-11 3-11 0-60 slumped faces, variable partially overgrown oversize material

21 S54-5 3-8 20-50 slumped faces, variable partially overgrown

22 1.5-3 variable slumped faces, overgrown, depleted

44 TABLE 2. SAND AND GRAVEL PITS, SIOUX LOOKOUT AREA.

1234 5 6 7 NO. MTO NO. LOT CONC. FACE HEIGHT % GRAVEL REMARKS Metres 23 S54-31 - - 3-5 0-60 slumped faces, variable oversize material 24 - - - <1.5 ^0 partially overgrown 25 - - - 1.5-3 <30 partially overgrown variable 26 - - - 3-8 0-50 slumped faces, variable oversize material, partially overgrown 27 S54-21 - 6 variable slumped faces, overgrown 28 - - - <1.5 - sand source 29 S54-24 - - 1.5-8 0-60 slumped faces, variable lenses of silt, fine to coarse gravel located in lenses 30 S54-24 - - 1.5-6 X30 slumped faces, variable partially overgrown, coarse gravel concentrated near surface 31 S54-25 - - 3-9 0-50 slumped faces, fine variable to coarse gravel located in lenses, largely depleted 32 S54-25 - - 1.5-6 variable slumped faces, partially overgrown, lenses of silt, largely depleted, bedrock exposed in pit face 33 - - - 1.5-3 ^0 partially overgrown, lenses of silt 34 - - inaccessible 35 - - - <1.5 - overgrown, depleted

36 - - <1.5 - overgrown, depleted

45 TABLE 2. SAND AND GRAVEL PITS r SIODX LOOKODT AREA.

1234 5 6 7 NO. MTO NO. LOT CONC. FACE HEIGHT * GRAVEL REMARKS Metres

37 - - - <1.5 <25 fine gravel with a coarse sand matrix

38 - 1.5-2 20-30 39 - - - 1.5-3 20-30 slumped faces variable

40 - 3-6 30-60 slumped faces, variable oversize material

S54-26 - - <1.5 variable overgrown, depleted - - - 1.5-2 30-40 overgrown

- - <1.5 <10 overgrown - - 1.5-4 <20 overgrown S54-20 - - 1.5-3 variable overgrown, bedrock exposed in pit floor

46 S54-19 - - ^.5 XlO partially overgrown 47 - <1.5 30-50 fine to coarse variable gravel concentrated in lenses

48 - 1.5-3 <25 overgrown 49 S54-12 - - 3-11 variable slumped faces, fine to coarse gravel concentrated in lenses, overgrown

50 - 5-9 30-50 slumped faces, variable partially overgrown

51 - 1.5-2 30-40 partially overgrown, fine to coarse gravel concentrated in lenses

52 - - 1.5-2 variable overgrown

53 - - - *C1.5 ^0 partially overgrown 54 - 0.5 <2Q partially overgrown

46 TABLE 2. SAND AND GRAVEL PITS, SIODX LOOKOUT AREA,

1234 5 6 7 NO. MTO NO. LOT CONC. FACE HEIGHT *fc GRAVEL REMARKS Metres 55 1.5-4 partially overgrown Dnsurveyed 56 S54-18 1.5-3 20-40 overgrown, depleted, variable lenses of silt

57 1.5-2 ^0 overgrown, depleted, bedrock exposed in pit floor

58 1.5-2 20 overgrown variable

59 1.5-2 overgrown 60 S54-17 1.5-8 variable overgrown, depleted to bedrock

61 1.5-2 overgrown, bedrock exposed in pit floor

62 20-30 overgrown, depleted variable to bedrock

63 S54-29 1.5-5 0-20 overgrown, bedrock exposed in pit face, largely depleted

64 variable overgrown, bedrock exposed in pit floor

65 ^0 overgrown 66 S54-23 ^0 overgrown 67 1.5-5 30-50 slumped faces, variable oversize material, partially overgrown 68 - overgrown, s.lumped faces

69 20-40 slumped faces, variable partially overgrown, largely depleted, bedrock exposed in pit floor

47 TABLE 2. SAND AND GRAVEL PITS, SIOUX LOOKOUT AREA.

1234 5 6 7 NO. MTO NO. LOT CONC. FACE HEIGHT % GRAVEL REMARKS Metres

70 1.5-8 30-50 slumped faces, variable partially overgrown

71 - 1.5-9 0-50 slumped faces, variable partially overgrown

Drayton Geographic Township 72 H9-3 31 l 3-6 (3Q slumped faces, overgrown, bedrock expo©sed in pit floor

73 30 1.5-3 overgrown, bedrock exposed in pit faces, depleted

74 28 B 3-4 20-40 slumped faces, variable partially overgrown

75 28 B 1.5-2 30-50 overgrown, oversize variable material

76 27 B 1.5-2 X10 partially overgrown

77 H9-1 25,26,27 A 3-6 ^0 slumped faces, overgrown, lenses of silt

78 26 A ^0 overgrown

79 26 A 1.5-3 overgrown, lenses of silt

80 26 1.5-3 variable slumped faces, overgrown, depleted

81 25 1.5-6 0-50 slumped faces, variable partially overgrown, lenses of silt, oversize material

82 25 <©LQ overgrown, fine gravel with fine sand matrix

83 25 1.5-8 <1.Q slumped faces, partially overgrown, lenses of silt

48 TABLE 2. SAND AND GRAVEL PITS, SIODX LOOKOUT AREA.

1234 5 6 7 NO. MTO NO. LOT CONC. FACE HEIGHT % GRAVEL REMARKS Metres 84 H9-2 26 2 1.5-9 variable overgrown, bedrock exposed in pit face, depleted 85 H9-2 26 2 ^.5 - overgrown, bedrock exposed in pit floor 86 H9-2 26 2 ^.5 OO overgrown, bedrock exposed in pit floor 87 © H9-2 26 2 ^.5 ^0 partially overgrown, largely depleted 88 H9-2 26 2 1.5-6 OO slumped faces, variable overgrown, largely depleted 89 H9-2 26 2 5 0-50 slumped faces, variable partially overgrown, bedrock exposed in pit floor 90 H9-6 27 4 4 X10 partially overgrown, bedrock exposed in pit floor 91 H9-7 27 4 3-4 ^0 overgrown, bedrock variable exposed in pit floor, largely depleted 92 27 4 1.5-2 ^0 bedrock exposed in pit floor, lenses of silt 93 27 4 3-8 ^0 overgrown, lenses of silt, largely depleted 94 23 3 1.5-3 ^0 partially overgrown, bedrock exposed in pit face 95 - 24 2 ^.5 - till pit 96 23 2 1.5-2 ^0 partially overgrown

49 TABLE 2. SAND AND GRAVEL PITS, SIODX LOOKOUT AREA.

1234 5 6 7 NO. MTO NO. LOT CONC. FACE HEIGHT % GRAVEL REMARKS Metres

97 - 23 3 - - pit used as equipment storage yard

98 23 2 9 variable slumped faces, partially overgrown, oversize material, lenses of silt, bedrock exposed in pit floor

99 S54-2 23 2 1.5-6 0-40 partially overgrown, variable fine to coarse gravel located in lenses, oversize material

100 S54-2 23 2 1.5-5 variable slumped faces, partially overgrown, largely depleted, lenses of silt

101 -23 2 6-8 variable partially overgrown, fine to coarse gravel concentrated near surface

102 -22 3 K1.5 20-30 overgrown variable

103 S54-1 22 2 1.5-8 <3Q slumped faces, variable partially overgrown, largely depleted

104 -21 2 3-9 0-70 slumped faces, variable partially overgrown, depleted in sections, lenses of silt

105 -21 2 5-5.5 variable overgrown, bedrock exposed on pit floor, largely depleted, pit used as storage yard

106 -16 2 ^.5 ^0 partially overgrown variable

50 TABLE 2. SAND AND GRAVEL PITS, SIODX LOOKOUT AREA.

1234 5 6 7 NO. MTO NO. LOT CONC. FACE HEIGHT % GRAVEL REMARKS Metres 107 S54-6 16 2 1.5-5 20-50 slumped faces, partially overgrown 108 S54-6 16 2 1.5-2 ^0 slumped faces, partially overgrown 109 -16 l 1.5-4 0-40 partially overgrown, variable fine to coarse gravel overlain by silty fine sand 110 S54-8 16 l 3-8 0-60 slumped faces, variable partially overgrown, fine to coarse gravel concentrated near base of pit, lenses of silt 111 S54-8 15 l 1.5-3 - overgrown 112 -14 l 1.5-3 ^0 partially overgrown, fine gravel overlain by silty fine sand 113 - 5 2 1.5-2 30-40 partially overgrown 114 -43 ^.5 ^0 fine gravel 115 - 4 3 ^.5 ^0 partially overgrown

116 - 4 3 3 ^0 117 -33 1.5-3 30-50 partially overgrown, oversize material 118 -43 4 20-30 slumped faces, variable partially overgrown

119 S54-13 3 3 1.5-5 OO partially overgrown

120 -33 5 30-40 slumped faces, partially overgrown 121 S54-14 l 3 1.5-4 ^0 overgrown, lenses of silt, pit used as dump

51 TABLE 2. SAND AND GRAVEL PITS, SIOOX LOOKOOT AREA

1234 5 6 7 NO. MTO NO. LOT CONC. FACE HEIGHT * GRAVEL REMARKS Metres

Jordan Geographic Township 122 H9-5 1.5-5 variable overgrown, bedrock exposed in pit face, lenses of silt

123 H9-4 1.5-3 30-60 partially overgrown, variable oversize material, lenses of silt, largely depleted

124 H9-4 30-60 partially overgrown, variable largely depleted

125 H9-4 1.5-2 variable slumped faces, overgrown

Benedickson Geographic Township 126 S54-16 - - 1.5-4 30-50 slumped faces, variable partially overgrown, largely depleted, fine to coarse gravel located in lenses

127 S54-15 3-9 30-70 slumped faces, variable partially overgrown

128 1.5-2 <30 partially overgrown 129 OO partially overgrown 130 K 30 overgrown, lenses of variable fine gravel in a coarse sand matrix

52 TABLE 3. SELECTED SAND AND GRAVEL RESODRCE AREAS, SIODX LOOKOUT AREA. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 DEPOS1 CT AREA CULTURAL EXTRACTED AVAILABLE ESTIMATED AVAILABLE* NO. Hectare!3 SETBACKS AREA AREA DEPOSIT AGGREGATE Hectares Hectares Hectares THICKNESS Millions Metres of tonnes

1 22 3 11 8 9 1.3 2 10 0 3 7 6.5 0.8 3 26 0 0 26 5 2.3 4 8 0 1 7 5 0.6 5 4 0 1 3 9- 0.5 6 36 7 4 25 5 2.2 7a 3 0 0 3 5 0.3 7b 6 0 0 6 7 0.7 7c 5 0 0 5 7 0.6 7d 36 0 0 36 5 3.2 7e 70 0 0 70 6.5 8.0 120 0 0 120 12.8 8 11 0 4 7 5 0.6 9 47 18 6 23 5 2.0 10 31 11 3 17 5 1.5 11 64 10 2 52 6.5 6.0

TOTAL FOR STUDY AREA: 35 295 30.6

a For practical purposes, the Available Aggregate figures for this report area have been shown to the nearest decimal places, because of the limited amounts of material present in some of the resource areas,

53 TABLE 4. SUMMARY OF TEST HOLE DATA, SIODX LOOKOUT AREA.

Test Hole Number: SX-TH-1 Location: Grand Trunk Pacific Block No. 10 Elevation: Approximately 410 m asl Date: October 19, 1989

Depth Description (metres) 0-3.8 silty fine to medium sand with minor fine gravel

Test Hole Number: SX-TH-2 Location: Grand Trunk Pacific Block No. 10 Elevation: Approximately 420 m asl Date: October 19, 1989 Depth Description (metres) 0-3.2 fine sand with fine to coarse gravel; trace of silt

Test Hole Number: SX-TH-3 Location: Grand Trunk Pacific Block No. 10 Elevation: Approximately 400 m asl Date: October 20, 1989 Depth Description (metres)

0-2.4 fine to coarse sand with minor fine to coarse gravel

Test Hole Number: SX-TH-4 Location: Grand Trunk Pacific Block No. 10 Elevation: Approximately 400 m asl Date: October 20, 1989

Depth Description (metres)

0-2.9 fine to coarse sand with fine gravel

Test Hole Number: SX-TH-5 Location: Grand Trunk Pacific Block No. 10 Elevation: Approximately 400 m asl Date: October 20, 1989

Depth Description (metres)

0-1.0 © fine sand with a trace of silt

1.0-1.5 coarse sand

54 TABLE 4. SUMMARY OF TEST HOLE DATA, SIOUX LOOKOUT AREA.

Test Hole Number: SX-TH-6 Location: Grand Trunk Pacific Block No. 10 Elevation: Approximately 410 m asl Date: October 19, 1989 Depth Description (metres) 0-2.4 fine to coarse gravel with fine to coarse sand; cobbles and boulders present Test Hole Number: SX-TH-7 Location: Grand Trunk Pacific Block No. 10 Elevation: Approximately 410 m asl Date: October 19, 1989 Depth Description (metres) 0-3.0 bouldery silty sand till Test Hole Number: SX-TH-8 Location: Grand Trunk Pacific Block No. 10 Elevation: Approximately 410 m asl Date: October 19, 1989 Depth Description (metres) 0-2.0 silty fine sand Test Hole Number: SX-TH-9 Location: Grand Trunk Pacific Block No. 10 Elevation: Approximately 400 m asl Date: October 20, 1989 Depth Description (metres) 0-2.5 silty fine sand with minor fine to coarse gravel Test Hole Number: SX-TH-10 Location: Grand Trunk Pacific Block No. 10 Elevation: Approximately 410 m asl Date: October 20, 1989 Depth Description (metres) 0-2.2 fine sand with fine to coarse gravel; traces of silt

55 TABLE 4. SUMMARY OF TEST HOLE DATA, SIOUX LOOKOUT AREA.

Test Hole Number: SX-TH-11 Location: Grand Trunk Pacific Block No. 10 Elevation: Approximately 400 ra asl Date: October 20, 1989

Depth Description (metres) 0-3.0 silty fine sand with fine to coarse gravel; abundant cobbles and boulders present

56 TABLE 5. RESULTS OF AGGREGATE QUALITY TESTS, SIOUX LOOKOUT AREA.

FINE COARSE AGGREGATE AGGREGATE Petrographic Number

Test Hole Granular Hot Mix Z Chert Los Angeles Magnesium Chert No. Concrete Content Abrasion Sulphate Content % % Loss % Loss %

SX-TH-1 100 111 — — SX-TH-2 100 106 0.2 - SX-TH-4 100 106 - - 0.2 SX-TH-6 100 103 - 31 SX-TH-9 100 107 0.4 -

NOTE: The quality refers strictly to a specific sample taken at the ©time of power shovel investigations. Because of the inherent variability of sand and gravel deposits, care should be exercised in extrapolating such information to the rest of the deposits.

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61 REFERENCES

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Breaks, F.W., Bond, W.D. and Stone D. 1981. Precambrian geology of the English River-Marchington Lake area, Kenora District (Patricia Portion); Ontario Geological Survey, Preliminary Map P.2293, scale 1:63 360.

Ferguson, S.A., Brown, D.D., Davies, J.C. and Pryslak, A.P. 1970. Red Lake-Birch Lake, Kenora District, Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Map 2175, scale 1:253 440.

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__ 1989b. Vaughan Lake; Ontario Geological Survey, Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study, Data Base Map 5110, scale 1:100 000.

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__ 1972. Geology of the Vermilion-Abram lakes area, District of Kenora; Ontario Department of Mines, Report 101, 51p.

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__ 1979b. Zarn Lake area (southern part), District of Kenora; Ontario Geological Survey, Preliminary Map P.2233, scale 1:15 840.

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__ 1978. Sand and gravel resources in the Red Lake-Ear Falls and Sioux Lookout areas, northwestern Ontario; in Summary of Field Work 1978, Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 82, p.163.

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__ 1983. Alkali aggregate reactions, concrete aggregate testing and problem aggregates in Ontario - A review, 4th revised ed.; Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Report EM-31, 38p.

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63 Teller, J.T., Thorleifson, L.H., Dredge, L.A., Hobbs, H.C. and Schreiner, T. 1983. Maximum extent and major features of Lake Agassiz; in Glacial Lake Aggasiz, Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 26, p.43-45.

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__ 1965. Surficial geology, Kenora-Rainy River; Ontario Department of Lands and Forests, Map 5165, scale 1:506 880 1967. Eastern outlets of Lake Agassiz; in Life, Land and Water, Proceedings of the 1966 Conference on Environmental Studies of the Glacial Lake Agassiz Region, University of Manitoba, Occasional Paper l, p.107-121.

64 APPENDIX A - PURPOSE, METHODOLOGY AND DATA PRESENTATION OF THE

AGGREGATE RESODRCES INVENTORY*

INTRODUCTION Mineral aggregates, which include bedrock-derived crushed stone as well as naturally formed sand and gravel, constitute the major raw material in Ontario©s road-building and construction industries. Very large amounts of these materials are used each year throughout the Province. For example, in 1987, the total tonnage of mineral aggregates extracted was 142 million tonnes, greater than that of any other metallic or nonmetallic commodity mined in the Province (Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines 1989) . Although mineral aggregate deposits are plentiful in Ontario, they are fixed-location, nonrenewable resources which can be exploited only in those areas where they occur. Mineral aggregates are characterized by their high bulk and low unit value so that the economic value of a deposit is a function of its proximity to a market area as well as its quality and size. The potential for extractive development is usually greatest in areas where land use competition is extreme. For these reasons the availability of adequate resources for future development is

* This Appendix is made up of the standard Introduction and Parts I and II from the Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper (ARIP) series (for example, see ARIP 147, Aggregate Resources Inventory of the Towns of Bracebridge and Gravenhurst). The text has been modified slightly to correspond to the data presented in this Open File Report (OFR). The methodology and data presentation used in this OFR are identical to those used in the ARIP series.

65 now being threatened in some areas. Comprehensive planning and resource management strategies are required to make the best use of available resources, especially in those areas experiencing rapid development. Such strategies must be based on a sound knowledge of the total mineral aggregate resource base at both local and regional levels. The purpose of the Aggregate Resources Inventory is to provide the basic geological information required to include potential mineral aggregate resource areas in planning strategies. The reports should form the basis for discussion on those areas best suited for possible extraction. The aim is to assist decision-makers in protecting the public well-being by ensuring that adequate resources of mineral aggregate remain available for future use. This report is a technical background document, based for the most part on geological information and interpretation. It has been designed as a component of the total planning process and should be used in conjunction with other planning considerations, to ensure the best use of an area©s resources. This report presents an assessment of sand and gravel resources as well as a discussion on the potential for bedrock- derived aggregate. The most recent information available has been used to prepare the report. As new information becomes available, revisions may be necessary.

66 PART I - INVENTORY METHODS

FIELD AND OFFICE METHODS The methods used to prepare the report primarily involve the interpretation of published geological data such as surficial geology maps and reports as well as field examination of potential resource areas. Field methods include the examination of natural and man-made exposures of granular material. Most observations are made at quarries and sand and gravel pits located from records held by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation, the Ontario Geological Survey, and by Regional and District Offices of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Observations made at pit sites include estimates of the total face height and the proportion of gravel- and sand- sized fragments in the deposit. Observations are also made of the shape and lithology of the particles. These characteristics are important in estimating the quality and quantity of the aggregate. In areas of limited exposure, subsurface materials may be assessed by hand augering and test pitting, supplemented by test hole excavation. The symbols for and locations of sample sites and test hole sites are noted on Map 1. Deposits with potential for further extractive development or those where existing data are scarce, are studied in greater detail. Representative sections in these deposits are sampled in 11 to 45 kg units from existing pit faces or from test pits. The samples are analyzed for grain size distribution, and in some cases the Los Angeles abrasion and impact test, absorption, and

67 Magnesium Sulphate soundness tests and petrographic analyses are carried out. Analyses are performed either in the laboratories of the Soils and Aggregates Section, Engineering Materials Office, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, or in the Geoscience Laboratory, Ontario Geological Survey. The field data are supplemented by pit information on file with the Soils and Aggregates Section of the Ontario Ministry of Transportation. Data contained in these files include field estimates of the depth, composition and "workability" of deposits as well as laboratory analyses of the physical properties and chemical suitability of the aggregate. Information concerning the development history of the pits and acceptable uses of the aggregate is also recorded. The locations of additional aggregate sources were obtained from records held by Regional and District Offices of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. The cooperation of the above-named groups in the compilation of inventory data is gratefully acknowledged. Aerial photographs at various scales are used to determine

the continuity of deposits, especially in areas where information f is limited. Water well records, held by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, are used in some areas to corroborate deposit thickness estimates or to indicate the presence of buried granular material. These records are used in conjunction with other evidence. Topographic maps of the National Topographic System, at a scale of 1:50 000, are used as a compilation base for the field and office data. The information is then transferred to a base

68 map, also at a scale of 1:50 000. These base maps are prepared by the Surveys, Mapping and Remote Sensing Branch, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources with information taken from maps of the National Topographic System by permission of Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, for presentation in the report.

RESODRCE TONNAGE CALCULATION TECHNIQUES

SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCES Once the interpretative boundaries of the aggregate units have been established, quantitative estimates of the possible resources available can be made. Generally, the volume of a deposit can be calculated if its areal extent and average thickness are known or can be estimated. The computation methods used are as follows. First, the area of the deposit, as outlined on the final base map, is calculated in hectares. The thickness values used are an approximation of the deposit thickness, based on the face heights of pits developed in the deposit or on subsurface data such as test holes and water well logs. Original tonnage values can then be calculated by multiplying the volume of the deposit by 17 700 (the mass density factor). This factor is approximately the number of tonnes in a one metre thick layer of sand and gravel, one hectare in extent, assuming an average density of 1766 kg/m3 . Tonnage - .Area x Thickness x Density Factor Tonnage calculated in this manner must be considered only as an estimate. Furthermore, such tonnages represent amounts that

69 existed prior to any extraction of material (i.e., original tonnage) (Table l, Column 4). The Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas in Table 3 are calculated in the following way. Two successive subtractions are made from the total area. Column 3 accounts for the number of hectares unavailable because of the presence of permanent cultural features and their associated setback requirements. Column 4 accounts for those areas that have previously been extracted (e.g., wayside and abandoned pits are included in this category). The remaining figure is the area of the deposit currently available for extraction (Column 5). The available area is then multiplied by the estimated deposit thickness and the mass density factor (Column 5 x Column 6 x 17 700) to give an estimate of the sand and gravel tonnage (Column 7) presently available for extractive development and/or resource protection. Reserve estimates are calculated for deposits of primary significance. Reserve estimates for deposits of secondary and tertiary significance are not calculated in Table 3, however, the aggregate potential of these deposits is discussed in the report.

DNITS AND DEFINITIONS The measurements and other primary data available for resource tonnage calculations are given in Metric units in the text and on the tables which accompany the report. Data are generally rounded qff in accordance with the Ontario Metric Practice Guide (Metric Committee 1975).

70 The tonnage estimates made for sand and gravel deposits are termed possible resources (see Glossary, Appendix C) in accordance with terminology of the Ontario Resource Classification Scheme (Robertson 1975, p.7) and with the Association of Professional Engineers of Ontario (1976).

PART II - DATA PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION

Two maps, each portraying a different aspect of the aggregate resources in the report area, accompany the report. Map l, "Distribution of Sand and Gravel Deposits", gives a comprehensive inventory of the sand and gravel resources in the report area. Map 2, "Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas", shows those deposits which are considered to represent the largest and/or highest quality resources in the area.

MAP 1: DISTRIBUTION OF SAND AND GRAVEL DEPOSITS Map l is derived from aerial photograph interpretation and from existing surficial geology maps. The map shows the extent and quality of sand and gravel deposits within the study area and the present level of extractive activity. On the map, all sand and gravel deposits are outlined and shaded. The present level of extractive activity is also indicated. Sand and gravel pits are identified by a numbered dot on Map l,and described in Table 2. Each description notes the location and estimated face height of the pit as well as the

71 estimated percentage gravel it contains. Test hole locations appear on Map l as a point symbol and are described in Table 4. Map l also presents a summary of available information

related to the quality of aggregate contained in all the known aggregate deposits in the study area. Much of this information

is contained in two symbols which are found on the map. The

Deposit Symbol appears for each mapped deposit and summarizes

important genetic and textural data. The Texture Symbol is a

circular proportional diagram which displays the grain size distribution of the aggregate in areas where bulk samples were taken.

DEPOSIT SYMBOL The Deposit Symbol is similar to those used in soil mapping and land classification systems commonly in use in North America. The components of the symbol indicate the gravel content,

thickness of material, origin (type) and quality limitations for

every deposit shown on Map 1. These components are illustrated

by the following example:

Gravel Content Geological Type ow G 2 c

Thickness Class Quality

This symbol identifies an outwash deposit 3 to 6 m thick

containing more than 35% gravel. Excess silt and clay may limit

uses of the aggregate in the deposit.

72 The "gravel content" and "thickness class" are basic criteria for distinguishing different deposits. The "gravel content" symbol is an upper case "S" or "G". The H S" indicates that the deposit is generally "sandy" and that gravel-sized aggregate (greater than 4.75 mm) makes up less than 35% of the whole deposit. "G" indicates that the deposit contains more than 35% gravel. The "thickness class" indicates a depth range which is related to the potential resource tonnage for each deposit. Four thickness class divisions have been established as shown in the legend for Map 1. Two smaller sets of letters, divided from each other by a horizontal line, follow the thickness class number. The upper series of letters identifies the geologic deposit type (the types are summarized with respect to their main geologic and extractive characteristics in Appendix D) and the lower series of letters identifies the main quality limitations that may be present in the deposit as discussed in the next section.

TEXTURE SYMBOL The Texture Symbol provides a more detailed assessment of the

V grain size distribution of material sampled during field study. These symbols are derived from the information plotted on the aggregate grading curves found in the report. The relative amounts of gravel, sand, and silt and clay in the sampled material are shown graphically in the Texture Symbol by the subdivision of a circle into proportional segments. The

73 following example shows a hypothetical sample consisting of gravel, 6C^ sand and 1C^ silt and clay:

MAP 2: SELECTED SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCE AREAS

Map 2 is an interpretative map derived from an evaluation of the

deposits shown on Map 1. The deposits identified on Map 2 are

those which are considered to be important in ensuring an adequate resource base for the future. All the selected sand and gravel resource areas are first

delineated by geological boundaries and then classified into

three levels of significance: primary, secondary and tertiary. Each area of primary significance is given a deposit number and

all such deposits are shown by dark shading on Map 2. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas of primary

significance are not permanent, single land use units. They

represent areas in which a major resource is known to exist, and

may be reserved wholly or partially for extractive development

and/or resource protection. Deposits of secondary significance are indicated by light

shading on Map 2. Such deposits are believed to contain significant amounts of sand and gravel. Although deposits of

secondary significance are not considered to be the "best" resources in the report area, they may contain large quantities

of sand and gravel and should be considered part of the aggregate

supply of the area.

74 Areas of tertiary significance are outlined on the map by a solid line but have no shading. They are not considered to be important resource areas because of their low available resources, or because of possible difficulties in extraction. Such areas may be useful for local needs but are unlikely to support large-scale development. The process by which deposits are evaluated and selected involves the consideration of two sets of criteria. The main selection criteria are site specific, related to the characteristics of individual deposits. Factors such as deposit size, aggregate quality, and deposit location and setting are considered in the selection of those deposits best suited for extractive development. A second set of criteria involves the assessment of local aggregate resources in relation to the quality, quantity and distribution of resources in the region in which the report area is located. The intent of such a process of evaluation is to ensure the continuing availability of sufficient resources to meet possible future demands.

SITE SPECIFIC CRITERIA

Deposit Size Ideally, selected deposits should contain available sand and gravel resources large enough to support a commercial pit operation using a stationary or portable processing plant. In practice,, much smaller deposits may be of significant value depending on the overall reserves in the rest of the project area. Generally, deposits in Class l (greater than 6 m thick),

75 No. and containing more than 35% coarse aggregate larger than the 4 (4.75 mm) sieve are considered to be most favourable for commercial development. Thinner deposits may be valuable in areas with low total resources. Aggregate Quality The limitations of natural aggregates for various uses result from variations in the lithology of the particles composing the deposit, and from variations in the size distribution of these particles. Four indicators of the quality of aggregate may be included or in the deposit symbols on Map l. They are: gravel content (G S), fines (C), oversize (O) and lithology (L). Three of the quality indicators deal with grain size distribution. The gravel content (G or S), indicates the suitability of aggregate for various uses. Deposits containing at least 35% gravel in addition to a minimum of 2(^ material greater than the 26.5 mm sieve are considered to be the most favourable extractive sites, since this content is the minimum from which crushed products can be economically produced. Excess fines (high silt and clay content) may severely limit the potential use of a deposit. Fines content in excess of 10^ may impede drainage in road subbase aggregate and render it more susceptible to the effects of frost action. In asphalt aggregate, excess fines hinder the bonding of particles. Deposits known to have a high fines content are indicated by a "C" in the quality portion of the Deposit Symbol.

76 Deposits containing more than 2C^ oversize material (greater than 10 cm in diameter) may also have use limitations. The oversize component is unacceptable for all concrete aggregate and for road-building aggregate, so it must be either crushed or removed during processing. Deposits known to have an appreciable oversize component are indicated by an "O" in the quality portion of the Deposit Symbol. Another indicator of the quality of an aggregate is lithology. Just as the unique physical and chemical properties of bedrock types determine their value for use as crushed rock, so do various lithologies of particles in a sand and gravel deposit determine its suitability for various uses. The presence of objectionable lithologies such as chert, siltstone, and shale, even in relatively small amounts, can res.ult in a reduction in the quality of an aggregate, especially for high quality uses such as concrete and asphalt. Similarly, highly weathered, very porous and friable rock can restrict the quality of an aggregate.

Deposits known to contain objectionable lithologies are indicated by an "L" in the quality component of the Deposit Symbol.

If the Deposit Symbol shows either "C", "O", or W L" or any combination of these indicators, the quality of the deposit is considered to be reduced for some uses of the aggregate. No attempt is made to quantify the degree of limitation imposed.

Assessment of the four indicators is made from published data, from data contained in files of both the Ontario Ministry of

Transportation (MTO) and the Engineering and Terrain Geology

77 Section of the Ontario Geological Survey, and from field observations. Quality data may also appear in Table 5, where the results of MTO quality tests are listed by test type and sample location.

The types of tests conducted and the test specifications are explained in Appendixes C and E, respectively. Analyses of unprocessed samples obtained from test holes, pits or sample sites are plotted on grain size distribution graphs. On the graphs are the Ontario Ministry of Transportation

gradation specification envelopes for aggregate products: Granular A and Granular B Type l, Hot-Laid Asphaltic Sand Nos. 1,2,3,4 and 8, and concrete sand. By plotting the gradation

curves with respect to the specification envelopes, it can be determined how well the unprocessed sampled material meets the

criteria for each product. These graphs, called Aggregate

Grading Curves, follow the tables in the report.

Location and Setting The location and setting of a resource area has a direct

influence on its value for possible extraction. The evaluation

of a deposit©s setting is made on the basis of natural and man-

made features which may limit or prohibit extractive development. First, the physical context of the deposit is considered.

Deposits with some physical constraint on extractive development,

such as thick overburden or high water table, are less valuable

resource areas because of the difficulties involved in resource recovery. Second, permanent man-made features, such as roads,

railways, power lines and housing developments, which are built

78 on a deposit, may prohibit its extraction. The constraining effect of legally required setbacks surrounding such features is included in the evaluation. A quantitative assessment of these constraints can be made by measurement of their areal extent directly from the topographic maps. The area rendered unavailable by these features is shown for each resource area in Table 3 (Column 3). The assessment of sand and gravel deposits with respect to local land use and to private land ownership is an important component of the general evaluation process. These aspects of the evaluation process are not considered further in this report, but readers are encouraged to discuss them with personnel of the pertinent District Office of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.

REGIONAL CONSIDERATIONS In selecting sufficient areas for resource development, it is important to assess both the local and the regional resource base, and to forecast future production and demand patterns. Some appreciation of future aggregate requirements in an area may be gained by assessing its present production levels and by forecasting future production trends. Such an approach is based on the assumptions that production levels in an area closely reflect the demand and that the present production "market share" of an area will remain roughly at the same level. The aggregate resources in the region surrounding a project area should be assessed in order to properly evaluate specific

79 resource areas and to adopt optimum resource management plans. to For example, an area that has large resources in comparison its surrounding region constitutes a regionally significant resource area. Areas with high resources in proximity to large demand centres, such as metropolitan areas, are special cases. Although an appreciation of the regional context is required to develop comprehensive resource management techniques, such detailed evaluation is beyond the scope of this report. The selection of resource areas made in this study is based primarily on geological data or on considerations outlined in preceding sections.

BEDROCK RESOURCES The Precambrian shield rocks in northern Ontario are generally more complex and variable than the Paleozoic rocks of southern Ontario. They often show wide variations in mineralogy, texture (grain size), joint patterns and degree of weathering, even within specific rock types and over relatively short distances. As these factors are considered important in determining the suitability of the bedrock for use as aggregate, the aggregate potential may also vary considerably from location to location. Careful selection is especially important if the bedrock is to be used as concrete aggregate. Deleterious chemical reactions may develop in the concrete which can lead to its eventual not deterioration. Fortunately, these chemical reactions should as influence the use of bedrock-derived aggregate for such uses

80 road-base material. However, highly weathered, very porous and friable rock should be avoided for all uses. For these reasons, no specific bedrock resources have been selected for resource protection. A summary of the bedrock resources on a regional level is included in the Bedrock Geology and Resource Potential section.

REFERENCES Association of Professional Engineers of Ontario 1976. "Performance standards for professional engineers advising on and reporting on oil, gas and mineral properties; Association of Professional Engineers of Ontario, lip. Ontario Interministerial Committee on National Standards and Specifications (Metric Committee) 1975. Metric practice guide, 67p. Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines 1989. 1988 Ontario mineral score; Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, 218p. Robertson, J.A. 1975. Mineral deposit studies, mineral potential evaluation and regional planning in Ontario; Ontario Division of Mines, Miscellaneous Paper 61, 42p.

81 APPENDIX B - SUGGESTED ADDITIONAL READING

Antevs, E. 1928. The last glaciation, with special reference to the ice retreat in northeastern North America; American Geography Society, Research Series No. 17, 292p. Banerjee, I. and McDonald, B.C. 1975. Nature of esker sedimentation; in Glaciofluvial and Glaciolacustrine Sedimentation, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Paper No. 23, p.132-154. Bates, R.L. and Jackson, J.A. 1987. Glossary of geology, 3rd ed.; American Geological Institute, Alexandria, 788p; Bauer, A.M. 1970. A guide to site development and rehabilitation of pits and quarries; Ontario Department of Mines ,, Industrial Mineral Report 33, 62p. Cowan, W.R. 1977. Toward the inventory of Ontario©s mineral aggregates; Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 73, 19p. Fairbridge, R.W. ed. 1968. The encyclopedia of geomorphology; Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences, v.3, Reinhold Book Corp., New York, 1295p. Flint, R.F. 1971. Glacial and Quaternary geology; John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 892p. Hewitt, D.F. and Vos, M.A. 1970. Urbanization and rehabilitation of pits and quarries; Ontario Department of Mines, Industrial Mineral Report 34, 21p. Lowe, S.B. 1980. Trees and shrubs for the improvement and rehabilitation of pits and quarries in Ontario; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 71p. McLellan, A.G., Yundt, S.E. and Dorfman, M.L. 1979. Abandoned pits and quarries in Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 79, 36p. Michalski, M.F.P., Gregory, D.R. and Usher, A.J. 1987. Rehabilitation of pits and quarries for fish and wildlife; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Management Branch, 59p. Ontario 1980. The mining act; Revised Statutes of Ontario, 1980, Chapter 268, Queen©s Printer for Ontario. Ontario Mineral Aggregate Working Party 1977. A policy for mineral aggregate resource management in Ontario; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 232p.

82 Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 1975. Vegetation for the rehabilitation of pits and quarries; Forest Management Branch, Division of Forests, 38p. Rogers, C.A. 1985. Evaluation of the potential for expansion and cracking due to the alkali-carbonate reaction; in Cement, Concrete and Aggregates, CCAGDP, v.8, no.l, p.13-23.

83 APPENDIX C - GLOSSARY

ABRASION RESISTANCE: Tests such as the Los Angeles abrasion test are used to measure the ability of aggregate to resist crushing and pulverizing under conditions similar to those encountered in processing and use. Measuring resistance is an important component in the evaluation of the quality and prospective uses of aggregate. Hard, durable material is preferred for road building.

ABSORPTION CAPACITY: Related to the porosity of the rock types of which an aggregate is composed. Porous rocks are subject to disintegration when absorbed liquids freeze and thaw, thus decreasing the strength of the aggregate.

AGGREGATE: Any hard, inert, construction material (sand, gravel, shells, slag, crushed stone or other mineral material) used for mixing in various-sized fragments with a cement or bituminous material to form concrete, mortar, etc., or used alone for road building or other construction. Synonyms include mineral aggregate and granular material. AGGREGATE ABRASION VALUE: This test directly measures the resistance of aggregate to abrasion with silica sand and a steel disk. The higher the value, the lower the resistance to abrasion. For high quality asphalt surface course uses, values of less than 6 are desirable.

ALKALI-AGGREGATE REACTION: A chemical reaction between the alkalies of portland cement and certain minerals found in rocks used for aggregate. Alkali-aggregate reactions are undesirable because they can cause expansion and cracking of concrete. Although perfectly suitable for building stone and asphalt applications, alkali-reactive aggregates should be avoided for structural concrete uses. BENEFICIATION: Beneficiation of aggregates is a process or combination of processes which improves the quality (physical properties) of a mineral aggregate and is not part of the normal processing for a particular use, such as routine crushing, screening, washing, or classification. Heavy media separation, jigging, or application of special crushers (e.g., "cage mill") are usually considered processes of beneficiation.

BLENDING: Required in cases of extreme coarseness, fineness, or other irregularities in the gradation of unprocessed aggregate. Blending is done with approved sand-sized aggregate in order to satisfy the gradation requirements of the material.

BULK RELATIVE DENSITY: An aggregate with low relative density is lighter in weight than one with a high relative density. Low relative density aggregates (less than about 2.5) are often non durable for many aggregate uses.

84 CAMBRIAN: The first period of the Paleozoic Era, thought to have covered the time between 570 and 500 million years age. The Cambrian precedes the Ordovician Period. CLAST: An individual constituent, grain or fragment of a sediment or rock, produced by the mechanical weathering of larger rock mass. Synonyms include particle and fragment. CRUSHABLE AGGREGATE: Unprocessed gravel containing a minimum of 35% coarse aggregate larger than the No. 4 sieve (4.75 mm) as well as a minimum of 20% greater than the 26.5 mm sieve. DELETERIOUS LITHOLOGY: A general term used to designate those rock types which are chemically or physically unsuited for use as construction or road-building aggregates. Such lithologies as chert, shale, siltstone and sandstone may deteriorate rapidly when exposed to traffic and other environmental conditions. DRIFT: A general term for all unconsolidated rock debris transported from one place and deposited in another, distinguished from underlying bedrock. In North America, glacial activity has been the dominant mode of transport and deposition of drift. Synonyms include overburden and surficial deposit. DRUMLIN: A low, smoothly rounded, elongated hill, mound, or ridge composed of glacial materials. These landforras were formed beneath an advancing ice sheet, and were shaped by its flow. EOLIAN: Pertaining to the wind, especially with respect to landforms whose constituents were transported and deposited by wind activity. Sand dunes are an example of an eolian landform. FINES: A general term used to describe the size fraction of an aggregate which passes (is finer than) the No. 200 mesh screen (0.075 mm). Also described informally as "dirt", these particles are in the silt and clay size range. GLACIAL LOBE: A tongue-like projection from the margin of the main mass of an ice cap or ice sheet. During the Pleistocene Epoch several lobes of the Laurentide continental ice sheet occupied the Great Lakes basins. These lobes advanced then melted back numerous times during the Pleistocene, producing the complex arrangement of glacial material and landforms found in Ontario. GNEISS: A coarse-textured metamorphic rock with the minerals arranged in parallel streaks or bands. Gneiss is relatively rich in feldspar. Other common minerals found in this rock include quartz, mica, amphibole and garnet. GRADATION: The proportion of material of each particle size, or the frequency distribution of the various sizes which constitute a sediment. The strength, durability, permeability and stability

85 of an aggregate depend to a great extent on its gradation. The size limits for different particles are as follows: Boulder more than 200 mm Cobbles 75-200 mm Coarse Gravel 26.5-75 mm Fine Gravel 4.75-26.5 mm Coarse Sand 2-4.75 mm Medium Sand 0.425-2 mm Fine Sand 0.075-0.425 mm Silt, Clay less than 0.075 mm GRANITE: A coarse-grained, light-coloured rock that ordinarily has an even texture and is composed of quartz and feldspar with either mica, hornblende or both. GRANULAR BASE AND SUBBASE: Components of a pavement "structure of a road, which are placed on the subgrade and are designed to provide strength, stability and drainage, as well as, support for surfacing materials. Four types have been defined: Granular A consists of crushed and processed aggregate and has relatively stringent quality standards in comparison to Granular B which is usually pit-run or other unprocessed aggregate, Granular M is a shouldering and surface dressing material with quality requirements similar to Granular A, and Select Subgrade Material has similar quality requirements to Granular B and it provides a stable platform for the overlying pavement structure. (For more specific information the reader is referred to Ontario Provincial Standard Specification OPSS 1010). HOT-LAID (OR ASPHALTIC) AGGREGATE: Bituminous, cemented aggregates used in the construction of pavements either as surface or bearing course (HL l, 3 and 4), or as binder course (HL 2, 4 and 8) used to bind the surface course to the underlying granular base. LITHOLOGY: The description of rocks on the basis of such characteristics as colour, structure, mineralogic composition and grain ^ize. Generally, the description of the physical character of a rock. LOS ANGELES ABRASION AND IMPACT TEST: This test measures the resistance to abrasion and the impact strength of aggregate. This gives an idea of the breakdown that can be expected to occur when an aggregate is stockpiled, transported and placed. Values less than about 35% indicate potentially satisfactory performance for most concrete and asphalt uses. Values of more than 45% indicate that the aggregate may be susceptible to excessive breakdown during handling and placing. MAGNESIUM SULPHATE SOUNDNESS TEST: This test is designed to simulate the action of freezing and thawing on aggregates. Those aggregates which are susceptible will usually break down and give high losses in this test.

86 MELTWATER CHANNEL: A drainage way, often terraced, produced by water flowing away from a melting glacier margin. PETROGRAPHIC EXAMINATION: An aggregate quality test based on known field performance of various rock types. The test result is a Petrographic Number (PN). The higher the PN the lower the quality of the aggregate. PLEISTOCENE: An epoch of the recent geological past including the time from approximately 2 million years ago to 7000 years ago. Much of the Pleistocene was characterized by extensive glacial activity and is popularly referred to as the "Great Ice Age". POLISHED STONE VALUE: This test measures the frictional properties of aggregates after 6 hours of abrasion and polishing with an emery abrasive. The higher the PSV, the higher the frictional properties of the aggregate. Values less than 45 indicate marginal frictional properties, while values greater than 55 indicate excellent frictional properties. POSSIBLE RESOURCE: Reserve estimates based largely on broad knowledge of the geological character of the deposit and for which there are few, if any, samples or measurements. The estimates are based on assumed continuity or repetition for which there are reasonable geological indications. PRECAMBRIAN: The earliest geological period extending from the consolidation of the earth©s crust to the beginning of the Cambrian. SOUNDNESS: The ability of the components of an aggregate to withstand the effects of various weathering processes and agents. Unsound lithologies are subject to disintegration caused by the expansion of absorbed solutions. This may seriously impair the performance of road-building and construction aggregates. TILL: Unsorted and unstratified rock debris, deposited directly by glaciers, and ranging in size from clay to large boulders. WISCONSINAN: Pertaining to the last glacial period of the Pleistocene Epoch in North America. The Wisconsinan began approximately 100 000 years ago and ended approximately 7000 years ago. The glacial deposits and landforms of Ontario are predominantly the result of glacial activity during the Wisconsinan Stage.

87 APPENDIX D - GEOLOGY OF SAND AND GRAVEL DEPOSITS

The type, distribution and extent of sand and gravel deposits in Ontario are the result of extensive glacial and glacially influenced activity in Wisconsinan time during the Pleistocene Epoch, approximately 100 000 to 7000 years ago. The deposit types reflect the different depositional environments that existed during the melting and retreat of the continental ice masses, and can readily be differentiated on the basis of their morphology, structure, and texture. The deposit types are described below.

GLACIOFLDVIAL DEPOSITS These deposits can be divided into two broad categories: those that were formed in contact with (or in close proximity to) glacial ice, and those that were deposited by meltwaters carrying materials beyond the ice margin. Ice-Contact Terraces (ICT) These are glaciofluvial features deposited between the glacial margin and a confining topographic high, such as the side of a valley. The structure of the deposits may be similar to that of outwash deposits, but in most cases the sorting and grading of the material is more variable and the bedding is discontinuous because of extensive slumping. The probability of locating large amounts of crushable aggregate is moderate, and extraction may be expensive because of the variability of the deposits both in terms, of quality and grain size distribution. Ice-Contact Lee Side Deposits (ICL) A general term for ice- contact stratified drift deposited on the lee side of bedrock ridges. Lee side ice-contact features are typically small features and are common throughout the Precambrian shield areas of Ontario. Kames (K) Kames are defined as mounds of poorly sorted sand and gravel deposited by meltwater in depressions or fissures on the ice surface or at its margin. During glacial retreat, the melting of supporting ice causes collapse of the deposits, producing internal structures characterized by bedding discontinuities. The deposits consist mainly of irregularly bedded and crossbedded, poorly sorted sand and gravel. The present forms of the deposits include single mounds, linear ridges (crevasse fillings) or complex groups of landforms. The latter are occasionally described as "undifferentiated ice- contact stratified drift" (1C) when detailed subsurface information is unavailable. Since kames commonly contain large amounts of fine-grained material and are characterized by considerable variability, there is generally a low to moderate probability of discovering large amounts of good quality, crushable aggregate. Extractive problems encountered in these deposits are mainly the excessive variability of the aggregate

88 and the rare presence of excess fines (silt- and clay-sized particles). Eskers (E) Eskers are narrow, sinuous ridges of sand and gravel deposited by meltwaters flowing in tunnels within or at the base of glaciers/ or in channels on the ice surface. Eskers vary greatly in size. Many, though not all eskers, consist of a central core of poorly sorted and stratified gravel characterized by a wide range in grain size. The core material is often draped on its flanks by better sorted and stratified sand and gravel. The deposits have a high probability of containing a large proportion of crushable aggregate, and since they are generally built above the surrounding ground surface, are convenient extraction sites. For these reasons esker deposits have been traditional aggregate sources throughout Ontario, and are significant components of the total resources of many areas. Some planning constraints and opportunities are "inherent in the nature of the deposits. Because of their linear nature, the deposits commonly extend across several property boundaries leading to unorganized extractive development at numerous small pits. On the other hand, because of their form, eskers can be easily and inexpensively extracted and are amenable to rehabilitation and sequential land use. Undifferentiated Ice-Contact Stratified Drift (1C) This designation may include deposits from several ice-contact, depositional environments which usually form extensive, complex landforms. It is not feasible to identify individual areas of coarse-grained material within such deposits because of their lack of continuity and grain size variability. They are given a qualitative rating based on existing pit and other subsurface data. Outwash (OW) Outwash deposits consist of sand and gravel laid down by meltwaters beyond the margin of the ice lobes. The deposits occur as sheets or as terraced valley fills (valley trains) and may be very large in extent and thickness. Well developed outwash deposits have good horizontal bedding and are uniform in grain size distribution. Outwash deposited near the glacier©s margin is much more variable in texture and structure. The probability of locating useful crushable aggregates in outwash deposits is moderate to high depending on how much information on size, distribution and thickness is available. Subaqueous Fans (SF) Subaqueous fans are formed within or near the mouths of meltwater conduits when sediment-laden meltwaters are discharged into a standing body of water. The geometry of the resulting deposit is fan or lobe-shaped. Several of these lobes may be joined together to form a larger, continuous sedimentary body. Internally, subaqueous fans consist of stratified sands and gravels which may exhibit wide variations in grain size distribution. As these features were deposited under glacial lake waters, silt and clay which settled out of these lakes may be associated in varying amounts with these deposits.

89 The variability of the sediments and presence of fines are the main extractive problems associated with these deposits. Alluvium (AL) Alluvium is a general term for clay, silt, sand, gravel, or similar unconsolidated material deposited during postglacial time by a stream as sorted or semi-sorted sediment, on its bed or on its floodplain. The probability of locating large amounts of crushable aggregate in alluvial deposits is low, and they have generally low value because of the presence of excess silt- and clay-sized material. There are few large postglacial alluvium deposits in Ontario.

GLACIOLACOSTRINE DEPOSITS Glaciolacustrine Beach Deposits (LE) These are relatively narrow, linear features formed by wave action at the shores of glacial lakes that existed at various times during the deglaciation of Ontario. Well developed lacustrine beaches are usually less than 6 m thick. The aggregate is well sorted and stratified and sand-sized material commonly predominates. The composition and size distribution of the deposit depends on the nature of the source material. The probability of obtaining crushable aggregate is high when the material is developed from coarse-grained materials such as a stony till, and low when developed from fine-grained materials. Beaches are relatively narrow, linear deposits, so that extractive operations are often numerous and extensive. Glaciolacustrine Deltas (LD) These features were formed where streams or rivers of glacial meltwater flowed into lakes and deposited their suspended sediment. In Ontario such deposits tend to consist mainly of sand and abundant silt. However, in near-ice and ice-contact positions, coarse material may be present. Although deltaic deposits may be large, the probability of obtaining coarse material is generally low. Glaciolacustrine Plains (LP) The nearly level surface marking the floor of an extinct glacial lake. The sediments which form the plain are predominantly fine to medium sand, silt and clay, and were deposited in relatively deep water. Lacustrine deposits are generally of low value as aggregate sources because of their fine grain size and lack of crushable material. In some aggregate-poor areas, lacustrine deposits may constitute valuable sources of fill and some granular subbase aggregate.

GLACIAL DEPOSITS

End Moraines (EM) These are belts of glacial drift deposited at, and parallel to, glacier margins. End moraines commonly consist of ice-contact stratified drift and in such instances are usually called kame moraines. Kame moraines commonly result from deposition between two glacial lobes (interlobate moraines). The

90 probability of locating aggregates within such features is moderate to low. Exploration and development costs are high. Moraines may be very large and contain vast aggregate resources, but the location of the best areas within the moraine is usually poorly defined.

EOLIAN DEPOSITS Windblown Deposits (WD) Windblown deposits are those formed by the transport and deposition of sand by winds. The form of the deposits ranges from extensive, thin layers to well developed linear and crescentic ridges known as dunes. Most windblown deposits in Ontario are derived from, and deposited on, ©pre existing lacustrine sand plain deposits. Windblown sediments almost always consist of fine to coarse sand and are usually well sorted. The probability of locating crushable aggregate in windblown deposits is very low.

91 APPENDIX E - AGGREGATE QUALITY TEST SPECIFICATIONS

Four types of aggregate quality tests are often performed by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation on sampled material. A description and the specification limits for each test are included in this appendix. Although a specific sample meets or does not meet the specification limits for a certain product, it may or may not be acceptable for that use based on field performance. Additional quality tests other than the four major tests listed in this appendix can be used to determine the suitability of an aggregate. The tests are performed by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation.

Absorption Capacity Related to the porosity of the rock types of which an aggregate is composed. Porous rocks are subject to disintegration when absorbed liquids freeze and thaw, thus decreasing the strength of the aggregate. This test is conducted in conjunction with the determination of the sample©s relative density. Los Angeles Abrasion and Impact Test This test measures the resistance to abrasion and the impact strength of aggregate. This gives an idea of the breakdown that can be expected to occur when an aggregate is stockpiled, transported and placed. Values less than about 35% indicate potentially satisfactory performance for most concrete and asphalt uses. Values of more than 45% indicate that the aggregate may be susceptible to excessive breakdown during handling and placing. Magnesium Sulphate Soundness Test This test is designed to simulate the action of freezing and thawing on aggregate. Those aggregates which are susceptible will usually break down and give high losses in this test. Values greater than about 12 to 15% indicate potential problems for concrete and asphalt coarse aggregate.

Petrographic Examination Individual aggregate particles in a sample-are divided into categories good, fair, poor and deleterious, based on their rock type (petrography) and knowledge of past field performance. A petrographic number (PN) is calculated. The higher the PN, the lower the quality of the aggregate.

92 TABLE El. SELECTED QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR MAJOR AGGREGATE PRODUCTS.

TYPE OF TEST

FINE COARSE AGGREGATE AGGREGATI Petrographic Magnesium Absorption Los Angeles Magnesiur Number Sulphate © Maximum Abrasion Sulphate Maximum Soundness Maximum Soundness Maximum ~* Loss Maximum % Loss % Loss TYPE OF MATERIAL Granular A 200 60 Granular B Type I 250* - - Granular M 200 60 - Selected Subgrade Material 250 Surface Treatment Class 1 135 12 1.75 35 - Surface Treatment Class 2 160 15 - 35 - Surface Treatment Class 3 160 12 . 2.0 35 - Surface Treatment Class 4 - - - - 20 Surface Treatment Class 5 135 12 1.75 35 -

Hot Mix - HL 1 100 5 1.0 15 16 Hot Mix - HL 2 - - - - 20 Hot Mix - HL 3 135 12 1.75 35 16 Hot Mix - HL 4 160 12 2.0 35 20 Hot Mix - HL 8 160 15 2.0 35 20 Structural Concrete, 140 12 2.0 50 16 S idewa 1 k , Curb , Gutter and Base

Pavement Concrete 125 12 2.0 35 16 * requirement waived if the material has more than 80% passing the 4.75 mm siev

(Ontario Provincial Standard Specifications OPSS 304, OPSS 1002, OPSS 1003 an OPSS 1010) .

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