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Chestnut-Sided Warbler University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln US Fish & Wildlife Publications US Fish & Wildlife Service 1-2002 Under Cover: Wildlife of Shrublands and Young Forest Meghan Gilbart Wildlife Management Institute Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usfwspubs Gilbart, Meghan, "Under Cover: Wildlife of Shrublands and Young Forest" (2002). US Fish & Wildlife Publications. 418. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usfwspubs/418 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the US Fish & Wildlife Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in US Fish & Wildlife Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Under Cover: Wildlife of Shrublands and Young Forest Wildlife Management Institute January 2012 Under Cover: Wildlife of Shrublands and Young Forest Dense shrubs and herbaceous vegetation under a canopy opening/Jon Katz Funding: Under Cover was supported by State Wildlife Grant funding awarded through the Northeast Regional Conservation Needs (RCN) Program. The RCN Program joins thirteen northeast states, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in a partnership to address landscape-scale, regional wildlife conservation issues. Progress on these regional issues is achieved through combining resources, leveraging funds, and prioritizing conservation actions identified in the State Wildlife Action Plans. See www.rcngrants.org for more information. Additional funding for the project was made available by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, the Wildlife Conservation Society, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Northeast Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. For more information on young forest and shrublands and the wildlife that needs these habitats, see www.youngforest.org. Cite as: Gilbart, Meghan. 2012. Under Cover: Wildlife of Shrublands and Young Forest. Wildlife Management Institute. Cabot VT. 87 pages. Cover photos: Golden-winged Warbler/Laurie Johnson; Wood Turtle/Jonathan Mays; American Woodcock/Tim Flanigan; Rough Green Snake/Kim Murrell; Yellow breasted chat/Robert Royse; Swamp Rabbit/Dave Welling. Back Cover: Jonathan Katz. ii Wildlife Management Institute Table of Contents Introduction 1 Tennessee Warbler - Oreothlypis peregrina 41 Veery - Catharus fuscescens 42 Shrubland and Young Forest Birds 6 White-eyed Vireo - Vireo griseus 43 Alder Flycatcher - Empidonax alnorum 6 White-throated Sparrow - Zonotrichia albicollis 44 American Redstart - Setophaga ruticilla 7 Willow Flycatcher - Empidonax trailii 45 American Woodcock - Scolopax minor 8 Yellow-billed Cuckoo - Coccyzus americanus 46 Bell’s Vireo - Vireo bellii 9 Yellow-breasted Chat - Icteria virens 47 Bewick’s Wren - Thryomanes bewickii 10 Yellow Warbler - Setophaga petechia 48 Black-and-white Warbler - Mniotilta varia 11 Black-billed Cuckoo - Coccyzus erythropthalmus 12 Shrubland and Young Forest Mammals 51 Blue Grosbeak - Passerina caerulea 13 Appalachian Cottontail - Sylvilagus obscurus 51 Blue-winged Warbler - Vermivora cyanoptera 14 Bobcat - Lynx rufus 52 Brown Thrasher - Toxostoma rufum 15 Canada Lynx - Lynx canadensis 53 Canada Warbler - Cardellina canadensis 16 Eastern Spotted Skunk - Spilogale putorius 54 Chestnut-sided Warbler - Setophaga pensylvanica 17 Elk - Cervus elaphus 55 Dark-eyed Junco - Junco hyemalis 19 Golden Mouse - Ochrotomys nuttalli 56 Eastern Kingbird - Tyrannus tyrannus 20 Moose - Alces alces 57 Eastern Towhee - Pipilo erythrophtalmus 21 New England Cottontail - Sylvilagus transitionalis 58 Field Sparrow - Spizella pusilla 22 Short-tailed Weasel (Ermine) - Mustela erminea 59 Golden-winged Warbler - Vermivora chrysoptera 23 Snowshoe Hare - Lepus americanus 60 Gray Catbird - Dumetella carolinensis 24 Southern Red-backed Vole - Clethrionomys gapperi 61 Hermit Thrush - Catharus guttatus 25 Swamp Rabbit - Sylvilagus aquaticus 62 Indigo Bunting - Passerina cyanea 26 Woodland Jumping Mouse - Napaeozapus insignis 63 Kentucky Warbler - Geothlypis formosa 27 Kirtland’s Warbler - Setophaga kirtlandii 28 Shrubland and Young Forest Reptiles 64 Magnolia Warbler - Setophaga magnolia 29 Eastern Box Turtle - Terapene carolina carolina 64 Mourning Warbler - Geothlypis philadelphia 30 Eastern Massasuaga - Sistrurus catenatus catenatus 65 Nashville Warbler - Oreothlypis ruficapilla 31 Five-lined Skink - Eumeces fasciatus 66 Northern Bobwhite - Colinus virginianus 32 North American Racer - Coluber constrictor 67 Northern Shrike - Lanius excubitor 33 North American Rat Snake - Pantherophis spp. 68 Olive-sided Flycatcher - Contopus cooperi 34 Rough Green Snake - Opheodrys aestivus 69 Painted Bunting - Passerina ciris 35 Smooth Green Snake - Opheodrys vernalis 70 Prairie Warbler - Setophaga discolor 36 Spotted Turtle - Clemmys guttata 71 Rose-breasted Grosbeak - Pheucticus ludovicianus 37 Timber Rattlesnake - Crotalus horridus 72 Ruffed Grouse - Bonasa umbellus 38 Wood Turtle - Glyptemys insculpta 73 Rusty Blackbird - Euphagus carolinus 39 Spruce Grouse - Falcipennis canadensis 40 References 74 Under Cover: Wildlife of Shrublands and Young Forest iii Introduction in abandoned fields. They may persist in areas with poor soils or following repeated disturbances such as flooding or fire, although eventually the young trees will outcompete the shrubs as the vegetation inexorably matures to become forest. Young forest typically has a dense understory where tree seedlings and saplings, woody vines, shrubs, and herbaceous vegetation grow together. If a mature forest canopy is removed – by logging, fire, or windstorm – and an understory of tree seedlings and saplings is left intact, a young forest composed of late-successional tree species will rapidly spring up, and will persist for 10 to Scot Williamson, WMI 20 years, until the canopies of the maturing trees knit together and block sunlight from he term “early successional habitat” reaching the ground. describes the shrubs, trees, and other plants that grow back on the land after Because their canopies intercept most of the light, Tolder vegetation has been removed or cut back. older forests generally do not support a densely We can visualize this important habitat type as all vegetated understory. However, mature forests the stages of plant growth from open grasslands typically will have scattered patches of thick to young forest. Historically, these habitats understory growth where small light-admitting were created by natural disturbances, extreme gaps have opened in the canopy after trees have physical conditions such as poor soils or harsh died or fallen down. Beneath the more-open climates, the abandonment of agricultural land, forest canopies of certain tree species, higher and logging. In recent years, human development light levels can spur the growth of different plants, has greatly reduced the amount of land available including shrubs and herbaceous vegetation that to wildlife, and many of the disturbances that attract insect pollinators (Bouget and Duelli, once gave rise to early successional habitat – fire, 2004). Such forest stands can support high insect extensive areas of flooding caused by beavers, populations (Greenberg, 2001), offering important and heavy logging – have been suppressed food to birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. (Trani et al. 2001). As a result, populations of wildlife that need early successional habitat have Young forest and shrublands tend to have a fallen drastically (Litvaitis, 1993; Thompson & greater variety of fruiting shrubs and herbaceous Dessecker, 1997). vegetation than mature forests of any species composition. Seasonally or year-round, many In addition to grasslands, important early kinds of wildlife, including mammals and young successional habitats include shrublands and birds that have recently left the nest, feed on young forest. these plants and the insects they attract (Askins, 2001; Anders et al. 1998; Vega Rivera et al. Shrublands are dominated by sparse-to-dense 1998). Studies have shown that forest habitats shrubs intermixed with young trees, vines, and with a dense understory can support abundant herbaceous vegetation. Shrublands may develop wildlife (MacArthur & MacArthur 1961; Conner 1 Wildlife Management Institute et al. 1983; Rice et al. 1984; Schulte & Niemi, 1998). In general, habitats with a higher structural diversity of cover will support a greater diversity of wildlife. In the northeastern and northcentral United States, many kinds of wildlife that need young forest and shrublands are becoming scarce; in contrast, the ranges and populations of several mature-forest bird species have increased with the ongoing maturation of old fields, shrublands, and young forests (DeGraaf et al. 2006). States in these two regions have a wide range of percentages of young-forest cover, from 5% of forested land in Massachusetts to 37% in Minnesota (Forest Inventory Analysis, 2011). While mature-forest wildlife can tolerate various disturbances to the overstory, animals of young forest and shrublands are habitat specialists that disappear when a forest stand reaches about 20 years of age (Webb et al. determine levels for their populations appropriate 1977; DeGraaf et al. 2006). on a given tract while ensuring that enough habitat remains for mature-forest species (Askins, Conservationists have identified 65 birds, 2001; Lorimer, 2001). mammals, and reptiles as Species of Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN) that depend on young Some animals of shrublands
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