Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army on Civil

~ANNUAL REPORT

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENED JUNE

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UAORPS OF ENGINEERS 1957 a 195 v.1 -

VOL. 1 OF TWO VOLUMES 85th Congress, 2d Session - - - -- House Document No. 254- ANNUAL REPORT, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1957

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS U. S. ARMY

ON CIVIL WORKS ACTIVITIES 1957

IN TWO VOLUMES Vol. 1

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price 30 cents

CONTENTS

Volume 1 Page Letter of Submittal------V CHAPTER I. A PROGRAM FOR WATER RESOURCES DEVEL- OPMENT_ 1------1. Scope of the Program___ ------1 2. Status of Program_------2 3. Organization------3 II. PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS PROGRESS------4 1. Navigation__------4 2. Shore Protection------10 3. General Flood Control_ ___------11 4. Multiple-Purpose (Power) Projects ------14 5. Hydroelectric Power Production------15 6. Mississippi River Flood Control ------20 7. General Operations__------26 III. BENEFITS OF THE PROGRAM______------28 1. Navigation------28 2. Flood Control_ ------_------30 3. Other Benefits______------32 4. Public Recreation Use of Project Areas ------35 5. Fish and Wildlife------36 IV. CURRENT PROJECT PLANNING AND DEVELOP- MENT ------37 1. Program Policy Matters------37 2. Omnibus River and Harbor and Flood Control Bill .-.. 39 3. Examinations and Surveys------39 4. Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors---43 5. Beach Erosion Board_------44 6. Advance Engineering and Design ------44 7. Collection and Study of Basic Data ------45 V. FUNDING TRENDS------47 1. Funds Available for Work ..------47 2. Annual Appropriations- -_------49 3. Expenditures (Costs) ------49 VI. OTHER CIVIL WORKS ACTIVITIES ------55 1. St. Lawrence Seaway_------55 2. St. Lawrence River Joint Board of Engineers------. 55 3. Flood Fighting and Other Emergency Operations - -. 56 4. Administration of Laws for Protection of Navigable Waters ------58 5. Regulation of Hydraulic Mining, California ------60 6. United States Lake Survey------61 7. Washington, D. C., Water Supply-_------61 8. Work for Other Agencies------.-- 62 9. Foreign Technical Assistance------_ 62 10. Publications of the Corps of Engineers ------63

mI IV CONTENTS

Page CHAPTER VII. ECONOMY MEASURES------65 1. Organization, Facilities and Procedures------65 2. Civil Works Investigation Program------67 VIII. WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES------70

Volume 2

Reports on individual project operations and related civil works activities published as a separate volume, SUBJECT: Annual Report on Civil Works Activities, Fiscal Year 1957. TO: THE SECRETARY OF THE ARMY. 1. I present herewith my report for fiscal year 1957 on the civil functions of the Department of the Army administered by the Chief of Engineers. 2. These activities include the planning, funding, construction, operation, and maintenance of works for navigation and flood control, including the multiple-purpose water resource developments associated therewith, as authorized by law. The first of the two volumes gives a brief description and summary, along with a record of accomplishments during the year. The second volume sets forth the detailed engineering, fiscal, and statistical data on the authorized program. 3. Waterborne commerce of the United States expanded substantially during calendar year 1956, with freight tons and ton-miles registering record totals. The total commerce amounted to 1.09 billion tons, representing an increase of 8 percent over 1955, the previous record year. The 111 billion ton-miles handled on the Great Lakes in 1956 was somewhat less than that handled in 1955; but traffic on the remainder of the inland waterway system reached a record high of 109 billion ton-miles, an increase of 12 percent over the preceding year. Construction activities were carried out on 155 navigation improvements, of which 59 were placed in useful operation. Maintenance operations, such as dredging, repairs, and restoration of structures, were conducted at 330 navigation projects at a cost of $77 million. These maintenance activities were confined principally to deep-draft harbors and major inland waterways, and in a few lesser channels where hardships would result from nonmaintenance. Among the major navigation improvements under construction are the St. Lawrence Seaway project, being constructed for the St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corp.; Great Lakes connecting channels; improvement of the Calumet-Sag portion of the Illinois Waterway; the deepening of the Delaware River; lock and dam construction on the Ohio River to replace existing obsolete facilities; and the Port Allen Lock and Canal connecting the Mississippi River and the Gulf Intracoastal systems in Louisiana. Also, construction has started on initial units of the Arkansas River navigation plan. 4. The authorized flood-control program was carried forward at an accelerated rate over that of the previous year. Construction was V VI REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957 carried out on 109 specifically authorized projects, including initiation of construction on 31 projects, and 16 projects were completed for beneficial use. Work accomplished on the alluvial valley of the Mississippi River project included construction or enlargement of 53 miles of levee, placement of 30 miles of bank protection, and dredging of 34 million cubic yards of material from the channel. 5. Large-scale benefits have accrued to the Nation as a result of the Federal flood-control program. Flood damage prevented by Corps of Engineers' projects in useful operation is estimated to total $8.7 billion through June 30, 1957. During the fiscal year, it is estimated that these flood-control projects prevented flood losses amounting to about $425 million. Flooding was most severe and widespread in southwestern United States; however, significant damages were also experienced in the Ohio Basin in Kentucky and Indiana, in the Meramec Basin in Missouri, in the Kaskaskia Basin in Illinois, and in the lower Missouri Basin in Nebraska and Kansas. 6. A prolonged drought in the Southwest was broken in April-June 1957 by the most severe general flooding ever sustained in that region. In 10 basins-the Arkansas, Brazos, Colorado (in Texas), Guadalupe- San Antonio, Neches, Nueces, Red, Sabine, Trinity, and White River Basins-preliminary estimates showed that $125 million in flood damage was experienced, and some $140 million in damage was prevented by existing flood-control works in 6 of these basins where flood-control works have been constructed. Moreover, 5 million acre-feet of water of great value was captured for later beneficial use. Additional flood damage of some $55 million would have been prevented if authorized work in the 10 basins had been constructed. 7. Large multiple-purpose reservoir projects are under construction for navigation, flood control, and development of hydroelectric power. Construction was carried out on 25 multiple-purpose projects. At 22 of the projects some or all primary project features were in useful operation at the end of the fiscal year. Two were completed for full beneficial use. They were the Folsom project in California, turned over to the Bureau of Reclamation for operation, and the McNary project in Oregon. The latter has an installed hydroelectric generating capacity of almost 1 million kilowatts. Maintenance activities were conducted on 30 other projects already in operation. Addi- tional hydroelectric generating capacity installed during the fiscal year amounted to 799,000 kilowatts, giving a total installed capacity at the end of the fiscal year of 4,824,400 kilowatts. The 22.6 billion kilowatt-hours of energy generated at these projects during the fiscal year represents an increase of almost 25 percent over the preceding year. This energy is about 18 percent of all the hydroelectric power produced and 4 percent of the total power produced by all sources of LETTER OF SUBMITTAL VII the Nation's utility systems. The net power revenue credited to Corps of Engineers' projects during the year amounted to about $63 million, making a cumulative total of $300 million to date. 8. Besides serving their primary functions, reservoir projects produce many collateral benefits. Of particular significance are the water supply benefits being realized. The Corps is now providing over 1 million acre-feet of storage space for domestic and industrial water supply in 16 reservoirs serving approximately 38 towns and cities. In addition, about 4 million acre-feet of storage space is being utilized, either exclusively for irrigation, or jointly for irrigation and other purposes. Continued extreme drought conditions in the South- west and in the Missouri River Basin necessitated emergency water releases. Those from Missouri River reservoirs improved low flow, navigation, municipal water supply, and pollution abatement conditions, extending to the lower reaches of the Mississippi River. Other reservoirs operated for the alleviation of critical water shortages included Canton in Oklahoma; Belton, Benbrook, Lavon, and Lewisville, in Texas; Blue Mountain in Arkansas; Clearwater and Wappapello in Missouri; Philpott in Virginia; and John H. Kerr in North Carolina. Other reservoirs also provided low-flow regulation which benefited water supplies, pollution abatement, recreation, and fish and wildlife along the streams. 9. Civil works reservoir and navigation projects provide excellent opportunities for public recreation throughout the United States and make available approximately 3 million acres of water surface area at normal pool levels. The majority of the recreational facilities and services available to the public are provided at non-Federal expense. Total attendance at Corps of Engineers' projects rose from 26 million in 1952 to 70 million during 1956. 10. The active civil works program, consisting of 3,195 project authorizations, has a total estimated cost of over $16 billion. Appro- priations through fiscal year 1957 for that work total over $7 billion, leaving about $9 billion required to complete the program. At the present rate of appropriations, $638 million for fiscal year 1957, it may be expected that this backlog will continue to grow as new projects are authorized by Congress. 11. The investigation program of the Corps of Engineers, which provides the basis for sound development of the Nation's water resources, was continued to the extent consistent with the funds made available by Congress for that purpose. During the year, 96 reports were transmitted to Congress. Major studies under way include comprehensive reviews of the Columbia, Delaware, Mississippi, Ohio, and Potomac Basins, and of Great Lakes harbors; surveys of the Great Lakes water levels and the San Francisco Bay area; and studies VIII REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957 of hurricanes and hurricane-induced flooding. Improvements in procedures and techniques permitted economical production of detailed investigations and reports. Further economies are anticipated from the use of a new manual of procedures placed in use during the year. 12. Major activities on basic policies and agreements are discussed below: (a) Extensive discussions were continued among the Department of the Interior, Federal Power Commission, General Accounting Office, and Corps of Engineers in the development of uniform financial and cost accounting policies and practices. Substantial progress has been made, and firm cost allocations have been adopted on thirteen projects, or about one-half of those now in operation. (b) Prolonged drought caused a serious low-water condition on the Mississippi River, with inability to maintain a depth of 9 feet at Alton, Ill. Increased diversions from Lake Michigan were authorized by the United States Supreme Court. Increased releases were also made from Missouri River reservoirs to meet minimum flow requirements in the Kansas City area. (c) In connection with its continuing studies of the problems involved at intersections of highway and water traffic, the Corps of Engineers is reviewing navigation clearance requirements at bridges with a view to resolving problems involving both land and water transportation. The present standard bridge clearances are being reviewed and extended to cover all waterways. During fiscal year 1957 a review of the standard bridge clearances was initiated for the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway and the Missouri River. (d) The use of electronic computers for solution of technical problems was increased when such use indicated a saving in manpower or expenditures. With increasing experience in programing, programs and subroutines were shared throughout the Corps, resulting in a considerable saving in program development. (e) The Corps of Engineers continued its efforts to improve coordination between its river basin plans and the engineering plans being developed by the Department of Agriculture under its expanded authority under Public Law 566 (83d Cong.), as amended, for flood control, land reclamation by irrigation and drainage, water supply, and other water development purposes. Among other things, it has invited the Department of Agriculture to participate in the development of comprehensive plans for the Delaware, Potomac, and Cape Fear River Basins, and has cooperated with the Department of Agriculture and local organizations in the development of Public Law 566 plans for individual watersheds. Differences in cost-sharing policies in comparable programs of the Corps of Engineers and those under Public Law 566 were called to the attention of the Secretary of LETTER OF SUBMITTAL IX

Agriculture and are being considered in the Executive Office of the President. 13. I feel that for the civil works program as a whole the fiscal year 1957 was one of substantial accomplishment. I am confident that the widespread public attention being given to the urgent need for the development of our water resources and the control of floods will lead to sound and coordinated progress in our civil works program in future years. E. C. ITSCHNER, Major General, USA, Chief of Engineers. CHAPTER 1

A PROGRAM FOR WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

1. SCOPE OF THE PROGRAM The civil works program of the Corps of Engineers constitutes a major portion of the Federal plan for developing the Nation's water resources. From a modest beginning over a century ago, the scope of the work has been enlarged to meet the continually growing demands of an expanding population for water uses. Beginning with a $75,000 appropriation in 1824 for snagging and clearing the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, the program has grown during the ensuing 134 years until today it constitutes a multimillion dollar activity, with over 3,000 projects in the 48 States, the District of Columbia, and the Territories and possessions. The work em- braces projects for the improvement of the Nation's rivers and harbors for navigation, flood control, hydropower, and related purposes. Navigation improvements at coastal and Great Lakes harbors generally involve the dredging of channels and anchorages, and frequently the protection of entrances by jetties and the creation of protected areas by breakwaters. Rivers are improved for navigation by clearing and snagging, dredging, construction of regulating works, and canalization by locks and dams. Flood control is accomplished by improving the channels of streams to increase carrying capacity, by creation of diversion channels, by construction of reservoirs for storage or detention of flood flows, and by levee and flood-wall construction for protection of areas subject to damage. Projects for beach- erosion control entail principally restoration of damaged areas by artificial placement of sandfill and construction of seawalls, groins, and similar structures to prevent further damage and induce beach replenishment. The civil works program which involves development of our major rivers has naturally afforded large possibilities for conservation and use of our water resources. Reservoirs constructed under this program often provide for the development of hydroelectric power, for storage of water for industrial, municipal, and agricultural use, and for improvement of low-water flows. In many cases the projects also provide large public recreational values and opportunities for preservation of fish and wildlife resources. These collateral functions have become increasingly important in serving the needs of an expanding economy. Throughout the development of this extensive program, 2 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

the Congress has always specified the areas to be investigated; prescribed the policies to be followed; and defined the limits of Federal participation. Congress authorizes projects individually and assigns responsibility for their construction and administration to the Secretary of the Army and the Chief of Engineers.

2. STATUS OF PROGRAM Federal activity in providing navigation improvements dates back to the first River and Harbor Act, passed in 1824. The major growth of the civil works program has occurred since 1928, when Congress adopted the project for flood control and navigation in the alluvial valley of the Mississippi and, particularly, since 1936 when Federal participation in flood control on a nationwide basis was first authorized by Congress. As a result of successive congressional authorizations, the program has grown in magnitude until as of June 30, 1956, it included improvements completed, under construction, and not started, with a total estimated cost of $19.1 billion. This total program includes certain projects which, because of changes in economic and physical conditions since authorization, are no longer required, have been classified as inactive, as well as other projects which require further study for determination of their status. Projects in these two categories have a total estimated cost of about $2.5 billion, leaving an active program with a total estimated cost of $16.6 billion. This program is being subjected to continuing review and will be adjusted from year to year as warranted by changed conditions. The status of the active program as of June 30, 1957, was as follows:

Active Civil Works Program

Millions of dollars Number of projects Status or project Appropria- authoriza- Estimated tions Required tions cost, 1956 through to fiscal year complete 1957

Completed or substantially completed...... ------. 2, 322 3,441 3,412 29 under construction-...... ____ .... 403 7,866 3,875 3,991 Authorized, not started...... ------470 5,300 24 5, 276

Total .....------....-.-- 3,195 16,607 7,311 9,296

The backlog of active authorized work consists of those projects for which there is a current need and justification, such as the flood- control work needed to protect areas where there is danger to life or possibility of heavy economic loss; navigation improvements required A PROGRAM FOR WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

by a rapidly expanding economy; and hydroelectric power and water supply developments in conjunction with flood control and navigation. Other authorized projects currently assigned a lower priority require restudy because of changed physical and economic conditions since authorization, or because of an indicated lack of local interest. Most of the projects in both categories will require further detailed planning before they can be placed under construction.

3. ORGANIZATION The civil works mission of the Corps of Engineers is accomplished through a highly decentralized organization consistent with the wide geographic spread of authorized activities. This organization is comprised of 10 divisions which are subdivided into 38 districts completely covering the continental United States, Territories, and oversea possessions. Boundaries between divisions and districts are selected so as to place, to the extent practicable, a river basin or appropriate coastal area within a single division and district, although in major basins this delineation is not always feasible. The divisions and districts are administered by officers of the Corps of Engineers directing the work of about 27,000 civilians, exclusive of contractors' personnel, engaged in the planning, supervision of construction, and operation of civil works. These field offices, together with certain additional division and district offices, also handle the military construction programs of the Army and the major portion of the Air Force program. CHAPTER II

PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS PROGRESS The civil works program of the Corps of Engineers, comprising navigation, flood-control and multiple-purpose projects, and various related activities, was diligently prosecuted during the fiscal year. Notable progress was made in carrying out project construction and placing additional works in useful operation. Construction was initiated on 91 new projects and on new features at 7 Mississippi River flood-control projects. Also, construction operations were carried out on 146 additional projects. Eighty-one projects including features at 4 Mississippi River flood-control projects and at 2 multiple-purpose projects were placed in effective operation. A summary of project construction and operations by classes follows:

1. NAVIGATION The present program for rivers and harbors, as specifically authorized by the Congress, includes projects located throughout the continental United States, Puerto Rico, Alaska, and the Hawaiian Islands. These projects are of various types; deep-draft harbors accommodating oceangoing vessels, shallow-draft channels for general small-boat navigation, inland waterways for commercial barge navigation, and the Great Lakes Harbors and connecting waterways. Construction. During the fiscal year 1957, active construction operations were carried out on 155 navigation projects, of which 59 were placed in useful operation as shown in table 1. Fifty-four of the projects under active construction were fully completed during the year. In the fiscal year 1957, work was initiated on 54 navigation projects listed in table 2. The 47 navigation projects having major construction activity underway at the close of the fiscal year, exclusive of the 54 new starts listed in table 2, are shown in table 3. Maintenance. Maintenance and operation activities were conducted on 330 navigation projects during the fiscal year at a cost of $76,451,638. In allocating the funds being provided for project maintenance, every effort consistent with budgetary requirements is made to maintain navigation projects adequately to serve the reasonable requirements of commerce and navigation. Accomplishment of this work was principally confined to deep-draft harbors and major inland waterways, and for those relatively few channels serving areas where hardship to the locality would result from nonmaintenance. 4 PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS PROGRESS

Table 1. Navigation Improvements Placed in Useful Operation During Fiscal Year 1957

Project Date started Date placed in Nature of improvement useful operation

Guilford Harbor, Conn . .------February 1957..... April 1957 ...... - Dredging. Mystic River, Conn_ .--- ...... January 1957_..... May 1957...... Do. Stonington Harbor, Conn ....----- September 1956...... do...... ---Do. Westcott Cove, Conn ...... --... November 1956.... January 1957-..... Do. Hendricks Harbor, Maine ....------June 19.56-...... July 1956--.....---- Do. Isle au Haute Thoroughfare, Maine. August 1956_...... August 1956- ..... Do. Scarboro River, Maine . .--.---September 1956.... October 1956_..... Do. Wood Island, Maine___------October 1956 ....-- November 1956- .. Do. Portsmouth Harbor and Piscataqua June 1956-... _--. December 1956 ..-- Do. River, Maine and N. H. Falmouth Harbor, Mass ...... April 1957 ------. May 1957 .-... . Do. Shoal Harbor and Compton Creek, August 1956 _-- November 1956.... Do. N. J. Waterway Indian River Inlet to May 1956 __-_-- July 1956..._...... Do. Rehoboth Bay, Del. Absecon Inlet, N. J___------April 1957 _-_---. May 1957 ....-. Do. Little Creek, Kent Island, Md .... May 1957____-_ -- June 1957- ...... Do. Lowes W harf Anchorage, M d ...... June 1957 -. - do . ...-- -- Do. Nanticoke River, Del. and Md --- April 1956 ...-..-- July 1956 ------Do. Rhodes Point to Tylerton, Md-.-. -- d o ...... October 1956- --- Do. Rock Hall Harbor, Md- - - -_-- do ----- August 1956 ---- Do. Twitch Cove and Big Thoroughfare ....do-----.--- September 1956 ___ Do. River, Md. Wicomico River, Md ...... October 1956 ---- November 1956.._ Do. Deep Creek, Va. (Accomack April 1957 --- _-. May 1957 - --- Do. County). Urbana Creek, Va_- July 1956 .-..-- July 1956.. ----- Do. Totusky Creek, Va------....do __------September 1956_ .. Do. Parrotts Creek, Va --.------October 1956 --- November 1956_.. Do. St. Catherines Sound, Md ___-... March 1957 -----. March 1957 ..---- Do. Deep Creek, Va. (Warwick) ...... March 1956 . ------November 1956 .__ Do. Winter Harbor, Va___ M ay 1956 ___ .. July 1956_-..... Do. Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway February 1957 __-- April 1957 .....-._ Do. (Wilmington). Manteo (Shallowbag) Bay, N. C. July 1956 ------August 1956 .... Do. (Mill Creek near Wenchese, N. C.). Rollinson Channel, N. C ..._...... April 1956...... do....------.... Breakwater. Wallace Channel, Pamlico Sound, June 1956..------.... July 1956 .------..... Dredging. N. C. Far Creek, N. C_._...... ______January 1957----..... June 1957- ...... Do. Vero Beach Turning Basin, Fla ... April 1957- ..----.. April 1957----...... --- Do. Rice Creek, Fla_------June 1956----...... ------October 1956-..... Do. Apalachicola Bay, Fla.: 1. St. George Island Channel_ April 1956- ...... April 1957 ...... Do. 2. Scipio Creek Channel .-----.May 1957- ...... June 1957_...... Do. Apalachicola River Channel, Fla_ _ October 1955 ...-- ....---do ...... ------Do. Mobile Harbor, Ala. (36-foot proj- January 1956...... do -...... Do. ect). Bayou Segnette Waterway, La .. January 1957.....----...----do ...------Do. Houston Ship Channel, Tex., June 1956----...... July 1956...... Do. Brady Island Channel. Port Aransas-Corpus Christi Wa- December 1940--.... February 1957..... Do. terway, Texas, 32 to 34-foot projects. Gulf Intracoastal Waterway--wid- January 1957...... do-----...... Do. ening Aransas Pass Channel. 6 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

Table 1. Navigation Improvements Placed in Useful Operation During Fiscal Year 1957-Continued

Project Date started Date placed in Nature of improvement useful operation

Channel from Pass Cavallo to Port December 1956 -- April 1957 ._-----Dredging. Lavaca, Tex.-extension to Red Bluff, Tex. Buffalo Harbor, N. Y__-__...... December 1948..__ October 1956 .-.... Do. Hastings Harbor, Minn ...... September 1956 .... June 1957 ...... Smell-boat harbor. Crooked Slough Harbor, Winona, July 1956 __-- _ .October 1956 --- Dredging. Minn. Mississippi River between Missouri December 1952_.... May 1957 -_--- Reconstruction of Lock 19. River and Minneapolis, Minn. Rock Island, Ill____ ...-.... __. June 1956______July 1956______Small boat harbor. Sheboygan Harbor, Wis .. ______-----do ------November 1956____ Dredging. St. James Harbor, Beaver Island, July 1956 ...... July 1956 -.... _ Do. Mich. St. Joseph Harbor, Mich_____--.... __ ----- do ..------December 1956____ Do. Coos Bay, Oreg- _------May 1956----.... September 1956____ Charleston Boat Basin. Smith River, Oreg__ -______August 1956 ______February 1957_____ Dredging. Tillamook Bay and Bar, Oreg .....- May 1956_...... December 1956_.... Bay-ocean peninsula. Tacoma Harbor, Wash _____ ----- do .------August 1956______Dredging. Neah Bay, Wash______April 1956 -_____. July 1956 ______Do. Petersburg Harbor, Alaska ...... ------October 1956 .----- January 1957 .Enlargement of small-boat basin. Seward, Alaska, Harbor of Refuge. June 1956_...... September 1956_... Breakwater construction. Wrangell Harbor, Alaska ..-- .. May 1956_____.. March 1957..______Dredging.

Table 2. Navigation Improvements Initiated During Fiscal Year 1957

Project Date started Scheduled com- Nature of improvement pletion date

Guilford Harbor, Conn_ .______. February 1957. ... February 1958 . - Dredging. Isle au Haut Thoroughfare, Maine__ August 1956 -_- May 1958 .-...... Do. Rockland Harbor, Maine .______April 1957 ------January 1958_ -___ Do. Boston Harbor, Mass______.______November 1956 -- April 1960 .--..... Do. Fall River Harbor, Mass __-.______March 1957 ------November 1959 __- Do. Sakonnet Harbor, R. I______January 1957 --__ January 1958 ---- Do. Shoal Harbor and Compton Creek, August 1956 ------November 1956 __- Do. N. J. Delaware River between Philadel- July 1956 ------January 1965---- Dredging and bridge con- phia, Pa., and Trenton, N. J. struction. Little Creek, Kent Island, Md ...... May 1957-...... June 1957-_____-... Dredging. Lowes Wharf Anchorage, Md ....- June 1957- ...._ . -.- do -...... Do. Queenstown Harbor, Md______-- do...... July 1957.._____ Do. Wicomico River, Md ______October 1956 ..--- November 1956 ___ Do. Deep Creek, Va. (Accomack April 1957 ----- May 1957.... Do. County). Waterway on coast of Virginia -.. Februarydo. 7...... November 1958__ Do. Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway February 1957-..... April 1957-...... Do. (Wilmington District). Manteo (Shallowbag) Bay, N. C.: 1. Mill Creek near Wanchese July 1956 -___-... _ August 1956___._ Do. N. C. 2. Old House Channel_ _.... April 1957-...... July 1957_--- _--_ Do. PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS PROGRESS

Table 2. Navigation Improvements Initiated During Fiscal Year 1957-Continued

Project Date started Scheduled com- Nature of improvement pletion date

Far Creek, N. C___ January 1957 _---- June 1957 ____...- Dredging Rollinson Channel, N. C ...... September 1956 September 1956 --- Do. St. Petersburg Harbor, Fla _- June 1957 .------July 1957______Do. Vero Beach Turning Basin, Fla ---- April 1957__-- April 1957______Do. Gulf Intracoastal Waterway (Big --- do ------July 1957-.. __. Do. Lagoon Channel), Fla. Brazos Island Harbor, Tex., 36-foot January 1957 .---- December 1961 -.. Do. project. Port Aransas-Corpus Christi Water- way: 32-foot channel to La Quinta __ December 1956 _-. July 1957_____.___ Do. 36-foot project_ July 1956 _.... May 1961_ ..... Do. Gulf Intracoastal Waterway-Guada- lupe River, Tex.: Side Channe) to Seadrift ...--- _ March 1957---- _-- May 1957 __-.__. Do. Widening Aransas Pass Chan- January 1957 ---- February 1957 _--- Do. nel. Sabine-Neches Waterway, Tex.: April 1957 ------May 1964_.... __. Do. Channel rectification. Channel from Pass Cavallo to Port December 1956 -- April 1957 ... . Do. Lavaca, Tex.--extension to Red Bluff, Tex. Oswego Harbor, N. Y------May 1957 ___- __. November 1958 __ Shoal removal and de- tached breakwater. Hastings Harbor, Minn______. ..__ September 1956 July 1957 ...... - Small-boat harbor. Knife River Harbor, Minn .__.. December 1956 --_ October 1957 ..... Do. Black River Harbor, Mich .. _-_.... January 1957- --- September 1958- .- Do. Crooked Slough Harbor, Minn ... July 1956 ...... October 1956 -.-- Commercial harbor. Detroit River, Mich___.. __..... May 1957- . ... June 1964 ______. Dredging. Toledo Harbor, Ohio___ __ June 1957 _..- November 1957 .___ Do. Cieyboygan Harbor, Mich______May 1957 __ .... September 1957 .__ Do. The Inland Route, Mich _...... October 1956 -.. October 1957_ ... . Do. Holland Harbor, Mich March 1957- ___ November 1957___ Do. Kawaihae Harbor, T. H ___...... January 1957- ---September 1959 ..- Breakwater and dredging. Chetco River, Oreg___ June 1957 _--.- November 1957 ... Jetty construction. Columbia River at Baker Bay, ...-do _------December 1957 .. -- Boat basin. Wash. Skipanon Channel, Oreg______. May 1957_ __...... August 1957 _.. Boat basin, Warrenton, Oreg. Anacortes Harbor, Wash_ ..------. November 1956 .... July 1957 .. ___...__ Dredging and breakwater construction. Blaine Harbor, Wash______...... June 1957 -...... October 1958 .. Do. Everett Harbor and Snohomish April 1957_____-... November 1958_... Do. River, Wash. Quillayute River, W ash .. __.... May 1957 ...... October 1957- ... Do. Shilshole Bay, W ash ___...... April 1957 - .... June 1958 _._____ Do. Valdez Harbor, Alaska ____...._ __ _--..do .------.. October 1958 .... Breakwater construction. Petersburg Harbor, Alaska _-_ ...- October 1956 .... January 1957 ....- Dredging. Craig Harbor, Alaska______June 1957- _--.... October 1957 ... Do. Lock and dam No. 41, Ohio River_. August 1956- .... October 1962 ... Reconstruction of lock and dam No. 41. Black Warrior, Warrior, and Tom- October 1956 .... April 1961 ___. _. Construction of Jackson bigbee Rivers, Ala. lock and dam.

461552-58----2 8 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

Table 3. Major Navigation Improvements under Construction June 30, 1957

Project Date started Scheduled comple- Nature of improvement tion date 1- I

Housatonic River, Conn...... June 1955-...... October 1957...... Dredging. Beals Harbor, Maine_-___...... -- April 1956...... do ------...... Do. Portland Harbor, Maine_.....-..... April 1955-...... August 1958...... Do. Cape Cod Canal, Mass ....---..... May 1957- ...... _-- January 1958--....--- Do. Mystic River, Mass...... ------January 1957_..... March 1958-...... Do. Town River, Mass------...... July 1956----...... January 1958-...... Do. Jones Inlet, N. Y...... ------July 1953--...... December 1957--... Jetty construction and dredging. New York and New Jersey Chan- October 1933- .... November 1959.-. Dredging. nels, N. Y. and N. J. Great Lakes to Hudson River December 1953 ... June 1962...... Dredging, raising locks and Waterway, N. Y. bridges. Delaware River, Philadelphia to June 1956-...... --- July 1957-...... Dredging. sea (Mantua Creek Anchorage), Pa., N. J., Del. Intracoastal Waterway between May 1956 ___-.. September 1957 .... Do. Rehoboth Bay and Delaware Bay, Del. Norfolk Harbor (Craney Island July 1954----...... October 1957- .... Disposal area. disposal area), Va. Wilmington Harbor, N. C_...... March 1956-...... November 1957.... Dredging. Port Royal Harbor, S. C...... do...... ------....January 1958- .... Do. Intracoastal Waterway--Jackson- April 1957------April 1960------Do. ville to Miami, Fla., Eau Gallie to Fort Pierce. St. Augustine Harbor, Fla------April 1956_---_---- August 1957- ...----- Do. Tampa Harbor, Fla....___ ...... November 1955.... October 1960- ..-- Do. Black Warrior, Warrior, and Tom- October 1954- ..... December 1957_... Construction of Warrior bigbee Rivers, Ala. lock and dam. Mississippi River-between Ohio July 1956----...... June 1968-...... Construction of dikes and and Missouri Rivers. revetments. Arkansas River and tributaries, May 1950 ..------After 1960-..__.... Bank stabilization. Arkansas, Oklahoma. Gulf Intracoastal Waterway: 1. Algiers alternate connection__ May 1947- ...--... June 1960-...... Construction and dredging. 2. Port Allen lock and canal- February 1955..... June 1961...... ------.. Do. Plaquemine-Morgan City alternate route. Houston Ship Channel, Tex., 36- June 1950-...... June 1960...... Dredging. foot project. Missouri River-Kansas City to 1912-...------After 1961 ...... _ Bank stabilization. mouth. Missouri River-Kansas City to 1928--...... ------After 1967 ...... Do. Sioux City, Iowa. Cleveland Harbor, Ohio--...... 1950.------After 1958...... Dredging Cuyahoga River and replacement of railroad bridges. Ashtabula Harbor, Ohio------October 1955-...... After 1959- ...... Deepening East Outer Harbor. Calumet-Sag modification to Illinois November 1955.... March 1959...... Channel improvement and Waterway, Ill. and Ind. bridge relocation. Calumet Harbor and River, Ill. September 1955.... August 1957...... Channel improvement. and Ind. St. Anthony Falls- ...... ------1948...... ------After 1963 ...... Construction. Sacramento River Deep Water July 1949-...... June 1962...... Construction and dredg- Ship Channel, Calif. ing. San Joaquin River-Stockton Deep February 1955-..... After 1964- ...... Do. Water Channel, Calif. Redondo Beach Harbor, Calif ..... May 1956------...... June 1958-...... Breakwater. PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS PROGRESS

Table 3. Major Navigation Improvements under Construction June 30, 1957-Con.

Project Date started Scheduled comple- Nature of improvement tion date

San Diego River and Mission Bay, April 1948-...... June 1959_...... -.. Channels and jetties. Calif. Crescent City Harbor, Calif_....--- 1955------October 1957-..... Breakwater. Richmond Harbor, Calif...... October 1955 ..- September 1957.... Dredging. Nawiliwili Harbor, T. H...... ------December 1955 ... -....doe...... - Do. Columbia River at the mouth, April 1956- ...... November 1958 ... Do. Oregon and Washington. Greenup locks and dam, Ohio 1955....------After 1961...... Replacement for existing River. lock and dam 27-30, inclusive. Markland locks and dam, Ohio May 1956 ...-... December 1961 ... Replacement for existing River. lock and dam 35-39, inclusive. New Cumberland locks and dam, April 1955 -..... June 1960-.....- Replacement for existing Ohio River. lock and dam 7-9, inclusive. Hildebrand lock and dam, Monon- April 1956-...... June 1959-...... Replacement for existing ga'ela River. lock and dam 12 and 13. Black Warrior, Warrior, and Tom- October 1954...... December 1957 ... Construction of Warrior bigbee Rivers, Ala. lock and dam. St. Anthony Falls --.------1948...... ------After 1961_ __... Lock and dam construction. Arkansas River and tributaries, 1950_ _------Indefinite ...... Bank stabilization. Arkansas, Oklahoma. Gulf Intracostal Waterway (Algiers 1947------...... 1957.---...._------Construction. alternate connection). Port Allen lock and canal (Plaque- June 1955-...... 1961....------.. Do. mine-Morgan City alternate route).

Inactive canalized waterways. Public Law 996, 84th Congress, approved August 6, 1956, authorized conveyance to States, political subdivisions thereof, or others, of all or any part of the right, title, and interest of the United States in and to the locks, dams, and related property acquired or constructed in connection with the following Federal navigation projects, whenever the Secretary of the Army determines that any such property no longer economically serves the purpose for which it was constructed or acquired:

Number of Waterway lock and dam Acreage structures

Upper White River, Ark-..------3 156 Big Sandy River, Ky.. ..------5 88 Rough River, Ky------...... 1 10 Osage River, Mo-...------1 10 Muskingum River, Ohio ...... ------11 120 Yamhbill River, Oreg . ..------...... ------...... 1 9 Congaree River, S.. C--...... ------1 7 Little Kanawha River, W. Va------...... ------5 25 10 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

This group of 28 obsolescent locks and low-head navigation dams on 8 streams is no longer operated and maintained by the Corps of En- gineers, and action is being taken to implement the above-mentioned law. 2. SHORE PROTECTION The policy of Federal assistance in the construction of works for the restoration and protection against erosion by waves and currents applies to shores of the United States, its Territories and possessions, that are owned by States, municipalities, or other political subdivisions, and also to shores other than public if there is a benefit such as that arising from public use or from the protection of nearby public property or if the benefits to those shores are incidental to the project. During fiscal year 1957, construction operations were carried out on 21 shore protection projects, of which 7 were placed in useful operation as shown in table 4.

Table 4. Shore Protection Projects Initiated During Fiscal Year 1957

Project Date started Scheduled com- Nature of project pletion date

Compo Beach, Conn_..- __----- ... July 1956 .- -- . After 1960_-. Shore protection. Sasco Hill Beach, Conn______.. November 1956 ___------do_------Do. Southport Beach, Conn..------August 1956 ..------do.....------Do. Burial Hill Beach, Conn------June 1957 -. June 1957..------Do. Gulf Beach, Conn . ._____--- _- April 1957.. --. May 1957 ...----- Do. Middle Beach, Conn ______------March 1957------do..------Do. Prospect Beach, Conn------February 1957-__ April 1957--..... - Do. Seaside Park, Conn_------do -_... . March 1957 _-.- Do. Sherwood Island State Park, Conn_ July 1956 -..------June 1957 .------Do.

Shore Protection Projects Placed in Useful Operation During Fiscal Year 1957

Burial Hill Beach, Conn .------...... June 1957 _... June 1957- ., Shore protection. Gulf Beach, Conn ..------April 1957- . May 1957---..---... Do. Middle Beach, Conn ------March 1957____--_----do-----..------Do. Prospect Beach, Conn ___------February 1957- .. April 1957-----. Do. Seaside Park, Conn ------do .__--__ _-_- March 1957-----. Do. Sherwood Island State Park, Conn_ July 1956 -.... -- June 1957- Do. Presque Isle Peninsula, Erie, Pa ... September 1955 ...-- October 1956_------Do.

Shore Protection Projects Under Construction June 30, 1957

Atlantic City, N. J__L-..... ------1948 .....------After 1960 .------Shore protection. Winthrop Beach, Mass------... September 1949-...- June 1958,...... Do. Ocean City, N. J------July 1952-...... ------June 195...... Do. Revere Beach, Mass. ------July 1954 ...... ------..... do...... ------Do. PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS PROGRESS 11

3. GENERAL FLOOD CONTROL The general statutory backgrounds and broad descriptions of the authorized flood-control general program and the program for the Sacramento River, Calif., were discussed on pages 4 through 9 of part 1, volume 1, of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1953, and additional authorizations through fiscal year 1956 are described on page 15, volume 1, of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1956. Two additional acts were approved during fiscal year 1957. Public Law 685, 84th Congress, modifies section 205 of the Flood Control Act of 1948, as amended, to provide for the construction of small flood-control projects costing up to $400,000 each in lieu of the $150,000 limit previously established. Public Law 754, 84th Congress, modifies the authorization for the Missouri River Basin to provide for construction of a highway bridge in connection with the Missouri River Agricultural Levee Unit 513-514-R. Construction. During fiscal year 1957 active construction operations were carried out on 109 specifically authorized flood-control projects, of which 16 were completed for beneficial use as shown in table 5. Seven of the projects under active construction were fully completed during the year.

Table 5. Flood-Control Projects Placed in Useful Operation During Fiscal Year 1957

Project Date started Date placed in Nature of project useful operation

Anacostia River, D. C. and Md ... March 1949_..... June 1957- .__.. Local protection. Carthage, Mo .. ..------January 1956-... October 1956 . .-- Do. Dallas Floodway, Tex., -- November 1952____ June 1957------Do. Hartford (Folly Brook), Conn---- . January 1956 .-- __-do--_.------. Do. Havre, Mont _--.------_ August 1953----- May 1957 ...--.. Levee and diversion. Jackson, Ky _------..------June 1956------. October 1956_-__. Channel cutoff. Johnsonburg, Pa . .------November 1954 __.. December 1956 -- Local protection. Little Missouri River below Mur- December 1955-_ ...- do- ..------Channel improvement. freesboro, Ark. McCook Lake, S. Dak __--_____- June 1956- ...... November 1956 ... Local protection. Maysville, Ky__------July 1949---.--.--.---- do.... Do. Oklahoma City Floodway, Okla ___ January 1953 ...... June 1957 - Channel improvement. Ozan Creek, Arkansas __------.... September 1956 ---November 1956 __- Do. Pasquotank River, N. C .------August 1956 ------. April 1957 _.----- Flood-control dike and 2 drain structures. Sand Hill River, Minn.s .-__ ----July 1955 ...... November 1956 ... Channel improvement. Swoyersville and Forty-Fort, Pa -- July 1953------June 1957 ...- Local protection. Texarkana Reservoir, Tex.3 .- 19481____. _----.------July 1956...------Reservoir.

1 Dallas Interior Drainage Project, River and Harbor Act, May 17, 1950. 2 Unit of the Red River of the North Basin project. 3 Interim operation. During the year work on 31 specifically authorized flood-control projects exclusive of multiple-purpose projects was initiated as shown in table 6. 12 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

Table 6. Flood-Control Projects Initiated During Fiscal Year 1957

Scheduled Project Date started completion Nature of project date

Abiquiu Dam and Reservoir (Chamita September 1956.... 1962 Reservoir. Reservoir project), N. Mex. American River Levees, Calif_ . . .. . May 1957...... 1958 Local protection. Amite River and Tributaries, La ...... -- June 1957-_...... 1961 Do. Battle Creek, Mich.__-----._.__ .__ .. March 1957_...... 1960 Do. B uckhorn R eservoir, Ky .. _._...... October 1956- .... 1960 Reservoir. Calion, Ark-----...... ------June 1957-...... 1959 Local protection. Dyberry Reservoir, Pa -.------April 1957-...._._ 1960 Reservoir. East Barre Reservoir, Vt. (Mod.) .__------.. December 1956 .... 1959 Do. Endicott, Johnson City, and Vestal, N. Y_. February 1957..... 1960 Local protection. Gold Creek, Alaska __...... ------.. April 1957------..... 1958 Do. Keystone Reservoir, Okla .. __------February 1957- __ 1965 Reservoir. Malheur Improvement District, Snake December 1956.... 1957 Local protection. River, Oreg. Mansfield Reservoir, Ind_ _...... October 1956-...... 1960 Reservoir. Mathews Canyon Reservoir, Nev- .....--- March 1957_ ..- 1958 Do. New Harmony Bridge, Ind ...... --...--do------1959 Local protection. North Springfield Reservoir, Vt ..------May 1957 -._.... 1961 Reservoir. Pine Canyon Reservoir, Nev .. ___ . March 1957 .._.. - 1958 Do. Pomm e de T erre R eservoir, Mo ...... January 1957 __.. 1961 Do, Reynoldsville, Pa...--. .------November 1956 _.. 1958 Local protection. Sabula, Iowa ------December 1956 .. 1958 Do. Saco, Mont ------September 1956 _. 1958 Do. Salina, Kans-..-._----.------February 1957- .. 1960 Do. Stillwater Reservoir, Pa .--..------January 1957 ..... 1969 Reservoir. Success Reservoir, Calif--..-..------..-- November 1956 --- 1960 Do. Topeka, Kans ------March 1957- .... 1962 Local protection. Townshend Reservoir, Vt_------__- April 1957 -_..... 1961 Reservoir. Upper Iowa River, Iowa _..------.--- March 1957 -__... 1959 Channel improvement. Waterbury Reservoir, Vt. (Mod.)- ...... September 1956_-- 1958 Reservoir. Wellsville, Genessee River, N. Y------...... July 1956-... _-_.. 1958 Local protection. Worcester, Mass .. ..--...------June 1957 . .------1960 Do. Wrightsville Reservoir, Vt. (Mod.) ------October 1956_-.... 1958 Reservoir.

The 62 flood-control projects under active construction during the fiscal year, exclusive of multiple-purpose projects and those projects placed in useful operation or initiated during the year as given in tables 5 and 6, are listed in table 7.

Table 7. Flood-ControlProjects Under Active Construction During Fiscal Year 1957

Project Date Scheduled cor- Nature of project started pletion date

Adams, Mass..._------...------1950 1958...... ------Local protection. Amazon Creek, Oreg-- ...-..------1951 1958--- ...------Do. Ball Mountain Reservoir, Vt--.------. 1956 1960. -----.---- Reservoir. Barbourville, Ky----.._ ------..... 1955 1959. . ..------Local protection. Barre Falls Reservoir, Mass-..------1956 1957 - ...------.Reservoir. Bear Creek Reservoir, Pa------1956 1960 --.------Do. Beardstown, Ill. (floodwall)------1954 1961...... ------Local protection. Bradford, Pa-...... __------1955 1961...... --- Do. Buffalo Bayou, Tex ...------... 1956 After 1964 . Do. Cape Girardeau, Mo _ ...... 1956 1961..------Do. Catlettsburg, Ky-..... ------1956 1959 .------..-- Do. Central and Southern Florida- .------1950 After 1961 Do. PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS PROGRESS 13

Table 7. Flood-Control Projects Under Active Construction During Fiscal Year 1957-Continued

Project Date Scheduled com- Nature of project started pletion date

Chamita Reservoir, N. Mex... . 1956 1962..... - -.....Reservoir. Clear Creek, Ill _- _ _ _ 1941 1958...... ______Local protection. Columbia drainage and levee district, Illinois _ 1941 1958....._.._....__ Do. Conemaugh River Reservoir, Pa...... 1949 1957...... Reservoir. Coralville Reservoir, Iowa ...... _ ... 1949 1958.------Do. Cumberland, Md. and Ridgeley, W. Va ___ 1948 1959_-_- - Local protection. Devil, East Twin, Warm, and Lytle 1956 1964 -- - - Do. Creeks, Calif. Dillon Reservoir, Ohio ...... 1946 1960- ...... Reservoir. Eagle Gorge Reservoir, Wash ...... 1955 1959..... _-- ...... Do. East Brimfield Reservoir, Mass ...... 1957 1959. Do. East St. Louis, Ill ...______...... 1937 1960...... Local protection, Ferrells Bridge Reservoir, Tex ...... _.... 1954 1959...... Reservoir. Grand Forks, Minn. and N. Dak___..__... 1954 1958...... Local protection. Grand Tower drainage and levee district, 1953 1957...... Do. Illinois. Kansas City on Missouri and Kansas Rivers_ 1940 1962 ...... Do. Lewisville Reservoir, Tex--___ .------1948 1957...... _ Reservoir. Little Sioux River, Iowa ...... 1956 1962...... Local protection. Los Angeles County drainage area, California_ 1935 1966...... Do. Louisville, Ky______1947 1958...... Do. Lower San Joaquin River and tributaries, 1956 1964. .. . Do. Calif. Lucky Peak Reservoir, Idaho-...... 1949 1958...... Reservoir. Memphis, Wolf River, and Nonconnah 1939 1960 ______.___ Local protection. Creek, Tenn. Missouri River agricultural levees, Mo...... 1948 1976_ .. . Do. Missouri River, Kenslers Bend. Iowa ...... 1946 1962...... Do. Muskingum Reservoir, Ohio_...... ____.._ 1935 1959_. . Reservoir. North Adams, Mass______...... 1950 1960______Local protection. Oologah Reservoir, Okla______...... 1950 1960_- Reservoir. Otter Brook Reservoir, N. H_....__...... 1956 1959_ . Do. Painted Rock Reservoir Dam, Ariz ...... 1956 1960 ...... Do. Perry County drainage and levee district, 1946 1962 ...... Local protection. Missouri. Pineville, Ky.-______... .-- 1953 1958 .- . Do. Red River below Denison Dam...... _ 1948 After 1964 . Do. Red River of the North, Minn. and N. Dak__ 1950 After 1962 Do. Riverside Levees, Calif...-. -- .-- _- 1956 1958. - ...... Do. Rough River Reservoir, Ky ----_------1955 1960 Reservoir. Russian River Reservoirs, Calif_ ... ____..__ 1956 1960...... --- . Do. Sacramento River flood control, California-. 1918 1963...... Local protection. Sacramento River major and minor tribu- 1949 1964...... Do. taries, California. San Antonio and Chino Creeks, Calif .. _. 1956 1961...... Do. Sioux Falls, S. Dak_ -._____.__.__ . 1956 1960...... Do. Sutton Reservoir, W. Va____..... __ 1950 1960 ------Reservoir. Toronto Reservoir, Kans.._____ .______1954 1959 ------Do, Tuttle Creek Reservoir, Kans------...... --- 1952 1961...... Do. Vincennes, Ind .______.____._____ 1952 1961 Local protection. Whittier Narrows Reservoir, Calif ...... 1950 1956...... Reservoir. Wichita and Valley Center, Kans ...... ___ 1950 1959...... Local protection. Willamette River Basin, Oreg...... 1938 After 1964 Do. Wilson and Wenkel, Ill______1950 1959 ------Do. Wood River, Ill...... 1952 1960------Do. Woonsocket, R. I.- .-- ...... 1956 Do. 14 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

Construction operations were also carried out pursuant to Public Law 685, 84th Congress. Four small projects were placed in useful operation pursuant to this program and two new projects were initiated during the fiscal year. In addition, design studies were carried out on 45 projects and plans and specifications were under preparation for 15 projects which are expected to be initiated in fiscal year 1958. Maintenance. Maintenance and operation activities were conducted on 104 flood-control projects during the fiscal year at a cost of $4,116,000.

4. MULTIPLE-PURPOSE (POWER) PROJECTS The importance of multiple-purpose projects in relation to the overall: activities of the Corps of Engineers continued to increase during the fiscal year as a result of the large construction program relating to these projects currently under way and the placing in operation of primary-purpose features at several projects. These projects have been designed to serve primarily in the interest of navigation or flood control and the production of hydroelectric power, although frequently other benefits, such as irrigation, pollution abatement, water supply, and recreation are also realized. The inclusion of power features in conjunction with other project features has often resulted in an enhancement of their economic value. Pertinent information on the power aspects of multiple-purpose projects is contained in section 5, Hydroelectric Power Production. Construction. During the year, construction operations were carried out on 25 multiple-purpose projects, of which 2 were completed for full beneficial use as shown in table 8. During the year, work was initiated on four new multiple-purpose projects. Of the-25 multiple-purpose projects under active construction during the fiscal year, 9 projects had some or all primary project features

Table 8. Multiple-Purpose Projects Completed for Full Beneficial Use During Fiscal Year 1957

Date com- Project Date pleted for Project primary purposes started beneficial use

2 Folsom Reservoir, Calif...... __ 1948 (1) Flood control, irrigation and power.' McNary lock and dam, Oreg. and Wash...... ------1947 1957 Navigation 2and power. 2

1Transferred to Bureau of Reclamation on May 14, 1957 for operation and maintenance of the project by that agency in conjunction with other units of the Central Valley project. The reservoir will be operated for flood control in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Army. 2 These primary purposes completed for beneficial se prior to fiscal year 1957. PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS PROGRESS 15 in useful operation at the end of the year. These projects are listed in table 9. Of the multiple-purpose projects under active construction at the end of the fiscal year, 14 projects had no primary-project features in operation. They are shown in table 10.

Table 9. Multiple-Purpose Projects Under Construction With Some or All Primary Project Features in Useful Operation June 30, 1957

Scheduled com- Features placed in Project primary Project Date started pletion date operation during purposes fiscal year 1957

Buford Dam, Ga-...... 1950 .....--...- June 1958_... _ Initial power Flood control, naviga- unit, June 1957. tion, and power. 2 Bull Shoals Reservoir, 1946.______...._ June 1962 1..-. __-...... --_ -_-..- . Flood control, and Ark. power.' Cheatham lock and 1950______March 1959 .__._____--- ...- _-_----. . Navigation 2and dam, Tenn. power. Chief Joseph Dam, 1949------.. 1959______------Power.' Wash. Reservoir, 1946______June 1961____------Flood control, navi- Garrison 2 2 N. Dak. gation, and power. Gavins Point Reser- 1952_...... _ .June 1958 ..- Power units- .... Flood control,2 navi- voir, S. Dak. and gation,2 and power. Nebr. Jim Woodruff lock 1947----. ._ ....------do...------. Initial power Navigation 2 and and dam, Ga. and unit, February power. Fla. 1957. Old Hickory lock and 1952______-...... do_ .....---. Initial power unit, Do.2 dam, Tenn. April 1957. The Dalles Dam, February 1952.._ November 1960_. Lock and power Navigation, power, Wash. and Oreg. units. and irrigation.

1 Power units 5 and 6. 2 Projects operated for these primary purposes at the beginning of and throughout fiscal year 1957.

Maintenance. Operation and maintenance activities were conducted on 32 multiple-purpose projects during the fiscal year at a cost of $12,356,000.

5. HYDROELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION Significant progress was realized during the fiscal year in carrying out the program for the construction and operation of hydroelectric power production facilities authorized in connection with navigation and flood-control projects. Electric energy production also showed a sizable increase over the preceding fiscal year. The Corps of Engineers, with one minor exception, does not dis- tribute or sell the power produced at the projects, since under the various laws the power produced and available for sale is delivered to the Department of the Interior for disposition at rates approved by the Federal Power Commission. 16 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

Table 10. Multiple-Purpose Projects Under Construction and Not Operating June 30, 1957

Project Date started Scheduled com- Project primary purposes pletion date

Barkley Dam, Ky------June 1957-...... 1965....------... Flood control, navigation, and power. Cougar Reservoir, Oreg-...... June 1956-...... 1961 .------.Flood control, power, irrigation, and navigation. Dardanelle lock and dam, Ark__ June 1957-...... 1966------...... Navigation and power. Eufaula Reservoir, Okla- ..... December 1956.... 1965------.... Flood control and power. Fort Gaines lock and dam, Ga. 1955-.--.--- 1962...... ------. Navigation and power. and Ala. Fort Peck, Mont., 2d power- August 1956 _.. June 1961..... Power. plant. Greers Ferry Reservoir, Ark--.. June 1957------1963 .------Flood control and power. Hartwell Reservoir, Ga. and 1955 .....------1962------...... --.. Flood control, navigation, and S. C. power. Hills Creek Reservoir, Oreg-... 1956.. ..------._ do- ..... - Flood control, power, irrigation, and navigation. Ice Harborlock and dam, Wash_ 1955 . ..------1961 . ..------Navigation and power. Keystone Reservoir, Okla...._.. January 1957 ..... 1965 ...--... Flood control and power. McGee Bend Reservoir, Tex_._ September 1956 1__ June 1963-__... Power. Oahe Reservoir, S. Dak., N. 1949_------1964-..--...... Flood control, navigation, power, Dak. and irrigation. Table Rock Reservoir, Mo-..... 1953------...... 1961------...... Flood control and power.

1 Land acquisition only during fiscal year 1956--actual construction initiated during fiscal year 1957.

Installed capacity. Additional generating capacity of 799,000 kilowatts was installed by the Corps of Engineers during the fiscal year in 3 existing projects and 4 new projects as shown in table 11. This capacity represents 65.8 percent of the hydroelectric capacity or 11.5 percent of the total generating capacity added to the Nation's utility systems during the fiscal year. At the end of the fiscal year, generating capacity in operation totaled 4,824,400 kilowatts located in 29 projects constructed and operated by the Corps of Engineers as shown in table 12. The 524,000 kilowatts added at the Chief Joseph and McNary projects was a substantial capacity contribution to the critically deficient North- west region and the 180,000 kilowatts added at the Garrison and Gavins Point projects favorably affect the power supply situation of the Missouri River Valley. As of the end of the fiscal year, the generating capacity constructed and operated by the Corps of Engi- neers represents 3.9 percent of the total generating capacity and 18.3 percent of the hydroelectric generating capacity supplying utility systems in the United States. Hydroelectric power production. Improved water-supply conditions, particularly in the southwestern and southeastern regions during the latter part of the fiscal year, plus the generating capacity added to capacity already in operation resulted in the production of 22.6 billion PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS PROGRESS 17 net kilowatt-hours of electric energy at Corps of Engineers projects, an increase of 24.3 percent over the prior fiscal year. This represents approximately 18.2 percent of the hydroelectric power produced and 3.6 percent of the total electric energy production from all sources for the Nation's utility systems. Chart I shows the increasing trend in Corps of Engineers power production.

HYDRO-POWER PRODUCTION CAPACITY OPERATING AND SCHEDULED MILLION MILLION KSS KILnfWATTS , i 7 PERIOD KILOWATTS UNITS PROJECTS - PRIORTU FY 1957 4,025,400 106 25 FY 1957 799,000 17 4 Y 1958 701 000 14 2 FY 1959 564 000 I0 I TOTAL 6,089, 400 147 32 32.TABLE ROCK

SPROJECT INITIAL OPERATION 31. CHEATHA I -.---4-.---JI U '

28.OLD HICKORY I I -2 JIM WOODRUFF 26.GAVINSPOINT 4 25.GARRISON 24. BLAKELY MOUNTAIN 23.CHIEF JOSEPH 3 FALLS 22.ALBENI -f-- 13 21.LOOKOUT POINT

I .FT. RAN[ )ALL ILLER FERRY I 19. TENH S 18I. McNARY. ---- t---~2 It 17 PHILPOTT . DETROIT J15WHITNEY 14.FT. GIBSON • 3.CLARK HILL .. JOHN H. KERR II. BULL SHOALSI ST. MARYS SCREEK I IN OPERATION PRIOR TO I.BONNEVLLE 5. DALE 3.2. NORFORKFT. PECK 6.7.NARR6ALLA 4. DENISON 8. CENT 1952 1955 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 FISCAL YEARS

Chart I. 18 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

Additional capacity under construction. At the end of the fiscal year, the Corps of Engineers had under construction 825,000 kilowatts of additional capacity at 6 operating projects as shown in table 12, and 3,057,000 kilowatts of capacity at the 14 new projects for a total of 3,882,000 kilowatts under construction as listed in table 13. The projects operating and under construction have an ultimate installed capacity of 9,522,400 kilowatts, of which, under present construction schedules, 5,525,400 kilowatts will be in operation by June 30, 1958. Chart II shows the rapid increase in recent years of installed capacity at Corps of Engineers projects. HYDROELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION NET ANNUAL KILOWATT- HOURS 4oa 'r

KWHI I I _ 22.6 BILLION _ 22 21 20 19 18 i 17 016 =15 14 12

YII U. 010 c 9 08

.J 7 CO .6

4 3 2 I 0 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 FISCAL YEARS Chart II. PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS PROGRESS 19

Table 11. Generating Capacity Placed in Service During Fiscal Year 1957

Added ca- Project pacity (kilowatts)

Buford, Ga.1 .-...------. ------...------40,000 Chief Joseph, Wash .. ------.---- 384, 000 Garrison, N. Dak------80,000 Gavins Point, Nebr. and S. Dak.1------100,000 Jim Woodruff, Ga. and Fla.'------30,000 McNary, Wash. and Oreg------140,000 Old Hickory, Tenn.'------25, 000

Total ...------799, 000

I Projects beginning initial operation during fiscal year.

Table 12. Hydroelectric Stations in Operation June 30, 1957

Initial opera- Existing in- Under con- Ultimate con- Project tion fiscal stallation struction struction year (kilowatts) (kilowatts) (kilowatts)

Albeni Falls, Idaho------1955 42, 600 ------42, 600 Allatoona, Ga _------1950 74, 000 ------110, 000 Blakely Mountain, Ark------1956 75, 000 ------75, 000 Bonneville, Oreg. and Wash---- _ ------1938 518, 400 ------518, 400 Buford, Ga __----.----. ------1957 40, 000 46,000 86, 000 Bull Sn'oals, Ark. and Mo------1953 160, 000 80, 000 320, 000 Center Hill, Tenn_....------1951 135, 000 ------135, 000 Chief Joseph, Wash ------1956 640, 000 384, 000 1, 280, 000 Clark Hill, Ga. and S. C------1953 280, 000 ------280,000 Dale Hollow, Tenn------1949 54, 000 ------. 54, 000 Denison, Okla. and Tex ._ ------1945 70, 000 175, 000 Detroit, Oreg------1954 118, 000 ------118, 000 Fort Gibson, Okla ------1953 45, 000 67, 500 Fort Peck, Mont------1944 85, 000 80, 000 165, 000 F ort R andall, S. D ak------1954 320, 000 ...... 320, 000 Garrison, N. Dak------1956 240, 000 160, 000 400, 000 Gavins Point, Nebr. and S. Dak------1957 100, 000 ----- 100, 000 Jim Woodruff, Fla. and Ga ------1957 30, 000 - 30, 000 John H. Kerr, N. C. and Va------1953 204, 000 ------204, 000 Lookout Point, Oreg------1955 135, 000 ------135, 000 McNary, Oreg. and Wash------1954 980, 000 .....------980,000 Narrows, Ark _------1950 17, 000 ------25, 500 Norfork, Ark. and Mo ------1944 70, 000 ------140, 000 Old Hickory, Tenn------1957 25, 000 75, 000 100,000 Philpott, Va------1954 14,000 ------14, 000 St. Marys, Mich . . ..------1952 18, 400 ------.. 18, 400 Tenkiller Ferry, Okla------1954 34, 000 ------. 34,000 Whitney, Tex .------1954 30,000 ------.. 30, 000 Wolf Creek, Ky--...... ------1952 270, 000 ------.. 270, 000

Total projects in operation------...... ------...... 4, 824, 400 825, 000 - '6,227, 400 20 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

Table 18. Hydroelectric Stations Under Construction June 80, 1957

Nameplate capacity Scheduled Project operation fiscal year Existing in- Under con- Ultimate installation struction stallation (kilowatts) (kilowatts) (kilowatts)

Barkley, Ky. and Tenn ------...... - 1963 ...... 130, 000 130, 000 Cheatham, Tenrm....------.....------...... 1958 ------...... ----.... 6000 36,000 Cougar,Oreg..------.... 1961 ------25,000 25, 000 Dardnell, Ark ------1964 ...... ------.... 120,000 120,000' Eufaula, Okla.. ------...... 1964 ...... 90,000 90, 000 Fort Gaines, Ala. and Ga----...... --...... 1962 ...... 130, 000 130, 00X: Greers Ferry, Ark-----...... ------1962 96,000 96,000 Hartwell, Ga. and S. C...... ------. 1962 198,000 330,00@ Hills Creek, Oreg...------1962 -- 30,000 30, 000 Ice Harbor, Wash....----- ...... ------1962 ------270,000 270,000 McGee Bend, Tex------1962 -- - 45,000 45,000 Oahe, N. Dak. and S. Dak.------1962 ------595, 000 595,000' Table Rock, Ark. and Mo ...... ------1959 ...... ------200, 000 200,000 The Dalles, Oreg. and Wash... ..------1958 .------1, 092, 000 1,248, 000

Total, projects under construction....------3,057,000 3, 345,000' Total, projects in operation (table 12)----.... --....--.. - 4, 824, 400 825, 000 6, 227, 400

Total ------..... ____ 4, 824, 400 3, 882, 000 9, 572, 400 Total projects in operation and under constriuction.------8,706,400

6. MISSISSIPPI RIVER FLOOD CONTROL The project for Mississippi River and tributaries, authorized by the Flood Control Act of May 15, 1928, and subsequent amendments, provides for flood protection of its alluvial valley below Cape Girar- deau, Mo., from Mississippi River and local floods by means of levees and floodwalls, channel realinement and stabilization, reser-- voirs, floodways and outlets, and drainage works. Authorizations through 1953 are described on pages 10 and 11 of part I, volume I, of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1953. Amendments to the project in the Flood Control Act, approved September 3, 1954, are described in the report for 1955. The total authorization for the project at the close of the fiscal year is $1,327,679,600, of which $963,194,200 has been appropriated and $953,802,020 expended, which includes $45,121,400 of maintenance charges prior to 1941. Construction. During the year the following items of construction in five projects have been completed. PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS PROGRESS 21

Table 14. Projects Which Have Been Fully Completed During the Year

Project Date completed Nature of project work

Mississippi River improvements: Vicks- July 1956...... ------. Floodwall-north extension. burg, Miss. Atchafalaya Basin, La.: Atchafalaya May 1957...... ------... Maryland pumping station. Basin floodway. Tensas Basin, La. and Ark.: Boeuf and August 1956 ...... - Big Bayou Ark., channel improvement, Tensas Rivers and tributaries, La. and Reach 3. Ark. November 1956-.... Canal 43, Ark., channel improvement, Reach 1. and Yazoo Basin, Miss.: Yazoo Basin head- September 1956-.... Yazoo City local protection--levees bendway closures. water. January 1957- ... _. Yazoo City local protection--2 pumping stations. Lower Arkansas River, Ark...... _ _.. August 1956...... Flat Bayou drainage structure.

During the year the following features of three projects were placed in useful operation:

Table 15. Projects Placed in Useful Operation

Project Date placed in Nature of project work operation

Mississippi River Harbor at Memphis, July 1956...------Closure of Tennessee chute, harbor area, Tenn. and access channel. Atchafalaya Basin, La------...... May 1957....------Maryland pumping station. Tensas Basin, Ark------...... November 1956-.... Boeuf River, Ark., channel improvement, Reaches 5 and 6.

During the year progress was made in the continuing construction of the principal features of the project on the main stem, and on the tributaries in the alluvial valley. Main stem work on levees, revetment, and dredging was accomplished as follows: New main line levees constructed, 2.3 miles; main line levees enlarged to grade and section, 17.9 miles; secondary levees constructed, 32.4 miles; bank protection placed, 30 miles; and dredging, 34,390,837 cubic yards. At the end of the fiscal year a total of 1,713.4 miles of main line levees, containing 1,084 million cubic yards had been constructed, of which 1,562.6 miles, containing 1,011 million cubic yards are located along the Mississippi River, and the remainder along major tributaries (lower Arkansas and Red Rivers) and outlets. Work was continued on the following additional project features. 22 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

Table 16. Projects on Which Construction Was Continued During the Fiscal Year

Project Nature of project work I

Mississippi River improvements .-----.---- Levees, revetments, and wavewash protection. Mississippi River Harbor at Memphis, Harbor area and access channel. Tenn. Atchafalaya Basin, La... Levees, pumping station, and channel improvement by dredging. Lake Pontchartrain, La-... _ Enlargement of lake shore levee, and wavewash protection. Old River, La .------Low-sill control structure and clearing outflow channel. Tensas Basin, La. and Ark - -- ___ Boeuf River, Ark., channel improvement, Reaches 5 and 6. Lower Arkansas River, Ark. (north bank) ... Enlargement and construction of levees and drainage structures. Yazoo Basin, Miss------Lower 7 miles of lower auxiliary channel, leveed floodway and landside drainage ditches. Big Sunflower River Holly Bluff cutoff, mile 19.22 to mile 33.50. Lower White River, Ark_-_, . - White River backwater levee system, enlargement of levee. St. Francis Basin, Ark. and Mo....------St. Francis River floodway between Madison and Mari- anna, Ark., channel dredging and levees. Reelfoot Lake, Tenn. and Ky------Running Reelfoot Bayou, channel improvement.

During the year work was initiated on the following project features:

Table 17. Projects on Which Construction Was Initiated During Fiscal Year 1957

Project Date initiated Nature of project work

Mississippi River at Vicksburg Harbor, December 1956-..-.. Retaining dikes and approach fill. Miss. Atchafalaya Basin, La...------.. ------January 1957 _-- Franklin pumping station. Old River, La.------October 1956 ...-.-- . Overbank control structure. September 1956 ..... Dredging outflow channel. August 1956 - Vertical lift gate for low-sill structure. October 1956.----- Gantry crane for low-sill structure. Tensas Basin, Ark ....------July 1956------Canal 19, Ark., channel improvement, Reaches 1 and 2. June 1957 ...------Canal 81, Ark., channel improvement, Reach 1. Yazoo Basin, Miss _ _---... ..------November 1956..--- Lower auxiliary channel leveed floodway and landside drainage ditches-mile 7.0 to mile 17.2. _. do . -.....--... Little Sunflower River, channel improvement, mile 6.14 to mile 27.75. June 1957 ...------Belzoni, Miss., local protection. May 1957------David and Burrell Bayous, channel improvement. St. Francis Basin, Ark------May 1956------Missouri Pacific RR. crossing over floodway, near Marianna. January 1957..------U. S. Highway No. 79 crossing over floodway, near Marianna.

During the year preconstruction planning was continued on Mis- sissippi River levee enlargement and bank revetments and on the alluvial valley levees and channel improvements under construction. Such planning was also initiated on the following initial work: PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS PROGRESS 23

Table 18. Projects on Which Preconstruction Planning Was Initiated During Fiscal Year 1957

Project Nature of project work

Mississippi River: Baton Rouge Harbor, Devils Swamp, La------...... Barge channel and turning basin. Birds Point-New Madrid floodway, Mo------...... Levee closure and floodgate. Yazoo Basin, Miss.: Yazoo and Coldwater Rivers-...... Levees.

Incident to the construction of the project, the following features were maintained and operated during the year:

Table 19. Projects on Which Maintenance and Operation Activities Were Conducted During Fiscal Year 1957

Project Nature of project work C I Mississippi River ...... ---...... -..- Channel improvement, levees, revetments, and wavewash protection. Atchafalaya Basin, La...-----...... Maintenance of levees and channels. Operation and maintenance of locks: Bayou Sorrel. Bayou Boeuf. Berwick. Floodgates: Charenton. Calumet. Drainage structures: Wax Lake Outlet. Morganza floodway, La------...... Maintenance of floodway and control structure. Lower Red River, La...... ------...... -.. Levees and bank protection works. Bonnet Carre Spillway, La---...... ----- ..------Levees, floodway, and control structure. Yazoo Basin, Miss.: Yazoo Basin headwater...... -...... ----- Levees and channels. Greenwood, Miss...... __ Local protection-levees, pumping plants, and drainage structures. Yazoo City, Miss...... Do. Sardis Reservoir, Miss------_--_ Reservoir. Arkabutla Reservoir, Miss ._-_ ... Do. Grenada Reservoir, Miss-...... --- ...... Do. Enid Reservoir, Miss------..... Do. St. Francis Basin, Mo.: Wappapello Reservoir, Mo.. - Do.

Floods. No serious flooding occurred on the Mississippi River from Cairo, Ill., to its mouth during fiscal year 1957. Crest stages exceeded bankfull stages by about 2 feet at Cairo, Ill., and Red River Landing, La.; and by about 4.5 feet at New Orleans, La. The St. Francis River crested at St. Francis, Ark., on May 27 at a stage of 23 feet, about 4 feet above bankfull. Operation of flood-control works on the St. Francis River effected stage reductions above Lake City, Ark., ranging from 2 feet to 4 feet. The lower White River crested at Clarendon, Ark., on May 5-7 at a stage of 31.2 feet, about 7 feet above bankfull that was materially reduced by the operation of upstream reservoirs. The Arkansas River crested at Pine Bluff, Ark. on June 1 461552--58----3 24 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957 at a stage of 30.6 feet, about 4.5 feet above bankfull that was controlled to some extent by upstream reservoirs. The Red River crested at Alexandria, La., on June 17 at a stage of 40.6 feet, about 6.5 feet above bankfull. Operation of flood-control works in the basin effected a reduction in this stage of about 2.5 feet. Crest stages occurred on the west Tennessee tributaries as follows: Obion River at Bogota, Tenn., reached 22.6 feet on May 27; North Fork of Forked Deer River at Dyersburg, Tenn., reached 24.5 feet on February 3; Hatchie River at Rialto, Tenn., reached 17.9 feet on February 8. These stages were 9.6 feet, 10:5 feet, and 6 feet, respectively, above flood stage at those stations. In the Yazoo Basin, Miss., the Tallahatchie River crested at Swan Lake, Miss., on February 6 at a stage of 28 feet. The Yazoo River crested at Greenwood, Miss., on February 4 at a stage of 29 feet. These stages were 2 and 6 feet, respectively, above bankfull. Operation of flood-control reservoirs effected stage reductions ranging from 9.5 feet at Greenwood to 2 feet at Yazoo City. Condition of overall project. At the end of the fiscal year, construction on the project as a whole between Cape Girardeau, Mo., and the Gulf of Mexico was 67 percent complete. Work on the main stem is sufficiently well advanced that excellent flood protection from Mis- sissippi River flood overflow is afforded most of the alluvial valley, except in unprotected backwater areas. A total of 1,466 miles of main line levees has been enlarged to project grade and section. The Mississippi River stabilization program has progressed steadily during recent years through the construction of bank revetment, dikes, and corrective dredging to prevent the river from regaining its former length due to its natural tendency to meander. A long-range plan is now being developed to bring about and maintain the desired aline- ment of the river between Baton Rouge and Cairo. At the end of the fiscal year, there were 370 miles of operative revetment and 28,160 linear feet of effective dikes on the Mississippi River below Cairo, Ill. Additional project work on the lower Arkansas River consisted of 13.4 miles of revetment and 71,821 linear feet of dikes. Additional project work on lower Red River consisted of 2.5 miles. of revetment and 16,627 linear feet of dikes. The Grenada, Enid, Sardis, and Arkabutla Reservoirs in the Yazoo Basin, Miss., and the Wappapello Reservoir in the St. Francis Basin, Ark. and Mo., have been completed. Other authorized improvements in the alluvial valley, including levees, channel improvements, and supplementary drainage works, are under construction. A total of 1,085.4 miles of' secondary levees containing 331 million cubic yards is in place. The Bonnet Carre, Morganza, West Atchafalaya, and Atchafalaya floodways, which are in a useful operational status, will permit the diversion of 1,750,000 cubic feet per second of extreme flood discharge to PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS PROGRESS 25

the Gulf of Mexico, leaving 1,250,000 cubic feet per second to pass down the main stem at New Orleans. On completion, the Old River control structure will prevent the steadily enlarging channels of the Old and Atchafalaya Rivers from capturing the flow of the Mississippi River. The total damages that have been prevented since the adoption of the project are estimated at about $6 billion, which amounts to approximately $6 of benefits for every dollar of project funds so far appropriated. The authorized Mississippi River and tributaries project, as amended, provides for a 12- by 300-foot navigation channel on the Mississippi River between Baton Rouge, La., and Cairo, Ill., and a 12- by 125-foot navigation channel on the Old and Atchafalaya Rivers between the Mississippi River and Morgan City, La. The Mississippi River channel between Baton Rouge and Cairo was maintained to provide a dependable 9-foot depth for navigation throughout the year, with commensurably greater navigable depths available during the high water season. The Atchfalaya River channel through Grand and Six-Mile Lakes between the Mississippi River and Morgan City was maintained to provide project depth throughout the year. Comprehensive review of Mississippi River and tributaries project. The comprehensive project review authorized on June 12, 1954, will cover the need for navigation improvements on the main stem, the adequacy and cost of flood-control features of the project, and the coordination of these features with the plans of other Federal and State agencies for the development, conservation, and utilization of water resources in the alluvial valley. During the year, work on this review consisted of field investigations and office studies of authorized main stem and alluvial valley project features, as well as modifications thereof, and flood-control, drainage, and water-supply improvements that have been requested by local interests at public hearings. In response to the request of the president of the Mississippi River Commission, the State soil conservationists of Missouri, Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee, with the assistance of other agencies of the Soil Conservation Service, the Forest Service, and the Agricultural Research Service of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, are making studies to furnish agricultural economic data for use in determining the economics of proposed improvements. The Fish and Wildlife Service of the United States Depart- ment of the Interior, with the assistance of State Game and Fish Commissions, is also making investigations to determine desirable plans for the coordination of proposed improvements with the conservation of fish and wildlife habitat. A supplementary study is underway to determine the benefits from upstream reservoirs in the relief of flood damage to lands and the increase of low streamflow in 26 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

the lower Mississippi River below the Missouri River. Interim reports on Mississippi River main stem features, including harbor improvements at Greenville and Natchez, Miss., have been submitted to the Chief of Engineers.

7. GENERAL OPERATIONS Work done by contract. The Corps of Engineers for many years has consistently adhered to its policy of having construction work done by contractors in all cases except when the best interests of the United States require hired labor operations. This past year was no exception to the policy. In fact, 94 percent of all construction work was performed by contract and only 6 percent by Government plant and hired labor. In recent years the amount of construction by hired labor has remained at this low percentage. A larger percentage of the maintenance work has been performed by hired labor. The hired labor work on construction projects has been limited to such types of operations as dredging in exposed harbor entrances by Government-owned hopper dredge, the construction of erosion-control and levee-revetment works and grouting operations. The nature of such work does not readily lend itself for advertising and performance by contract. Accident prevention. The continued attention which the Corps of Engineers has paid over the years to the prevention of accidents to all its construction and maintenance operations, whether by hired labor or contract, further reduced the losses, waste, and suffering from such incidents. While the exact value of increased efficiency, lower costs, and conserved manpower is not available, chart III shows the continued improvement in the disabling injury frequency rate for Corps of Engineers' contractors employed on civil works projects as compared to that for the construction industry nationwide. The 1957 rate is the lowest in the history of the Corps of Engineers. Fire prevention. Corps of Engineers' property and equipment loss by fires during the fiscal year 1957 amounted to $56,316, a decrease of $48,127 over the fiscal year 1956. Considering the value of all plant and equipment owned by the Corps of Engineers, the fire loss is considered to be exceptionally low. DISABLING INJURY FREQUENCY RATE NUMBER OF DISABLING INJURIES PER MILLION MANHOURS WORKED

OLj

C 8 4 c)

0 I z 3 Q' H o LL z 0

V) 0 i O J o-

0tv

LEGEND c'ONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY CORP OF ENGINEERS HIRED LABOR CORPS OF ENGINEERS CONTRACTORS * NOT AVAILABLE NOTE: T IE RATE FOR THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY FOR THE YEAR 1957 IS'NOT AVAILABLE Chart III. CHAPTER III BENEFITS OF THE PROGRAM For 134 years the Corps of Engineers has built and maintained the Nation's harbors and navigable waterways, and since 1936, when the Federal Government assumed responsibility for nationwide flood control, the Corps has planned and constructed works for alleviation of flood problems. To date, the Corps has completed" some 2,300 congressionally authorized projects costing in excess of $3.4 billion, and has invested an additional $3.9 billion in projects under construction. Uncompleted portions of work under way and authorized projects not started comprise an active program totaling some $9.3 billion. Built primarily for navigation or flood control, the projects now in operation have yielded important benefits both with regard to their primary objectives and from collateral functions, such as hydroelectric power, municipal and industrial water supply, recreational development, pollution abatement, fish and wildlife conservation, irrigation supply, and similar related activities.

1. NAVIGATION The navigation element of the civil works program consists of three major parts: Coastal harbors and channels, Great Lakes harbors and channels, and the inland and intracoastal waterways. Navigation facilities provided under this program carry huge tonnages of foreign and interstate commerce and have yielded vast savings in transportation costs that have more than justified their provision. (The most recent analysis of that program, based on 1953 costs and waterborne commerce, is contained in volume 1 of the 1955 Annual Report.) Total waterborne commerce of the United States in calendar year 1956 reached a record high of 1,093 million tons, as compared with 1,016 million tons in 1955, the previous record year. Coastal harbors and channels. Improvement of coastal harbors and channels by the Federal Government has been a progressive development keeping pace -with the growth of maritime commerce and the requirements of development of shipping. Natural facilities have been improved over the years from the relatively shallow depths necessary to serve sailing craft to the greater depths required with the advent of steamshipping, and finally to handle the ocean carriers of today. As a result depths of 35 feet generally prevail at major harbors on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, ranging up to 45 feet in New York Harbor, and depths of from 30 to 40 feet are generally available 28 BENEFITS OF THE PROGRAM 29

along the west coast. Harbors and channels of lesser depth have also been provided for commercial and sport fishing, general recreation boating, and for use as harbors of refuge. Total commerce at coastal harbors and channels, exclusive of intraport and local traffic, reached a record high of 496 million tons in 1956. Great Lakes. The Great Lakes system serving the middle west is the world's largest and busiest inland waterway. Eight States border ,onthe lakes, and nine others are directly tributary thereto. The lakes have a total water surface of about 95,000 square miles, two-thirds of which are in the United States. These vast water areas, joined by the connecting channels, provide a low-cost transport artery that permits movement of bulk materials and products of every description in huge quantities to advantageously located manufacturing areas. Controlling depths in the connecting channels are generally 21 feet in upbound, and 25 feet in downbound channels; however, improvement to provide depths of at least 27 feet is now under way. This important transportation artery is connected with the Gulf of Mexico by means of a 9-foot barge navigation on the improved Illinois and Mississippi Rivers; and with the Atlantic Ocean by means of the New York State Barge Canal and the Hudson River, and by the 14-foot Canadian St. Lawrence Canals. The St. Lawrence Seaway, when completed in 1959, will give the lake ports access to the sealanes of the world via channels having a minimum depth of 27 feet. The Federal Government has constructed 37 major harbors on the Great Lakes for use by modern vessels engaged in the movement of basic commodities. In addition to the harbors improved by the Federal Government, there are also seven harbors which have either been improved by local interests or which in their natural state adequately serve as harbors. There are also numerous other harbors improved by the Federal Government which are of lesser importance. It is probable that many of the harbors on the Great Lakes will require improvement to handle the deeper-draft traffic that will utilize the improved connecting channels and the St. Lawrence Seaway. Studies are currently under way to determine where improvement is advisable. Among the leading ports of the United States, including coastal ports, Duluth-Superior ranked second only to New York; Chicago, Toledo, and Detroit were 9th, 10th, and 11th respectively. Inland and intracoastal waterways. Inland and intracoastal waterways, the third element of the navigation program, are an important element of the national transportation structure. They have proved their worth, both in peace and war, as routes for low-cost movement of bulk commodities to supplement the major forms of overland transport. 30 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

The Federal Government has improved in varying degree some 22,600 miles of waterways in this country to provide the most extensive inland navigation system in the world. Traffic on the inland waterway system has grown tremendously over the years, reaching a record high of 109 billion ton-miles in 1956, as compared with 97.6 billion ton-miles in 1955, the previous record year. The large increase in traffic on the inland waterways results, in part, from the fact that industry recognizing the economic advantages of low-cost water transportation and the availability of adequate water supplies for industrial processing is crowding to and along the river banks. Along the Ohio River, for example, investments in new industrial development since World War II are exceeding the $10 billion mark. The resultant increase in Ohio River traffic since the end of the war has been outstanding-the record 76.4 million tons handled in 1956 being about twice the 1946 figure and about 7 percent more than the traffic handled in 1955.

2. FLOOD CONTROL

Federal interest in flood control began in the alluvial valley of the 'Mississippi when the Corps of Engineers first undertook navigation improvements on that river early in the 19th century, and when the interrelationship of flood control and navigation became apparent. This Federal interest took definite form with establishment of the Mississippi River Commission in 1879, but the first major Federal participation in flood control began in 1928 when Congress adopted the present project for flood control and navigation in the alluvial valley of the Mississippi. Responsibility for nationwide flood control was assigned to the Corps of Engineers by the 1936 Flood Control Act, which also established the basic Federal policy for that activity. During the intervening period since 1936, the Corps of Engineers has completed 344 flood-control projects having a total cost of $963 million; 136 projects having a total estimated cost of $3.5 billion are under construction; and the remainder of the active program consisting of 275 projects estimated to cost $1.9 billion has not been started. In addition, multiple-purpose reservoir projects complete or in partial operation have been providing important flood-control benefits. Corps of Engineers projects complete or in partial operation for flood control have been highly effective in alleviating flood damages throughout the Nation. During the limited period they have been in operation, they have prevented flood damages of about $8.7 billion, including $426 million during fiscal year 1957. A breakdown of the BENEFITS OF THE PROGRAM 31

damages prevented according to major drainage basins or regions follows: Fiscal year Cumulative 1957 to date (In millions of dollars) New England_ _ 98. 5 Middle Atlantic ..... 1. 4 127. 6 Gulf and South Atlantic_ 9.5 34.7 Lower Mississippi__ 200. 3 5, 985. 6 Rio Grande and Gulf_ 106. 8 112. 2 Arkansas-White-Red 38. 5 152. 7 Missouri __ 14. 1 759. 4 Ohio__ 30. 0 493. 9 Great Lakes-St. Lawrence_ 1.6 9.0 Upper Mississippi_ . 4 107.2 Souris-Red_- .3 5.0 Colorado Great Basin- .4 Central and South Pacific_ 10. 0 124. 3 Central Valley_ .1 446. 3 Columbia_ _- 12. 5 206. 6 North Pacific- 1. 9 Territory of Hawaii_ Alaska_ .1 1.6

Total_-- 425. 6 8, 667. 0 Despite the progress made on the flood-control program, minimum adequate protection is not available in most areas, and the Nation is highly vulnerable to severe damages from major floods such as those experienced in 1955 in the northeast and on the west coast, and during the current fiscal year in the southwest. The prolonged drought in the Southwest was broken in the spring of 1957 by the most sustained general flooding in the history of streamflow records for much of the area. Twenty-seven reservoirs, many of which had contributed badly needed water during the closing months of the drought, were pressed into heavy flood-control service in six basins-the Colorado (in Texas), Brazos, Trinity, Red, Arkansas, and White River Basins. In four others, the Nueches, Guadalupe- San Antonio, Neches, and Sabine River Basins, there was considerable flooding but there were no Federally constructed flood-control works. In the 10 basins enumerated, preliminary estimates indicate that about $125 million in flood damage was experienced, some $140 million in damages was prevented by existing flood-control works, and an additional amount of about $55 million would have been prevented if all authorized work in these basins had been constructed. Not included in these estimates is the great value of the 5 million acre-feet increase in water stored in conservation pools, making a 32 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

total of 12 million acre-feet available for water supply and hydroelectric power. The disastrous effects of recent floods have served to emphasize the fact that the Nation is still highly vulnerable to severe flood damage from major floods and will continue to experience large flood losses until a high degree of protection is achieved throughout the country. This goal may be reached through orderly prosecution of existing flood-control plans expanded as determined to be necessary on the basis of up-to-date engineering and economic studies which take into account more recent flood experience and the expanded economic development that has or is taking place in the floodplains. The results obtained through operation of completed flood-control projects have proven that most of the flood damage now experienced can be economically prevented through comprehensive river basin development of our water resources.

3. OTHER BENEFITS The aforementioned flood-control and navigation benefits alone do not represent the total benefits realized from the civil works program. Large additional benefits also accrue through conservation and use of our water resources by multiple-purpose development. These include development of hydroelectric power, storage of water for industrial, municipal, and agricultural use, and the numerous benefits which result from improvement of low river flows. In many cases the projects also provide large public recreational values and opportunities for preservation and enhancement of fish and wildlife resources. Hydroelectric power. The position of hydroelectric power development in the civil works program has grown with the increasing needs of the Nation for electric energy, with the greater knowledge accumu- lated in recent years of the ability of rivers to supply that power, and as a result of the expanding Federal interest in its regulation, development, and use. The civil works program, which involves development of the waters of our major rivers, had naturally afforded large possibilities for the development of water power. At projects constructed and operated by the Corps of Engineers 22.6 billion kilowatt-hours were generated during the fiscal year, representing approximately 18.2 percent of the hydroelectric power produced and 3.6 percent of the total production by all sources of the Nation's utility systems. Details of hydroelectric power production at Corps of Engineers' projects are contained in chapter II, paragraph 5. Water-supply and streamflow regulation. Continued droughts in various parts of the United States during recent years, growth of population, and increased demands of manufacturing processes have BENEFITS OF THE PROGRAM 33 served to focus the attention of the general public on the need for adequate amounts of water of a suitable quality. Adequate water supplies are required for the future welfare of many communities and the availability of additional supplies will greatly affect their future development and the possible development of new towns and associated industries. As a result, many States are taking positive steps to study State legislation for the purpose of safeguarding available water supplies in the best overall public interest. The Corps of Engineers has general legislative authority to modify reservoir plans to provide additional storage for water supply, on the condition that local interests pay the cost of such additional storage, and to make contracts with States, municipalities, local agencies, and individuals for surplus water that may be available at civil works projects. In addition, water supply features have been included in project authorization acts and, in instances where water supply storage would encroach upon authorized project purposes, authority has been obtained by special legislation after the need has been established. Under the various appropriate authorities numerous communities have availed themselves of the opportunity to obtain needed water supplies. The Corps of Engineers is providing a little more than 1,008,000 acre- feet of storage space in 16 reservoirs, in the interest of domestic and industrial water supply, which serve over 38 towns and cities.

Water Supply Storage Provided by Corps of Engineers

Water supply Project storage Local agency acre-feet

i ----

San Angelo, Tex - 80, 351 Upper Colorado River Authority. Berlin Dam, Ohio______19, 400 Mahoning Valley Sanitary District. Mosquito Creek, Ohio______11,000 Warren, Ohio. Burr Oak, Ohio (Tom Jenkins) ______-____ 9,300 State of Ohio. Hords Creek, Tex .. ______. . .______. 5, 780 Coleman, Tex. Garza-Little Elm (Lewisville), Tex ____. 415, 000 Dallas, Tex. Do ------21,000 Denton, Tex. Grapevine, Tex ...------85,000 Dallas, Tex. 50,000 Park Cities, Tex. Do _...... ------1,250 Grapevine, Tex. Lavon Dam, Tex ______100, 000 North Texas Municipal Water District. Texarkana, Ark. and Tex_ 13, 400 Cities of Texarkana, Ark. and Tex. Lake Texoma, Okla. and Tex______21,300 Denison, Tex. B elton, Tex -_ _ _-___...... 12, 000 Fort Hood, Tex. Canton Dam, Okla______90, 000 Oklahoma City, Okla. Clark Hill, Ga. and S. C______210 McCormick, S. C. Homme Reservoir, N. Dak______3, 650 Grafton and Park River, N.fDak. Baldhill Reservoir, N. Dak_____ 69, 500 Eastern North Dakota Water Development Association.

Dam B, Tex . ______------(1), Lower Neches Valley Authority.

T otal ...... _ .. 1,008,141

1 Up to 2,000 c. f. s. Includes water for rice irrigation. 34 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

During the year 448,000 acre-feet of water was furnished from reservoirs exclusively for domestic and individual water supply. Other conservation releases of 3,426,000 acre-feet, together with 20,942,000 acre-feet for hydropower generation, improved the quantity and quality of water available for water supply downstream. Under basic authorizations, Corps of Engineers' examination and survey reports may include such other uses as may be properly related to or coordinated with proposed navigation and flood-control projects. In that connection, the formulation of comprehensive water resources plans may include irrigation among the other uses which may be incorporated into flood-control or navigation projects. Irrigation storage space in Corps of Engineers' reservoirs falls into two categories, one in which storage space is allocated exclusively to irrigation use, and the other where, due to existing seasonal patterns of flood runoff, irrigation may share storage with flood-control or other project functions. There are about 3,975,000 acre-feet of storage space being operated either exclusively or jointly for irrigation and other uses, as shown in the following tabulation:

IrrigationStorage--in Operation-Corpsof Engineers' Reservoirs

Exclusive Joint-use Project irrigation storage storage acre-feet acre-feet

John Martin, Colo--...... ------384,000 -----...... ------Harlan County, Nebr---...... ------150, 000 ------Conchas, N. Mex--...... ------279, 000 ------Folsom, Calif...... ------512,000 Pine Flat, Calif------1,000, 000 Isabella, Calif .....------55, 000 Lucky Peak, Idaho...... ------280, 000 Cottage Grove, Oreg------...... ------30,000 Dorena, Oreg...... ------70, 000 Fern Ridge, Oreg...------95,000 Lookout Point, Oreg....------...------340,000 Detroit, Oreg.. ------300, 000

Total...... ------813,000 3,162,000

Continued extreme drought conditions in the Central and South- western United States necessitated emergency releases from conservation storage in several Corps of Engineers' reservoirs where small cities and towns would have been out of water except for emergency releases. In addition, numerous water shortages were overcome where reservoirs were operated for low-flow regulation which benefited water supplies, pollution abatement, recreation, and fish and wildlife along the streams. Heavy storms and severe damaging floods starting in April ended the long drought and filled reservoirs. Water releases BENEFITS OF THE PROGRAM 35

from Missouri River reservoirs improved low flow, navigation, municipal water supply, and pollution abatement conditions, the effects of which extended to the lower reaches of the Mississippi River. Re- leases of water during the year for irrigation amounted to about 2,635,000 acre-feet. Other reservoirs operated for the alleviation of critical water shortages included: Canton in Oklahoma; Benbrook, Lavon, Lewisville, and Belton in Texas; Blue Mountain in Arkansas; Wappapello and Clearwater in Missouri; and Philpott in Virginia. Also, John H. Kerr Reservoir in North Carolina was operated to reduce pollution and improve conditions at important striped bass spawning areas.

4. PUBLIC RECREATION USE OF PROJECT AREAS The land and water areas comprising the civil works projects of the Corps of Engineers continue to make abundant recreational resources available to the people of the United States. These project lands and waters fill an urgent need for water recreation which is reflected in the great public use attendance which rose from 26 million in 1952 to over 70 million in 1956. This increase of 2.7 times in 5 years exceeds the rate of increase of all other park recreational areas administered by Federal agencies. Part of this increase is the result of placing a number of new large reservoir areas in operation during the 5-year period. Over 73,034 boats were operating on reservoir projects alone. The public was accommodated through 2,800 access points, 1,125 boat- launching ramps, and at approximately 1,100 public boat landings. The majority of the access points and boat-launching sites have been provided by the Corps of Engineers. However, investmentwise, the majority of the developed recreational facilities, areas, and services are provided or are planned to be provided at other than Federal expense either by State, county, or municipal agencies or by commercial concession agreements. Grants to public agencies now total hundreds of thousands of acres and are divided as follows: 96 to States for public park-recreation use. 53 to counties for public park-recreation use. 72 to cities for public park-recreation use. 67 to States for fish and wildlife management. The number of organized (youth) camps developed and operated by public and quasi-public agencies on civil works project lands has increased to 183. These camps have a camper capacity of over 30,000 campers, or a significant total of the entire national camper capacity available to the youth of America. Revenues derived from the leasing of flood-control and navigation project lands, including commercial recreation leases, continue to be 36 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

deposited in a special account of the Treasury and 75 percent of such funds are returned to the States for distribution to the counties for public purposes pursuant to section 206 of the Flood Control Act of 1954 and in accordance with State laws governing the distribution of such funds. 5. FISH AND WILDLIFE Most of the lands of the Corps' civil projects, particularly reservoir lands and waters, are open to public hunting and fishing in accordance with applicable Federal and State laws. The new waters and bordering lands are administered in close cooperation with wildlife agencies with a view to increased production of fish, upland game, and migratory wildlife habitat. Research in all phases of fish and wildlife management is being conducted in interested cooperating agencies. Project lands and waters, in addition to providing habitat for fish and game and new public shooting grounds, are encouraging the sale of large numbers of additional hunting and fishing licenses, the revenue from which adds materially to the funds available to wildlife agencies for administration, management, and research. Project lands in many States are also used without charge to grow food for ducks, geese, and other wildlife. Corps of Engineers' funds have been made available to the Fish and Wildlife Service, United States Department of the Interior, for study of the effect of project construction and operation on fish and wildlife resources and to determine means and measures that may be adopted to prevent loss or damage to those resources. CHAPTER IV

CURRENT PROJECT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

1. PROGRAM POLICY MATTERS The Corps of Engineers continued participation with other Federal agencies and with agencies of the various States in activities pertaining to the development of national water resource policies. In addition, various policies and procedures in use by the Corps of Engineers were reviewed, improved, and modified. The more important of these activities are discussed in the following paragraphs. Interagency Committee on Water Resources. The Interagency Com- mittee on Water Resources is composed of policy officials at the secretarial level of the Departments of Agriculture, Army, Commerce; Health, Education, and Welfare; Interior, and Labor, and the Federal Power Commission. It is the responsibility of the committee to establish means and procedures to promote coordination of the water and related land resources activities of the member agencies; to under- take resolution of interagency differences to the extent possible under existing law and administration policy; to suggest to the President changes in policy which would promote coordination and eliminate or reduce interagency differences; and to review problems referred to it by the interagency committees in the field. Such field committees have been set up for the Missouri, Columbia, Pacific Southwest, and Arkansas-White-Red Basins and the New England-New York area. During the year the Committee performed its regular activities principally through its standing subcommittees on hydrology, sedimenta- tion, and evaluation standards. The committee also adopted a procedure for coordination of basic data programs designed to facilitate realization of the objectives of the basic data recommendations of the report of the Presidential Advisory Committee on Water Re- sources Policy which was transmitted to Congress by the President on January 17, 1956. Watershed protection and flood prevention. Public Law 566, the Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954, was amended by Public Law 1018, approved August 7, 1956. The amendments broaden the scope of the Public Law 566 program to encompass, in addition to flood control, the reclamation of land by irrigation or drainage, and the construction of facilities for water supply, recreation, fish and wildlife, streamflow regulation, and the control of saline water intrusions. They also require assumption by the Federal Gov- ernment of all construction costs allocable to flood control, thus elim- 37 38 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957 inating the original requirement that non-Federal interests bear a part of the construction cost of works for flood control. Costs allocated to other purposes are to be divided between the Federal Govern- ment and non-Federal interests, except that costs allocated to water supply and other nonagricultural purposes must be borne entirely by non-Federal interests. The Secretary of Agriculture is also authorized to make loans to the non-Federal organizations. Another important amendment makes it possible for the local organization to secure engineering services from private engineering firms or to employ their own engineers. The broadening of the Public Law 566 program makes even more important its coordination with other Federal programs for the development and utilization of water resources, and particularly the inte- gration of headwater reservoir systems constructed thereunder into unified reservoir systems for major river basins. The Corps of Engi- neers has, therefore, redoubled its efforts to improve the coordination between its river basin plans and the engineering plans being developed by the Department of Agriculture under Public Law 566. Among other things, it has invited the Department of Agriculture to participate in the development of comprehensive plans for the Delaware, Potomac, and Cape Fear River Basins. In addition, the Corps of Engineers has cooperated, to the fullest extent possible, with the Department of Agriculture and local organizations in the development of Public Law 566 plans for individual watersheds. During the 1957 fiscal year the Secretary of the Army received for review sixteen plans prepared under Public Law 566. Review of these plans revealed that the proposed division of the costs between the Federal Government and the local organizations differed from the cost-sharing requirements of similar projects undertaken pursuant to the flood control acts. As one of the stated purposes of the 1956 amendments to Public Law 566 was to bring the cost-sharing policies of that act into harmony with the policy set by the flood control acts, this deviation was called to the attention of the Secretary of Agricul- ture. Subsequently, the Executive Office of the President took the matter under advisement. Review of standards for evaluating water resources projects. The Senate, in Resolution 281, 84th Congress, has taken note of the need to improve the means available to its committees for selecting meritorious projects and for recommending authorizing legislation that will achieve the purposes intended by the Congress. Joint hearings before the Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, and Public Works have been held with the view to determine the extent of needed improvements in the procedures for consideration by the Senate of CURRENT PROJECT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 39 projects proposed for authorization. These improvements have three purposes: (a) To provide the Senate committees adequate information relative to project benefits, costs, allocations, utilizations, and related facts. (b) To expedite delivery to the Congress of the project reports without curtailment of the time needed for technical preparation and review by other Federal agencies and affected States. (c) To provide for determination by the Congress of the method of allocation of project costs. Action on Senate Resolution 148, introduced to the Senate on June 13, 1957, as the first step in compliance with directions of Senate Reso- lution 281, 84th Congress, is still pending.

2. OMNIBUS RIVER AND HARBOR AND FLOOD CONTROL BILL

During the year Congress had under consideration an omnibus river and harbor and flood-control bill. The bill, S. 497, 85th Congress, was passed by the Senate on March 28, 1957, and reported by the House Public Works Committee on August 13, 1957. The House of Repre- sentatives did not take action on this legislation during fiscal year 1957. The monetary breakdown of S. 497, as reported by the House Public Works Committee, is as follows: Monetary Type of improvement: authorization Navigation and beach erosion_------$163, 923, 800 Flood control and multiple purpose------411, 939, 000 Basin authorization (flood control, general)- 6------08, 300, 000 Mississippi River_------72, 475, 000 Department of Interior (Missouri River)------200, 000, 000

Total ------1, 456, 637, 800 The bill provides for authorization of about 100 individual projects, exclusive of basin authorizations, covering all parts of the country and the Territories. In addition, it contains several general provisions, including a section on water supply which would liberalize policy applicable to advance provision of-facilities needed to meet future needs,

3. EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS

During the year the Public Works Committees of Congress adopted 78 resolutions requesting review of previous reports on proposed river and harbor and flood-control improvements. Accomplishment and status of the survey program are indicated in table 20, 461 552-58-----4 40 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

Table 20. Summary of Reports Processed During Fiscal Year 1957 and Status at End of Year

Reports transmitted to-- Number

Congress------96 Bureau of the Budget...... _go------.. 99_ State and Federal agencies ..------96 River and Harbor and Beach Erosion Boards..------121

Total actions ...... ------. - 412

STATUSAS OF JUNE 30, 1957

Favorable reports before Congress.....------_ 105 Reports in process in Office, Chief of Engineers.. ------. 16 Active reports in field offices- _.._._...... -. ....------242 Special studies active in field offices...... ------9 Inactive reports in field offices______------____------.. 598 Special studies inactive in field offices ------... 0

Total ------970

Current survey program. The increased level of appropriations for examinations and surveys resulted in increased activity in the investigations program. Improvements in procedures and techniques also permitted more economical production of survey reports. Further economies in report production are anticipated from the new manuals of procedures which were prepared during the year. Interagency coordination continued. The special studies and other major studies in the survey program-are discussed in subsequent paragraphs. Developments in survey procedures. Preparation of engineering manuals on survey report procedures, including evaluation principles and practices applicable to all phases of project development, was continued during fiscal year 1957. The preliminary manuals on general procedures issued in June 1956 (EM 1120-2-101) and on terminology in economic evaluation issued in October 1956 (EM 1120- 2-102) were distributed to division and district engineers and their comments are being given careful consideration in the preparation of revised editions. Brief manuals were issued to interpret the application of Public Law 826, 84th Congress, for Federal-local cost-sharing in cooperative beach erosion-control projects, and to clarify the economic relation of flood damages and flood-control benefits to the market value of land. Other ma:nuals and instructions on the detailed evaluation of navigation and flood-control benefits and related water resource uses, the roles of secondary benefits and of fish and wildlife and recreation benefits in project evaluation, and preparation of adequate project cost estimates in survey reports were in preparation at the end of the year. Reporting officers have been gradually adopting the increased flexibility in report format permitted and the survey plan- CURRENT' PROJECT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 41 ning techniques prescribed in EM 1120-2-101, resulting in improved report presentation and in more objective and foresighted analysis problems and in better use of personnel, funds and time available for such investigations. During the year the chairman of the House Committee on Public Works instructed the Chief of Engineers to pro- ceed directly with survey studies without referral to the committee for approval when preliminary scope studies pursuant to committee resolution indicated the need for detailed surveys. The pending omnibus authorization bill would remove remaining legal restrictions in this matter, and permit complete adoption of the single survey report procedure. Golumbia River and tributaries review. A comprehensive review of the report on Columbia River and tributaries published as House Document No. 531, 81st Congress, was authorized on July 28, 1955. Investigations initiated during fiscal year 1956 were continued in fiscal year 1957. While the review will be comprehensive in scope in that it will cover the entire field of water resource use, studies will be directed primarily toward reanalysis of the main control plan with a view to solution of the major problems of providing main stem flood control and navigation and a basic plan of power development for the Pacific Northwest. Close coordination is being maintained with interested Federal, State, and local agencies and organizations. Delaware River comprehensive review. Review of the report on Delaware River published in House Document No. 179, 73d Congress, and related reports, was initiated in fiscal year 1956 responsive to resolutions of the Public Works Committees of Congress. Studies were continued during fiscal year 1957. By letter of October 22, 1956, the President directed arrangements be established to assure full and continuing exchange of information and views among all parties concerned with development of the water resources of the Delaware River Basin. This is being accomplished by means of a coordinating committee on which there is Federal, State, and local representation. The review will be comprehensive in nature, including consideration of flood control, water supply, hydroelectric power, low-flow regulation, and allied purposes. The extent to which the Federal Government, the several State governments, and other interests can be expected to participate in effecting water resource development must be determined. Comprehensive survey of Great Lakes harbors. The St. Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes connecting channels projects will provide a waterway with minimum depth of 27 feet throughout the Great Lakes system connecting with the Atlantic Ocean. Anticipated traffic into the Great Lakes through the deep-draft St. Lawrence Seaway, as well as deeper-draft traffic expected from improvement of 42 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957 connecting channels necessitates comprehensive reexamination to determine the advisability of further improvement of commercial harbors on the Great Lakes. Such studies were authorized by resolutions of the Senate and House Public Works Committees on May 18, 1956, and June 27, 1956, respectively. The initial phase of the study is a comprehensive traffic analysis to provide an estimate of the prospective waterborne commerce, both bulk and general cargo, which will use the Seaway and connecting channels. These studies are under way and scheduled for completion in fiscal year 1959. A total of 26 public hearings have been held to obtain the views of local interests regarding deep draft improvements desired. About 56 harbors will be considered. Interim reports on 8 harbors which will benefit movement of iron ore, coal, and stone are scheduled for completion during calendar year 1957 and 6 others are scheduled for the first half of fiscal year 1958. Hudson River siltation study. This study, authorized on July 29, 1955, by resolution of the House Committee on Public Works, will determine what improvements are necessary and feasible to lessen shoaling in the pier slips on both sides of the Hudson River and in the Federal channel at and in the vicinity of Edgewater, N. J. Move- ment of freight totaling more than 50 million tons annually and dock- ing of practically all of the passenger liners entering New York Harbor are affected adversely by siltation in this area. Investigations were initiated during fiscal year 1957. Due to the complexity of the problem, model studies are being made to aid in determination of the sources of the silt and to test the effectiveness of possible remedial measures. Hurricanestudy. Hurricanes of recent years have caused large loss of life and unprecedented damage to property. In recognition of this, Public Law 71, 84th Congress, authorized study of the coastal and tidal areas along the eastern and southern seaboards of the United States with a view to securing data on the frequency and behavior of hurricanes, determination of methods of forecasting their paths and improving warning services, and means of preventing loss of life and property damage. This study is being made in cooperation with the Weather Bureau and other Federal and State agencies concerned with hurricanes. Initial appraisal of the problem to determine areas where severe damage has occurred and where there appears to be some likelihood of development of feasible corrective measures was essentially complete at the end of fiscal year 1957, and interim reports on some 40 such areas were in progress during the year. Ohio River comprehensive review. Comprehensive review of water resource development plans and requirements in the Ohio River basin was initiated during fiscal year 1957 responsive to authorization CURRENT PROJECT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMEN 43

provided by resolution of the Senate Public Works Committee on May 16, 1955. This study involves reexamination of existing plans and consideration of additional plans necessary to establish a basinwide program for effective water resource conservation and use. Close coordination will be maintained with interested Federal, State, and local agencies and organizations. Potomac River comprehensive review. A comprehensive review of previous reports on the Potomac River and tributaries was authorized on January 26, 1956. Investigations were initiated in fiscal year 1956 and continued during fiscal year 1957. The objective of the review is development of a comprehensive, basinwide, water resource development program. Attention to the pressing problems of water supply and stream pollution, particularly in the Washington Metropolitan Area and the tributary North Branch basin, comprises an important part of the study. Close coordination is being maintained with Fed- eral, and State and other local agencies and organizations to insure development of a sound and acceptable plan of improvement. An interim report on the North Branch basin is scheduled in view of the urgency of its flood-control and water conservation problems. Survey of the San FranciscoBay area. A comprehensive preliminary examination and survey of the San Francisco Bay area was authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1950. Preliminary examination has been completed and survey scope investigation was in progress during fiscal year 1957. The study will include consideration of navigation requirements, flood control, reclamation of marginal lands, water supply, salt water intrusion, sediment deposition, and other water problems in the bay area. The possibility of using dikes or barriers across the northern and southern portions of the bay for fresh water impound- ment, and as causeways, is being investigated. Model studies are being used as an aid in the solution of complex hydraulic problems. Coordination is being maintained with State and local interests.

4. BOARD OF ENGINEERS FOR RIVERS AND HARBORS During fiscal year 1957 the Board held 7 meetings of 1 to 2 days' duration, held 2 public hearings, and made 1 field inspection trip. The Board considered 121 reports, acting favorably on 36 and unfavorably on 25 reports on surveys; recommending that 22 surveys be made and reporting unfavorably on 28 preliminary examinations; and also reviewed the special report on the Brazos River and tributaries, Texas; issued 1 "not convinced" notice on a favorable report; returned 1 report to the field for reconsideration; and deferred action on 7 reports. The Board recommended construction of projects estimated to cost $316,424,500-$237,497,900 Federal and $78,926,600 non-Federal. Of the 53 reports on preliminary examinations and sur- 44 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

veys acted on unfavorably by the Board, 33 involved work estimated to cost $512,828,420. Estimates were not made in connection with the remaining 20 reports, as they covered proposed improvements, which obviously were unfavorable or no longer desired or necessary..

5. BEACH EROSION BOARD

The Beach Erosion Board completed action on 8 beach erosion-- control studies in cooperation with local public agencies during the fiscal year and assisted State agencies in setting up the study programs for 7 new cooperative studies as indicated in the table below.

List of Beach-Erosion Control Cooperative Studies Completed and Applications; Approved

Cooperative Studies Completed During Year

Chatham, Mass. Thames River to Niantic Bay, Conn. Saugatuck River to Byram River, Conn. Sandy Hook to Barnegat Inlet, N. J. (Review) Kitts Hummock to Fenwick Island, Del. Santa Cruz Coanty, Calif. Humboldt Bay (Buhne Point), Calif. Berrien County (St. Joseph), Mich.

Applications for Cooperative Studies Approved During Year

Cape Cod Canal to Provincetown, Mass. Sandy Hook to Barnegat Inlet, N. J. (Review). Fernandina Beach (Amelia Island), Fla. Palm Beach County, Fla. (Phase 2). Key West, Fla. San Juan, P. R. Rollover Fish Pass (Gilchrict), Tex. During the year 17 reports were reviewed for probable effects of navigation improvements on the adjacent shore lines. In addition 9 hurricane appraisal reports and 2 hurricane survey reports were reviewed. Results of the research investigations conducted by the Board are made available to the using public in the form of publications. During the year 15 technical memoranda were issued.

6. ADVANCE ENGINEERING AND DESIGN During the preliminary phase of preparing authorized projects for construction, features thereof are developed, firm estimates of costs are prepared, orderly construction schedules are worked out, and necessary detailed information is readied for coordination with local interests, States, and other agencies. A backlog of projects ready for initiation of construction is in preparation to allow an expansion of the civil works construction program at such time as the national budgetary policy permits, at the same time assuring the CURRENT PROJECT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 45 development o fa seun dT'nd well-balanced program consistent with the Nation's needs in the fields of navigation, flood control, and allied water uses. The sum of $9,512,000 was made available in fiscal year 1957 for advance engineering and design. With these funds and funds carried over from prior years, the Corps of Engineers prosecuted planning on 132 projects, consisting of 32 navigation, 90 flood-control, and 10 multiple-purpose projects. Planning on 59 of these projects was advanced to the stage where construction could be readily initiated. Funds in the amount of $8,923,630, representing approximately 84 percent of the total available for this activity, were obligated during the fiscal year. In addition to planning work on projects, the Corps of Engineers continued its program of investigating the means of improving design and construction procedures. The accomplishments and economies effected in this field of activity are set forth in the discussion of the Civil Works investigations program in chapter VII.

7. COLLECTION AND STUDY OF BASIC DATA The collection and study of basic data are indispensable to the planning, design, and operation of Corps river-basin projects for the development of the Nation's water resources. This item includes those cooperative activities performed by other Federal agencies for which funds are provided by the Corps of Engineers for the basic programs of observing, compiling, reporting, and publishing data on streamflow, rainfall, and fish and wildlife resources. A description of each of these activities during fiscal year 1957 is presented below: a. Cooperative programs with United States Weather Bureau; (1) Operation of a network of rainfall gages, primarily of the continuous recording type, known as the Hydroclimatic Network, was continued by the Weather Bureau at the request of the Corps of Engineers. Funds in the amount of $377,000 were transferred to the Weather Bureau for continued operation of this network during fiscal year 1957. A total of 2,742 stations (2,248 recording and 494 nonrecording) were in operation in the network on June 30, 1957. Data from these stations are published monthly by the Weather Bureau in "Hourly Precipitation Data." (2) The Hydrometeorological Section of the Weather Bureau was continued during the fiscal year at the request of the Corps of Engineers to review the meteorological aspects of the storm study program and to continue the development of theoretical concepts and practical techniques of estimating probable maximum precipitation for use in engineering de- 46 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

sign. Funds in the amount of $100,000 were made available to the Weather Bureau to finance continued operation of this section during fiscal year 1957. The primary accomplishments during the year were continued investigation of precipitation in orographic regions in the State of California; drafting a report of seasonal variation of the Standard Project Storm for areas up to 20,000 square miles; preparation of meteorological specifications for hpyothetical floods on the Ohio River by combining meteorologically compatible precipitation storms and historical floods; continued study on quantitative relation of precipitation to moisture content of the air and moisture transport and relation of the precipitation to available energy in the atmosphere; derivation of a method for making quantitative precipitation forecasts from the configuration of sea-level isobars and the precipi- table water and winds in the atmosphere; preliminary estimates of probable maximum precipitation for 17 project areas; review of several storm studies and other studies involving meteorologic phases of engineering problems. (3) The River and Rainfall Reporting Networks, currently totaling 40 in number, were also continued at the request of the Corps in order that frequent reports of river stage and rainfall data would be available as required by district engineers for flood-control operation and flood-forecasting -purposes. Funds in the amount of $98,900 were transferred to the Weather Bureau for continuation of this program during fiscal year 1957. b. Stream gaging program with the United States Geological Survey. The Geological Survey was requested to continue the cooperative program of constructing, maintaining, and operating stream gaging stations required in connection with Corps of Engineers activities. A total of $1,092,854 was transferred to the Geological Survey for operation of approximately 1,720 stations under this program during fiscal year 1957. Data obtained from these stations are published by the Geological Survey in the series of annual Water Supply Papers. CHAPTER V FUNDING TRENDS

1. FUNDS AVAILABLE FOR WORK Fiscal year 1957 funds appropriated for civil works activities of the Corps of Engineers amounted to $637,720,627.30. Individual appropriations are detailed in table 21. Status of the funds advanced by local interests for navigation and flood-control improvements is shown in table 22.

Table £1. Appropriations, Fiscal Year 1957

The funds with which the works for the maintenance and improvement of rivers and harbors and flood control were prosecuted during the fiscal year were derived from unexpended balances of prior appropriations and from the following appropriation acts, and by transfer from other departments:

Appropriation title Date of act Amount

Public Works Appropriation Act, 1957: Flood Control, Mississippi River and Tributaries-...... July 2, 1956..-...... - $62, 791, 000. 00 General Investigations, Corps of Engineers, Civil-...... 9,322,000.00 Construction, General, Corps of Engineers, Civil ...... 455, 949, 500. 00 Operation and Maintenance, General, Corps of Engineers, ...... 95,900,000.00 Civil. G eneral Expenses, Corps of Engineers, Civil, 1957 ...... 10, 400, 000.00 Niagara Remedial Works, Corps of Engineers, Civil. .. __.. 500, 000. 00 United States Section, St. Lawrence River Joint Board of 150,000.00 Engineers, Corps of Engineers, Civil, 1957.

635, 012, 500. 00

Second Supplemental Appropriation Act, 1957: Construction, General, Corps of Engineers, Civil ...... July 31, 1956 ...... 2, 520, 000. 00

Hydraulic Mining in California, Debris Fund------__-_--- June 19, 1934 ...... 36, 000.00

Special Fund (Credits to Accounts from License under Federal Water Power Act, Aug. 26, 1935): Maintenance and Operation of Dams and Other Improve- Aug. 26, 1935 152,127.30 ments to Navigable Waters.

Payments to States, Flood Control Act, June 28, 1938, as June 28, 1938- 1,461,148. 62 amended.

Trust Funds (Contributions and Advances): Rivers and Harbors, Contributed Funds-...... -...... Various--.--..------11, 045, 798. 29 Rivers and Harbors, Advanced Funds-...... ---do---- ...... ------135, 700. 00

11,181,498.29

47 48 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

Table 21. Appropriations, Fiscal Year 1957--Continued

Appropriation title Date of act Amount

Funds Transferred From Other Departments: Disaster Relief, Executive Office of the President (Transfer Various .. $5,328,864.00 to Corps of Engineers, Civil). Salaries and Expenses, National Science Foundation (Trans- -... do....-- 650,000. 0 fer to Corps of Engineers, Civil). Construction and Rehabilitation, Bureau of Reclamation, .....do-- -" -4, 748. 55 Middle Rio Grande Project, Albuquerque, N. Mex. (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil). Economic and Technical Assistance, Defense Support, Asia -988. 26 and Pacific Other Than Formosa and the Associated States of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, Executive (Trans- fer to Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1948-54. Technical Cooperation, General, Executive (Transfer to ...do_._ -10, 692.03 Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1955. Technical Cooperation, General, Executive (Transfer to ....do...... 70,187. 03 Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1956. Technical Cooperation, General, Executive (Transfer to _--d do------3,150.00 Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1957. Southeast Asia and Western Pacific, Executive (Transfer to . .. do...... -1,985.00 Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1955. Defense Support, Asia, Executive (Transfer to Corps of .....do ...... 8,570.00 Engineers, Civil), 1956. ...--do__ - Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Survey, State-_ _------. .do...... 836, 000.00 Salaries and Expenses, Maritime Activities (Transfer to -12, 610.95 Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1955. ...do._ ... . Salaries and Expenses, Maritime Activities (Transfer to 4,053.17 Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1956. Salaries and Expenses, Maritime Activities (Transfer to .... do...... 65, 629.00 Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1957. -.--.do...... Repair of Reserve Fleet Facilities, Department of Com- -6,479.23 merce, Maritime Administration, 1955-56 (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil). Construction, Fish and Wildlife Service (Transfer to Corps .....do...... ------1,000,000.00 of Engineers, Civil). Commodity Credit Corporation, Capital Fund (Transfer -. do-.------5, 500.00 to Corps of Engineers, Civil). Technical Assistance, Unitea States Dollars Advanced 880.00 from Foreign Governments, International Cooperation Administration (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil). United States Dollars Advanced from Foreign Govern- .----do-...... 3, 892.00 ments, U. S. Educational Exchange Program, Department of State (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil). .----do---.------Maintenance and Operation, U. S. Soldiers' Home (Transfer -....do ..... -.- .-- 12, 700.00 to Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1957. Capital Outlay, U. S. Soldiers' Home (Transfer to Corps of ....do ...... 32, 500.00 Engineers, Civil).

Total funds transferred from other departments______------...- 7, 984, 421.18

Grand total all funds------.--..... --- --...... 658,347, 695.39 FUNDING TRENDS 49

Table 22. Advanced Funds

The following amounts have been advanced by local interests for river and harbor improvements under the provisions of sec. II, River and Harbor Act, Mar. 3, 1925, and for flood-control works under the provisions of the act of Oct. 15, 1940, and are returnable to the same interests when necessary Government funds are available.

Balance Amount Amount Balance due from received returned due from District United during during United States fiscal fiscal States June 30, year year June 30, 1956 1957

Selkirk-shore protection___...... ______Buffalo, N. Y _- -___-______$5, 000 ------$5,000 Jones Beach Inlet, N. Y------__ New York, N. Y.__ $1, 695,000 112, 500 $1, 470, 000 337, 500 Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, Franklin New Orleans, La. 44, 000------44, 000 Canal, St. Mary Parish, La. Sacramento River, Calif _------Sacramento, Calif_ 200, 000 ...... 200, 000 -

Total, rivers and harbors ... ____ ... ______._.. 1, 939, 000 117, 500 1, 714, 000 342, 500

Buffalo Bayou, Tex--..-.---...... - Galveston, Tex.... 4, 400, 000 ... ____- - 4, 400, 000 -

Grand total .. ..__._ __ ... ______.._ ... 6, 339, 000 117, 500 6, 114, 000 342, 500

NOTE.-Amount of $44,300 representing contributed funds for San Antonio-Chino Creeks channel Improvement, Los Angeles district, was erroneously shown on report June 30, 1956.

2. ANNUAL APPROPRIATIONS Chart IV indicates the fluctuations in annual appropriations since 1948 for civil works functions. Chart V shows actual appropriations adjusted to reflect rising construction costs for the past 10 years. Although actual appropriations for fiscal year 1957 represent an increase of 50 percent over 1948, application of the Engineering News- Record's cost of construction index to the 1957 appropriation shows a decrease of 0.2 percent in the amount of work which the appropriation could produce as compared to the materially lower appropriation a decade ago.

3. EXPENDITURES (COSTS) During fiscal year 1957 expenditures (costs) amounted to $603,261,424 which includes -$1,874,735 for emergency work for the Federal Civil Defense Administration under the provisions of Public Law 875, or a net of $605,136,159 on the civil works program. Of the latter amount $468,019,885 was for construction and $135,215,831 for all other activities except those funded by contingencies, advances, and collections from local sources and transfers from other agencies. Chart VI shows comparative expenditure (cost) data since 1952. Expendi- tures under each appropriation are listed in table 23. ACTUAL APPROPRIATIONS -CIVIL WORKS FUNCTIONS 0o FY 1948- 1957 INCL. 700

TOTAL APPROPRIATIONS 40

soo

S 000 o

MAINTENANCE AND OTHERS aum t e rearn#nummamm.o me , ...... 100 .. ..

S948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956. 1957 O

EXCLUSIVE OF APPROPRIATION TRANSFER FOR WORK BY OTHER AGENCIES Chart IV, ADJUSTED APPROPRIATIONS - CIVIL WORKS FUNCTIONS FY 1948-1957 INCL.

600

00.

TOTAL ADJUSTED APPROPRIATIONS

300n """**a usm H CONSTRUCTION 0At y

MAINTENANCE A D OTHERS 100 I m I. "jai mmmammm maunnnmlmmmimm iamUr

0 1948 1949 1950 .1951" 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957

APPROPRIATIONSADJUSTED TO 1946 PRICE LEVELS BY USE OF ENGINEERING NEWS RECORD CONSTRUCTION COST "INDEXES Chart V. 52 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

EXPENDITURES (COST) - CIVIL WORKS FUNCTIONS

700

TOTAL

600

500

CONSTRUCTION

0. z /

0 0 300 a

1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957"

FISCAL YEARS Chart VI. FUNDING TRENDS 53

Table 23. Accrued Expenditures, Fiscal Year, 1957

The total actually expended under the direction of the Chief of Engineers in connection with the maintenance and improvement of rivers and harbors, flood control, and other miscellaneous works during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1957, is as follows:

Appropriation title Appropriation act Amount

Rivers and Harbors and Flood Control: Flood Control, Mississippi River and Tributaries ...... _ (1) $57, 162,096.06 General Investigations, Corps of Engineers, Civil...... (1) 8, 604, 388.06 Construction, General, Corps of Engineers, Civil ...---- (1) 424, 274.790.49 Operation and Maintenance, General, Corps of Engineers, (1) 101, 628, 449. 20 Civil. General Expenses, Corps of Engineers, Civil, 1955--...... (1) -8, 679. 21 General Expenses, Corps of Engineers, Civil, 1956-...... (1) 102, 284.14 General Expenses, Corps of Engineers, Civil, 1957 .-.... (1) 10, 278, 649. 57 Maintenance and Operation of Dams and Other Improve- Aug. 26, 1935 152,127.30 ments to Navigable Waters.

Total rivers and harbors and flood control .------.. . __..------602,194. 105. 61

Miscellaneous Appropriations: Niagara Remedial Works, Corps of Engineers, Civil .____. (1) 1, 041, 611.53 U. S. Section, St. Lawrence River Joint Board of Engineers, (1) -380.78 Corps of Engineers, Civil, 1956. U. S. Section, St. Lawrence River Joint Board of Engineers, (1) 86,004.05 Corps of Engineers, Civil, 1957. Hydraulic Mining in California Debris Fund .....------June 19, 1934 25, 706. 31 Payments to States, Flood Control Act, June 28, 1938, as June 28, 1938 1, 472, 475. 79 amended.

Total miscellaneous appropriations_ .---.---. .------. 2, 625, 416. 90

Contributed and Advanced Funds: Rivers and Harbors, Contributed Funds------(2) 15, 721, 517.81 Rivers and Harbors, Advanced Funds------(2) 1, 708, 133.06

Total, contributed and advanced funds_- ______--_-----____...... -- 17, 429, 650. 87

Total Engineer Department and contributed funds ------622, 249, 173.38

Transfers From Other Departments: Disaster Relief, Executive Office of the President (Transfer ------. --- 4, 508, 794. 4 to Corps of Engineers, Civil). Salaries and Expenses, National Science Foundation.----_ ------38,917.87 (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil). Operating Expenses, Coast Guard (Transfer to Corps of ...... 243.41 Engineers, Civil). Construction and Rehabilitation, Bureau of Reclamation, _5, 246. 31 Middle Rio Grande Project, Albuquerque, N. Mex. (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil). Economic and Technical Assistance, Defense Support, -_...... 2,285. 3 Asia and Pacific Other than Formosa and the Associated States of Cambodia, Laos a-d Vietnam, Executive (Trans- fer to Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1948-54. Technical Cooperation, General, Executive (Transfer to ...... 25,345.81 Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1956. Southeast Asia and Western Pacific, Executive (Transfer . 7,308. 5E to Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1955. Defense Support, Near East, Africa and South Asia, Execu- _ -...... _ _------.. 3, 200. 0( tive (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1955. Defense Support, Asia, Executive (Transfer to Corps of .------. 2,365. 11 Engineers, Civil), 1956. See footnotes at end of table. 54 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

Table £3. Accrued Expenditures, Fiscal Year 1967-Continued

Appropriation title Appropriation act Amount

Transfers From Other Departments-Continued Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Survey, State------$727,509.34 Salaries and Expenses, Maritime Activities (Transfer to 7,302.56 Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1955. Salaries and Expenses, Maritime Activities (Transfer to 496,849.95 Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1956. Salaries and Expenses, Maritime Activities (Transfer to ------" " 56,187.79 Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1957. Repair of Reserve Fleet Facilities, Department of Com------,------,- 37, 201.93 merce, Maritime Administration (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil), 1956. Construction, Fish and Wildlife Service (Transfer to Corps ------_,,,,,, 195,808.38 of Engineers, Civil). Commodity Credit Corporation Capital Fund (Transfer to ------109, 455. 58 Corps of Engineers, Civil). Technical Assistance, United States Dollars Advanced from ------880.00 Foreign Governments, International Cooperation Admin- istration. United States Dollars Advanced from Foreign Govern- 5, 517. 44 ments, U. S. Educational Exchange Program, Department of State (Transfer to Corps of Engineers, Civil). Capital Outlay, U. S. Soldiers' Home (Transfer to Corps of 373, 546. 54 Engineers, Civil).

Total transfers from other departments------_ 6, 603, 966.55 Working Funds: Consolidated Working Fund, Army Engineers, Civil, no ------3, 576. 32 year various projects. Consolidated Working Fund, Army Engineers, Civil, 1957_ ------246 87

Consolidated Working Fund, Army Engineers, Civil (Trust ------241. 21 Fund).

Total working funds------... -..... --- ...... 4,064.40

Grand total--accrued expenditures by Engineer Depart- 628, 857, 204.33 ment.

1Annual or supplemental. 3Trust funds. CHAPTER VI OTHER CIVIL WORKS ACTIVITIES

1. ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY By letter dated September 17, 1954, addressed to the Secretary of the Army, the St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation desig- nated the Corps of Engineers as its agent for design and construction of the seaway project. The Corporation was created on May 13, 1954, under authority of Public Law 358, 83d Congress, 2d session. The project involves construction of navigation facilities in United States waters in the reach of the St. Lawrence River which constitutes the boundary between the United States and Canada, and coordination thereof with the power facilities to be constructed concur- rently by others. With funds made available by the Corporation to the Corps of Engineers, plans and specifications have been prepared on all major construction items. During fiscal year 1957, all remaining work necessary to provide for 14-foot navigation by July 1, 1958, was initiated. Because of abandonment of the New York Central Railroad branch line into Canada, the plans for relocation of existing highways were revised to provide for a high level highway crossing in lieu of a combination highway and railroad bridge. As of June 30, the Long Sault Canal excavation was about 75 percent complete and the two locks were each 62 percent complete. The United States portion of the navigation project was about 54 percent complete. For detailed report on the St. Lawrence Seaway see volume 2, Buffalo District, page 1413.

2. ST. LAWRENCE RIVER JOINT BOARD OF ENGINEERS This Board, having United States and Canadian sections, was created pursuant to the order of approval issued by the International Joint Commission on October 29, 1952. The United States section was established by Executive order issued November 4, 1953. Mem- bers of the United States section are the Secretary of the Army and the Chairman of the Federal Power Commission, with Maj. Gen. C. G. Holle, special assistant to the Chief of Engineers, and Mr. F. L. Adams, chief of the Bureau of Power of the Federal Power Commis- sion, as alternates. The duties of the Board are to review and approve, in behalf of both Federal Governments, the plans, specifications, and work sched- 461552-58---5 56 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957 ules for the power development in the International Rapids section, St. Lawrence River; of the Power Authority of the State of New York and the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, the joint builders; and to inspect construction operations to insure conformance with board approvals. A small engineering staff to support the United States group has been established in Massena, N. Y., with Washington liaison. Supervision of construction pursuant to the Federal Power Commission license issued July 15, 1953, to the power authority has also been assigned to the United States section, thus integrating these two Federal supervisory activities. Costs of the United States section through June 30, 1957, totaled about $309,000. An additional $125,000 has been appropriated to finance the activities of the United States section during fiscal year 1958. All costs of the United States section are subject to reimburse- ment by the Power Authority of the State of New York as provided in the appropriation acts.

3. FLOOD FIGHTING AND OTHER EMERGENCY OPERATIONS Emergency flood-control activities, involving advance preparation for flood emergencies, flood rescue work, flood fighting, and the repair and restoration of flood-control works damaged or destroyed by flood, were carried on during the year under the Corps' statutory authority set forth in Public Law 99, 84th Congress, and prior legislation. In addition, disaster assistance and engineering services were made available as authorized and directed by the Federal Civil Defense Administration, in accordance with the procedures established pursuant to Public Law 875, 81st Congress (Disaster Act of 1950). The most noteworthy flood emergencies and emergency operations during the fiscal year are described in the following paragraphs. Progress of operations in connection with disasters occurring during fiscal year 1956. Disaster recovery work under "Operation NOAH", authorized by FCDA in the six Northeastern States of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsyl- vania, was substantially completed at approximately $34,475,000 cost. In North Carolina, affected by the hurricanes of 1955, an initial program authorized by FCDA consisting of stream and channel clearance for removal of hurricane-deposited silt and debris was completed at a total project cost of $1,036,029. Engineering reports on similar additional projects requested by local interests were furnished the Federal Civil Defense Administration for consideration by that agency in determining eligibility for authorization and funding under Public Law 875. An engineer report was also prepared for FCDA on a proposed project for closure of a hurricane-formed inlet at Long Beach, N. '. Disaster recovery work authorized by FCDA in California OTHER CIVIL WORKSs ACTIVITIES 57

and Nevada, following the floods during the period December 1955 through February 1956, was completed at $2,825,377 total project cost. In connection with these same floods, the program of repair and restoration of flood-control works in California, under authority of Public Law 99, was substantially completed at $13,095,000 total project cost. In the Columbia River Basin, the program of repair and restoration of flood-control works undertaken pursuant to Public Law 99 following the floods of December 1955 was completed on the Willamette River and tributaries, except for scattered locations, and other Public Law 99 work initiated in the Columbia Basin following the floods of June 1956 was largely completed. Floods in Ohio River Basin, January-February 1957. Extremely heavy rainfall in the headwaters of the New, Guyandot, Big Sandy, Kentucky, Cumberland, and Clinch Rivers caused extensive flood damages in the upstream reaches of these rivers, where record stages were reached at many points with rapid rise in water level. Heavy damages to transportation facilities, including railroads, highways, and numerous bridges, resulted from flooding and destructive currents. Total flood damages exceeded $65 million. Eastern Ken- tucky was principally affected, with relatively minor damages in West Virginia and Virginia. The areas affected by floods in these States were declared by the President to be disaster areas eligible for Federal assistance pursuant to Public Law 875 in declarations dated January 31 and February 1, 1957. As authorized and directed by the Federal Civil Defense Administration, the Corps of Engineers provided engineering assistance and repaired or replaced essential public bridges in Kentucky which were damaged or destroyed by the flood. Work was completed on 154 pedestrian bridges and 54 vehicu- lar bridges, at $540,000 estimated cost. Floods in Southwestern States, April-June 1957. A prolonged drought in the Southwest was broken in mid-April by the most sustained general rains and maximum flooding of record for much of the area. Although about $140 million in damages was prevented by existing flood-control works constructed by the Corps of Engineers, a preliminary estimate of total flood losses experienced exceeds $125 million for the following 10 river basins: Arkansas, Red, White, Trinity, Brazos, Sabine, Colorado (Texas), Neches-Angelina, Guada- [upe-San Antonio, and Nueces. In addition to the frequent heavy rains, thunderstorms, and tornados throughout the Southwest from mid-April through June, the gulf coastal area on June 27, 1957, was battered by Hurricane Audrey, which created extremely high tides eausing widespread property damage and loss of more than 500 lives. The cities hardest hit were Port Arthur, Tex., and Cameron and Lake Charles, La. Declarations of "major disaster" made by the President 58 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957 pursuant to Public Law 875, authorizing Federal disaster assistance, covered the affected areas of Texas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Under authority of Public Law 99, assistance to local interests in flood fighting was furnished by the Corps and repair and restoration of damaged flood-control works was initiated. Liaison was maintained with the Federal Civil Defense Administration and engineering assistance was furnished that agency. Disaster recovery work under Public Law 875 requested of the Corps by FCDA consisted of clearing wrecks and debris from two areas in Louisiana, following Hurricane Audrey, at approximately $15,000 cost. Floods in Indiana, June 1957. Record floods on several streams in the White and Wabash River Basins in central Indiana occurred as a result of torrential rains from Hurricane Audrey. Many highways and bridges were washed out, and significant damage was sustained in the Indianapolis area. Surveys were initiated for development of a levee repair program in the Wabash Basin under Public Law 99. Floods in St. Louis area, May and June 1957. Heavy rains in May and June caused damaging floods in the Meramec River Basin, Mo.; in the Kaskaskia River Basin, Ill.; and in East St. Louis, Ill., in which area there was hillside runoff of unusual magnitude which overtaxed interior drainage facilities. Under Public Law 99, flood-fighting assistance was furnished and development of a levee repair program on the Kaskaskia River was initiated. Floods in lower Missouri Basin, June 1957. Severe flooding occurred during the month in Nebraska and Kansas on the upper Big and Little Blue Rivers, the Republican River and tributaries, and the Solomon, Saline, and Big Creek tributaries of the Smoky Hill River. At the end of June, severe flash floods on tributaries of the Missouri River near its mouth inundated over 15,00 acres of bottom land and caused damage in several small communities. Flood damage in three Kansas counties bordering Nebraska was sufficiently severe that the President on September 3, 1957, authorized Federal disaster assistance under Public Law 875. Flood-fighting assistance was furnished by the Corps under Public Law 99, and development of a levee repair program was initiated.

4. ADMINISTRATION OF LAWS FOR PROTECTION OF NAVIGABLE WATERS In administering the Federal laws enacted for the protection and preservation of the navigable waters of the United States, 6,695 permits for structures or operations in navigable waters were issued and plans for 183 bridges, dams, dikes, or causeways were approved during the year. In addition, 17 extensions of time for commence- OTHER CIVIL WORKS ACTIVITIES S 59

ment or completion of construction of bridges were granted. Sixty- six sets of regulations for the use, administration, and navigation of navigable waters were established, including drawbridge regulations, establishment of anchorage grounds, special anchorage areas, danger zones, and restricted areas. The Corps of Engineers engaged in the following additional activities relative to the administration of the laws for protection of navigable waters: Investigations of the discharge or deposit of refuse matter of any kind in navigable waters; prevention of pollution of coastal navigable waters by oil; administrative determination of the heads of navigation and the extent to which the laws shall apply to specific streams; supervision of the harbor of New York to prevent obstructive or injurious deposits in the waters thereof, including the waters of Long Island Sound; establishment of reasonable rates of toll for transit across bridges over navigable waters; granting of permits for the occupation and use of Federal works under control of the Corps of Engineers; reports of international boards on operations affecting international boundary waters; and legislation in connection with the foregoing. There is a continuing program to prevent deposits to obtain the removal of any deposits in channels which obstruct navigation or increase Federal maintenance costs. In all areas of the country, most industries and municipalities are removing or are participating in the cost of removal of shoals for which they are responsible. All waterways are being observed and negotiations commenced with any company or municipality which may be causing shoaling due to waste deposits. During the past few years agreements averaging approximately $1 million per year have been reached with some of our major industries. The program has resulted not only in a saving in dredging costs and more efficient use of dredging equipment, but also in a stimulation of planning by the industries to improve their operations for recovering salvageable material. In the case of one company which declined to accept responsibility for its deposits in the Calumet River, Ill., court action was instituted in 1954. Decree was entered on June 24, 1957, in favor of the United States. The defendant was ordered to stop the deposit of materials and to remove the accumulation within 6 months. This is the only case in which an equitable agreement could not be reached. A report entitled "Navigational Clearance Requirements for Highway and Railroad Bridges," prepared by the United States Department of Commerce, was released in 1955. The conflicting interests involved are the desire of navigation interests for the maximum navigation opening, and the desire of bridge owners to conserve funds by building a minimum crossing. In connection with 461552-58---- 60 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS,. U. S. ARMY, 1957 its continuing studies of this subject, the Corps of Engineers is making a thorough review of its policy on bridge clearances with a view to resolving problems involved in meeting the requirements of both the water and land transportation interests. The present system of standard bridge clearances is being reviewed and extended to cover, insofar as practicable and necessary, all navigable waterways. A new procedure was initiated whereby a "finding of fact" is prepared for attachment to the formal approval of bridge plans. When necessary, or in controveisial cases, an economic analyses to determine the clearance requirements for a bridge may be developed. Toward the end of fiscal year 1956, the Secretary of the Army gave his advance approval to the location and plans of bridges across reaches of waterways navigable in law but not actually navigated other than by logs, log rafts, rowboats, canoes, or small motorboats. Action has been implemented to set up a procedure for administering this advance approval and delineating these proposed reaches. Under the Bridge Alteration Act (Truman-Hobbs) approved on June 21, 1940, as amended by the act of July 16, 1952, the cost of altering a bridge used for railroad traffic, combined railroad and highway traffic or a publicly owned highway bridge, found by the Secretary of the Army to be obstructive to navigation, is apportioned between the bridge owner and the United States. Hearings in connection with obstructive qualities are held to determine if the bridge is an unreasonable obstruction to navigation. Hearings were held on three bridges. Initial funds were made available for commencement of alteration on 2 bridges and additional funds have been made available for continuation of alteration on 4 bridges. Action was continued on six additional obstructive bridge cases in various stages of development. The removal of wrecks in navigable waters of the United States is governed by sections 19 and 20 of the River and Harbor Act approved March 3, 1899, and is predicated entirely upon their being obstructions to navigation. During the fiscal year, 99 wrecks were removed by the Corps of Engineers as obstructions to navigation.

5. REGULATION OF HYDRAULIC MINING, CALIFORNIA The California Debris Commission created by act of Congress regulates hydraulic mining in the drainage area of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers to prevent the resulting debris from being carried into navigable waters. The Commission has licensed 21 mining operations, of which 5 utilize storage behind the Federal debris dams. During the year the Harry L. Englebright and North Fork Dams, together with their appurtenant service facilities, were operated and OTHER CIVIL WORKS ACTIVITIES 61

maintained for the storage of hydraulic mining debris. Restoration and bank protection work was accomplished during the year along the right and left banks of the Yuba River from Simpson Lane Bridge to Dantoni Orchard, Yuba County.

6. UNITED STATES LAKE SURVEY Under the authorized project, the United States Lake Survey prose- secuted its continuing program of preparation and revision of charts for navigation of the Great Lakes, the New York State Canal system, Lake Champlain, and the Minnesota-Ontario border lakes. During the fiscal year 1957 the work program comprised, in addition to chart preparation and sale, the carrying out of hydrographic surveys, engineering studies, and flow measurements. The Great Lakes Pilot publication was reissued. Offshore sounding of the western half of Lake Superior, which was started during fiscal year 1956, was completed during September 1957, using "Shoran" for positioning the survey vessel. In mid-May, the Surveyship Williams proceeded to Marquette, Mich., to commence offshore soundings of the eastern half of Lake Superior. Because of the extensiveness of the area to be sounded and the limited range of Shoran, electronic position indicator equipment was used for positioning the vessel. Inshore soundings were conducted on the southwest shore of Lake Huron during the first 2 months of fiscal year 1957. During the last month, preliminary field work was accomplished in preparation for continuation of the survey northward to Saginaw Bay. The essential function of collecting all data necessary for the tri- ennial revision of the Great Lakes navigation charts was accomplished through full-scale operation of the revisory survey program. Revisory surveys are composed of field survey work and office reduction of data to a form suitable for the compilation of revised chart editions. Revisory field work includes hydrographic surveys over all harbor areas outside the limits of Federal dredging projects, comprising such areas as harbor approaches, mooring slips, and other areas subject to change. During fiscal year, revisory surveys were accomplished in harbors on the north and east shores of Lake Michigan, on the north and west shores of Lake Huron, and in the west end of Lake Superior.

7. WASHINGTON, D. C., WATER SUPPLY With funds appropriated for the District of Columbia, the Corps of Engineers continued the operation, maintenance, repair, and protection of the water-supply facilities, known as the Washington Aqueduct, to provide an uninterrupted and adequate supply of purified water to the distribution systems of the District of Columbia and adjacent 62 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF -ENGINERSi U?.'.S. ARMY, 1957

Maryland and Virginia areas as authorized by law: The ai um daily consumption provided by the existing facilities was about 238 million gallons and the average daily consumption was about 153 million gallons. In order to meet the increasing demand for water, construction work continued on the long-range program. At the end of the fiscal year, construction of the Dalecarlia pumping station, intake, conduit, and control chamber was 82 percent completed. Work has progressed to 70 percent completion on the Little Falls dam, pumping station and tunnel, and to 90 percent completion on the first half of the third high-service Reno Reservoir. The preparation of plans and specifications for increasing the water supply was continued on the Dalecarlia filter and chemical buildings, the new chemical building and operating center at McMillan Reservoir, and the Great Falls intake structure. 8. WORK FOR OTHER AGENCIES Construction operations were conducted during the year for the United States Maritime Administration with funds transferred from that agency for construction of shore facilities at the reserve fleet site at Olympia, Wash. Major dredging operations were carried out for the Department of the Navy, with funds transferred from that agency, at Green Cove Springs, Fla., Little Creek, Va., and Pensacola Bay, Fla. Work was also performed on shore erosion surveys at Point Mugu, Calif. and on bulkhead repairs at Panama City, Fla. Dredging operations were performed adjacent to wharves at New Orleans, La., and in Long Island Sound, N. Y., for the United States Coast Guard. 9. FOREIGN TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE During the year the Corps of Engineers continued to participate in the United States foreign technical assistance program of the Depart- ment of State and the International Cooperation Administration. This participation has entailed the detail of technical specialists abroad, the in-service training of selected engineers from foreign governments, the accommodation of visiting foreign nationals at civil works projects and activities, the design and procurement of dredging plant for foreign governments, and the provision of engineering information and literature relating to the development of water resources. Further consulting and advisory assistance was rendered the Gov- ernment of France in connection with the construction of the Serre- Poncon Dam project near Gap, France. Similar engineering assistance was given to the Canadian Government in connection with a : OTHER CIVIL WORKS. ACTIVITIES 63

cost-benefit study of plans for flood control in the Red River Basin of Manitoba.Province. Training in flood control, harbor, and power engineering was provided for selected engineers from the Governments of Egypt, India, Indonesia, Israel, Korea, Pakistan, Philippines, and Taiwan (China). Work was continued on the design, construction, and delivery of the following dredging plant: One 12-inch pipeline dredge for Viet Nam. One booster for 10-inch pipeline dredge for the Philippine Gov- ernment. One 20-inch pipeline dredge and attendant plant for the Philip- pine Government. In addition, the Corps of Engineers received foreign government representatives and engineers from various free nations and afforded them the opportunity to visit the Corps' civil works offices and projects to observe construction organizations and techniques. The Corps also continued the practice of making engineering information on a diversity of subjects relating to water resource development available to foreign government engineers and representatives.

10. PUBLICATIONS OF THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS The following publications pertaining to civil works activities were issued during the fiscal year 1957: A. Available at the Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., at indicated price. 1. Port Series: No. 7-The Ports of Philadelphia, Pa., and Camden and Glouces- ter City, N. J------$2. 25 No. 8-The Port of Wilmington, Del., and Ports on the Delaware River ------2. 00 2. Transportation Series: No. 3-Transportation Lines on the Great Lakes System, 1957_ . 60 No. 4-Transportation Lines on the Mississippi River System and the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, 1956_----. . 1. 75 No. 5-Transportation Lines on the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific Coasts, 1956------2. 50 3. Engineer Manuals: EM 1110-2-1604-Hydraulic Design-Navigation Locks--.-----. 60 EM 1110-2-2400-Structural Design of Spillways and Outlet Works ------.60 EM 1110-2-2904-Design of Breakwaters and Jetties------. 45 EM 1110-2-3300-Beach Erosion Studies .------. 35 EM 1110-2-3400-Paint Manual (New Construction and Main- tenance) ------.75 R4REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

B. Available at place of publication at listed price or as indicated. 1. Great Lakes Pilot, 1957. U. S. Lake Survey, Detroit 26, Mich... $2. 25 Including Supplement------3. 00 2. 1957 Supplement to List of Publications of the Waterways Experi- ment Station, January 1, 1956. U. S. Army Engineer Water- ways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss...... ------j.... Or 3. Waterborne Commerce of the United States, calendar year 1956: Part 1--Waterways and Harbors: Atlantic Coast. U. S. Army Engineer Division, New England, Boston, Mass., or U. S. Army Engineer District, Lake Survey, Detroit 26, Mich------1. 30 Part 2-Waterways and Harbors: Gulf Coast, Mississippi River System and Antilles. U. S. Army Engineer Division, Lower Mississippi Valley, Vicksburg, Miss., or U. S. Army Engineer District, Lake Survey, Detroit 26, Mich_------__ .------1. 00 Part 3-Waterways and Harbors: Great Lakes. U. S. Army Engineer District, Lake Survey, Detroit 26, Mich...- . 70 Part 4--Waterways and Harbors: Pacific Coast, Alaska, and Pacific Islands. U. S. Army Engineer District, San Francisco, San Francisco 19, Calif., or U. S. Army Engineer District, Lake Survey, Detroit 26, Mich.... . 90 Part 5-National Summaries: U. S. Army Engineer District, Lake Survey, Detroit 26, Mich------. 25 Division addresses: U. S. Army Engineer Division, Lower Mississippi Valley, P. O. Box 80, Vicksburg, Miss. U. S. Army Engineer Division, Missouri River, P. O. Box 1216, Omaha, Nebr. U. S. Army Engineer Division, New England, 150 Causeway St., Boston 14, Mass. U. S. Army Engineer Division, North Atlantic, 1216 Federal Office Building, 90 Church Street, New York 7, N. Y. U. S. Army Engineer Division, North Central, 536 South Clark St., Chicago 5, Ill. U. S. Army Engineer Division, North Pacific, 210 Custom House, Portland 9, Oreg. U. S. Army Engineer Division, Ohio River, P. O. Box 1159, Cincinnati, Ohio. U. S. Army Engineer Division, South Atlantic, P. O. Box 1889, Atlanta, Ga. U. S. Army Engineer Division, South Pacific, P. O. Box 3339 Rincon Annex, San Francisco 19, Calif. U. S. Army Engineer Division, Southwestern, Santa Fe Building, 1114 Com- merce Street, Dallas 2, Tex. CHAPTER VII

ECONOMY MEASURES

1. ORGANIZATION, FACILITIES, AND PROCEDURES The organizations, facilities, and procedures utilized for civil works activities were kept under continuing study and surveillance in the interest of improved efficiency and economy. Examples of the efforts and resulting benefits follow. Organization. At the beginning of the year the Fort Peck, Mont., district office was reduced to the status of an area office under the Garrison District with an estimated saving in excess of $50,000 annually. Except for this reduction, sustained and increased work- loads in other areas required retention of all existing division and district organizations for the civil works program. At the beginning of the next fiscal year, the Honolulu area office of the San Francisco District becomes the Honolulu District of the new Pacific Ocean Division. The effect of this change on the small civil workload involved will be insignificant. Floating plant. A constant review is maintained to find ways by which the amount of Government-owned plant and attendant costs can be reduced. Steps have been taken to replace obsolete vessels, consolidate requirements and otherwise improve utilization, mini- mize standby and emergency equipment, and to make increased use of available commercial facilities. Net reductions in major types of floating plant during the past 6 years are 23 dredges, including 5 seagoing hopper dredges, 5 snagboats, 8 survey boats, 17 towboats, and 13 tugs. During fiscal year 1957 a policy was adopted to discontinue the maintenance of vessels primarily for inspection purposes and to here- after perform necessary inspections by use of workboats or other means. Five inspection boats having total annual operating costs of $400,000 were excessed for disposal. It is expected that a substantial portion of these costs will be saved by the alternative procedures. Procurement. This year arrangements were made with the Chief of Ordnance to combine the requirements for civil works passenger vehicles with those for military activities in order to obtain the benefits from central volume procurement. In 1956 district engineers purchased, in small lots, 235 sedans and 14 station wagons at average costs of $1,338 and $1,936, respectively. By comparison, the contracts 65 66 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957 for military vehicles entered into by Ordnance for that year provided sedans for $1,073 and station wagons for $1,500 each. Had the joint procurement arrangement been in effect in 1956, there would have been an indicated savings of $68,000 in civil works funds. Project operations. Special studies and revised procedures have resulted in savings in project operations, as indicated by the following significant examples. At the five locks on the upper Monongahela River, in the Pittsburgh District, a change in operating schedules was worked out providing a combination of 1- and 2-shift operations in- stead of three shifts previously operated, which still adequately took care of essential shipping requirements. This change permitted reducing the staff from 38 to 28 employees with resulting savings of about $54,000 annually. Powerhouse controls and recorders were relocated and centralized at the John H. Kerr Dam, Norfolk District and at the Clark Hill Dam, Savannah District, with resulting reduction of the number of operators required. After deducting the annual charges for amortization of the conversion costs, 'there remains annual savings from employee salaries of about $46,000 for the two projects. The Vicksburg District is investigating the adaptability of a portable closed circuit television system to the visual inspection and repair of underwater construction works such as seepage wells and outlet works stilling basins or other structures where de-watering might be rather costly. The system consists of a 3-inch diameter camera in a waterproofed housing equipped with underwater lights, a control unit, and a monitor (screen). Its most important use in the immedi- ate future is expected to be in connection with observation of a few seepage relief well failures from piping of foundation sands at three earth dams in the Yazoo Basin. These relief wells are wire wrapped wooden stave pipes with an inside diameter of 6 inches. The screen sections have vertical slots and are surrounded with 6 inches of graded filter gravel. Warehouse stocks. A special effort was initiated in 1953 to reduce warehouse stocks. From a value of $13.2 million in fiscal year 1953, civil works warehouse stocks were reduced to $7.7 million in fiscal year 1957, the reduction amounting to $5.5 million, or 42 percent. On other revolving fund activities during 1957, shop and yard lands and structures in the Detroit and Pittsburgh Districts having book value of nearly $200,000 were surplused and transferred to other Government agencies; a quarry operation was discontinued in the Omaha District; garage operations were discontinued in Louisville, St. Paul, and San Francisco Districts and transferred to GSA, and a district workshop was discontinued in the Little Rock District. ECONOMY MEASURES 67

2. CIVIL WORKS INVESTIGATION PROGRAM Investigations were continued leading to direct and indirect savings in design and construction costs of Corps of Engineers civil works projects. Approximately 70 percent of the total program cost for fiscal year 1957 was expended at the United States Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, and the remainder of the investigation work was carried out by the Beach Erosion Board and various Corps of Engineer field offices. Benefits realized include more reliable design data and precise engineering designs, and direct monetary savings in construction and maintenance costs. Examples of typical investigations are described. Replacement materials for portland cement. The recent shortages of portland cement and the probable effect which the expanded nationwide highway construction program will have on cement supply has emphasized the need for materials which can be used as a partial replacement for portland cement in concrete. Investigations have verified the feasibility of using special cements such as natural and slag cements, fly ash, and other pozzolans for this purpose, and have established that by use of such materials the cost of concrete can be reduced and the quality made equivalent to or higher than concrete made solely with portland cement. Substantial savings have already been effected by use of natural and slag cements in mass concrete. The first major use of fly ash by the Corps of Engineers will result in a savings of about $500,000 in Sutton Dam, based on contractors bid prices. Flood wall design and construction. In accomplishing its assigned responsibilities in the field of flood control, the Corps has built many flood-protection units consisting mainly of concrete floodwalls. More are authorized for future construction. A program of full sized floodwall tests has been accomplished to verify the anticipated performance of such structures under full load conditions. Although the original designs of floodwalls were based on the best information available to the engineering profession at the time, there were certain areas in which the information was meager and the importance of the structures warranted further investigation for clarification purposes. Informa- tion obtained from the tests indicates that the majority of the walls constructed to moderate heights would be entirely adequate for full flood loading. The tests have also shown that horizontal move- ments of the wall foundation, particularly for walls 20 feet or more in height, may be larger than originally anticipated and also that certain changes in the location of the wall joints and in the design of joint waterstops are desirable. As a result of these findings, work has been started on remedial measures for important locations in existing floodwalls and improved joint designs have been incorporated in new 68 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957 work which will improve the ultimate reliability of these important flood-protection structures. Utilization of electronic computers. Calculations of the quantities of materials removed during dredging operations in those districts where channel improvements are performed has been a tedious manual operation utilizing desk calculators and adding machines. A standard program for a commercial high-speed electronic computer has been developed whereby much of the cross section plotting and all of the manual calculation work is eliminated in the determination of dredged quantities. Pilot tests have indicated that a net savings of 36 percent will be realized in costs of determining before- and after-dredging volumes by the electronic computer method and that more precise results will be obtained in 38 percent less time than with the manual methods heretofore used. Studies relating to utilization of high-speed electronic computers in the solution of complex and time-consuming mathematical computa- tions have been continued during the past year. The procedures developed in the Ohio River division for using electronic computers in routing floods and those relating to the solution of water management problems in the Missouri River multiple-purpose reservoir system were supplemented by developments relating to the water resource projects in the Columbia River Basin with the objective of maximizing benefits that might be derived from optimum operation of multiple-purpose reservoirs. Pumping station siphons. Pumping stations are usually provided at levees and floodwalls to pump the rainfall which falls within the protected area over the levees and walls at times when normal drainage is prevented by high river stages. The large discharge pipe or "siphon" which carries the pumped water over the top of the levee must flow full in order to permit efficient operation of the pumps. It has been found that when the air entrapped in the siphon is not entirely expelled the effective capacity of the pump is reduced, thus causing water damages behind the floodwalls and levees or, alterna- tively, requiring installation of large capacity pumps. A small-scale model of a siphon has been constructed and tested with Civil Works Investigation funds to determine the proper size of pipe and develop other means of making the siphon flow full, and hence reducing the possibility of flood damages without requiring costly pumps of ex- cessive capacity. A saving to the Government of about $1 million may be realized from this project over the next 10 years in the design of new stations and modification of existing ones. Snow hydrology. In order to provide a better understanding of the natural processes which govern runoff from melting snow for use in project design and streamflow forecasting, the Corps of Engineers and ECONOMY MEASURES 69 the Weather Bureau initiated a cooperative snow investigations program in 1945. Following the cooperative phase of this investigation, the Corps of Engineers continued the work and published a report entitled "Snow Hydrology," summarizing the results of the program. Initial phases of the investigation were directed primarily to the collection and analysis of basic data. Subsequent activities have consisted of training courses to acquaint hydrologists in Corps of Engineer offices with the latest techniques in the practical solution of snow hydrology problems, with particular emphasis on derivation of project design floods involving snow runoff; and experiments directed to the determination of snowmelt and basin snow-storage relationships for the Columbia River Basin. Continued application of the principles derived in this investigation will result in significant savings in time required to evaluate snowmelt conditions and at the same time will result in more accurate predictions of potential snowmelt runoff. Generalizedflood and low-flow frequency studies. The proper evaluation of water resources development problems in the planning, design, and operation of reservoir projects requires careful consideration of information regarding the volume of runoff observed during various periods of time and the average frequency of occurrence of these flows. The frequency data can be related to estimated monetary benefits to obtain an evaluation of the economic justification of various degrees of streamflow regulation. Generalized procedures were developed to enable investigators to make rapid and relatively accurate determinations of flood volumes and low-flow frequency determinations and to provide a means of establishing a frequency relationship where little or no data are available. These generalized frequency data are also extremely useful as guides in evaluating the adequacy of project justification based on specific frequency determinations. These studies will result in more uniform and reliable frequency determinations and in considerable savings in time required to analyze this phase of project investigation. CHAPTER VIII

WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES During the calendar year 1956 new records were established again on the waterways of the United States both for tons of freight trans- ported and ton-miles carried, and for the second successive year total tons of freight exceeded a billion tons. The 1956 tons and ton-miles exceeded those for 1955 by 7.5 percent and 1.6 percent, respectively. The total of 1,093 million short tons of commercial freight moved by water in 1956 was an increase of 77 million tons over the 1955 total. Foreign trade led the advance, accounting for 55.6 million tons of the overall increase or 72 percent. Lesser gains were recorded in all types of domestic traffic with the exception of the traffic on the Great Lakes where a significant decrease in the movement of iron ore overbalanced increases in other commodities and caused a 10.8-million-ton drop in the domestic lake traffic. This decrease in long-haul iron ore traffic on the lakes was responsible for the minor increases in ton-miles as compared with the tonnage increase over 1955. However, the 1956 total of 220.0 billion ton-miles for both the Great Lakes and inland waterways represents an increase of 3.5 billion ton-miles over the 1955 record total. Increased activity occurred in all sections of the country with vir- tually all of the major coastal ports, and even some Great Lakes ports, sharing in the greater volume of commerce. Total freight handled at ports and carried on the waterways improved by the Corps of Engineers under Congressional authorization are presented in the following tabulations. Detailed data on the commodities handled, the vessel trips at the ports, and the individual waterways are contained in the publications listed below, which may be purchased from the sales agent of the Superintendent of Documents, United States Lake Survey, Corps of Engineers, United States Army, 630 Federal Building, Detroit 26, Mich.: Waterborne Commerce of the United States, calendar year 1956: Part 1-Atlantic Coast. Part 2-Gulf Coast, Mississippi River System, and Antilles. Part 3-Great Lakes. Part 4-Pacific Coast, Alaska, and Pacific Islands. Part 5-National Summaries. 70 WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 71

The terms applied to the kinds of traffic are explained in each of these regional publications. Authorization for the collection of these data is contained in various river-and-harbor acts enacted by the Congress through the years, the principal authorization being section 11 of the River and Harbor Act of September 22, 1922. While the information as now collected and compiled is designed to meet the administrative requirements of the Corps of Engineers in connection with the prosecution of the navigation program as required by Congress, it also provides necessary and vital data for other governmental departments, commercial and shipping concerns, and others interested in transportation.

Table 4. Total Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Years 1947-56

[In millions of tons of 2,000 pounds] -~------Foreign Domestic

Imports Exports 11~~1------~-'------Year

a ti

10 a c3 0 0 0

1947 ____.. 766.8 62. 2 57.4 4.8 126. 1 102. 24.1 578.6 153.1 163. 2 149. 6 57. 4 55.3 (1) 1948_____ 793.2 72. 3 68.1 4.2 90. 7 65. 4 25. 3 630.2 174.1 172. 5' 1.69.7 58. 9 55. O0 (1) 1949 -. 740.7 82.0 77.2 4.8 83. 4 65. 7 17.6 575.4 161.4 145.6 165. 7 48.3 54.3 (1) 1950 ____ 820.6 102. 0 96.3 5. 7 67.2 43. 6 23.6 651.4 182.5 169. 91 190.8 51.7 55. 2 1.2 1951 .__ 924.1 108.7 101.8 6. 9 123.3 97. 6 25.7 692.1 186.8 178. 5 213. 4 51.0 61.1 1.4 1952 . ._ 887.7 116. 0 108. 7 7.3 111. 4 85. 1 26.3 660. 4 184.2 154. 1 216.6 49. 2 54.8 1.5 1953______923. 5 128.0 120.6 7. 4 89. 4 63.8 25.6 706.2 188.8,4 188.6 225. O0 47. 9 54. 7 1.3 1954 . 867. 6 129.4 123.5 5.9 84. 4 65. 2 19.2 653.8 187.2 145. 4 217.1 48. 0 54. 7 1.4 1955 ___- 1,016.1 153.0 144.3 8.7 118. 1 95.4 22.7 745.0 195.7 184. 8 249. 7 52.9 60. 0 2.0 1956 ..... 1,092.9 174.2 163.3 10.9 152. 5 126.5 26.0 766. 2 205. 9 174. 0 269. 7 53. 1 61.3 2.2

l Included in other types of domestic traffic. NOTE.--Totals represent the sums of unrounded figures, hence they may vary slightly from the sums of the rounded amounts. 72 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

TOTAL WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 1947-1956

3 FOREIGN DOMESTIC IGREAT LAKES PORTS 9 COASTAL PORTS ® COASTWISE ~ LAKEWISE MINLAN - o 200 MILLIONS400 OF SHORT600 TONS 0800 201000

YEAR

766.2 - 1956 S289.81 208.1 174.0 xi 384

2 ' - "=-'-"=--745.0-= 1955

239.7 1977 184.6 362. 31.4

1954 -

251

660.4 1952

1951

1950 -

39.9 168 1456i 27,.

1949 ::.:.2 ,:..- -- =_=------... ..

22.5

1948O 1.5 74.1 72.5 283

1947 .8-

Chart VII. WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 73

Table 25. Commerce at Project Harbors, Calendar Year 1956 (In tons of 2,000 pounds) NOTE.--For those harbors or waterways where commerce is shown for each individual harbor (for example New York Harbor), the total commerce for such harbor or waterway is adjusted to exclude dupli- cations.

Harbor Tons Harbor Tons

OTHER THAN GREAT LAKES OTHER THAN GREAT LAKES--COn.

Bar Harbor, Maine_ -- - 2, 566 Wickford Harbor, R. I.1...... Belfast Harbor, Maine__------_ 1, 545 Branford Harbor, Conn------76 Boothbay Harbor, Maine ------593 Bridgeport Harbor, Conn__ __------2,899,195 Camden Harbor, Maine ___....__.... 401 Clinton Harbor, Conn------51 Cape Porpoise Harbor, Maine .. ___ 5, 771 Duck Island Harbor, Conn.l...... ___.___.. Corea Harbor, Maine_------438 Fivemile River Harbor, Conn------1,094 Hendricks H arbor, M aine ...... ---- 137 Greenwich Harbor, Conn------182,418 Isle au Haut Thoroughfare, Maine -- 1, 010 Milford Harbor, Conn------3, 891 New Harbor, Maine_- - - 696 New Haven Harbor, Conn-.------8, 291, 323 Northeast Harbor, Maine ...... 42 New London Harbor, Conn------1, 456, 363 Portland Harbor, Maine ------15, 890, 156 Norwalk Harbor, Conn-_ 542,124 Rockland Harbor, Maine ------102, 435 Southport Harbor, Conn.' -.-- Rockport Harbor, Maine ------1 Stamford Harbor, Conn.------1,028,938 Stonington Harbor, Maine ___. .__ 10,007 Stonington Harbor, Conn------5,489 T h o m a s t o n H ar b or , M a i n e ...... 52 Westport Harbor and Saugatuck Wood Island Harbor, Maine, and the River, Conn------90,364 Pool at Biddeford 1-. ------Albany, N. Y ___------7,697,981 York Harbor, Maine 1 ------Greenport Harbor, N. Y_ __ _ 22, 658 Burlington Harbor, Vt -__ 388, 863 Hay (West) Harbor, N. Y------12 Portsmouth Harbor, N. H __------1,328, 758 Hempstead Harbor, N. Y ------6,850,160 Beverly Harbor, Mass - 184, 384 Huntington Ha- or, N. Y------411, 535 Cohasset Harbor, Mass...... - Lake Montauk Hlarbor, N. Y.------2, 694 Cuttyhunk Harbor, Mass ..------461 Mattituck Harbor, N. Y ------103, 663 Dorchester Bay, Mass_-- 28, 154 New York Harbor, N. Y., and N. J.: Duxbury Harbor, Mass.' _------Bay Ridge ana Red Hook Chan- Edgartown Harbor, Mass.' . -...... nels, N. Y _ _------6, 551, 698 Fall River Harbor, Mass______.. 2, 201, 889 Bronx River, N. Y _----- 659, 825 Gloucester Harbor, Mass .------188, 723 Buttermilk Channel, N. Y------3, 189, 915 Harbor of Refuge, Nantucket, Mass__ 28, 617 Channel between Staten Island Hingham Harbor, Mass.1 _. ------and Hoffman and Swinburne Lynn Harbor, Mass_ 12, 100 Islands, N. Y.' Manchester Harbor, Mass ...... 253 Cheesequake Creek, N. J.1------...... Marblehead Harbor, Mass.'.------Coney Island Channel, N. Y .1I...... New Bedford and Fairhaven Harbor, Coney Island Creek, N. Y ------263, 744 Mass __------______319, 376 East Chester Creek, N. Y __----- 2, 437,.967 Newburyport Harbor, Mass.' -...... East River, N. Y _ -- -__ 16, 478, 817 Plymouth Harbor, Mass ...... 15, 537 East Rockaway Inlet,N.Y.(Debs Pollock Rip Shoals, Nantucket Sound, In le t)I -...... - - ...- - .. Mass.' -_- - Echo Bay Harbor, N. Y ------205, 598 Port of Boston, Mass_ - - 20,977, 834 Elizabeth River, N. J ______11,112 M ain W aterfront, Mass -- _---... 6, 313, 985 Flushing Bay, N. Y _------2, 831, 485 Provincetown Harbor, Mass ---.... 11,149 Gowanus Creek Channel, N. Y__ 5, 282, 372 Rockport Harbor, Mass __...... 11 Gravesend Bay, N. Y...... 726, 301 Salem Harbor, Mass_ 1,300, 577 Great Kills Harbor, Staten Is- Scituate Harbor, Mass ... . 188 land, N. Y ------824 Vineyard Haven Harbor, Mass ...... 54, 511 Hackensack River, N. J -_--_ 4, 854, 413 Wellfleet Harbor, Mass ...... 743 Harlem River, N. Y . ------.2,463, 211 Great Salt Pond, Block Island, R. I__ 5 Hudson River, N. Y. (lower sec- Harbor of Refuge, Block Island, R. I_ 2, 807 tion) ------1, 063, 063 Harbor of Refuge, Point Judith and Hudson River Channel, N. Y._ Point Judith Pond, R. I... ___...... 63, 201 and N. J ------25,185,651 Newport Harbor, R. I_------104,132 Jamaica Bay, N. Y - - 4, 819, 277 Providence River and Harbor, R. I_ 8, 227, 047 Keyport Harbor, N. J.,. - __- 1 No commerce reported. 74 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

Table 25. Commerce at Project Harbors, Calendar Year 1956-Continued

Harbor Tons Harbor Tons

OTHER THAN GREAT LAKES-Con. OTHER THAN GREAT LAKES-COn.

New York Harbor, N. Y.-Con. Delaware River and tributaries, Tren- Lemon Creek, Staten Island, N. Y_ 1, 384 ton, N. J., to the sea-Continued Long Island Sound at City Island, Camden-Gloucester, N. J .---- 4, 065, 994 N. Y_ 4, 218 Chester, Pa 1,209,876 Long Island Sound at Rye Beach, Lower Delaware Bay, Del ...... 50, 666 N. Y- 1. 540 Lower Delaware Bay, N. J _.---- 783, 318 Mamaroneck Harbor, N. Y 193, 792 Marcus Hook, Pa., and vicinity__ 20, 801, 545 Manhasset Bay, N. Y______. 1, 291, 428 New Castle, Del., and vicinity ---1, 200, 957 Matawan Creek, N. J.1- --...... Paulsboro, N. J., and vicinity .... 13, 912, 816 Milton Harbor, N. Y ...... 23, 659 Penn Manor, Pa., and vicinity ... 5, 770, 520 New Rochelle Harbor, N. Y ..-. 1,129 Pennsgrove-Carney Point, N. J___ 175, 860 New York and New Jersey Chan- Philadelphia Harbor, Pa....._--_- 55, 713, 156 nels, N. Y. and N. J .... _-_- 74. 963, 303 Riverton-Delanco-Beverly, N. J___ 422, 177 Newark Bay, N. J ...... 6,652,351 Thompson Point, N. J., and vi- Newtown Creek, N. Y ...... 8, 821, 687 cinity - - 240, 419 Passaic River, N. J ...... 9. 892, 868 Trenton Harbor, N. J -.... 447, 677 P ort Chester Harbor, N . Y ...... 926. 298 Wilmington Harbor, Del__ -.-. 2, 970, 053 Rahway River, N. J_ 173, 079 Raritan River, N. J__-__ 7, 436, 299 Unadjusted total__ 109, 170, 187 Raritan River to Arthur Kill Cut- Off Channel, N. J.1-...... N et total...... ----- 97, 334, 341 Sandy Hook Bay, N. J ______- 70, 547 Sheepshead Bay, N. Y _--...... 7, 191 Annapolis Harbor, Md ...... 20, 327 Shoal Harbor and Compton Creek, Baltimore Harbor and Channels, Md__ 51, 579, 613 N . J_...... 119, 786 Black Walnut Harbor, Md...... 251 Upper Bay, N. Y. and N. J -___ 8, 564, 076 Breton Bay, M d ...... 6, 768 Wallabout Channel, N. Y ______. 250, 644 Cambridge Harbo., Md .- _.. . 69, 191 Washington Canal and South Claiborne Harbor, Md__ 72 Rive:, N. J- .-...... 17,812 Crisfield Harbor, Md_ 60, 030 Waycake Creek, N. J.1______- __- Low es Wharf, Talbot County, Md ... 214 Westchester Creek, N. Y 725,678 Nanticoke River at Bivalve, Md ..... 3, 298 W oo d br i d g e C re e k , N . J ...... 42, 235 Nanticoke River at Nanticoke, Md___ 6, 651 Ocean City Harbor and Inlet and Unadjusted total.. -...... 197, 206, 277 Sinepuxent Bay, Md . .. 10, 893 Queenstown Harbor, Md ...... 161 Net total- ...... 154, 708, 301 Rock Hall Harbor, Md_ 8, 613 Tilghman Island Harbor, Md ...... 4, 693 Northport Bay and Harbor, N. Y .... 3, 521, 662 Washington Harbor, D. C ...... 2, 535, 888 Peekskill Harbor, N. Y .. ___-...... 140, 996 Cape Charles City Harbor, Va ...... 3, 841 Plattsburg Harbor, N. Y ___---- 335. 743 Horn Harbor, Va __...... 11,872 Port Henry Harbor, N. Y ...... 17, 826 Monroe Bay and Creek, Va ...... 1,905 Port Jefferson Harbor, N. Y 821, 442 Norfolk Harbor, Va_ 44, 597, 584 Rondout Harbor, N. Y 853,3748 Port of Richmond, Va ...... 3, 056, 563 Sag Harbor, N. Y_ 27, 038 Portsmouth Harbor, Va., Channel to Saugerties Harbor, N. Y.- Nansemond Ordinance Depot 1- .... Tarrytown Harbor, N. Y -...... 726, 158 Potomac River at Alexandria, Va .... 362, 037 Aliquippa-Rochester, Pa ...... 7, 619, 454 Winter Harbor, Va__ 2, 164 Clairton-Elizabeth, Pa_ _ 12, 429, 995 Beaufort Harbor, N. C ...... 100, 685 Pittsburgh, Pa-- 10, 648, 565 Belhaven Harbor, N. C ...... 9, 932 Delaware River and tributaries, Tren- Edenton Harbor, N. C- 22, 062 ton, N. J., to the sea: Manteo (Shallowbag) Bay, N. C ..... 26, 273 Artificial Island, N. J., and vicin- Morehead City Harbor, N. C ...... 479, 320 ity ------51,454 Silver Lake Harbor, N. C _...... Bordentown-Fieldsboro, N. J 6, 175 64, 404 Bristol, Pa., and vicinity ...... 79, 334 Charleston Harbor, S. C_ 4, 117, 583 Burlington-Florence-Roebling, Georgetown Harbor (Winyah Bay), N. J.-...... - 1, 268, 190 S. C 1,104, 822 1No commerce reported. WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 75

Table 25. Commerce at Project Harbors, Calendar Year 1956-Continued

Harbor Tons Harbor Tons

OTHER THAN GREAT LAKES-Con. OTHER THAN GREAT LAKES-COn.

Brunswick Harbor, Ga ------230, 065 Port Mansfield, Tex.__ _ 5,143 Darien Harbor, Ga ------668 Rockport, Tex _-- 2, 590 Savannah Harbor, Ga . .- .------4, 157, 020 Sabine Pass Harbor, Tex 329, 593 Apalachicola Bay, Fla------52, 221 Texas City, Tex. (Texas City Chan- Bayou Chico, Fla __.--_-..------_. 76, 114 nel, Tex.) ...... - 14, 798, 944 Canaveral Harbor, Fla - .. . ------38, 868 Victoria, Tex ...... -..-...... 212, 710 Carrabelle, Fla_ ------2, 886 Helena, A rk ...... 1, 852, 783 Cedar Keys Harbor, Fla ...... 698 Chattanooga, Tenn ...... 1,086, 692 Charlotte Harbor, Flan------867, 309 Knoxville, Tenn ...... 836, 873 Eau Gallic Harbor, Fla.' ...... M em phis, Tenn...... 5, 064, 227 Fernandina Harbor, Fla ------192, 582 Nashville, Tenn ...... 2, 086, 697 F ort P ierce H arbor, F la ...... --- 121,987 Kansas City, Mo ...... --.... 656, 823 Jacksonville Harbor, Flan 6, 588, 181 St. L ouis, Mo ...... ------....7, 408, 279 Key West Harbor, Fla .------153, 860 Cincinnati, Ohio ...... ---- 8, 330, 679 Melbourne Harbor, Fla ------50 Louisville, K y ...... -...... 5, 022, 778 Miami Harbor, Fla ___------1, 922, 490 Huntingtop, W. Va _ 12, 428, 674 Palm Beach Harbor, Fla ...... 963, 926 Baudette Harbor, Minn....--..... Panama City Halbor, Fla ------1, 285, 219 Minneapolis, Minn.. ------584, 237 Pensacola Harbor, Fla- . -- 755, 379 St. Paul, M inn ...... -.___-- 3,113, 797 Port Everglades Harbor, Fla___ 5,104, b37 Warroad Harbor, Minn ...... __-_ 1,166 Port St. Joe Harbor, Fla ------1, 823,237 MountVernon, Ind___ 2, 961, 454 St. Augustine H arbor, Fla -- . .. __ 6, 098 Crescent City Harbor, Calif .....--... 292, 350 St. Petersburg Harbor, Fla . .. -- 263, 608 Humboldt Harbor and Bay, Calif -. 461, 295 Tampa Harbor, Flau ...... -- 11, 927, 530 Long Beach Harbor, Calif ...... 7, 035, 916 Chickasaw Creek, Ala ..------194, 688 Los Angeles Harbor, Calif ...... 19, 601, 062 Guntersville, Ala .------490, 762 Monterey Harbor, Calif _ 102, 810 Mobile Harbor, Ala ------17, 516, 991 Morro Bay Harbor, Calif --- -- 2, 064 Three Mile Creek, Ala_ 4, 819, 188 Moss Landing Harbor, Calif ------.. 163, 036 18, 947,105 Baton Rouge, La------Newport Bay Harbor, Calif ...... 6, 782 Lake Charles, La. (Calcasieu River San Diego Harbor, Calif-...... ---- 1,948, 507 and Pass, La.)..------.---. 17, 082, 251 Calif.: New Orleans, La . ..------. 50, 705, 096 San Francisco Bay Area, ...... Terrebonne Bay, La.l.. .. ------A lviso Slough 43,478 Carquinez Strait------7, 638, 346 Biloxi Harbor, Miss .. ------172, 695 40,310 Greenville, Miss .------1.296, 750 N apa R iver ------Slough ------Gulfport Harbor, Miss ------235, 628 Newark 13,262 . Natchez, M iss ...... 491, 744 Oakland Harbor..----- 3, 902, 186 Creek .....------169, 490 Pascagoula H arbor, M iss ...... ---- 359,118 Petaluma City Harbor ...- ____ 2, 712, 271 Pass Christian Harbor, Miss ... __ 182 Redwood Richmond Harbor ...---- 14, 804, 821 Vicksburg, Miss-...... ------730, 989 San Francisco Harbor ...... ------3, 967,442 Aransas Pass, Tex_ ...... -.. 88, 963 Mare Island Beaumont, Tex -__...... ------25,731, 843 San Pablo Bay and ...... ------4, 245, 721 B ra z os I s la n d H a rb o r , Te x ...... 1, 983, 728 Strait: . Rafael Creek ------76, 273 Brownsville, Tex ...... 1, 180,093 San -- Channel 4, 078, 461 Corpus Christi, Tex .....------15, 568, 864 Suisun Bay --- Suisun Channel- 119, 004 Freeport Harbor, Tex ...... 5, 732, 606 Bay Area, other Galveston, Tex. (Galveston Channel, San Francisco ports ------2, 424,596 T e x .) ------6, 958, 214 ------Houston, Tex. (Houston Ship Chan- Unadjusted total.------44, 235, 661 nel, Tex.) .... ------52, 293, 262 O range, T ex ------936, 234 N1et total .------36, 927. 219 Palacios, Tex---. .------86, 076 Port Aransas, Tex...... ------.... 9, 800, 758 Santa Barbara Harbor, Calif __-- --__ 2, 145 Port Arthur. Tex ...------.----- 24, 832, 926 Port lsabel, Tex ------803, 635 Stockton, Calif ..-- _------.... 2, 578, 227 Port Lavaca, Tex ------591, 860 Coos Bay, Oreg _ ...... -...... 3, 030, 400 1 No commerce reported.

461552-58-7 76 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

Table 25. Commerce at Project Harbors, Calendar Year 1956--Continued

Harbor Tons Harbor Tons

OTHER THAN GREAT LAKES--COn. OTHER THAN GREAT LAKES-COR.

Ports on Columbia and Lower Wil- Skagway Harbor, Alaska....------88, 643 lamette Rivers: Valdez Harbor, Alaska_------58, 420 Astoria, Oreg ------524,788 Whittier Harbor, Alaska------175,538 Longview, Wash_.------3,009,837 Wrangell Harbor, Alaska.------62,229 Oregon Slough, Oreg.----_--- 860,448 Portland, Oreg------13, 788, 529 GREAT LAKES St. Helens, O:eg__------569, 854 Vancouver, Wash ....----...... 2,176,138 Beaver Bay Harbor, Minn...... 24 Other ports on the Columbia Duluth-Superior Harbor, Minn. and River....------539,336 Wis ------. 59,442.492 Tillamook Bay and Bar, Oreg...... 40,479 Grand Marais Harbor, Minn- - ---. 64, 545 Yaquina Bay and Harbor, Oreg....-.- 390, 907 Knife River Harbor, Minn....-..... 143 Anacortes, Harbor, Wash------1,740,667 Lutsen Harbor, Minn...... 1 Bellingham Bay and Harbor, Wash--- 1,687, 921 Two Harbors (Agate Bay), Minn..... 16, 037, 641 Blaine Harbor, Wash_------16, 363 Zippel Bay, Minn ------1 Everett Harbor, Wash.____-.____.. 3, 189, 988 Algomna Harbor, Wis------8, 595 Grays Harbor and Chehalis River, Ashland Harbor, Wis_------_ 4, 348, 268 Wash... ..------.------.... 2,045, 701 Bayfield Harbor, Wis.------1,787 Hammersley Inlet, Wash . ---- _-_-- 1,550,731 Cornucopia, Wis_------578 Neah Bay, Wash ...... ------..--.....--- 144,530 Detroit Harbor, Wis__------10,028 Olympia Harbor, Wash ___ . 1,710, 243 Green Bay Harbor, Wis ------3, 582, 747 Port Angeles Harbor, Wash _...... 2, 173, 520 Jackson Harbor, Wis_. ------416 Port Gamble Harbor, Wash_ ...... 157, 234 Kenosha Haibor, Wis..------21,811 Seattle Harbor, Wash_...... 13, 651,636 Kewaunee Harbor, Wis------1, 153, 656 Tacoma Harbor, Wash_....._ _._._.. 5,485,142 Manitowoc Harbor, Wis------2,392, 711 Willapa River and Harbor, Wash-..... 503,700 Menominee Harbor, Wis..------867, 299 Arecibo Harbor, P. R.______Milwaukee Harbor, Wis------8, 600, 655 Fajardo Harbor, P. R .... ____...... 132, 919 Oconto Harbor, Wis...... 150 Guayanes Harbor, P. R .... __...... 9,702 Pensaukee Harbor, Wis------. 347 Mayaguez Harbor, P. R_...... ____ 436,821 Port Washington Harbor, Wis ...--- 860,746 Ponce Harbor, P. R- ...... 879,194 Port Wing Harbor, Wis------137 San Juan Harbor, P. R__...... 3, 823, 901 Racine Harbor, Wis------_,...... 130, 527 Christiansted Haibor, St. Croix, V. IL 20, 210 Sheboygan Harbor, Wis ...... 493, 165 St. Thomas Harbor, V. I-_-_------101, 587 Two Rivers Harbor, Wis...... ------161,404 Hilo Harbor, T. H------...--...... 909, 236 Algonac, Mich___------196, 013 Honolulu Harbor, T. H-__------3, 784,185 Alpena Harbor, Mich...... 3, 223, 467 Kahului Harbor, Maui, T. H..-.....---- 701, 925 Big Bay Harbor, Mich...... 1 Kaunakakai Harbor, Molokai, T. H.__ 262,376 Black River Harbor, Mich------4 Kawaihae Harbor, T. H_ ____._____ 5,911 Charlevoix Harbor, Mich-....--..---- 44,108 Nawiliwili Harbor, Kauai, T. H-...--- 432,367 Cheboygan Harbor, Mich---...... ------70,982 Port Allen Harbor, T. H ...... __ 134, 582 Detour, Mich_----__------. 446, 865 W ake Island _._...... 94, 798 Drummond Island, Mich- ----...... 2, 187,198 Cordova Harbor, Alaska ...... 33, 920 Frankfort Harbor, Mich------1, 767, 964 Craig Harbor, Alaska. ------1, 215 Gladstone Harbor, Mich-...... -- 188, 940 Elfin Cove, Alaska 1 ------Grand Haven Harbor and Grand Iliuliuk Harbor, Alaska_...__- .....-- 51,902 River, Mich----....-....--- 2, 982, 067 Juneau Harbo, Alaska--.. . _-...---- 123, 583 Grand Marais, Mich-----.--- - 94 Ketchikan Harbor, Alaska ------. 1, 078, 952 Grand Traverse Bay Harbor, Mich. 367 Kodiak Harbor, Alaska ...... 53,155 Harbor Beach, Mich., Harbor of Metlakatla Harbor, Alaska ------44, 054 Refuge ...... ------.... 54, 561 Myers Chuck Harbor, Alaska -...-- Holland Harbor, Mich__------_ 234, 024 Nome, Alaska ...... 73,189 Isle Royale, Mich.' .-.- Petersburg Harbor, Alaska.....------23,103 Keweenaw Waterway, ports on...... 452, 368 Port Alexander, Alaska 1 .-----.--. Lac La Belle Harbor, Mich...... 9 Seldovia Harbor, Alaska ---.------12, 912 Leland Harbor, Mich._-.---.-..-..- 3,984 Seward Harbor, Alaska .... _ ___..-- 633, 489 Lime Island, Mich - ...... 217, 958 Sitka Harbor, Alaska...-...... 26,825 Ludington Harbor, Mich ...... 3, 860, 395 ' No commerce reported. WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 77

Table 25. Commerce at Project Harbors, Calendar Year 1956-Continued

Harbor Tons Harbor Tons

GREAT LAKES---continued GREAT LAKES-continued

Mackinac Harbor, Mich...... ------9, 278 Indiana Harbor, Ind..------..... 19, 449, 457 Manistee, Mich_------877, 496 Michigan City Harbor, Ind.------340 Manistique Harbor, Mich------306, 311 Ashtabula Harbor, Ohio------.... 13,196,161 Marine City, Mich- ...... 100, 457 Cleveland Harbor, Ohio ------17, 604, 555 Marquette Harbor, Mich.------805,336 Conneaut Harbor, Ohio---...... ------... 11,049,187 Marysville, Mich...... ------470, 801 Fairport Harbor, Ohio------.------2, 546,186 Monroe Harbor, Mich. ..------54, 467 Huron Harbor, Ohio------3, 267,904 Muskegon Harbor, Mich ...------4, 314, 367 Lorain Harbor, Ohio ...... ------7, 774, 712 Ontonogan Harbor, Mich ...... 56 Port Clinton Harbor, Ohio-----..------... 8, 621 Pentwater Harbor, Mich ..------65 Put In Bay, Ohio------... 7, 007 Port Huron, Mich...... ------1,126, 555 Sandusky Harbor, Ohio ...------8.421, 233 Port of Detroit, Mich ... ..------27,127, 975 Toledo, Ohio_ ------35, 969, 734 Port of Sault Ste. Marie, Mich------404, 633 Vermilion Harbor, Ohio ...... ------1,286 Presque Isle Harbor, Mich.------4, 817, 133 Erie Harbor, Pa------6, 478, 994 St. Clair, Mich------1,674,950 Buffalo, N. Y_ ------22,155,036 St. James Harbor (Beaver Island), Cape Vincent, N. Y ------.... 11 Mich ------3, 030 Dunkirk Harbor, N. Y ...... ------160, 327 St. Joseph Harbor, Mich------382, 735 Great Sodus Bay Harbor, N. Y ....- 2, 365, 002 Saugatuck Harbor and Kalamazoo Niagara Falls, N. Y..------9, 760 River, Mich ------271 Ogdensburg Harbor, N. Y... ..------652, 083 South Haven Harbor, Mich ...... 62, 369 Oswego Harbor, N. Y...------2, 855, 016 Traverse City Harbor, Mich ...... 147, 204 Rochester (Charlotte) Harbor, N. Y__ 324, 045 Whitefish Point Harbor, Mich------. 177 Sackets Harbor, N. Y 68, 331 White Lake Harbor, Mich..------51, 392 Tonawanda Harbor, N. Y...... ------685, 434 Port of Chicago, Ill__ 42, 656, 258 Waddington Harbor, N. Y ...... 115, 278 Waukegan Harbor, Ill..------83,953 Wilson Harbor, N. Y...... ------10

Table 26. Ton-Mileage of Freight Carried on the Inland Waterways of the United States, by System, Calendar Year 1956

System Ton-miles

Atlantic coast waterways------...... ------32, 306, 044,000 Gulf coast waterways ...... ------15, 020, 524, 000 J ati e coast waterways ..- ...... ------... .. -- ...------.... -... 5,198,144,000 Misisippi River system, including Ohio River and tributaries ------56, 785, 586, 000 -Other waterways------...... -..---- ...... 2,976,000 -Great Lakes system -...... _...... ------110, 664, 517, 000

Total ...... ------. 219, 977, 791,000

1 Does not include traffic between foreign ports. 78 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

TON-MILES OF FREIGHT CARRIED ON THE WATERWAYS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1947-1956

GREAT LAKES MISSISSIPPI RIVER OTHER SYSTEM SYSTEM WATERWAYS

BILLIONS OF TON-MILES

9 40 80 I o Igo 20 , 24o

YEAR

1956 " ' r r w a -- --

195s ..ml I 9 . i il i i i I = 4

1954 4 -:_-42_

1953 0a a 0.'::' 10 5 a . q.'. ....': ' . .42

1950

, . . -,,-....- ,., *a_- - - -.

1948 a2

4.'.'...... a.d .".-----: / 1947 , 1,,,,,,,,ea',,,, -4 - 1

Chart VIII. WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 79

Table 27. Commerce on Project Waterways, Calendar Year 1956 (In tons of 2,000 pounds)

Total ton- Waterway Tons miles (000 omitted)

JosiasRiver, Maine ...... ------118 (1) Kennebec River, Maine------198, 810 5, 080 Kennebunk River, Maine------..141 (1) Lubec Channel, Maine ...... ------87, 913 153 Penobscot River, Maine...------1,074, 140 27, 659 Saco River, Maine ...... ------43 (1) St. Croix River, Maine...... ------24. 298 406 Union River, Maine...... ------30 (1) O tterCreek, V t.)2...... 1--...... Annisquam River, M ass.s...... ------...... ___ Cape Cod Canal, Mass--.....------...... ------14, 032, 325 245, 566 Chelsea River, Mass ...... ------5, 650, 952 8, 476 Fort Point Channel, Mass------. 418, 733 209 Ipswich River, Mass...... ------3, 019 9 Malden River, Mass ------. 41,302 41 2 M errimack River, M ass.------...... Mystic River, Mass------5,016, 780 5,818 Neponset River, Mass------6,908 7 2 T a u n t o n R i v e r , Ma ss . ------.--- ...... Town River, Mass------809, 925 607 Weymouth Back River, Mass------30, 966 15 Weymouth Fore River, Mass ------.... 2,693, 683 20, 276 Woods Hole Channel, Mass ------...... 41,989 38 Pawcatuck River, R. I. and Conn...------_ ------5, 554 37 Sakonnet River and Harbor, R. 1.2 ______.. ______... __ ...... Seekonk River, R. I...... ------285, 557 571 Warren River, R. I ------386 (1) 2 Connecticut River above Hartford, Conn...... Connecticut River below Hartford, Conn------2,894,673 133,155 Housatonic River, Conn....------842,476 4,212 Mianus River and Cos Cob Harbor, Conn .------150, 031 150 Mystic River, Conn------163 (1) Thames River, Conn------... 973,292 15,558 Browns Creek, N. Y_.------... 120 (1) Fire Island Inlet, N. Y------...... 214, 147 321 Glen Cove Creek, N. Y------.. 233,312 233 Great South Bay, N. Y------.. .. 229, 326 3, 931 Hudson River, Deep Water in Upper Bay, N. Y., to Waterford, N. Y. (consolidated report)------...... ------45,814, 607 1,896,850 Hudson River, N. Y. (mouth of Spuyten Duyvil Creek (Harlem River) to Waterford, N. Y.)...... ------21,178, 343 1,663, 499 Jones Inlet,N. Y------. 5, 788 12 Long Island Intracoastal Waterway, N. Y.....------1, 749 59 Lower Entrance Channels, New York Harbor, N. Y ...... ------91,913, 098 919,131 Narrows of Lake Champlain, N. Y. and Vt ...... ------824, 810 11, 135 New York State Barge Canal...... ------...... 4, 858, 044 730, 289 Niagara River, N. Y ------3, 640, 094 (3) Orowoc Creek, N. Y------...... ---...... ------.. 2, 479 2 Patchogue River, N. Y...... ------209, 896 157 Peconic Bay and River, N. Y...... ------1,476 3 Wappinger Creek, N. Y.2 _---...... Absecon Creek, N. J...... ------84 (1) Absecon Inlet,N. J...... ------..127,281 255 A lloway C reek, N . J.2.------..------...... Barnegat Inlet,N. J...... ------350 (1) Big Timber Creek, N. J...... ------300, 574 90 Cape May Canal, N. J...... See footnotes at end of table. 80 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1 57

Table 27. Commerce on Project Waterways, Calendar Year 1956-Continued

Total ton- Waterway Tons miles (000 omitted)

Cohansey River, N. J... ------90,616 1,722 Cold Spring Inlet, N. J__ ------57,893 58 Cooper River, N. J-_ ------106, 867 107 Delaware River at Camden, N. J______------__2,497, 291 Dennis Creek, N. 2J... .------..----. Double Creek, N. J------12 (1) Goshen Creek, N. J.------Manasquan River, N. J_ ------. 2,462 4 Mantua Creek, N. J ------72,126 72 Maurice River, N. J------79,103 554 New Jersey Intracoastal Waterway ------200, 815 1,205 Oldmans Creek, N. J.2...- _._._------Raccoon Creek, N. J ------3, 565 32 Rancocas River, N. J------2, 914 4 Salem River, N. J------.. 47, 860 191 Shark River, N. J___ ------1,042 4 Shrewsbury River, N. J- _------100 1 Toms River, N. J.5 ....------...... Tuckerton Creek, N. J------1,810 5 Woodbury Creek, N. J.a------Chester River, Pa. ------Schuylkill River, Pa...... ------. 16,337,093 65, 348 Appoquinimink River, Del...... ------Broad Creek River, Del ....------7,877 79 Broadklll River, Del.2 ...... ------Delaware River, Trenton, N. J., to the sea (consolidated report)...... 100,911,951 8,448,134 Delaware River between Philadelphia, Pa., and Trenton, N. J.------11, 435, 995 137, 232 Delaware River, Philadelphia, Pa., to the sea---...... -...... -...--.. - 100,131, 350 8,310, 902 Harbor of Refuge, Delaware Bay, Del_------236,811 355 Indian River Inlet and Bay, Del------. 640 1 Inland Waterway between Rehoboth Bay and Delaware Bay, Del-- -...... 1,319 15 Inland Waterway from Delaware River to Chesapeake Bay, Del. and Md_.. 10, 709, 229 492, 625 Leipsic River, Del..------.. 44 (1) Little River, Del------61 (1) Mispillion River, Del------21,789 261 Murderkill River, Del------3,520 7 Nanticoke River (including Northwest Fork), Del. and Md---...... 235,454 9,057 St. Jones River, Del------7, 719 8 Smyrna River, Del...... ______.------Back Creek (Anne Arundel County), Md--_------.--. 1,353 (1) Broad Creek, Somerset County, Md-----.... ------3, 489 11 Broadwater Creek, Md..%...2 ...... ------. Cadle Creek, Md. ------Channel to Island Creek, St. George Island, Md. ------Chester River, Md------78,206 1,618 Chincoteague Bay, Md. and Va------14,964 45 Choptank River, Md------130, 423 1,993 Corsica River, Md------, 920 10 Duck Point Cove, Md------4, 672 5 Elk and Little Elk Rivers, Md_------12 (1) Fishing Bay Tributaries, Dorchester County, Md------...... 6,515 7 Fishing Creek, Calvert County, Md------12 (1) Governors Run, Md------547 (1) Hellens Creek, Md.2...... ------__------Herring Bay and Rock Hold Creek, Md_____--______.__.. _____-.-.61 (1) Honga River and Tar Bay, Md...... ------8, 001 32 Knapps Narrows, Md ------5,003 8 Lake Ogleton, Md...... See footnotes at end of table. WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 81

Table 27. Commerce on Project Waterways, Calendar Year 1956-Continued

Total ton- Waterway Tons miles (000 omitted)

La Trappe River, Md ------9,138 32 Little Creek, Queen Annes County, Md._ ------2, 412 1 Lower Thoroughfare at or near Wenona, Deal Island, Md------1,133 1 Manokin River, Md ------342 1 Middle River and Dark Head Creek, Md ...------104 (1) Mill Creek, Md ------28 (1) Neale Sound, Md ...... ------537 1 Northeast River, Md ------600 3 Parish Creek, Md.... ------367 () Patuxent River, Md ...... ------234, 963 1,506 Pocomoke River, Md ------61,484 1,845 St. Catherines Sound, Md ------403 1 St. JeromeCreek, Md...... ------998 2 St. Patricks Creek, Md...... ------3, 499 3 Slaughter Creek, Md------386 (1) Smith Creek, Md.....------7, 630 11 Susquehanna River above and below Havre de Grace, Md------...... 20, 584 103 Town Creek, Md ------4, 471 2 Tred Avon River, Md.. ------89, 290 893 Twitch Cove and Big Thoroughfare River, Md..------8,308 42 Tyaskin Creek, Md ._------28 (1) Upper Thoroughfare, Deal Island, Md ------_. ------11,823 7 Warwick River, Md ------37, 069 56 Wicomico River, Md. (Eastern Shore) ------307, 209 9,153 Anacostia River, D. C ------1,499, 851 2, 300 Potomac River below Washington, D. C ....------3, 760, 280 333, 473 Potomc River Tributaries..... ------31,546 62 Potomac River, Virginia Channel. ------1,023, 965 4, 813 Potomac River, Washington Channel, D. C------..... -----...------12, 072 6 Appomattox River, Va.'------...... ------Aquia Creek, Va ------. 9 (1) Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway between Norfolk, Va., and the St. Johns River, Fla.: U. S. Army Engineer District, Norfolk: Via Dismal Swamp Canal Route...... ------107, 263 2, 959 Via Great Bridge Lock Route....------1,085, 652 29, 530 U. S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington------...... ------1, 892, 160 141,912 U. S. Army Engineer District, Charleston-..----.------1, 540, 004 119,350 U. 8. Army Engineer District, Savannah.------974, 906 53,620 U. S. Army Engineer District, Jacksonville ------687, 268 12, 005 Blackwater River, Va----...... ------59, 376 802 Bransons Cove, Va..------3, 818 (1) Broad Creek, Va----.------1,812 1 Carter Creek, Va------.... ------56, 296 72 Channel connecting York River, Va., with Back Creek to Slaights Wharf--_ 16, 678 17 Channel from Phoebus, Va., to Deep Water in Hampton Roads...... ------...... 2,841 2 Channel to Newport News, Va------30, 872, 587 100, 336 Coan River, Va.....------...... -8, 930 18 Cockrell Creek, Va ...--..------124, 960 187 Cranes Creek, Va.....------1,190 1 Davis Creek, Va.------2,988 1 Deep Creek, Accomack County, Va ------5,6,390 3 Deep Creek, Warwick County, Va------7, 958 16 Dymers Creek, Va. ------44, 665 45 Hampton Creek, Va ------295,881 828 Hoskins Creek, Va------2, 637 3 Jackson Creek, Va ------86 (1) James River, Va....------5, 519, 763 347,745 See footnotes at end of table. 82 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, 1957

Table 27. Commerce on Project Waterways, Calendar Year 1956-Continued

Total ton- Waterway Tons miles (000 omitted)

Kings Creek, Northampton County, Va------...... ---- 20,438 20 Little Machipongo River, Va------29, 509 59 Little River (Creek), Va------.------56,834 57 Little Wicomico River, Va.------. . 3,094 6 Locklies Creek, Va------21,611 32 Lower Machodoc Creek, Va------4,065 6 Mattaponi River, Va------42, 817 679 Milford Haven, Va.------. 4,942 5 Mill Creek, Va------..------137 (1) Mulberry Creek, Va...------.. 1,832 1 NanduaCreek,Va ------...... 1,674 7 Nansemond River, Va ....------... 426,135 3,537 Newport News Creek, Va....------.------... 235,892 94 Nomini Bay and Creek, Va------...... ------... 10,143 30 Occohannock Creek, Va------2,490 10 Occoquan Creek, Va------... 31 (1) Onancock River, Va------29,397 162 Oyster Channel, Va-. ..------27,390 25 Pagan River, Va------9,186 37 Pamunkey River, Va....------163, 434 245 Parrotts Creek, Va------5,711 4 Quinby Creek, Va...------5,327 4 Rappahannock River, Va------471, 736 34,945 Starlings Creek, Va----....------.. 11,395 7 Tangier Channel, Va------3,371 4 Totuskey Creek, Va..------33, 399 184 Upper Machodoc Creek, Va.. ------...... ------228 1 Urbanna Creek, Va...... ------10, 612 5 Waterway on the coast of Virginia------...... ------94, 718 2,012 Whitings Creek, Va ------56 () ------Willoughby Channel, Va.2 . .... York River, Va--...... ------602,456 13,856 Bay River, N. C...... ------1,862 22 Black River, N. C.2 ...... Cape Fear River, N. C., above Wilmington------433,049 31,815 CashieRiver,N.C.....------19, 550 401 Channel connecting Thoroughfare Bay with Cedar Bay, N. C------...... ---. 370 1 Channel from Back Sound to Lookout Bight, N. C------...... ------475 2 Channel from Pamlico Sound to Avon, N. C------...... 755 1 Channel from Pamlico Sound to Rodanthe, N. C...------295 (1) Chowan River, N. C- ..------108, 816 3, 591 Contentnea Creek, N. C.2-_ _.-...... Drum Inlet, N. C....------167 (1) Far Creek, N. C-....------....------.....------....------7,074 14 Knobbs Creek, N. C------.... ------...... ------15, 960 9 Lockwoods Folly River, N. C------...... ------...... ------21 (1) Mackay Creek, N. C ...... --- . ..--.-.... ------1,124 1 Meherrin River, N. C------....------.... 7,797 82 NeuseRiver,N.C----....------..... 93, 532 935 N ortheast (Cape Fear) River, N . C.2------______------. .. . Pamlico and Tar Rivers, N. C...... ------...... ------. 90, 230 1, 263 Perquimans River, N. C ------. --.. 10, 110 111 Roanoke River, N. C.------....------435, 563 11,645 Rollinson Channel, N. C---....------12, 096 36 Scuppernong River, N. C-...------... ------7, 383 37 Shallotte River, N. C------...... --- 440 (1) Smiths Creek (Pamlico County), N. C------10, 565 11 Smiths Creek (Wilmington), N. C---....-...------. 3, 309 3 See footnotes at end of table. '-WATERBORNE. :COM EEltE ,OF' T E ..UNITED STATES': 83

Table 27. Commerce on Project Waterways, Calendar Year 1956--Continued

Total ton- Waterway Tons miles (000 omitted)

South River, N. C ------2,400 7 Stumpy Point Bay, N. C_---.....----...--..-- ...------.. _ ---.... 581 1 Swift Creek, N . 0C.2 ...... -- ...------...... Trent River, N. C-.._------__..-...... -.....--...--___ -- --- 65,912 99 Waceamaw River, N. C. and S. C....--..------.------... ..--. - 3,786 157 Wallace Channel, Pamlico Sound, N. C ._-...... ----.------75, 588 529 Waterway connecting Pamlico Sound and Beaufort Harbor, N. C------6, 722 121 Waterway connecting Swan Quarter Bay with Deep Bay, N. C _....._____ 1,953 6 Wilmington Harbor, N. C...... --. ....--.....------.. 4,777, 127 111, 128 Abbapoola Creek, S. C.2--- ...... Ashley River, S. C------.... ------.. 19, 080 114 Bbresford Creek, S. C.2 ...... ------.... ------. Congaree River, S.C...... ------"- ...... -- Great Pee Dee River, S. C------14, 100 141 - Mingo Creek, S.C.2 ...... ------Russell Creek, S. C.2....------Santee River, S. C....------7,196 554 Shipyard River, S. C------.. ------:_-.. ------.------790, 728 791 Altamaha River, Ga...... ------23, 704 142 Apalachicola, Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers, Ga. and Fla ------.. 147,435 7,016 ------Fancy Bluff Creek, Ga.... 2------Ocmulgee River, Ga. .. - 2 ------Oconee River, Ga...... --- St. Marys River, Ga. and Fla ------86, 764 521 Satilla River, Ga-.------.------24, 597 787 Savannah River below Augusta, Ga- ....------..------..------70, 747 13, 866 Anclote River, Fla-....----..----..------1,716 15 Bayou Chico, Fla ...... ------76 114 90 2------Blackwater River, Fla...... Channel from Naples, Fla., to Big Marco Pass, Fla------..... -----...... 45, 403 556 2 ------Choctawhatchee River, Fla. and Ala. ... 2 ------Courtenay Channel, Fla. ------.------Crystal River, Fla----...... ------523 4 East Pass Channel from the Gulf of Mexico into Choctawhatchee Bay, Fla.. 367 (1) Escambia and Conecuh Rivers, Fla. and Ala., Escambia Bay, Fla...... ------57, 414 1,319 Gulf County Canal, Fla.. ------32, 829 191 Gulf Intracoastal Waterway between Apalachee Bay, Fla., and the Mexican border...... ------45,353,794 7,624,934 Homosassa River, Fla ------. .... ------.... 315 2 Horseshoe Cove, Fla ...... ------45 (1) Hudson River, Fla...2 ------Intracoastal Waterway, Caloosahatchee River to Anclote River, Fla ....---- 94, 634 1, 970 Intracoastal Waterway: Jacksonville to Miami, Fla ._------__--.-.-.... ------. - ... 1, 451, 200 57, 212 Miami to Key West, Fla------...... ------720,371 13,166 Kissimmee River, Fla-----.....------1,374 6 La Grange Bayou, Fla--..-----..------...... ------104, 293 419 Lake Crescent and Dunns Creek, Fla ------.... 300 1 Little Manatee River, Fla... ..------21 () Manatee River, Fla....------...... ------63, 210 299 Miami River, Fla--...-...... -..---...------...... 765,354 2,397 New River, Fla---....------...------3, 989 30 Okeechobee Waterway, Fla ------.--_ 274, 626 7,193 Oklawaha River, Fla .------.. 98 1 Ozona, Fla., channel and turning basin-.------.------167 () Palm Beach, Fla., side channel and basin 2.______------.------Pithlachascotee River, Fla--.....------363 1 Rice Creek, Fla ..--.------...... 83,801 277 See footnotes at end of table. 84 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. 8. ARMY, 1957

Table 27. Commerce on Project Waterays, Calendar Year 1966-Continued

Total ton. Waterway Tons miles (000 omitted)

St. Johns River, Fla., Jacksonvlle to Lake Harney..------594, 972 52, 606 St. Lucie Inlet, Fla..------970 3 St. Marks River, Fla------379, 385 2,593 Steinhatchee River, Fla------440 2 Suwannee River, Fla------331 2 Upper Chipola River, Fla., from mouth to Marilanas...... wr ... m. .. m^ v aiwuu .zn ..you , r la------109, 540 148 W lI hI RNAIVA i< FIl nlver. FIa w itiaoenoceeR iil4\NL~p iriVA AlA------109, 911 1,124 Alabama-Coosa Rivers, Ala. and Ga------294, 391 22, 891 Bayou Coden, Ala------2.890 2 Bayou LaBatre, Ala------23,993 60 }

Black Warrior, Warrior, and Tombigbee Rivers, Ala--.------4,409,240 1,101, 526 3 Chickasaw Creek, Ala------194, 688 190

Three Mile Creek, Ala------4, 819,188 1,372 t Waterway connecting the Tombigbee and Tennessee Rivers, Ala. and Miss.' . - -. --...... Amite River and Bayou Manchac, La.------. Atnhafala Riv r_ TaAKenA My eCC,1 .------_--.------..-.-- 3, 6OU, o30U 410, 944 Atchafalaya River, La., Morgan City to Gulf of Mexroo------1, 767, 462 55,400 Barataria Bay, La------2 693,153 16,969 Bayou Bartholomew, La. and Ark...... I------1------Bayou Bonfouca, La.------9, 919 89 Bayou Dupre, La------1,393 8 Bayou Grossetete, La 6, 659 57 ------Bayou Lacombe. La-. 208, 331 1,011 Bsayou LaIOrce, La --...... ------1, 294, 635 19, 090 Bayou Little Caillou, La------26, 089 307 Bayou Plaquemine Brule, La------3,825 19

Bayou Queue de Tortue, La.s --1------I1------Bayou Segnette, La------620 4 Bayou Teche, La...... ------. 321, 930 11, 709 Bayou Terrebonne, La------1, 088, 459 8,031 Bayou Vermilion, La...... ------.... 297, 363 5, 201 Bayous D'Arbonne and Corney, La.2...-.---.-.-...-....-.----.-..-...... ---1 -- .1-.------.--.--I---.------_ . Bayous La Loutre, St. Malo, and Yscloskey, La...------12, 844 274 Big Pigeon and Little Pigeon Bayous, La------.---_.... 104, 791 1,313 Boeuf River, La.nss, ------. Calcasien River and Pass, La_..______---_- 17,082,251 354,885 Chefuncte and Bogue FaliaRivers, La_..------38, 539 127 Cypress Bayou and Waterway between Jefferson Tex., and Shreveport, La.. 2,202 20 Franklin Canal, La------2, 082 12 Grand Bayou Pass, La. Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, Plaquemine to Morgan City Route, La..----_ 2, 889, 651 142,054 Inland Waterway from Franklin to Mermentau River, La .------_-_... 470,200 9,359 Inner Harbor Navigation Canal, La------__.. ... 4, 789, 631 13, 589 Johnsons Bayou, La._--- ,------.-.--..-.--. .- --- .- ...... - . Lake Charles Deep Water Channel, La....------17,084,524 427,113 LittleRiver, La.'s.... Mermentau River, Bayou Nezpique and Bayou Des Cannes, La...... 1,999, 145 58, 914 Pass Manchac,La------55,709 390 Petit Anse, Tigre and Carlin Bayous, La..------568,106 3, 547 Tensas River and Bayou Macon, La.2 . ...------.-.--- -I ..... Terrebonne Bay, La.' ..._ ...... I------...... Tickfaw, Natalbany, Ponchatoula, and Blood Rivers, La....------575 6 Vinton Waterway, La.------60, 042 577 Waterway from Empire, La., to Gulf of Mexico ------...----- 166,106 1,132 Waterway from Intracoastal Waterway to Bayou Dulae, La. (Bayous Le Carpe and Grand Caillou) ------276,047 4,282 Waterway from White Lake to Pecan Island, La------.-----_ 83, 457 150 See footnotes at end of table. WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 85

Table 27. Commerce on Project Waterways, Calendar Year 1956-Continued

Total ton- Waterway Tons miles (000 omitted)

Bayou Bernard, Miss -...... --..--.. . ..----- ...... 22,741 68 Bayou Galere, Miss.'...... ------..--.---- Big Sunflower River, Miss..---...--.....------1,145 2 Bluff Creek, Miss .... ---.------2,561,------20 East Pearl River, Miss ------46,325 761 Little Sunflower River, Miss., ------.---.------Mississippi River: Minneapolis, Minn., to mouth of the Passes (net) .------_ 104, 212, 466 31, 588, 019 Minneapolis, Minn., to mouth of Missouri River. ------20, 671, 428 3,729,172 Mouth of Missouri River to mouth of Ohio River ....----.....------22, 895, 688 3,464,684 Mouth of Ohio River to but not including Baton Rouge, La------...... 31, 949, 767 16,181, 912 Baton Rouge, La., to but not includign w'Orleans, La-.-...... 45, 566, 954 3,736, 699 New Orleans, La., to mouth of Passes-.....-.. . .------66, 318, 775 4, 475, 552 Mouth of Yazoo River, Miss ------383, 575 479 Pascagoula River, Miss....------10, 885 218 Pearl River, Miss. and La------396, 571 15, 013 Steel and Washington Bayous and Lake Washington, Miss.------Tallahatchie and Coldwater Rivers, Miss.. ------.------.----- Wolf and Jordan Rivers, Miss------30,230 358 Yazoo River, Miss ------27, 858 103 Anahuac Channel, Tex...... ------714, 319 3,436 Bastrop Bayou, Tex...------2, 300 23 Brazos Island Harbor, Tex. (waterway). -..------1, 983, 728 22,693 Cedar Bayou, Tex....------674, 734 4, 259 Channel from Pass Cavallo to Port Lavaca, Tex_... .-.--.------591, 860 10, 384 Channel to Aransas Pass, Tex ------88, 963 321 Channel to Palacios, Tex------86,076 1,198 Channel to Port Bolivar, Tex. ------Channel to Rockport, Tex ------2, 590 6 Chocolate Bayou, Te...... ------119, 210 1, 824 Clear Creek, Tex ------34, 621 164 Dickinson Bayou, Tex..------309, 600 3,129 Double Bayou, Tex..------102, 975 224 Guadalupe River to Victoria, Tex------212, 710 2,346 Port Aransas (Aransas Pass)-Corpus Christi Waterway, Tex...... ------25,145, 430 379, 961 Port Mansfield, Tex. (tributary)------. ------5,143 7 Sabine-Neches Waterway, Tex.------62, 790,305 1,541, 998 San Bernard River, Tex------.....------1, 379,75 33, 690 TributaryArroyo Colorado, Tex------145, 518 3, 427 Trinity River, Channel to Liberty, Tex------704,109 8, 704 Arkansas River, Ark. and Okla ------...... ---.....------601, 963 1, 699 Black River, Ark, and Mo.------Ouachita and Black Rivers, Ark. and La--.. -----.------193, 067 33, 425 Ouachita River above Camden, Ark. _------Red River below Fulton, Ark. ------142, 519 4,060 St. Francis and L'Anguille Rivers and Blackflsh Bayou, Ark.------Saline River, Ark.2.------Upper White River, Ark------30, 600 107 White River, Ark., below Batesville, Ark-..------141,870 2,239 Cumberland River, mouth to Burnside, Ky. (net). ..------3, 038, 466 350, 594 Mouth to Nashville, Tenn .------2, 991, 792 347, 940 Nashville, Tenn., to Burnside, Ky...... ------121,865 2,654 French Broad and Little Pigeon Rivers, Tenn------...... ------37,150 194 Tennessee River, Tenn., Ala., and Ky..------. . .------12, 299, 396 2,003, 420 Wolf River, Tenn. ------1,332, 214 2,147 Missouri River: Fort Benton to the mouth (net)------4,333,191 151,692 Kansas City to the mouth-... ..------.. . .1, 856, 868 122,447 Sioux City to Kansas City- ---....-- .------2,519, 720 28,828 See footnotes at end of table. 86 RERORT OF TIHECHIEF OF ;ENG NEENS S.U S ARY, 1957

Table: 27. Commerce on Project Waterways CGakendar Year 1956--Continued

Total ton- Waterway Tons miles (000 omitted)

Muskingum River, Ohio------45, 489 9 Ohio River, Pittsburgh to mouth__------__ 76,376,633 15, 999, 405 Big Sandy River, Tug and Levisa Forks, Ky. and W. Va.------165,172 661 Green and Barren Rivers, Ky ------1, 248, 633 99, 826 Kentucky River, Ky--- _------210,913 16,582 Rough River, Ky. Tradewater River, Ky------8, 270 25 Kanawha River, W. Va ------8, 369, 621 440, 334 Little Kanawha River, W. Va-...... ------..... ------.. 94, 301 211 Allegheny River, Pa., improved portion . ------5,153, 902 71, 857 Allegheny River, Pa., open channel portion-_- -__-___------_____----- 91, 200 91 Monongahela River, Pa., and W. Va------_------.... -- 36, 956, 496 1, 766, 767 Youghiogheny River, Pa_------122,177 24 Minnesota River, Minn------682,602 7,726 Big Suamico River, Wis------364 () Black River, Wis------419,859 358 Fox River, Wis------.- __-__ ------131,127 2, 623 Sturgeon Bay and Lake Michigan Ship Canal, Wis. (through traffic only).._ 1, 448, 082 (8) St. Croix River, Wis. and Minn------16, 566 379 Channels in Lake St. Clair, Mich------109, 530, 870 (4) Clinton River, Mich.2------...... Detroit River, Mich------124,849,617 3,493,847 Grays Reef Passage, Mich....------6,176, 418 (3) Keweenaw Waterway, Mich. (through traffic, see ports on).------..------193, 222 (3) Rouge River, Mich...... ------11,905, 028 (8) Saginaw River, Mich------.------4,607,686 (8) St. Clair River, Mich-.------110,397,176 6,205,651' St. Joseph River, Mich ------___.... 50,425 353 St. Marys Falls Canal, Mich- -...... -- - -.- 108, 755, 695 (3) St. Marys River, Mich------_...... ___ 113, 546, 959 6, 224, 727 Calumet-Sag Channel, Ill...... ------.------1,670, 959 118, 828 Chicago River (Main and North Branch), Ill------1,841, 934 (3) Chicago River, South Branch ...... ------. 2,482, 464 11, 894 Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal------11, 445, 324 425, 291 Illinois and Mississippi Canal, Ill.2.. _ Illinois River, Ill------19, 636, 585 3, 817,437 Bodega Bay, Calif ------1, 561 3 Middle River and connecting channels, Calif------...... 19, 707 164 Mokelumne River, Calif------26, 990 241 Noyo River, Calif__------4,102 5 Old River, Calif ...... ------182,451 5, 811' Sacramento River, Calif------...... 1, 886, 540 106 512 San Joaquin River, Calif ------3,067,987 113,095 Canals and Locks at Willamette Falls, Oreg ----.... --.... --...... ------.. 1,794, 855 38 Clatskanie River, Oreg_------28,355 99 Columbia and Lower Willamette Rivers below Vaidouver,: Wash., and Portland, Oreg------...... ------.. 21,036, 419 1, 484,087 Columbia River: At Baker Bay, Wash---....------...... 26, 891 134 At Bonneville, Oreg_ ------._---- 1, 518, 924 1, 519 At McNary Lock and Dam, Oreg., and Wash -__ -...... 812, 537 650 Between Wenatchee and Kettle Falls, Wash--....------....- 246, 402 9, 364 Mouth to International Boundary (consolidated report)...... ------...... 21, 575, 596 1, 672,873 Vancouver, Wash., to The Dalles, Oreg ...... ------...... 3,394,909 141,932 Columbia River and tributaries above Celilo Falls to McNary Lock and Dam, Oreg. and Wash _____-- _____----___...... __ ___ .1, 138, 615 99,116 Columbia River and tributaries above McNary Lock and Dam to Kenne- wick, Wash------...... 821, 867 26, 698 See footnotes at end of table. WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 87

Table 27. Commerce on Project Waterways, Calendar Year 1956-Continued

Total ton- Waterway Tons miles (000 omitted)

Columbia Slough, Oreg ------34, 315 189 eoos and Millieoma Rivers, Oreg ------... ------...... 742,001 3,339 Coquille River, Oreg ------. .... 463, 231 4, 401 Coquille River, Oreg. (entrance)....------...... ------.... 275, 894 296 Depoe Bay, Oreg...... ------..350 (1) Multnomah Channel, Oreg..------..----- .....------950, 842 5, 705 Nehalem Bay, Oreg------56 (1) Rogue River, Oreg.. ------19, 142 498 Siuslaw River, Oreg--...... ------228, 494 1,599 Skipanon Channel, Oreg ...------.... 116, 563 195 Smith River, Oreg...... ------123, 636 742 Snake River, Oreg., Wash., and Idaho...... ------452, 585 746 The Dalles-Celilo Canal, Oreg. and Wash -...... ------1,139, 563 11,396 Umpqua River, Oreg------537, 228 5,910 Westport Slough, Oreg ...------...... ------.....------.. 175, 339 123 Willamette River above Portland and Yamhill River, Oreg------...... 4, 847, 620 97,129 Yaquina River, Oreg.------...... 208, 701 1, 878 Youngs Bay and Youngs River, Oreg...... ------652, 619 2, 284 Kootenai River, Idaho and Mont...... ------1, 410 71 Chinook Channel, Wash---...... ------...... ------. 7, 272 6 'Cowlitz River, Wash--.....------..------. 166, 948 703 Deep River, Wash ...... ------449, 285 2, 246 Elokomin Slough, Wash------211,620 317 Grays River, Wash...... ------..------34, 666 173 Hoquiam River, Wash------...... ------653,780 5,230 Lake River, Wash..------...... ------16, 469 16 Lake Washington Ship Canal, Wash ...... ------... 2,084, 671 (a) Lewis River, Wash------... 6, 256 6 Quillayute River, Wash------. ------1,307 3 Skagit River, Wash...... ------53, 993 1, 694 Skamokawa Creek , Wash ...------.----...... -- ---...... --- 7,705 2 Skamokawa Slough, Wash-----..------...... ------75, 248 19 Stillaguamish River, Wash------3, 455 21 Swinomish Slough, Wash ..------722, 918 7, 229 Waterway connecting Port Townsend Bay and Oak Bay, Wash------...... 525, 627 473 Gastineau Channel, Alaska 2-..----...... Wrangell Narrows, Alaska...... ------271,082 (3)

3,Less than 500 ton-miles. SNo commerce reported. 3 Ton-miles not reported. 4 Included in St. Clair River.