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Home , 15 Sagittae, 53 Persei, Alpha Persei Cluster, Beta Doradus, Beta Sagittae, Beta Tauri

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81803-2 - The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Stars James B. Kaler Index More information

Index

Page numbers in italic refer to ﬁgures

21-centimeter line 36, 214, 256 Alpha Crucis 145 astrometry 41 47 Tucanae 176 Alpha Cygni stars 188, 196 astronomical triangle 34 51 Pegasi 227, 228 Alpha Gemmorum see Castor Astronomical Unit 62 53 Persei stars 196 Alpha Librae see Zubenelgenubi asymptotic giant branch 257 Alpha Persei cluster 167, 168 see also AGB stars Alphard 14 Atlas Coelestis 17 A Altair 10, 14, 135 atmospheric extinction 49 aberration of starlight 40 altitude 28 atoms 124, 125 absorption, continuous 130 AM Herculis stars 159 Auriga 4, 10 absorption limits 130 ambipolar diffusion 220 aurora 236 absorption lines 99, 100, 125–7, 129, American Association of Variable Star Autumnal Equinox 32 198 Observers 189 azimuth 28 equivalent width 136–7 Andromeda 4, 9, 10 accretion disk 155 Andromeda Galaxy 22, 73, 80 B Achernar 10, 14, 135 angular diameters 8 Acrux 14 angular momentum 146 Baade, Walter 82 Adhara 9, 14 anomalous X-ray pulsars 284 Baade–Wesselink method 74, 179 Ae/Be stars 221 Antapex see Apex Bailey, S.I. 194 AGB stars 257–8, 273 Antares 8, 14 Bailey-type Cepheids 194 in globular clusters 177 anticenter Balmer jump 55 winds 263 open clusters 311 Balmer limit 130 age variable stars 312 Balmer series 100, 101 from chromospheric activity 256 Antlia 4, 11 Bappu, M.K.V. 75 from isochrones 171, 256 Apex 87, 88, 90 barium stars 159 from lithium content 256 Apus 4 Barnard, E.E. 209 from rotation velocities 256 Aquarius 4 Barnard’s Star 62, 65 globular clusters 180 Aquila 4, 10 Barnes–Evans technique 74 morphological age index 171 Ara 4 Bayer designations, open clusters 167 open clusters 171 Arabic nomenclature 13 Bayer, Johannes 15 AI Velorum stars 188, 196 Arches 170 designations 15 airmass 49 Arcturus 9, 10, 14 errors 17 Aitken, Robert 144 Argelander, Friedrich 18–19 map 15, 16 Albireo 14, 144, 145 Argo 9–10 BD number 20 Alcor 9, 9, 14, 145, 161 Aries 4 B[e] stars 116, 272 Alcyone 14 associations (clusters) 165–6, 173, Be stars 203–4, 272 Aldebaran 8, 14, 19 177 Beehive cluster M44 22, 167 Algedi 13 OB associations 173–5, 175, Bell, Jocelyn 282 Algol 9, 14, 47, 153, 156 222 Bellatrix 14 Algol paradox 156 R associations 166 Berkeley 17, 172 Algol systems 156 Scorpius associations 174 Besselian year 38 Alkaid 13 T associations 166, 222 Bessell, Friedrich 62 Almagest 3 asterisms 2, 8 Beta Cephei stars 187, 188, 196, 255 almucantars 35 asteroids 215 Beta Cygni see Albireo Alpha Andromedae 17 asteroseismology 243 beta decay 259 Alpha Centauri 10, 145 astrology 3 Beta Doradus 191 parallax 62 astrometric binaries 143 Beta Eridani 205

314

Index 315

Beta Lyrae 153 Capricorn, Tropic of 3 luminosity 192 Beta Pictoris 227 Capricornus 4 masses 192 Beta Tauri 17 carbon burning 273 periodicity 192 Betelgeuse 9, 13, 14, 201 carbon cycle 239, 240, 245 period–luminosity Big Dipper 9, 53 see also Ursa Major carbon stars 114, 115, 114–15, 200 relationship 71–3, 192–3 binary stars see double stars dwarfs 159 Population II cepheids 193–4 bipolar flow 216 Carina 4, 10 RR Lyrae stars 194–5 birthline 221 Nebula 10 RV Tauri stars 194 BL Herculis stars 188, 194 Cassiopeia 4, 9, 10 s-Cepheids 192 black holes 287, 285–7 Cassiopeia A 288 used for distance measurement 71, event horizon 286 Cassiopeia OB5 173 74 Black Widow pulsar 285, 286 Cas–Tau association 175 W Virginis stars 194 blackbodies 119, 122–4 Castor 8, 8, 14, 145 Cepheus 4, 9 law 123 triple system 145, 161 Cepheus OB2 173 non-blackbodies 124–5 Cat’s Eye Nebula 260 Cetus 4, 186 radiation 123 cataclysmic binaries 143 CH stars 159 Blazhko effect 195 cataclysmic variables 143, 156–8 Chamaeleon 4 blue loops 255 catalogues Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan Blue Snowball Nebula 260 double stars 254 blue stragglers 188 General Catalogue of Double Stars 144 Chandrasekhar limit 254, 266 in globular clusters 181 New General Catalogue of Double charge-coupled device 47 Bode, Johannes 12, 17 Stars 144 chemical composition, from line Bohr, Niels 127 Southern Double Star Catalogue 144 strengths 136–7 Bok, Bart 209 United States Naval Observatory Double globular clusters 177 Bok globules 209, 220 Star Catalogue 144 Sun 137, 303 bolometers 53 non-stellar chemical contamination, double bolometric correction 53, 53 Messier Catalogue 22 stars 159 bolometric flux 131 General Catalogue of Nebulae 22 chemical enrichment 281 Bonner Durchmusterung 18, 18, 20, 38 Index Catalogues (IC) 22 chemical ratios 251 Bootes¨ 4, 9 New General Catalogue of Nebulae chemistry Bowen, I.S. 261 (NGC) 22 globular clusters 177 Brahe, Tycho 12, 13–15, 275 stellar interstellar 209 brehmsstrahlung 262 Bonner Durchmusterung 18 Chi Cygni 198 Bright Star Catalogue 13, 19–20 Bright Star Catalogue 13, 19–20 Chi Persei see Double Cluster British Astronomical Association Cape Photographic Durchmusterung 19 Circinus 4 Variable Star Section 189 Cordoba Durchmusterung 18 circumpolar stars 29, 30 brown dwarfs 244, 256 see also stars, Henry Draper Catalogue 19 clump stars 255 T stars Hipparcos Input Catalogue 20–1 clusters evolution 249, 256 Hubble Guide Star Catalogue 21 age 171 formation 221, 227 Südliche Bonner Durchmusterung 18 ancient 172 main sequence 250 Tycho Catalogue 21 moving 67 Burnham, S.W. 144 Tycho-2 Catalogue 21 open 165, 167–72, 311 CCDs 48 Arches 170 celestial coordinates see ecliptic Bayer designations 167 C coordinates classification 168–9 Caelum 4 celestial poles 27, 28 core radius 169 Camelopardalis 4 celestial sphere 26–7 distances 168 Cancer 4 Centaurus 4, 10, 11 evolution 171–2 Cancer, Tropic of 3 cepheid period–luminosity relation 73 major examples 168 Canes Venatici 4, 11 Cepheid variables 9, 73, 187, 191–5 Messier catalogue 167 Canis Major 4, 9 BL Herculis stars 188, 194 nomenclature 170 Canis Minor 4, 9 classical 188, 191–3 Quintuplet 170 Canopus 10, 13, 14 driver 193 stability 165 Cape Photographic Durchmusterung 19 Hertzsprung progression 192 tidal radius 169–75 Capella 10, 14 instability strip 192 Trumpler classification 169

316 Index

CN cycle 245 see carbon cycle declination 29 eclipsing binaries 77, 143, 152–4 CNO cycle see carbon cycle deflagration 281 asphericity 154 collapse, star formation 220 degeneracy 254 gravity brightening 154 color 54–5 Delphinus 5, 10 light curves 152 B – V 106 Delta Cephei 191, 192 limb darkening 153 differences 55 Delta Scorpii 204 line of apsides 154 excess 57 Delta Scuti stars 187, 196, 255 mass–luminosity relation 153 index 47, 54 Deneb 10, 13, 14 partial eclipse 152 temperature 132 Denebola 14 primary eclipse 152 color–color plot 55, 55 denenerate gas 254 reflection effect 154 color–magnitude diagrams 55, 113, detached binaries 143 rotation 154 113 detonation 281 stellar properties 153 globular clusters 178, 179 diffuse nebulae 214 evolution of binaries 267 open clusters 170, 171 dimensions 214 fragile binaries 148 Columba 5 temperature 213 in globular clusters 183 Coma Berenices 5, 12, 15, 167, 168 disks, circumstellar 218 hierarchical binaries 161 comets 215 distance measurement techniques interacting binaries 155–60 Hale–Bopp 226 Baade–Wesselink 74, 179 magnitude determinations composite spectrum 143 binary stars 77 144–5 Comte, August 98 Cepheid variables 71, 74 mass function 151 constellations expansion parallaxes 76 mass ratios 149–50 birth 2 galactic rotation 68 mass transfer 139 classical 3–10 interstellar reddening 57, 75 nomenclature 144 contact binaries 143, 155, 160, 160 main sequence fitting 70–1 observations 147–8 convection 233 moving cluster method 66 optical doubles 143 coordinate conversions 34 novae and supernovae 74–5 orbital inclination 150 Cor Caroli 14 parallax 62–4, 178 orbits 145–7, 148 Cordoba Durchmusterung 18, 20 spectroscopic 69–70 position angle 147 core-collapse light curves 280 statistical 67–8 semi-detached binaries 143, 155 core-collapse supernovae 278 Population II variables 73–4 spectroscopic binaries 143, 149, Corona Australis 5, 10 reversed moving cluster 149–51 Corona Borealis 5, 10 method 66–7 double-lined 143 Corvus 5, 10 Wilson–Bappu effect 75 ideal systems 149 cosmic rays 288 distance modulus 69 real systems 149–51 Cousins, A.W.J. 50 Doppler shift 76, 84–6 star formation in binary Crab Nebula 76, 270, 276, 282 broadening 135 systems 222–3 pulsar 135, 283, 290 imaging 138, 139 symbiotic stars 159 SNR 288 Dorado 5 tidal forces 155 supernova 276 Double Cluster in Perseus 167, tidal bulge 155 Crater 5, 10 168 velocity curves 150 Crux 5, 11, 12 double stars visual binaries 143, 144–8 Cygnus 5, 10 accretion disk 155 X-ray binaries 159, 285 X-1 287 Algol systems 156 high-mass 285 angular separation 147 in globular clusters 183 astrometric binaries 143 low-mass 285 D cataclysmic binaries 143 double-shell burning stars see AGB daily paths 30 catalogues see catalogues stars dark matter 92 center of mass 147 DOV stars 197 dark nebulae 209–11 chemical contamination 159 DQ Herculis 159 DAV stars 187, 197 circularized orbits 156 Draco 5, 10 David Dunlap Observatory 51 classical novae 157 dredge-ups Davis, Ray 241 contact binaries 143, 155, 160, first 253 DBV stars 187, 188, 197 160 second 257 de Lacaille, Nicolas 11 detached binaries 143 third 258 de Lalande, Joseph 17 eccentricity 150 Dreyer, J.L.E. 20, 22

Index 317

Dumbbell Nebula 260 main sequence 251–3, 271 mass 92 Durchmusterung 19 open clusters 171–2 poles 32, 33 dust 57 planetary nebulae 264 Population I 82 distribution 56 pre-main-sequence 221 Population II 82 emission 212 red giants 255 Population III 95 interstellar 209 evolutionary tracks 252 rotation 68, 91 dwarfs 110 excitation temperature 133 Gamma Andromedae 145 dynamical parallax 74–7 extinction curve 57 Gamma Arietis 145 extrasolar planet, transit 228 Gamma Aurigae 17 Gamma Cas 204 E F Gamma Doradus stars 187, 188, 196 early AGB 257 Gamma Leonis 145 Fabricius, David 198 Earth 226 gamma ray bursts 279 faint Sun paradox 252 Earth, end of 258 Gamma Virginis 145 51 Pegasi 227, 228 eclipsing binaries see double stars Gemini 5, 8 fine structure prefixes 109 ecliptic 3, 31, 31 General Catalogue of Double Stars 144 FK5 65 coordinates 33 General Catalogue of Nebulae (GC) 22 Flamsteed, John 17, 276 obliquity 31 General Catalogue of Variable Stars 187 atlas 16 poles 31, 32 Geneva photometry 51 Flamsteed numbers 17, 20 Eddington limit 157, 272 giants 110 flare stars 187, 205 effective temperature 133 Gienah 13 flares 205 Egg Nebula 263 globular clusters 165, 176–83 flash spectrum 234 Einstein’s equation 238 AGB phase 177 FLIERS 262 electromagnetic spectrum 122 age 180–1 forbidden lines 260, 261 element building 279–80 binary stars 183 Formalhaut 10, 14 ellipse 146, 146 blue stragglers 181 Fornax 5, 11 emission lines 125–7, 199 brightness profile 182 47 Tucanae 176, 177 epicylic period 90 chemistry 177 fragile binaries 148 epoch 38 color–magnitude diagrams Fraunhofer lines 99, 100 Epsilon Bootis¨ 145 178 H and K 100 Epsilon Lyrae 145, 161 core radius 180 FU Orionis stars 216, 221 Epsilon Pegasi 205 distance measurements 71 Fundamental great circle 35 equator 25 distances 178–9 Fundamental Katalog 42 celestial 27 Baade–Wesselink method 179 fusion 241, 273 point 27 eclipsing binaries 179 equatorial coordinates 28–33 main sequence fitting 178 G equinoctial colure 32 statistical parallax 179 equinoxes 3, 38 Galactic rotation curve 89, 90–3 using horizontal branch 179 Autumnal 32 galaxies white dwarf sequence 179 Vernal 32, 38 ancient 94 distribution 176–7 equipotential surface 155 collision 95 half-light radius 180 Equuleus 5, 10 types 81 half-mass radius 180 Eratosthenes 12 Galaxy 2, 44, 81–3 HB “second parameter” 181 Eridanus 5, 10 bulge 82 horizontal branch 178, 181 Eta Aquilae 191 Celestial 32 interstellar extinction 179 Eta Carinae 10, 202, 203 center 32, 36 luminosities 180 evolution 272 chemical enrichment of 281 major examples 177 light curve 203 coordinates 33–6 masses 180 massive double 285 dark matter 92 proper motion 179 evolution disk 82, 82 radii 180 binaries 267 equator 33–6 RR Lyrae gap 178 brown dwarfs 256 evolution 94 statistical parallaxes 179 early intermediate 251 halo 83 structure 182 early supergiant 271–2 latitude 36 tidal radius 180 Galaxy 94–6 longitude 33 X-ray binaries 183

318 Index

Goodricke, John 191 Hipparcos satellite 20, 51, 64–5 interacting binaries 155–60 Gould, B.A. 175 guidance system 21 interacting winds theory 262 Gould Belt 174, 175 parallax mission 42 interferometry 132, 148 gravity darkening see von Zeipel effect Tycho portion 51 speckle 148 great circles 25 Hipparcos Input Catalogue 20–1 very long baseline 42 fundamental 25 Hoffleit, Dorrit 19 International Astronomical Union 12 Greek-letter nomenclature 15, 20 Homer 3 International Celestial Reference ground state 127 horizon 26 Frame 42 Grus 5 horizon coordinates 28, 28, 29 International Celestial Reference Guest Star 276 horizon, astronomical 26 System 42 GSC number 20 horizontal branch 178, 181 interstellar extinction 56, 57 Gunn, J.E. 51 Horologium 5 globular clusters 179 GW Virginis variables 197, 264 hot bottom burning 258 interstellar medium 56, 92, 207, hour angle 30–1 209–14 H hour circles 29 Bok globules 209, 220 HR diagrams 67, 69, 108–10 see also chemistry 209 h Persei see Double Cluster color–magnitude diagrams dark nebulae 209–11 Hadar 14 first 108 diffuse nebulae 214 half-life 125 globular cluster 178–9 dimensions 214 Halley, Edmund 11, 12 modern 110 temperature 213 halo stars 90 old stars 170 distance measurement 68 Haro, Guilerrmo 216 variation on 187 dust 209 Harvard catalogue 20 young stars 170 molecular clouds 209, 220 Harvard classification 19, HR number 20 neutral clouds 214 102–5 Hubble, Edwin 73, 276 reflection nebulae 211, 211 HD 209458 228 Hubble Guide Star Catalogue 21 interstellar reddening 57, 75 HD number 20 Hubble Space Telescope 51, 73, 76 inverse beta decay 259 Heisenberg, Werner 254 Hulse–Taylor pulsar 285 inverse square law 122 helioseismology 242 Humphreys–Davidson limit 203, 272 ionic spectra 106 helium 234 Hyades 8, 67, 165, 167, 168 ionization limit 127 flash 255 distance 66 ionization temperature 133 fusion 254 double stars 156 IRC+10 216 200, 200 shell flash 257 HR diagram 70 irregular variables 201 Helix Nebula 260 Palomar Sky Survey 19 isochrones 171, 171, 256 Hell, Maximillian 12 parallax 66 Henry Draper Catalogue 19, 20, 103 proper motion 67 Henry Draper Extension 19, 103 J Hyashi, C. 221 Herbig, George 216 Hyashi tracks 221, 256 Jaschek, Carlos 19 Herbig Ae/Be (HAEBE) stars 217 Hydra 5, 10 Jeans, Sir James 220 Herbig–Haro objects 214, 216–17 hydrogen Hβ flux 58 Jeans mass 220 Hercules 5, 10 Hydrus 5 jets 216 Herschel, Caroline 22 hypergiants 271 Jewel Box 165, 167, 168 Herschel, John 22, 175 hypernovae 241, 279 Johnson, H.L. 48 Herschel, William 22, 144, 260 Johnson UBV photometry 49 General Catalogue 20 I Johnson–Cousins UBVRI system 50 Hertzsprung, Ejnar 68, 108 Johnson–Cousins–Glass system 50 Hertzsprung gap 112, 253, 271 IC 2602 cluster 167, 168 Jupiter 225 Hertzsprung progression 192 IC 3568 263 Hevel, Johann 11 IC number 20 K Hewish, Anthony 282 Index Catalogues (IC) 22 hierarchical multiples 143, 161 Indus 5 Kappa Crucis 2, 143, 167, 168 high-mass X-ray binaries 285 Information Bulletin on Variable Stars 189 Kappa mechanism 193 Hind’s Crimson Star 54 infrared 50 Keenan, P.C. 110 HIP number 20 Infrared Astronomical Satellite 226 Kellman, E. 110 Hipparchus 45 initial mass function 222 Kelvin, Lord 238

Index 319

Kelvin–Helmholtz contraction 238 Lynx 6 main sequence 244–6 Kepler, Johannes 13, 145, 275 Lyra 6, 10 ages 250 Kepler’s laws 77, 145 divisions 249 Kepler’s star 275, 276 domains 249–50 M Kinetic temperature 124 evolution 251–3 Kirchhoff, Joseph 99 M1 see Crab Nebula fitting 70–1 Kirchhoff’s laws 127–30 M3 176, 177 masers 200 Kirchoff, Gustav 127 M4 176, 177 mass loss 249, 258 Kron, G.E. 50 M5 176, 177 mass, determination 133–4 Kuiper Belt 215 M6 168 mass–luminosity relation 153, 244, M7 168 244 M11 168 Maury, Antonia 68, 108 L M13 46, 176, 177 Maxwell, James Clerk 124 L stars 3–8, 105 M15 176, 177, 182 Maxwellian velocity distribution 124 Lacaille 17 M22 165, 176, 177 Mechain,´ Pierre 22 Lacerta 5 M30 177 Melotte, P. J. 167 Lagrangian point 159 M31 see Andromeda Galaxy Mensa 6 inner 155 M32 80 meridians 25 Lambda Boo stars 139 M35 168 celestial 27 Large Magellanic Cloud 72, 73, 74, M41 168 prime 25 76, 276 M44 see Beehive cluster, Praesepe Merope 14 lasers 200 cluster Messier, Charles 22 latitude 25, 25 M57 see Ring Nebula in Lyra Messier catalogue 22, 167, 293–6 effects 30 M67 168, 170, 171 metallicity 114 celestial 33 M71 180 meteorites 215 ecliptic 33 M72 180 Michelson, A.A. 132 finding 29 M80 176, 177 microquasars 287 LBV stars 188, 279 M92 177 Microscopium 6 Leavitt, Henrietta 71, 192 M100 73 Milky Way 2, 2, 3, 44, 81–3 see also Leo 5 M109 81 Galaxy Leo Minor 5 Machina Electrica (the electric Mimosa 14 Lepus 6, 9 machine) 12 Mira 186, 198, 199 Libra 6 Magellanic Clouds 262 Mira variables 73, 188, 198–201, 250 light 121 see also Large Magellanic Cloud, as distance indicators 199 line broadening 129 Small Magellanic Cloud diameters 199 local standard of rest 88 magnetars 284 Mizar 9, 9, 14, 144, 145, 161 local thermodynamic equilibrium magnetic braking 220, 246, 253, 256 MK process 110 137 magnetic fields, white dwarfs 159 MKK standards 110–13 see also log L–log T plane 113 neutron stars 283, 284 luminosity classes longitude 25 magnetic patches 135 molecular clouds 209, 220 celestial 33 magnetism 140 molecules 125 ecliptic 33 magnitude equation 52 Monoceros 6 long-period variables 187, 198 see also magnitude systems 51 Moon 226 Mira variables 33 magnitudes 45 formation 224 low-mass X-ray binaries 285 absolute 52 Morgan, W.W. 48, 110 luminosity 131 apparent 45–51 morphological age index 171 classes 111 apparent photographic 46–7 Mu Cephei 272 effect 111 apparent visual 45–6 Mu Velorum 205 equation 238 bolometric 53 multiple star systems 161–2 luminous blue variables 187, 203, double stars 146 hierarchical multiples 143 272 measurement 48 runaway stars 162 Lupus 6 photoelectric 47–50 trapezium systems 143, 161–2 Lutz–Kelker effect 74 UBV 48 muons 241 Lyman limit 130, 212, 261 visual 45 Musca 6 Lyman series 127 Maia variables 196 Musca Australis 11

320 Index

N light curve 158 P neon 157 N44 290 P Cygni 203 recurrent 157–8 nadir 26 P Cygni lines 140, 140 slow 157 NCP 37 P-Cygni-type absorption 157 spectra 157 nebulae 22, 58 Palomar Sky Survey 19, 21, 51 nuclear reactions 244–5 see also dark 209 parallax 62–4 thermonuclear fusion diffuse 212 absolute 64 nucleosynthesis, explosive 279 planetary 260 expansion 76 Nu Draconis 145 reflection 211 from ground-based observations 63 nutation 40 neon burning 3, 99 motion 65 neutrinos 237, 239, 240, 276 moving cluster method 66 O neutron capture 258 photographically derived 64 neutron stars 159, 278–9, O VI stars 197 relative 64 282–4 OB associations 166, 173–5, 175, 222 reversed moving cluster in binary systems 284–5 occultations 8, 132 method 66–7 New General Catalogue (NGC) 20, 22 Octans 6, 11 secular 67 New General Catalogue of Double Stars Officina Typographica (the printing spectroscopic 69–70 144 office) 12 statistical 67–8 Newton, Isaac 99 OH 231.8+4.2 250 parallels of latitude 25 Newton’s laws 145–6, 147 OH/IR stars 200 parsec 52, 62, 64 NGC 188 168 Omega Centauri 10, 176, 177, 178 Paschen limit 130 NGC 205 80 Oort Comet Cloud 215, 224 path lengths 48 NGC 1999 211 Oosterhoff, P.T. 195 Pauli exclusion principle 254 NGC 2440 260 Oosterhoff clusters 195 Pavo 6, 11 NGC 2808 179 opacity 48 Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia 136 NGC 3242 260 open clusters 165, 167–72, 311 Pegasus 6, 9, 10 NGC 3582 260 ages 171 period–luminosity Cepheid NGC 4038 95 Arches 170 relationship 71–4, 192–3 NGC 4039 95 Bayer designations 167 Perseus 6 NGC 4565 57 classification 168–9 association 173 NGC 6397 177 core radius 169 group 9 NGC 6752 168 disintegration 171, 171 Double Cluster 167 NGC 6791 177 distances 168 PG1159 stars 187, 188, 197, 264 NGC 6853 260 evolution 171–2 Phoenix 6, 11 NGC 7009 260, 262 major examples 168 photoelectric light curves 47 NGC 7293 260 Messier catalogue 167 photographic magnitudes 47 NGC 7662 260 nomenclature photographic plates 46 NGC number 20 Quintuplet 170 photography, first photograph 46, 73 Norma 6 stability 165 photomultiplier tube 47 north polar sequence 47 tidal radius 169–75 photon absorption 127 Nova Aquilae 1918 157 Trumpler classification 169 Pickering, E.C. 103 Nova Cygni 1975 156, 157, Ophiuchus 3, 6, 10 Pictor 6 159 optical depth 131, 133 Piggott, Edward 191 Nova Cygni 1982 157 optical doubles 143 Pisces 6 Nova Cygni 1992 157 Orion 6, 8–9, 16, 45, 47 Piscis Austrinus 6, 10 Nova Herculis 1934 157, 159 belt 9 Planck, Max 123 Nova Persei 1901 157 OB association 173, 174 Planck curve 123 Nova Pictoris 1925 157 sword 9 planetary nebulae 116, 260–5 Nova Puppis 1942 157 Orion K–L 222 bipolar 262 novae 13, 74–5, 76, 156–8 Orion Nebula 9, 162, 212, 213 see also central stars 263–5 20th century 157 Trapezium emission spectra 260–2 classical 157 oscillations 242–3 evolution 264 dwarf 158 Owl Nebula 260 excitation 261 fast 157 oxygen burning 273 formation 263

Index 321

nebular conditions 262 protostars 220 Reticulum 6 protoplanetary 263 Proxima Centauri 148, 205 Rho Cas 203 spectra 260 parallax 62 Rigel 9, 14 structure 262–3 Ps-1 176 right ascension 32 planetary systems 285 Ptolemaic nomenclature 13–17 Rigil Kentaurus 14 formation 224–8 Ptolemy 3, 11, 15 Ring Nebula in Lyra 248, 260 planetesimals 224 Syntaxis 3 ring nebulae 272 planets, extrasolar 226–7, 228 pulsar wind nebula 288 roAp stars 188, 196 radial velocity variations 226 pulsars 282–4 see also neutron stars Robur Carolinium 12 Pleiades 2, 2, 8, 22, 67, 165, 167, 168 Crab Nebula 135, 290 Roche limit 155 classiﬁcation 169 millisecond 285 Roche lobes 155, 155, 156, 159 hot stars 212 rotating 283 rotation curves 89, 90–3 HR diagram 70 pulsations 193 rotation velocities 246, 256 parallax 66 Puppis 6, 10 r-process see rapid neutron capture Pleione 14 PV Telescopii supergiants 188, 203 RR Lyrae 194 plerions 288 Pyxis 6 RR Lyrae gap 178 Plough 9 see also Ursa Major RR Lyrae stars 74, 188, 194–5 Pogson, Norman 45 Q RS Ophiuchi 158 Polaris 9, 13, 14, 144, 193 runaway stars 162 Quintuplet 170 Cepheid 191, 193 Russell, Henry Norris 108, 248 comparison star 46 Russell–Vogt Theorem 248 R precession 37 RV Tauri stars 187, 188, 194 Polaris Australis 28 R Aquarii 198 polars 159 R associations 166 S pole stars 37 R Carinae 198 poles 25 R Coronae Borealis 204 S Andromedae 276 ecliptic 32 R Coronae Borealis stars 138, 188, S Carinae 198 Galactic 32 203, 265 S stars 115 north celestial 9 R Horologii 198 Sagitta 6, 10 Pollux 8, 8, 14 R Hydrae 198 Sagittarius 7, 9 Population I stars 82, 82 R Leonis 198 Sagittarius A 36 Population II stars 82, 82 R Leporis 198 Saha, M. 136 ancient 138 R Monocerotis 218, 219 Saiph 14 variables 73–4 radial pulsators 192 SAO number 20 Population III stars 95 radial velocity 84, 86, 88 Saturn Nebula 260 formation 223 radio positions 42 Scorpius 7 Porrima 14 radioactive dating 216 associations 51, 173, 174 positional astronomy, traditional 41–2 rainbow 99 SCP 37 positrons 239 rapid neutron capture (r-process) 258 Sculptor 7 Praesepe cluster 8, 167, 168 see also site 279 Scutum 7, 11 Beehive cluster rapidly oscillating Ap stars 196 Search for Extraterrestrial precession 3, 19, 37–9 Rasalgethi 14 Intelligence 226 polar motion 38 Rasalhague 14 Secchi, Angelo 102 pre-main-sequence stars 221 Rayet, Georges 115 second ascent stars 257–8 see AGB Procyon 9, 13, 14, 63 recombination lines 212, 260 stars proper motion 31, 63, 84, 85 recombination theory 261 second parameter 181 clusters 66 red giants 253–5 secondary circles 25 common 143 evolution 255 selective extinction 57 components 68, 85 red supergiants 271 semi-detached binaries 143, 155 extrasolar planets 226 reddening function 57 semi-regular (SR) variables 188, 201 globular clusters 179 reﬂection nebulae 211, 211 Serpens 7 Proper names 14, 20 refraction, atmospheric 41 Sextans 7 propylids 217, 218 regression of nodes 2, 10 SGC 1900+14 284, 284 proton–proton chain 239, 240 Regulus 8, 13, 14 Shapley, Harlow 179 protoplanetary nebulae 262–3 relativity 286 shell stars 203

322 Index

shock waves 214 birthline 221 density 231 sidereal day 32 collapse 220 flares 236 sidereal time 32 collections 222–3 flash spectrum 234 Sigma Orionis 195 high-mass 221, 222 granulation 231, 233 sigma point 27 Population III 223 hydrostatic equilibrium 237 silicon burning 274 stars interior 237–41 Sirius 9, 13, 14, 138 activity 245 limb darkening 231 Sloan Digital Sky Survey 51 angular diameters 8 luminosity 231 Sloan magnitude system 51 brightest 88, 297–9 magnetic cycle 236 Slow neutron capture (s-process) 258, chemically peculiar 138–9 mass 231 259 dimming 56 mass equilibrium 238 slowly pulsating B stars 187, 196 evolution 248–50 Maunder minimum 236 Small Magellanic Cloud 73 flares 205 model 237, 238, 238 Smith, J.L. 50 gravity 134 motion 68, 87, 87, 89 Smithsonian Astrophysical highly evolved 138 Apex 87, 90 Observatory 20 magnetic activity 245 basic 88 SN1987A 276 mass 244 orbit 89–90 snowline 224 model 238 oscillations 237, 243 sodium D lines 100 molecular spectra 107 photosphere 231–2 soft gamma ray repeaters 284, motion 84, 87 radius 231 284 nearest 300–2 rotation period 233 solar day 32 number visible 49, 50 solar constant 231 solar nebula 215 numbers 112 solar wind 236 Solar System 215–16 radii 133 spectrum 99–101 formation 224 rotation 134–5, 245 sunspots 232–4 solar time 32 rotation break 246 cycle 234, 234 Solstice, Summer 32, 38 spectra 108 magnetization 233 Solstice, Winter 32, 38 temperature 105, 106 penumbra 233 solstices 31, 32 wind 221 umbra 232 solstitial colure 35 starspots 135, 159–60, 205 temperature gradient 231, 238 south celestial pole 26 statistical parallaxes 67–8, 179 transition layer 236 Southern Cross see Crux globular clusters 179 X-ray corona 235 Southern Double Star Catalogue 144 Stebbins, Joel 47 superbubbles 288, 290 space velocity 86, 86 Stefan–Boltzmann Law 123 supergiants 110–14, 271, 273 speckle interferometry 148 Stromgren¨ four-color photometry 55 nuclear burning 274 spectral class 106 Stromgren¨ magnitude system 51 supergranulation 232 spectral sequence 19, 102, 104, 105, Stromgren¨ ubvy system 50 Supernova of 1006 276 137 strong force 125 Supernova 1987A 276, 277 spectrogram 103 Struve, F.G.W. 144 supernova remnants 76, 282, 287–8, spectroheliogram 234, 235–6 Struve, Otto 144 289 spectroscopic binaries 143, 149–51 SU Majoris stars 158 supernovae 74–5, 143, 275–81 double-lined 143 subdwarf O stars 265 1987A 276, 277 ideal systems 149 subdwarfs 114 brightest 276 real systems 149–51 subgiants 253 core-collapse 278 spherical triangle 34 substellar masses 249 famous 276 Spica 8, 14 Südliche Bonner Durchmusterung 18 gamma ray bursts 279 spiral arms 91 Summer Solstice 32, 38 light curves 278 spiral galaxy M109 81 Sun 229, 231–6 spectra 277 s-process see slow neutron blackbody temperature 231 Type I 277–8 capture chemical composition 101, 137, Type Ia 280–1 SR variables 188, 201 303–9 Type Ib 277 SS Cygni 158, 158 chromosphere 234–5 Type Ic 277 star formation 217, 220–2 composition 137 Type II 278 see also core-collapse ambipolar diffusion 220 corona 101, 235, 235 types 277 binary stars 222–3 coronal mass ejection 236, 236 superoutbursts 158

Index 323

superwinds 258 TYC number 20 long-period variables 198 see also SX Phoenicis stars 188, 196 Tycho Catalogue 20, 21 Mira variables symbiotic stars 159 Tycho mission 65 luminous blue variables 203, 272 yellow symbiotics 159 Tycho supernova remnant 288 Maia variables 196 synchronous rotation 267 Tycho’s star 275, 275, 276 mechanisms 193, 199 synchrotron radiation 125, 287 Tycho-2 Catalogue 21 Mira variables 73, 188, 198–201, synergy 222, 291 250 Syntaxis 3, 11 U as distance indicators 199 diameters 199 U Gem stars 158 nomenclature 190 T U Orionis 198 O VI stars 197 U Scorpii 158 T associations 166, 222 PG1159 stars 188, 197, 264 United States Naval Observatory Double Star T Coronae Borealis 158 PV Telescopii supergiants 188, 203 Catalogue 144 T stars 104, 105 see also brown dwarfs R Coronae Borealis stars 138, 188, Uranographia 11, 12, 17 T Tauri stars 216, 221 203, 265 Uranometria 15 spectra 216 RR Lyrae stars 194–5 Ursa Major 7, 9, 9, 15, 84 T Vulpeculae 191 Bailey-type 194 cluster 168, 169 tangential velocity 84–5 rapidly oscillating A stars 196 Ursa Minor 7, 9 p tau particles 241 semi-regular (SR) 188, 201 UU Her stars 188 Taurus 7, 16, 67, 310 shells 200–1 Telescopium 7 slowly pulsating B stars 196 V Telescopium Herschelli 12 SX Phoenicis stars 188, 196 telluric lines 100 V838 Monocerotis 199, 204 winds 200 temperature 132–3 variable stars yellow hypergiants 203 color 132 53 Persei stars 196 z-bump 196 effective 132, 133 absorption lines 198 ZZ Ceti stars 188, 197 excitation 133 AI Velorum stars 188, 196 Vega 3, 10, 14, 124 ionization 133 Alpha Cygni variables 188, 196 Vela 7, 10 kinetic 124 Be stars 203–4, 272 Vela supernova remnant 289 temperature–color 54 Beta Cephei stars 188, 196, 255 Vernal Equinox 32, 38 thermal pulses 257 cataclysmic variables 143, 156–8 vertical circle 28 thermally pulsing AGB 257 Cepheid variables 191–5 very long baseline interferometry 42, thermonuclear fusion 238–40 see also BL Herculis stars 188, 194 65 proton–proton chain, carbon classical 188, 191–3 Vindemiatrix 14 cycle Hertzsprung progression 192 Virgo 7 advanced 273 instability strip 192 visual binaries 143, 144, 147, 144–8 Theta Orionis see Trapezium luminosity 192 Vogt, Heinrich 248 Thuan, T.X. 51 masses 192 Volans 7, 11 Thuban 14 periodicity 192 von Bunsen, Robert 99 tidal forces 40 period–luminosity von Fraunhofer, Joseph 99 double stars 155 relationship 71–4, 192–3 von Helmholtz, Hermann 238 tidal bulge 155 Population II cepheids 193–4 von Zeipel effect 135, 137, 154 total extinction 57 RV Tauri stars 194 Vulpecula 7 transits, to detect extrasolar s-Cepheids 192 VW Cephei 160 planets 226, 228 used for distance transmission curves 51 measurements 71, 74 W Trapezium 145, 162, 212, 217, 222 W Virginis stars 194 trapezium systems 143, 161–2 DAV stars 197 W UMa stars 160 Triangulum 7, 10 DBV stars 188, 197 W Virginis 194 Triangulum Australe 7 Delta Scuti stars 196, 255 W Virginis stars 73, 188, 194 triple alpha process 254 DOV stars 197 Walraven photometry 51 Trumpler, R.J. 56, 167 emission lines 199 WC stars 272 Trumpler classiﬁcation of open Gamma Doradus stars 188, 196 weak force 125 clusters 169 GW Virginis 197, 264 white dwarf sequence, globular Tucana 7 irregular variables 201 clusters 179

324 Index

white dwarfs 110, 116–17, X Zanstra, Hermann 261 266 Zanstra mechanism 261 X-ray binaries 159, 285 classiﬁcation 116 Zanstra temperature 264 high-mass 285 evolution 256 z-bump 196 in globular clusters 183 magnetic ﬁelds 159 Zeeman effect 129, 233 low-mass 285 novae 156, 158 zenith 26, 26 X-ray bursters 285 variables 188 zenith distance 28 X-ray pulsars 284 Wien, Wilhelm 123 zero point 35 Wien law 123 zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) Y Wilson, O.C. 75 221 Wilson–Bappu effect 74, 75 Yale Bright Star Catalogue 13, 20 Zeta Aquilae 134 winds 140, 200, 263 Yale Parallax Catalogue 65 Zeta Cancri 145 Winter Solstice 32, 38 yellow hypergiants 203 Zeta Geminorum 191 Winter Triangle 9 yellow supergiants 271 Zeta Ursae Majoris see Mizar Wolf, Charles 115 young stellar objects 216, 217 Zodiac 3–8, 38 Wolf–Rayet stars 115–16, 138, zodiacal light 224 272 Zubenelgenubi 14 Z evolution 280 Zubeneschamali 14 types 264 Z Andromedae 159 Zwicky, Fritz 278 Wollaston, William 99 Z Camelopardalis stars 158 ZZ Ceti stars 188, 197