Miscellaneous religious-themed substantive Miscellaneous religious-themed substantive Miscellaneous religious-themed substantive facts, colonial/settlement-era Highlights of Religious Movements facts, 19th Century United States facts, 20th Century United States cross merican istory Many settlers came to America to escape religious A A H ‘Benevolent Societies’ Originally devoted to 1900, half of the United States population is persecution in their native countries - Miscellaneous Events - the salvation of souls, they eventually focused estimated to be of some Catholic denomination However, once here most practiced their own on the eradication of every kind of social ill. faith while feeling free to persecute any which 1928 Democratic Presidential candidate Al differed from them! Miscellaneous religious-themed substantive 1840s witnessed much anti-Mormon Smith was greeted by a wave of anti-Catholic Many religious groups expelled/banished facts, colonial/revolutionary-era persecution and violence hysteria dissenters from their colonies This contributed directly to his defeat Anne Hutchinson 1638; labeled as an Religious tensions – 1700, Massachusetts passes 1878 Reynolds v. United States It was rumored that every decision he Antinomianism by Massachusetts clergy a law ordering all Roman Catholic priests to leave ➢ The U.S. supreme court concluded that would make would have to be cleared by the colony within three months, upon penalty of "religious duty" was not a suitable defense the Pope in Rome States founded with purposeful intent life imprisonment or execution. to an indictment for polygamy; therefore, a Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Maryland New York follows with a similar law. law against polygamy is not legally Radio speeches by Father Coughlin in the mid- colonies: conceived of and established as considered to discriminate against a 1930s; he attacked FDR’s New Deal and Jews “plantations of religion” Reflecting on 17th Century intolerance, Thomas religion that endorses polygamy Virginia colony. While planned as a Jefferson was unwilling to concede to Virginians Charles Lindbergh and Henry Ford both are commercial venture, it was lead by highly any sense of moral superiority to the majority Ku Klux Klan anti-Semitic. Evidence . . . active Protestants Puritans Founded in 1866 by veterans of the Lindbergh was a Nazi sympathizer Rhode Island was founded on the premise of Confederate army; revitalized in 1915 Ford wrote anti-Semitic diatribes and religious freedom for all. The phrase “Wall of Separation” was first used by White supremacists, racist, anti-Semitic, funded the printing of the Protocols of the ➢ Founded by Roger William, after his Thomas Jefferson in a letter of assurance the anti-Catholic, homophobic, anti- elders of Zion, a notoriously false banishment Danbury Baptists in 1802 communist, anti-immigrant document. To Jefferson, this ‘wall’ was to protect They used means of intimidation, John Winthrop offers a utopian vision of the future religion from government interference, and terrorism, cross burning, lynching, murder 1960s Catholicism mainstreamed, with in his “City Upon A Hill” sermon in 1630 to protect the government from religious and violence Democrat John Kennedy elected President interference, as well as the individual from He directly addressed the issue in a major Puritans were British Protestants religion. 1840a Protestants are alarmed by the influx of speech. Catholic immigrants; leads to violence “Bible Commonwealth” refers to the New England Relevant Terms, Concepts and Vocabulary 1978, Freedom of Religion Act colonies who sought guidance from the Scriptures “Great Awakening” refers to a period of Scapegoating is common in many aspects of their lives. societal religious revival and/or periodic “Scapegoat” means to blame others for 1994 Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village Example: Scripture is cited as authority for revolution in United States religious thought. the ills of society. Examples . . . School District v. Grumet, Supreme Court many criminal statutes. “Bible Belt” refers to the southeast region of ➢ Irish Catholic immigrants are blamed Justice David Souter wrote in the opinion for the States, which is socially conservative and for raising United States taxes the Court that: "government should not prefer 1634, Freedom of religion was first applied as a highly religious (evangelical) ➢ Jews are blamed for taking jobs away one religion to another, or religion to principle of government in the founding of the “Heretics” refers to those who do not from citizens irreligion". colony of Maryland, founded by Lord Baltimore. conform to the prevailing religious thought “Antinomianism” refers to the idea that “Know Nothing Party” 2008 Mitt Romney, a Mormon, wins several 1639, Virginia enacts anti-Quaker laws members of a religious group are under no An American political party which was states in the Republican presidential primaries obligation to obey the laws of ethics or later renamed the “American Party” Exit polls reveal that in the Eastern and 1649, ‘Maryland Toleration Act’, drafted by Lord morality as presented by religious authorities 1854, its political platform included Western states religion was no Baltimore, provided for legal protections of “Enlightenment” was an intellectual condemnation of the Catholic Church and consideration, while in the Bible Belt his religious freedoms. movement with both skepticism and it strove to stop immigration Mormonism was viewed as a reason to ➢ Repealed by Protestant assemblymen confidence in human reason. vote against him. ➢ 1658, Lord Baltimore again passes the law “Anti-Semitism: refers to fear or dislike of General Order nr.1 (during the Civil War) In 2012 he wins the nomination, but loses ➢ Rescinded again in 1689 by Protestants Jewish peoples and Jewish culture. This Issued by General Grant in 1864, it would the presidential election to Obama. prejudice toward culture is what distinguishes have expelling all Jews from land his American history has experienced four distinct 23 Jewish refugees from Dutch Brazil arrive at it from other types of racism. Union army controlled Great Awakenings, each of which New Amsterdam (later called New York City) in “Deism” stressed morality and rejected the Rescinded by President Abraham Lincoln accompanied by distinct characteristics 1654; another group arrived at Newport, RI in 1658 orthodox Christian view of the divinity of 1730-1760 First Awakening Christ. Anti-Semitism is rampant throughout American 1800-1830 Second Awakening Quakers were radical Puritans; Quakers carried to ➢ Notable Deists include Benjamin history. It is particularly bad after 1880. 1850-1900 Third Awakening the extreme many Puritan convictions Franklin, George Washington, James (In response to the increased immigration of 1960-1970 Fourth Awakening Madison and Thomas Jefferson Jews between 1880-1914) (See reverse for specifics) “First Great Awakening” 1730-1760 A clear relationship between church membership Methodist and Baptist numbers increase during “Third Great Awakening”1850-1900 and wealth emerged; societal elites dominated the this era; Presbyterian’s membership holds stable The Awakening changed the conduct of religious group, leaving disenfranchised commoners. Nondenominational groups emerge The Awakening affected both sides of the Civil engagement War, but in different ways “Old Light” Pre-Awakening: traditional The Awakening focused on people who were Several significant leaders… North: war interrupted the Awakening rationalist clergy listening passively to already churchgoers Charles Grandison Finney South: the war stimulated the Awakening intellectual discourse in a detached manner. Dorothea Dix; Unitarianism; she sought to  Notable adherent: Stonewall Jackson “New Light” Awakening: revivalist ministers The Awakening brought Christianity to slaves. make prison conditions better, and wrote engaged passionately and emotionally. It Many owners are hesitant about this, worried Memorial in 1843 Awakening activists directly challenges the moved away form ritual and ceremony. of the implications that becoming baptized Theodore Weld; an abolitionist Gilded Age plutocracy (‘plutocracy’ means rule This incited rancor and division between the Christian would give the slaves. Lyman Beecher; pro-slavery student riot by the wealthy) old traditionalists who insisted on ritual and Owners are reluctant to be on an equal footing threatened his efforts in Cincinnati, Ohio These activists will also influence reforms doctrine, and the new revisionists. with slaves, even religiously in God’s eyes. Phoebe Palmer; Methodist in the Progressive Era Limited impact; many Africans often retained Joseph Smith Jr, founder of Mormonism Began with Jonathan Edwards their own spiritual identity and practices. Angelica Grimke, an abolitionist YMCA (“Young Men’s Christian Association” Sermon “Sinners in Hand of an Angry God” ‘41 James Finley; argued that moral perfection is powerful; founded in London; came to the He emphasized the importance and power of The Revolutionary War will have several was attainable United States (Boston) in 1851 immediate, personal religious experiences unforeseen impacts on the Awakening. Devoted to gender equity, as evidenced by his Several denominations were split. The Second Great Awakening spread partially With Jane Adamms Hull House in Chicago, portrayal of the Biblical Eve.  Notable was the Church of England, as a backlash against the spread of rationalism, settlement house movements and the vocation He did not believe that scientific discoveries whose ministers were bound by oath to and in part to make religious more accessible to of social work were deeply influenced by the threatened faith; “the laws of nature derived support the King (the center of the common people. Tolstoyan reworking of Christian idealism from God.” church) and the Quakers, who were Supported by Methodist preacher George traditional pacifists. In the Appalachian region, camp meetings were Senator John Calhoun of South Carolina (died Whitefield, a friend of Benjamin Franklin.  Religious Tory’s were viewed as spies promoted. 1850) devoted his adult life toward offering a  Religious practices suffered in some Settlers were scattered in sparsely Biblical support for the institution of slavery; Decline in influence by Anglicans, Quakers and places due to the absence of ministers populated areas and saw the meetings as a these arguments will gain traction in the south Congregationalists; Presbyterians, Baptists and and the destruction of churches refuge from isolation. after his death. Methodists influence increase. Revival spreads quickly in Kentucky, Ohio The revolution strengthened a millennialist strain and Tennessee In a backlash against the Awakening, Jon Mayhew in United States religious thought argued for Unitarianism; That is, the idea of 1,000 years of peace A frequent theme is “triumph over sin” Highlights of Religious Movements Unitarianism directly opposed Christian doctrine. before the Final Judgment. cross merican istory, 1830, publication of the Book of Mormon in A A H To what extent did the Great Awakening prime the New York aroused great animosity among Settlement to the Fourth Awakening population for the Revolutionary War? “Second Great Awakening” 1800-1830 Protestants - Brief Overview of Awakenings - Awakening encouraged American regional nationalism Women felt empowered and enabled by their The second Great Awakening encouraged an Radical and democratic social and political eager evangelical attitude that will reappear in involvement in the Awakening. This ideology (relative to England) was introduced American life in societal causes dealing with contributed to the emerging suffrage movement “Fourth Great Awakening” 1960-1970 Sought to repudiate the materialistic, prison reform, temperance (anti-alcohol), acquisitive, corrupt world of n affluent women’s suffrage and the crusade against slavery 1830s the Transcendentalism Movement argued Protestant churches weaken sharply in colonial society. The source of this corruption  Antebellum reform – the period of social knowledge did not come exclusively through membership and influence was seen as England. activism in New England on all those topics the intellect, but through the senses, intuition Cultural deference – a willingness of colonists prior to the Civil War. and sudden insight. Traditional religious denominations grow in to defer leadership to upper classes (and Believed concepts of God, freedom and numbers, including the Southern Baptists and religious leaders); the poor never tried to “Burned over district”, a region of NY which has absolute truth were inborn and could be Missouri Lutherans exert control. been “scorched” by so many revivals. accessed through inner experiences and Religion offered a moral sanction for some to emotional openness. Evangelical and fundamentalist denominations oppose the British, an assurance to the Similar characteristics to 1st Awakening, but the Adherents: Ralph Waldo Emerson and expand rapidly average colonist that the revolution was emotional displays of the 2nd are quieter/calmer Henry David Thoreau justified in the sight of God. Secularism grows dramatically Challenged the accepted social stratification. Missionary practices begin; groups actively seek Between 1794-1807, Thomas Payne published Why? The views of “all are created equal to convert others to their faith “The Age of Reason” which objects to all Conservative churches saw themselves battling before God; all can be saved; value is in Except Judaism; Jews historically have not organized religions. secularism on politically-orientated issues moral behavior, not class” ideas resonate. sought to convert others to their faith Critics charge it is a defense of atheists (creationism, abortion, gay rights)

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Questions relating to the First Awakening Questions relating to the Second Awakening Questions relating to the Third Awakening

1. What was the “Enlightenment?” 1. What will the Second Awakening do? 1. How will the Awakening affect both sides in the Civil War?

2. What is the importance of Jonathan Edwards? 2. How did Protestants respond to the Book of Mormon in 1830? 2. What is anti-Semitism?

3. How did the awakening affect slavery? 3. To what does “Bible Belt” refer? 3. What was Grants ‘General Order nr.1’

4. To what does “Antinomianism” refer? 4. In what ways did Judaism differ from the missionary 4. What does ‘Scapegoating’ mean? practices of the other faith?

5. What is “Deism”? 5. What was Reynolds v. United States 5. What did the Transcendentalism Movement argue?

6. List some notable Deists. 6. What does ‘Heretics’ mean? 6. What did Thomas Payne argue in “The Age of Reason” 7-12. To what extent did the Great Awakening prime the population for the Revolutionary War? A B 7. What did Jefferson argue to the Danbury Baptists? 8. Why did the Second Awakening spread? C D E F

13-15. What was the impact of the Revolution War on the Awakening? A B C