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Theses and Dissertations

1973-08-01

Helminth parasites of dogs in two central Utah communities

Lari Michael Norton Cowgill Brigham Young University - Provo

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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Cowgill, Lari Michael Norton, "Helminth parasites of dogs in two central Utah communities" (1973). Theses and Dissertations. 7664. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7664

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. HELMINTH PARASITES OF DOGS IN TWO

CENTRAL UTAH COMMUNITIES

A Thesis

Presented to the

Department of Zoology

Brigham Young University

In Partial Fulfillment

·of the Requirements for the Degree

Master of Science

by

Lari Michael Norton Cowgill

August, 1973 This thesis, by Lari Michael Norton Cowgill, is accepted in its present form by the D�partment of Zoology of Brigham Young

University as satisfying the thesis requirement for the degree of

Master of Science.

k OrA41£ 71 Dat?J

Typed by: Carol Harris

ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Ferron L.

Andersen and Dr. Vernon f. Tipton for the many times they have en- couraged me in my academic and research activities: without their help, this thesis and its attendant degree would not have been possible.

I would also like to thank Dr. Don H. Larsen for the time spent on my committee and in reviewing this manuscript. The Department of

Zoology, Brigham Young University, provided the equipment and space.

At this time it is appropriate to express my appreciation to my late father for the example, encouragement and financial support which he gave me throughout my life, and it is to him that this thesis is dedicated.

iii TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • iii

LIST OF TABLES V • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

INTRODUCTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

MATERIALS AND METHODS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7

RESULTS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 9 Key to Cestodes Found in Present Study • • • • • • • • • 11

DISCUSSION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 18

LITERATURE CITED • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 23

iv LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Helminth parasites found in dogs from pounds in Orem and Provo, Utah • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 12 2. Cestode parasites found in dogs from the city pound, Orem, Utah ••••••••••••••••••••••• 13

3. Cestode parasites found in dogs from the city pound, Provo, Utah • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 14

4. Nematode parasites found in dogs from the city pound, Orem, Utah ••••••••••••••••••••••• 15

5. Nematode parasites found in dogs from the city pound, Provo, Utah ••••••••••••••••••••••• 16

6. Location in the host of helminth parasites found in dogs from pounds in Orem and Provo, Utah •••••••••• 17

V INTRODUCTION

Parasitic helminths probably consitute one of the most important groups of disease agents in dogs. In the Southern and Central United

States dogs are often fatally infected with the canine esophageal worm, Spirocerca lupi, and the ca nine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis.

Cestodes which can limit the growth of a dog are found throughout the United States.

The public health importance of canine parasitic diseases has long been recognized. Beaver et al. first reported visceral larval migrans, caused by larvae of a canine as ca rid, Toxocara ~, in humans in 1952. Hermos et al. (1970) reported a fatal case of cerebral coenurosis, caused by the larval stage of a canine cestode, multiceps, in a 2-year old child in North Dakota. Kahn et al. (1972) reported 17 locally acquired cases of human in lJ_tah;

Klock et al. (1973) reported an additional three indigenous cases of human hydatid disease.

The only reported survey for the helminth parasites of dogs in

Utah was by Butler and Grundmann (1951) who found 22% of the dogs examined to be infected. The study involved examination of feces; however, parasitic helminths which are not voided in fecal material and those which inhabit organ systems other than the gastro-intestinal tract,

1 2 can best be detected using post-mortem examination.

This research project was designed to provide post-mortem data

, on:the incidence of helminth parasites of dogs in Orem and Provo,

Utah. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Many general surveys of the internal parasites of dogs have been

made in North America. As early as 1925, a USDA circular, edited by

Hall, was published on the parasites and parasitic diseases of dogs in

the United States. Internal parasites reported therein were Toxascaris

limbata (Toxascaris leonina), Belascaris marginata (),

Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala, Trichuris vulpis, Dipylidium

caninum, Dipylidium sexcoronatum, Taenia pisiformis, Multiceps multiceps,

Lingulatula serrata, .and Isospora rivolta. Dickmans (1945) expanded the

list of internal parasites of dogs in North America and included 12

protozoa, 15 trematodes, 16 cestodes, 26 nematodes, and 2 acantho -

cephalans. Butler and Grundmann (1951) surveyed the feces of 200 dogs

in Salt Lake City, Utah and reported 11%AncylostomaE., 4. 5% Toxocara

canis, 3. 5% Toxascaris ~., 1% Trichuris vulpis, 0. 5% Dipylidium caninum,

1% Taenia pisiformis and O. 5% TaeniaE. Braun and Thayer (1962)

examined the feces of 224 dogs in Iowa; 36% of these dogs had hook-

worms, 18% cestodes, 14% ascarids, 12% whipworms, and 8% coccidians.

In 1962 , Ash necropsied 96 dogs in Hawaii and reported Ancylostoma

caninum, Toxocara canis, Trichuris vulpis, Physaloptera §.2_., Dirofilaria

immitis, Dipetalonema !£_., Dipylidium caninum, and Phagicola long a.

Vaughn and Murphy (1962) examined the feces of dogs in the New

Orleans environs of Louisiana and found species of Ancylostoma, Trichuris,

3 4

and Toxocara. Hathaway (1967) reported Toxocara canis, Toxascaris

leonina, Trichuris vuleis, Ancylostoma caninum, and taeniid cestodes

after surveying the feces of 200 dogs in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Burrows (1968) found Trichuris vulpis, Ancylostoma caninum, Dipylidium

caninum, and Taenia pisiformis in a 14-year _survey of dogs in Central

New Jersey. Jaskowski (1970) stated that when examining the feces of

dogs from the Rogers Park Community of Chicago, Illinois, the ova of

Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Ancylostoma caninum, Trichuris

vulpis, Strongyloides stercoralis, and oocysts of Isospora felis wete

found. Cox and Cahill (1972) found Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma

caninum, and Trichuris vulpis at necropsy of 100 dogs from New York.

Several limited surveys for canine have been made in the United States. In Connecticut, Hirth et al. (1966) surveyed 299

canine blood samples and reported 23 positive for microfilariae of

Dirofilaria immitis. In Ohio, Groves and Koutz (1964) reported 30 of

340 canine blood samples positive for either Dirofilaria immitis or

Dipetalonema reconditum. Schlotthauer and Griffiths (1964) reported

36.7% of dogs surveyed in Minnesota had canine filariasis; Benrick and

Sandholm (1966) provided a checklist of potential mosquito vectors for

Dirofilaria immitis in that state. When 45 of 102 counties in Illinois were surveyed by Marquardt and Fabian (1966), 28 were shown to be positive for Dirofilaria immitis and 18 for Dipetalonema reconditum. In

1965, Ward examined 6660 dogs from the area between Memphis, Tennessee and New Orleans, Louisiana, and found 11% to be positive for Dirofilaria 5 immitis. In 1970, Zydeck et al. found a 4. 4% incidence of micro­ filariasis in dogs surveyed from a Detroit, Michigan pound. Rabelais and Voltava (1972) examined 274 dogs in 5 northeastern Ohio counties and reported 14 dogs to be parasitized with Dirofilaria immitis. foiner and rardine (1970) reported a 5% incidence of Dirofilaria immitis and a 14% incidence of Dipetalonema reconditum after surveying Central

Texas counties. McGreevey et al. (1970) found Dipetalonema reconditum in 5% of 515 pound-dogs and Dirofilaria immitis in one of 800 laboratory beagles in Northern California. All of the studies on filariasis mentioned above were made using blood samples processed through the technique described by Knott {1939) and examined microscopically for the oresence of microfilariae. Palumbo and Perri (1972) found that 26% of microfilariae­ negati ve dogs in enzootic areas had either Dipetalonema or Dirofilaria adults at necropsy.

Spirocerca luei, the canine esophageal worm, has been found to be most prevalent in the area from Alabama to Oklahoma: to date, there has been no report from Western United States {Bailey, 1972). Dodds and Garcia (1964) reported that 14% of 154 dogs examined at the University of Mississippi Medical Center at Jackson had Spirocerca lupi infections .

Dixon and McCue (1967) found 34 of 104 canine fecal samples to have the .. ova of Spirocerca � in Southeastern United States.

Several parasites, have been found only infrequently in dogs in the United States. Among these oarasites so reported are Allophallus donicus,

Alaria americana, and Mesocestoides variabilis in Northern California 6

(Douglas, 1951), Para9onimus kellicotti in Arkansas (Short and Hend­ rickson, 1960), Heterobilharzia americana in Texas (Pierce, 1963),

Dioctoohyma renale in North Carolina (Eubanks and Picks, 1963),

Trichinella spiralis in New York (Geller and Zaiman, 1965), in Pennsylvania (Medway and Soulsby, 1966) and cysticerci of Taenia pisiformis in Illinois (Ivens, et al., 1969). MATERIALS AND METHODS

Post-mortem examinations were performed on SO dogs utilized in the physiology laboratory course taught at Brigham Young University.

The dogs were procured from the Orem and Provo, Utah, city pounds.

A record of breed, age (as judged by tooth condition), sex, weight, length, and location was kept for each . At necropsy, a mid­ sagittal incision was made the length of the ventral surface of the animal. The ribs were separated from the sternum, and the lungs, heart, pulmonary artery, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, caecum, kidneys, and urinary bladder were sectioned and examined. A scraping of duodenal mucosa from the first 25 dogs was microscopically examined for the presence of intestinal protozoa, and blood samples, taken from the first 30 dogs, were examined, using the technique de­ scribed by Knott (1939), for the presence of microfilariae. The descending aorta, liver, and abdominal cavity were examined grossly for patho­ logical changes which might indicate parasitic infection.

Intestinal helminths detected were placed in tap water and stored • at 4° C overnight to facilitate relaxation prior to fixation and preserva- tion. Cestodes were placed in Ristroph's Fixative, dehydrated through

30, SO, and 70% ethyl alcohol series, and representative specimens stained using Grenacher's Borax Carmine for three hours. The specimens were destained in acid alcohol, mounted on standard glass slides and

7 8 identified using morphological characteristics and anatomical measure- ments described by Abuladze (1964). Nematodes were placed in 10% formalin and identified using morphological characteristics and anatomical measurements described by Levine (1968). A sample of nematode larvae found in a cardiac ventricular cyst was sent to Dr.

Thomas C. Orihel, Tulane University, for identification. RESULTS

Post-mortem examinations of 50 dogs from Orem and Provo,

Utah, pounds revealed that 31 (62%) had helminth parasites of at least one species. Table 1 lists the helminth parasites identified at necropsy, and the breed and age of the dogs. There were 5 genera and 7 species of helminths identified from the 50 dogs examined.

A key to the cestodes detected in this study is found on page 11.

The ascarids collected are readily identified since ova of Toxocara canis are mammilated and the adult males have a distinct digitiform appendage extending from the posterior terminus. The ova of Toxascaris leonina, however, have a non-mammilated surface and the digitiform appendage is lacking on the adult males.

Taenia krabbei, a cestode, and Toxocara canis, a nematode, were the most frequently collected helminths; each occurred in 26% of the dogs necropsied from both communities.

Table 2 lists the cestode parasites identified at necropsy in dogs from the Orem city pound. There were 2 genera and 4 species of cestodes recovered from the 25 dogs examined. Taenia krabbei was the most frequently collected cestode from Orem dogs and occurred in

20% of the examined. Taenia pisiformis and Taenia hydatigena each occurred in 8% of the dogs necropsied. Table 3 lists the cestode parasites identified at post-mortem in dogs from the Provo city pound.

9 10

There were ?. genera and 2 species of cestodes found in the ?.5 dogs examined. Taenia krabbei occurred most frequently (3 2%) in the necropsied animals; however, Taenia pisiformis and Taenia hydatigena were not collected from Provo dogs.

Table 4 lists the nematode parasites identified at necropsy in dogs from the Orem city pound. There were ?. genera and 2 soecies of nematodes collected from the ?.5 animals examined. Toxocara canis was the most frequently found nematode and was collected from 20% of the dogs necropsied. Table 5 lists the nematode parasites identified at post-mortem in dogs from the Provo city pound. There were ?. genera and ?. species identified from the ?.5 animals necropsied. Toxocara canis was the most frequently collected nematode and occurred in

3 ?.% of the dogs examined.

Encysted first stage nematode larvae found in the left cardiac ventricle of a 6 month-old female spaniel were identified as Filaroides milksi (Orihel, 197?.). No protozoa were found in the duodenal mucosa! scrapings and no microfilariae were found in any blood samples examined.

Table 6 lists the location in the host of helminth parasites found in dogs from both pounds. As expected, the majority of the helminths recovered were found in the small intestine, although 1 Toxocara � specimen was found in the large intestine of a young male terrier from

Provo. 11

Key to Cestodes Found in Present Study

I. 1 genital pore per segment • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2

2 genital pores per segment • • • • • • Dipylidium caninum

2. First row of rostellar hooks less than 0.250mm in length • • 3 First row of rostellar hooks more than 0. 250mm in length . . . Taenia pisiformis

3. Genital papilla projecting considerably beyond segment margin;

vagina curving gently posterior to midline of segment •• • • •

Taenia krabbei

Genital papilla projecting slightly beyond segment margin;

vagina curving sharply (90°) posterior to midline of segment ••

Taenia hydatigena •

Table 1. Helminth parasites found in dogs from pounds in Orem and Provo, Utah.

ro U} c:: E .... C/l .... ::l .... Q) -IC Q) ..... ro ,0...... 8 "O E C) "O µ.., ,0 Q) ro s...... ::l ro ...... 0 C/l ~ C) ·s...... a .....c:: ...... C/l .... Cl} . c:: c:: 4--f ..... ro 0 0... Q) .a Q) ·;;; c:: ro .!>I! IO C: 0 ~ . ,0 .... ,0 ...... ro s...... ~ Q) 0 Breed Age Total Examined z E-t .!>I! E-t ~ Q C) E-t ,-j E-t -~,r: "§

Terrier Young 6 3 1 2 Middle 12 6 4 3 Old 1 1 Spaniel Young 1 1 Middle 5 2 2 1 2 Old 2 1 1 Collie Young 2 l l Middle 6 2 2 2 Old 1 I Shepherd Young 7 2 1 3 1 Middle 6 2 2 1 2 Old 1 1

Total so 19 13 2 2 1 3 13 1

Percent 38 26 4 4 2 6 26 2

...... *No parasites found N Table 2. Cestode parasites found in dogs from the city pound, Orem, Utah.

Breed Age Total Examined *N. P. F. 1'__.krabbei T. Eisiformis 1· hydatigena D. caninum

Terrier Young 1 1 Middle 9 4 3 Old 1 1

Spaniel Young 1 Middle 3 1 2 1 Old 0

Collie Young 1 1 Middle 2 2 Old 1

Shepherd Young 1 1 Middle 5 1 2 Old 0

Total 25 12 5 2 2 0

Percent 48 20 8 8 0

*No parasites found ..... w Table 3. Cestode parasites found in dogs from the city pound, Provo, Utah.

Breed Age Total Examined *N.P.F. T. krabbei L pisiformis T. hY_d~ti_g_ena D. caninum - Terrier Young 5 2 1 Middle 3 2 1 Old 0

Spaniel Young 0 Middle 2 1 Old 2 1 1

Collie Young 1 Middle 4 2 Old 0

Shepherd Young 6 2 Middle 1 1 1 Old 1 1

Total 25 7 8 0 0 1

Percent 28 32 0 0 4

*No parasites found ...... i::.. Table 4. Nematode parasites found in dogs from the city pound, Orem, Utah.

Breed Age Total Examined *N.P.F. T. leonina T. canis F. milksi

Terrier Young 1 1 Middle 9 4 2 Old 1 1

Spaniel Young I 1 Middle 3 -1 - 1 Old 0

Collie Young 1 1 Middle 2 2 Old 1 1

Shepherd Young 1 Middle 5 1 2 Old 0

Total 25 12 0 5 1

Percent 48 0 20 4

*No parasites found ,_. c.n Table 5. Nematode parasites found in dogs from the city pound, Provo, Utah.

Breed Age Total Examined *N.P,F. T. leonina T. canis F. milksi

Terrier Young 5 2 2 Middle 3 2 1 Old 0

Spaniel Young 0 Middle 2 1 1 Old 2 l

Collie Young 1 1 Middle 4 2 Old 0

Shepherd Young 6 3 1 Middle 1 l Old 1 -- Total 25 7 3 8 0

Percent 28 12 32 0

*No parasites found -CJ) Table 6. Location in the host of helminth parasites found in dogs from pounds in Orem and Provo, Utah.

(l) (l) .....C: .....C: +-' +-' ,0 Ul Ul +-' Ul (l) (l) .... ;:s +-' +-' 0 Ol ..c: C: C: ,::!; 1-1 1-1 _. .... ,0 u _. ::,., (l) Ul ..c: ,0 ..... (l) +-'.... IO .... (l) ""O Ol 0. Ol Ul (l) C: ""O C: 0 8 IO .... ,0 .... 0 (l) 0 > "O (Q ;:s Ul +-' s IO ...... Parasite i-.'.I µ.J Cf.) Cf.) i-.'.I ::r:: Q i-.'.I ~ o:i

Taenia krabbei - - - + Taenia e_isiformis - - - + Taenia hydatigena - - - + Di.EY,lidium caninum - - - + Toxascaris leonina - - - + Toxocara canis - - - + + Filaroides milksi - - - - - +

..... -..J DISCUSSION

,The survey of helminth parasites reported herein demonstrated that 62% of 50 dogs examined from two adjoining communities in Utah

County, Utah, harbored parasitic helminths of at least one kind. Five genera and 7 species of helminths were identified from the 50 dogs necropsied.

The helminths most frequently collected were Taenia krabbei, a cestode, and Toxocara ~, a nematode; each species occurred in

26% of the animals. The intermediate host for Taenia krabbei in Utah is deer in which cysticercus larvae localize in skeletal muscle, heart, and tongue (Abuladze, 1964). It is interesting to note that small adults (0.25-0.50 m. in length) with no gravid proglottids were collected in November, coinciding with the end of deer hunting season in most of Utah, whereas large adults (0.75-1.50 m. in length) with active proglottids separated from the strobila were collected in March. It is common practice in this area to either discard unusable deer viscera or feed them to dogs, which helps to explain the high incidence of Taenia krabbei and the seasonal variation in the maturity of the cestode.

Toxocara canis, an intestinal ascarid nematode of dogs, was re- cognized by Beaver et al. (1952) to be of public health importance as the causative agent of visceral larval migrans in humans and other animals.

Symptoms in humans include hyperglobulinemia and pneumonia-like

18 19

conditions (Haddow and Gall, 1970), hypereosinophilia (Lee and Danaraj,

1972), ocular lesions (Beaver, 1958), poliomyelitis and epilepsy (Smith

and Beaver, 1953), hepatomegaly, fever, cough, loss of appetite,

irritability and nervous disorders (Beaver, 1958). The high incidence

of this helminth in Central Utah poses a potential threat to the popula-

tion, and education of the public on the problem is needed. The two

primary routes by which dogs become infected with Toxocara canis are

through ingestion of embryonated ova and by prenatal invasion of the

feti with migrating larvae from the mother (Levine, 1968). Butler and

Grundmann (1951) reported a 4. 5% incidence of Toxocara ~ ova

in the feces of the ?.00 dogs examined in Salt Lake City, Utah. In the

present survey, many single Toxocara adults were collected which

might not have been passing ova and therefore would have been unnoticed

in a survey of fecal samples. This may explain, in part, the higher

incidence of this helminth.

Tox

helminth found. This intestinal ascarid does not follow the normal

ascarid larval migratory route through the lungs and therefore is relative-

ly nonpathogenic to its host. Butler and Grundmann (1951) found a

lower incidence of this helminth (3. 5%) in their survey; again, single adults were found in the current survey which might have passed un- noticed in their survey for helminth ova in feces.

Taenia pisiformis and Taenia hydatigena each occurred in 4% of the animals examined. The intermediate host of Taenia pisiformis 20 is the jackrabbit, where the cysticercus larvae localize in the omentum, mesentery, peritoneum, pleura, and rarely in the lungs, muscles, or brain (Abuladze, 1964). Taenia pisiformis adults were found only in shepherds, a large breed of hunting dog capable of capturing rabbits. Deer and sheep serve as intermediate hosts for

Taenia hydatigena, in which the cysticercus larvae are found in the serous cover of the omentum, mesentery, liver, and pleura {Abuladze,

1964). There is limited sheep farming in the immediate area around the communities surveyed and many sheep are not disposed of properly or promptly after death. Thus, there is ample opportunity for stray dogs to become infected after eating viscera of the .intermediate hosts.

Dipylidium caninum was found in 1 dog during the present survey.

The cysticercoid larvae develop in the intermediate hosts, the siphonap- teran, Ctenocephalides .§.£·, and the mallophagan, Trichodectes canis.

The intermediate hosts must be ingested by the dog to be infective.

The low incidence of canine fleas or lice in Central Utah would account for the low level of this cestode.

Filaroides milksi, a metastrongyle found in the lungs of canid animals was collected from the left ventricle of a very young (less than

6 months old) spaniel. This dog was born in the area and had never left prior to being released to the pound by the owner. The life cycle of Filaroides milksi is unknown, but a terrestrial gastropod is assumed to be the intermediate host (Levine, 1968). The present survey is the first reported incidence of this parasite in Central Utah. 21

Species of canine helminths reported in Utah but not found in the current study are , the hydatid cestode, and the nematodes, Trichuris vulpis and Ancylostoma §.E.• Sheep are the primary intermediate hosts for Echinococcus granulosus in this area.

Fox, Andersen and Hoopes (1970} found hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granulosus in 11 of 34 sheep examined from Central Utah. Wright and

Andersen (1972) found 12% of 50 sheep, examined in Utah Valley, in- fected with this parasite, and Andersen et al. (1971) later reported

9% of 5 25 sheep positive for hydatid cysts. Echinococcus granulosus is a cestode of considerable public health importance in Utah, since 44 recent human infections with the larval cysts have been reoorted (Kahn et al., 1972; Klock et al., 1973}. In sheep raising areas of Central

Utah, Andersen et al. (1971) found 14% of 77 dogs purged to harbor

Echinococcus granulosus adults; the highest incidence found was 25% of 28 dogs examined in one community.

Trichuris vulpis, the canine whipworm, was reported by Butler and Grundmann (1951) in 1 % of 200 dogs surveyed. The size of the sample of dogs examined in the present survey is such that this parasite may be present in the area but was not encountered. Ancilostoma so., the canine was reported in 11% of the animals examined by Butler and Grundmann (1951). Wright (personal communication, 1972) surveyed the intestinal tracts of 200 dogs and found 1 infected with

Ancylostoma caninum. The local climatic conditions of Orem and Provo,

Utah, with hot dry summers and below-freezing dry temperatures in 22 winter, are probably not conducive to the development and survival of the free-living stages of this species.

Since the two communities surveyed have adjoining city limits, similar topography and economies, results from a larger number of dogs would probably diminish the discrepancies noted in the incidences of certain helminth species collected.

Prevention of parasitic infections in dogs is a matter of proper care based upon knowledge of the life cycles of individual parasites.

Feeding dogs uncooked deer and sheep viscera should be avoided at all times. Canine populations should not be allowed to wander freely where there is a possibility of contact with discarded sheep and deer viscera. Dogs in the area surveyed should be treated periodically with medication to remove any helminth parasites which they may otherwise contract. Only with education of the public to the ease of transmissibility of certain important canine parasites to humans and sustained effort in prevention and treatment, will the incidence of canine parasitic diseases be reduced in this area. LITERATURE CITED

Abuladze, K. I. 1964. Taeniata of animals and man and diseases caused by them. Vol. 4 of Essentials of cestodology., K. I. Skrjabin (ed.), Acad. Sci. USSR. (Transl. from Russian by Isr. Prog. Sci. Transl., Keter Press, Jerusalem, 1970; 549 pp.).

_____Anstersen, F. L., L. E. Klock, S. L. Spruance, and D. D. Juranek. 1971. Echinococcus granulosus infections in Utah. , Proc. Amer. Soc. Parasitol., 57:38.

Ash, L. R. 1962. Helminth parasites of dogs and cats of Hawaii. J. Parasitol., 48:68-65.

Bailey, W. S. 1972. Spirocerca lupi: a continuing study. T. Parasitol., 58:3-22.

Beaver, P. c., C.H. Snyder, G. M. Carrera, T. H. Dent, and f.W. Lafferty. 1952. Chronic eosinophilia due to visceral larval migrans. Pediatrics, 9:7-19.

Beaver, P. C. 1958. Animal parasites and human diseases. Pediatrics, - - 22:380-384.

Benrick, W. T., and H. A. Sandholm. 1966. Aedes vexans and the other potential mosquito vectors of Dirofilaria immitis in Minnesota. J. Parasitol., 52:762-767.

Braun, J. L., and C. B. Thayer. 1962. A survey for intestinal parasites in Iowa. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass. , 141:1049-105 0.

Burrows, R. B. 1968. Internal parasites of dogs and cats from central New Jersey. New Jersey Acad. Sci. Bull., 13:3-8.

Butler, T. M., and A. W. Grundmann. 1951. Fecal examination of 200 --- dogs from Salt Lake City for intestinal helminths. T. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass. , 118: 396-39 8.

Cox, K. B., and K. M. Cahill. 1972. Intestinal helminths of dogs used in experimental surgery research. Proc. Amer. Soc. Parasitol., 58:31.

Dickmans, G. 1945. Checklist of the internal and external parasites of

23 24

domestic animals in North America. Amer. T. Vet. Res. , 6: 211-241.

Dixon, K. G., and T. F. McCue. 1967. Further observations on the epidemiology of Spirocerca lupi in the southeastern United States. T. Parasitol., 53: 650-651.

Dodds, R. P., and R. N. Garcia. 1964. Prevalence of Spirocerca lupi in dogs in Mississippi, T. Parasitol., 50: 225.

Douglas, J. R. 1951. New parasite records from California dogs. Corn. Vet., 41: 342-346.

Eubanks, T. W. , and T. R. Pick. 1963. Dioctophyma rena le infection in a dog. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass., 143: 164-169.

Fox, T. C. , F. L. Andersen, and K. H. Hoopes. 1970. A survey of the helminth parasites of cattle and sheep in Utah Valley. Great Basin Nat . , 3 0: 13 1- 14 5 .

Geller, E. H., and H. Zaiman. 1965. Incidence of infection with in dogs. T. Amer . .Vet. Med. Ass., 145: 253-254.

Groves, H.F., and F .. R. Koutz. 1964. Survey of microfilariae in Ohio dogs. T. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass., 144: 600-602.

Haddow, T. E., and D. G. Gall. 1970. Occult helminth infection with apoearance of splenic and lung calcifications. Amer. J. Dis. Child., 120: 555-556.

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Lari Michael Norton Cowgill

Date and Place of Birth

14 November, 1947, Fort Ord, California

Parents

Father - Norman Herbert Norton Cowgill Mother - Mary Margaret Cowgill

Marital Status

Single

Education

Monterey High School, Monterey, California Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah B.S. August 1969 M. S • August 197 3

Teaching Experience

General Zoology Laboratory Invertebrate Zoology Laboratory Human Parasitology Laboratory Animal Parasitology Laboratory

Membership in Professional Societies

American Society of Parasitologists Society of Protozoologists Rocky Mountain Conference of Parasitologists

Permanent Address

26 Los Encinas Drive, Monterey, California HELMINTH PARASITES OF DOGS IN TWO

CENTRAL UTAH COMMUNITIES

Lari Michael Norton Cowgill Department of Zoology M.S. Degree, August 1973

ABSTRACT

Only one previous survey for helminth parasites of dogs in Utah has been reported. This study, however, was made by examination of feces, and parasites inhabiting organ systems other than the gastro­ intestinal tract cannot be detected by that technique. In the oresent study, 50 dogs, obtained from Orem and Provo, Utah, pounds, were necropsied and the viscera examined for the presence of helminth parasites. ·Five genera and 7 species of helminths were identified. In order of highest incidence they were: Taenia krabbei and Toxocara canis (?.6%), Toxascaris leonina (6%), Taenia pisiformis and Taenia hydatigena (4%), and Dipylidium caninum and Filaroides milksi (2%). Results of this study constitute the first report of Filaroides milksi in Central Utah. Toxocara canis is of significant public health importance owing to the extreme pathogenicity of the larval stage in humans. Only through education and a concerted effort by the public will helminth parasites be reduced in canine populatio

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