Jurnal ESTUPRO Vol. 5 No. 3 Sept – Des 2020 ISSN 2502-1079

THE ACCENTS PROBLEMS IN INDONESIAN AND

Apriyanti Hasibuan [email protected]

Dosen Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri Mandailing Natal (STAIN MADINA)

ABSTRACT

There are so many differences between Indonesian and English accent that discuss in this writing. Indonesian speakers get difficulties in speaking English when they imitate the native speaker because the accents in English language and In Bahasa are differents. The has its own particular sounds and patterns for pronunciation. When an Indonesian speaker learns another language, these speech patterns may act as a barrier to the pronunciation of English. This results in an accented English, such as the “Indonesian accent”. 1. There are several sounds in English that are different to your native language and can be difficult to pronounce. 2. The rate you speak can affect your pronunciation of English. 3. English speakers change the pitch of their voice as they speak. As an Indonesian speaker you may need to work on the tone of your speech. To do this, listen to native English speakers and imitate the way the tone of their speech rises and falls.

Keywords : Indonesian and English accent

ENGLISH ACCENT Primary English-speakers show great variability in terms of regional accents. Some, Spoken English shows great variation such as Pennsylvania Dutch English, are easily across regions where it is the predominant identified by key characteristics; others are language. This article provides an overview of more obscure or easily confused. Broad regions the numerous identifiable variations can possess sub-forms as identified below; for in pronunciation; such distinctions usually instance, towns located less than 10 miles derive from the phonetic inventory of (16 km) from the city of Manchester, such local dialects, as well as from broader as Bolton, Oldham and Salford, each have differences in the Standard English of different distinct accents, all of which together comprise primary-speaking populations. the broader accent of Lancashire county; while Accent is the part of dialect concerning these sub-dialects are very similar to each other, local pronunciation. Vocabulary and grammar a non-local listeners can identify firm differences. re described elsewhere; see List of dialects of English accents can differ enough to the English language. create room for misunderstandings. For Secondary English speakers tend to carry example, the pronunciation of pearl in some over the intonation and phonetics of variants of Scottish English can sound like the their mother tongue in English speech. For entirely unrelated word petal to an American more details, see Non-native pronunciations of ear. English.

10 18 Jurnal ESTUPRO Vol. 5 No. 3 Sept – Des 2020 ISSN 2502-1079

For a summary of the differences between the English language around the world, Kachru accents, see International Phonetic Alphabet suggests "three concentric circles, representing chart for English dialects. different ways in which the language has been English accents are typically divided into acquired and is currently used". The three two groups: the English of England (BrEng), circles are "the inner circle, the outer circle or and English in North America (AmEng). extending circle and the expanding circle". The inner circle refers to "the traditional bases of Dialects and open vowels English including the USA, UK, Ireland, Canada, Australia and New Zealand". The outer Word RP GA Can sound change circle refers to the earlier phrases of the spread cot– of English in non-native settings where the THOUGHT /ɔ/ /ɔ/ caught merger English language plays an important "second language" role in multilingual settings which CLOTH /ɑ/ lot–cloth split /ɒ/ includes "Singapore, India, Malawi and over LOT father– /ɑ/ fifty other territories". The expanding circle PALM bother merger involves "those nations which recognize the importance of English as an international PLANT /ɑː/ language including China, Japan, Greece,

BATH /æ/ /æ/ trap–bath split Poland and a steadily increasing number of TRAP /æ/ other states". (Crystal, 2002, pp. 53-54) Considering its role as a foreign language in the Dialects differ greatly in their society, Indonesia can be considered the pronunciation of open vowels. In Received expanding circle. Pronunciation, there are four open back As a foreign language in Indonesia, vowels, /æ ɑː ɒ ɔː/, but in General American English is recognized as an international lingua there are only three, /æ ɑ ɔ/, and in most franca. Due to its importance in global dialects of Canadian English only two, /æ ɒ/. In communication, English has gained a addition, which words have which vowel varies significant place in education, formally as well between dialects. as informally. In recent years English has been Words like bath and cloth have the introduced since the elementary schools. Some vowels /ɑː ɒ/ in Received Pronunciation, but /æ preschools or playgroups even include it as the ɔ/ in General American. The table above shows subject matter to be taught to very young some of these dialectal differences, and gives learners. There has also been an increase of the names for the mergers and splits that number of English programs and institutions created them.1 offering courses to adults as well as young learners. Considering its role as a global ENGLISH AS A NATIVE SPEAKER language, English learners need to be made ACCENT aware of the fact that English is not uniform in English, as a global language, is spoken pronunciation, that there are different accents of as a native language in many regions, each with English spoken in different regions besides the its own accent, its own pattern of accent being taught to them, which, in pronunciation, showing that "English is not at Indonesia, is usually modeled after the two all uniform in pronunciation" (Ronowicz & mostly known accents, British or American. Yallop, 1999, p. 26). Concerning the spread of Evaluating English Accents Worldwide is a multinational English accents evaluation 1 www.english accent.com

19

Jurnal ESTUPRO Vol. 5 No. 3 Sept – Des 2020 ISSN 2502-1079

survey, designed by Bayard and Weatheall, example, the “r” sound is a common based in University of Otago, Dunedin, New problem sound for Indonesian Zealand. It is made up of an international group speakers. To make this sound correctly, of researchers interested in analyzing the the tongue must be in the correct evaluation of different national and ethnic position. To make the “r” sound the groups on four of the standard accents of tip of the tongue is curled upwards and English: Near Received Pronunciation, the pointed towards the roof of the mouth. educated Southern English English or Near- 2. The rate you speak can affect your BBC English, General North American, pronunciation of English. You may Australian and New-Zealand. There were need to slow down your speech to make twenty researchers in fourteen different it easier for other people to understand countries participating in the project, published you. in its website, (http:/www.Otago.ac.nz/ 3. English speakers change the pitch of anthropology/linguistics.html), retrieved in their voice as they speak. If you listen April, 2004, whereas none was working on the you will hear that it is sometimes higher Indonesian subjects. It was also stated that all and sometimes lower. As an Indonesian researchers share access to the data obtained speaker you may need to work on the and may use them for any ethical research tone of your speech. To do this, listen purpose. This has aroused my interest to take to native English speakers and imitate part in the multinational project, focusing on the way the tone of their speech rises the Indonesian EFL learners' perceptibility in and falls. identifying the four different accents of English While these are some of the common and their relative ease of comprehending them difficulties experienced by Indonesian speakers, and the factors that may affect their each individual will have unique areas of perceptibility and ease of comprehending the difficulty depending on their background and four different accents. … experience. To receive an accent assessment and get INDONESIAN ACCENT an accent reduction training program for The Indonesian language has its own Indonesian speakers, contact Australia English particular sounds and patterns for Institute and start reducing your accent now! pronunciation. When an Indonesian speaker English accent training is now available in learns another language, these speech patterns Indonesia. Please contact Australia English may act as a barrier to the pronunciation of Institute for more information about how you English. This results in an accented English, can complete an English accent course for such as the “Indonesian accent”. Indonesian speakers. Indonesian speakers tend to have some common difficulties when producing spoken INDONESIAN TO ENGLISH ACCENT English and if you come from an Indonesian background, you may find the following tips In general, Indonesians adapt their useful to help you improve your English pronunciation to English very easily. pronunciation. Sometimes when they have studied English poorly this is not the case but after receiving

1. There are several sounds in English that good instruction early on they have very few are different to your native language and long standing difficulties, in fact I would be can be difficult to pronounce. For hard pressed to mention any.

20

Jurnal ESTUPRO Vol. 5 No. 3 Sept – Des 2020 ISSN 2502-1079

An exception perhaps are people with a  Too many unrealistic competencies strong Javanese accent in Bahasa Indonesia, I which are the same for city schools and have found a lot of the time their accents stick schools on a mountain in the middle of a thickly when they learn English. This is not to jungle. That leads to poor teaching. say that some can't master English  Some people feel motivation is also a pronunciation and intonation or that those who factor but I feel with realistic can't be understood. Even Javanese English expectations and well trained and learners find English easier than Japanese, facilitated teachers motivation will not Chinese, Thai or Korean English learners. be a major issue. Sure if students are Mainly because of the similarities between self-motivated learners they will do Bahasa Indonesia and English. well, but they will do well without Inter-language (mixing the two codes of classes too. mother tongue and new language) can be an It is a very general question when referring issue but again with proper instruction this can to 'Indonesians' but as a whole those who are be easily overcome. given the right environment usually learn The important stage is Threshold stage, English very well, I have seen in general the where the learner begins to become Indonesian tongue and mind is very well suited independent in their language production. If for English, usually well trained Indonesians they have good resources to learn from and a have a lovely accent and if they are the good guide they will do fine, if they have poor younger generation have good grammar too. resources and a poor guide (maybe the teacher The options for Indonesian want to introduce isn't proficient themselves) then this can lead to their children to this international language fosilisation of a poor accent and inter-language. have increased with many more schools using Indonesians don't talk with nasal accents the Cambridge curriculum for their Maths, like Americans do. Indonesians are very vocal Science and English subjects including Islamic and dominated by oral accents. So try to to say schools. Previously if the Muslim majority "My name is Annie" without nasal pressure, it wanted to have their children schooled well and can be sound like "Muy nehm ees an nee" not speaking English they had to send their children "My naym eez anne knee" to Catholic schools, now though many Islamic schools have improved in regards to English, There is an interesting phenomena here although they still haven't yet got the though where students can 'learn' English for experience to overtake Catholic schools in 12+ years but still not be able to communicate general. with it. This is due to a number of reasons such as: THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN  A one track curriculum, where if you INDONESIAN AND ENGLISH ACCENT fall behind there are no more entry IN TERMS OF PHONEME DISCUSSION points. This also leads to multi-level classrooms that are unmanageable for Phoneme / k / in English This phoneme teachers. also makes the 20 students of this study have problems when speaking English or reading an  Poor teaching quality (either with English text. They do so because the English / k pedagogical knowledge, content / is aspirated but the Indonesian / k / is not. The knowledge or both) English / k / phoneme emerges in three positions in the word – initial, medial and final, whilst, the Indonesian / k / phoneme just occurs

21

Jurnal ESTUPRO Vol. 5 No. 3 Sept – Des 2020 ISSN 2502-1079

in syllable – initial position. In other words, the OPPOSITIONS ENGLISH BAHASA phoneme / k / in Bahasa Indonesia comes out INDONESIA Initial : „gain‟ [gein] „gatal‟ only in initial and medial positions, even [gatal] = itching International Journal of though there are some words which end in the English Language Education ISSN 2325-0887 letter „ k „. If final „ k „ does happens, there are 2013, Vol. 1, No. 3 110 two differences in articulating it. For examples, www.macrothink.org/ijele Medial : „eager‟ firstly, some speakers of Bahasa Indonesia [i:gə] „lagi‟ [lagi] = again Final : „tag‟ [tæg] pronounce it as a regular / k / without being „budeg‟ [budək] = deaf PHONETIC released as in English, but majority of them FEATURES ENGLISH BAHASA replace it with a [ ? ]. Consequently, INDONESIA Voiced : + + Velar : + + Stop : + it is difficult for the twenty students of this + Aspirated : - - 4.1.7 Phoneme / ʧ / in English, study to pronounce English words having the and phoneme / ĉ / in Bahasa Indonesia The English / k / with aspiration especially when it English phoneme / ʧ / also puts the twenty appears in the initial and final positions where students of this study get problems when they they pronounce / k / with the voiceless glottal speak English and read an English text. They stop [ ? ]. To recognize the discrepancies, the cannot pronounce English words having this following are their analyses presented below. phoneme fluently and perfectly. They do so PHONEMIC OPPOSITIONS ENGLISH because of the positions and features of this BAHASA INDONESIA Initial : „kid‟ [kid] English phoneme are different from the „kita‟ [kita] = we Medial : market‟ [ma:kit] Indonesian phoneme / ĉ /. The English / ʧ / „bakat‟ [bakat] = talent Final : „pick‟ [pik] emerges in word initial, medial, and final „botak‟ [botak] = bald PHONETIC positions, but the Indonesian / ĉ = ʧ/ occurs FEATURES ENGLISH BAHASA only in initial and medial positions. The INDONESIA Voiced - - Velar + + Stop + + phoneme / ʧ/ in English is a voiceless palato- Aspirated + - 4.1.6 Phoneme / g / in English alveolar while the phoneme / ĉ = ʧ/ in Bahasa The English phoneme / g / also makes the Indonesia is a voiceless palatal stop. The twenty students of this study obtain troubles in phoneme / ʧ / in English is pronounced with pronouncing English words having this rounded lips, but the phoneme / ĉ / in Bahasa phoneme, even though this / g / phoneme is not Indonesia uttered with the tongue that is usually aspirated, and neither is the Indonesian / g /. very far back in the mouth, and is also The phoneme / g / in English exists in word pronounced with spread lips by Indonesian initial, medial, and final positions, but the speakers included the twenty students of this phoneme / g / in Bahasa Indonesia appears only study. As a result, the students have problems in initial and medial positions. The Indonesian to articulate the final sound of / ʧ / phoneme in language has very few words ending in the English because this sound in Bahasa Indonesia letter „g‟, not including „-ng‟, and when it really does not appear in this position. To know their comes out in the final position, it would be phonemic oppositions and phonetic features, pronounced by many Indonesian speakers as [ k the following are their analyses. PHONEMIC ] or as a glottal stop [ ? ]. As a result, many OPPOSITIONS ENGLISH BAHASA Indonesian students are unable to pronounce INDONESIA Initial : „charm‟ [ʧa:m] „cinta‟ English words properly having the final / g /. [ĉinta] = love Medial : „ trenchant‟ [trenʧənt] The students include it with voiceless velar stop „laci‟ [laĉi] = drawer Final : „teach‟ [ti: ʧ] [ k ], or with a devoiced [ğ]. In line with the Nothing PHONETIC FEATURES International findings of students‟ pronounces of the Journal of English Language Education ISSN phoneme / g / in Bahasa Indonesia and English, 2325-0887 2013, Vol. 1, No. 3 111 the following are their analyses: PHONEMIC www.macrothink.org/ijele ENGLISH

22

Jurnal ESTUPRO Vol. 5 No. 3 Sept – Des 2020 ISSN 2502-1079

BAHASA INDONESIA Voiced : - - Palato- interchange with „f‟, for instance: We can say: alveolar : + - Affricative : + + Rounded : + - [sifat] or [sipat] = temper, [syaraf] or [sarap] = 4.1.8 Phoneme / ʤ / in English = Phoneme / ĵ / nerve, [fakir] or [pakir] = poor, but we cannot in Bahasa Indonesia As stated previously that say: [fintar] for [pintar] = clever, [fajak] for all English phonemes analyzed before, make [pajak] = tax, [faku] for [paku] = nail, [fantas] the twenty students of this study undergo for [pantas] = appropriate, [fisau] for [pisau] = problems in pronouncing English words. This knife. Frankly speaking, by this phoneme / f /, phoneme / ʤ / in English also puts the students the Indonesian students in general do not have get troubles articulate English words. The problems to pronounce the English words phonemic opposition of the English phoneme / having this sort phoneme / f / because most of ʤ / comes out in three positions in English them are so familiar with it. In essence, this / f / words. It can be in the word initial, medial, and phoneme in Bahasa Indonesia resembles the final positions, but the Indonesian phoneme / ĵ / sound in English. The following are its analyses just appears in word initial and medial as follows. PHONEMIC OPPOSITIONS positions. The / ʤ / in English is rounded but ENGLISH BAHASA INDONESIA Initial : the / ĵ / in Bahasa Indonesia is not. In English, „face‟ [feis] „fitnah‟ [fitnah] = slander Medial : this phoneme / ʤ / is voiced palate-alveolar, „define‟ [difain] „lafal‟ [lafal] = pronunciation while / ĵ / in Indonesian is voiced palatal stop. Final : „deaf‟ [def] „taraf‟ [taraf] = standard This phoneme / ʤ / in English is sometime PHONETIC FEATURES ENGLISH BAHASA represented by the letter „g‟ that appears in the INDONESIA Voiced : - - Labio-dental : + + middle of the word, but the phoneme / ĵ / in Affricative : + + 4.1.10 Phoneme / v / in Bahasa Indonesia is not. These discrepancies English This phoneme / v / also disturbs the cause the twenty students of this study get twenty students of this study to pronounce the trouble in pronouncing English words English words having it. The students do so possessing this phoneme. To know the because this phoneme / v / does not exist in differences, the following are the analyses Bahasa Indonesia phonological system. Almost presented as follows. PHONEMIC all Indonesian words having this letter „v‟ are OPPOSITIONS ENGLISH BAHASA derived from European languages. INDONESIA Initial : „jam‟ [ʤæm] „jalan‟ Consequently, wherever this letter „v‟ occurs in [ĵalan] = street Medial : „margarine‟ an Indonesian word, it is generally pronounced [ma:ʤəri:n] „telanjang‟ [təlanĵaŋ] = naked Final as / f / phoneme or / p / phoneme. This : „marge‟ [ma:ʤ] Nothing PHONETIC phoneme / v / in English occupies three places FEATURES ENGLISH BAHASA in words. It can appear in word initial, medial INDONESIA Voiced : + + Palato-alveolar : + - and final positions, but it does not in Bahasa Affricative : + + Rounded : + - 4.1.9 Phoneme / Indonesia. In essence, the twenty students of f / in English The phoneme / f / in English and this study much have difficulty pronouncing in Bahasa Indonesia appears on three places, English words possessing this sound „v‟ in all initial, medial, International Journal of English positions since this / v / is not used in the Language Education ISSN 2325-0887 2013, Indonesian phonological system. To know the Vol. 1, No. 3 112 www.macrothink.org/ijele phonemic oppositions and phonetic features, and final positions. Actually, the Indonesian the following are its analyses. PHONEMIC phoneme / f / is derived from loan words only OPPOSITIONS ENGLISH BAHASA for instance from foreign languages: Arabic and INDONESIA Initial : „valid [vælid] „validitas‟ Western European languages. Several words of [faliditas] or [paliditas] = state of being valid Bahasa Indonesia having an „ f „ can be Medial : „reveal‟ [rivi:l] „reviu‟ [rifiu] or [ripiu] replaced by „p‟ letter, but not every „p‟ may = review Final : „solve‟ [sɔlv] Nothing

23

Jurnal ESTUPRO Vol. 5 No. 3 Sept – Des 2020 ISSN 2502-1079

International Journal of English Language articulated as [ z ] when it comes out after 2the Education ISSN 2325-0887 2013, Vol. 1, No. 3 letter having the voiced sound, especially in the 113 www.macrothink.org/ijele PHONETIC final position (Gimson, 1980) such as: „peas‟ FEATURES ENGLISH BAHASA [pi:z], „knickers‟ [nikəz], „mews‟ [mju:z], INDONESIA Voiced : + Labio-dental : + „news‟ [nju:z], „nowadays‟ [nauədeiz]. In line Nothing Fricative : + 4.1.11 Phonemes / θ / and with the above discrepancies, it can be said that / ð / in English These two phonemes / θ / and / any English words having the phoneme / s / are ð / absolutely bother the twenty students of this pronounced as / s / rather than / z / by the study to speak English and read an English text. twenty students of this study. To International They occupy three places in English words, for Journal of English Language Education ISSN instance, they can appear in word initial, medial 2325-0887 2013, Vol. 1, No. 3 114 and final positions, but they do not in Bahasa www.macrothink.org/ijele know its phonemic Indonesia because they are not known and oppositions and phonetic features, the following exerted in the phonological sound and writing are its analyses presented below. PHONEMIC systems of Bahasa Indonesia. As a result, it is OPPOSITIONS ENGLISH BAHASA very difficult for the twenty students of this INDONESIA Initial : „sack‟ [sæk] „sakit‟ study to pronounce English words having either [sakit] = sick Medial : „positive‟ [pɔzitiv] / θ / or / ð /. The students are inclined to „kasar‟ [kasar] = rude Final : „precise‟ [prisais] pronounce them as / t /, / d / and / s /. Generally „lemas‟ [ləmas] = limp PHONETIC acknowledged that wherever Indonesian words FEATURES ENGLISH BAHASA in which the letters „th‟ involved, are loan INDONESIA Voiced : - - Alveolar : + + words from foreign languages. The Fricative : + + aforementioned students tend to pronounce the From a foreigner‟s perspective, English English words: „think‟ as [tiŋ] for [θiŋk], „„that‟ proficiency is quite mixed, even in the capital. as [dət] for [ðət], „theatre‟ as [tiətər]] for That said, I rarely come across a person who [θiətə], and „throat‟ as [trɔat] or [srɔat] for has no English language skills at all (in [θrout]. To recognize the phonemic oppositions at least). As most other people have and phonetic features of these phonemes / θ / commented, English is taught in school and and / ð /, the following are their analyses many Indonesians I know are self taught. presented below. PHONEMIC OPPOSITIONS ENGLISH BAHASA INDONESIA Initial : In terms of fluency, as a general comment, I „third‟ [θə:d] Medial : „something‟ [sʌmθiŋ] find that the Indonesians I deal with on a day- Nothing Final : „heath‟ [hi:θ] PHONETIC to-day basis are perfectly fluent, with the level FEATURES ENGLISH BAHASA of fluency you would expect from an (English- INDONESIA Voiced : + Dental : + Nothing speaking) high schools student. Fricative : + 4.1.12 Phoneme / s / in English The accent is not harsh, and perhaps one The phoneme / s / in English appears on three of the easiest to understand in South East Asia, places, and so does the phoneme / s / in Bahasa maybe with the exception of Filipinos. I Indonesia, but the Indonesian phoneme / s / is think Hugh Elliott‟s comparison to Spanish distinct from the English phoneme / s / where speakers is spot on. The accent is (generally the English / s / is sometime articulated as [ z ] speaking) not as clipped as Thai or Vietnamese or [ s ]. Whilst, the Indonesian phoneme / s / is English or Singlesh. never pronounced [ z ] wherever it occurs in the word. In English, for instance, the letter „s‟ is 2 International journal of English language education ISSN 2325-0887 2013,vol.1,no.3

24

Jurnal ESTUPRO Vol. 5 No. 3 Sept – Des 2020 ISSN 2502-1079

As you might expect, verbal fluency is with kerbau (buffalo). The slang term for generally better than written. English grammar kerbau is 'kebo'. This term basically means is a nightmare and much, much, much more that two people in a relationship are living complex than Indonesian, so no surprises there. together without being married, i.e. in a domestic partnership/ de facto relationship. To Kumpul kebo in Indonesia is GEOGRAPHIC INFLUENCE considered immoral and sometimes illicit. Indonesian slang language is mostly For these reasons and also those relating to spoken in urban regions of the Indonesian religion, Asian culture, and general ethics, archipelago. Variations of slang language can it is often frowned upon in modern be found from city to city, mainly characterised Indonesian society to do such a thing. by derivatives of the different local ethnic 1980s languages. For example, in , West The 1980s was the era of bahasa prokém. Java, the local slang language contains At this time slang language vocabulary was vocabulary from the while formed by inserting the infix -ok- after the first the slang found in Jakarta tends to be heavily consonant of a word, and deleting the last influenced by English or the syllable, creating a totally new word. "Prokem" old Batavian dialect (i.e. the language of the itself is a prokem word, created by adding -ok- original inhabitants of Jakarta or Batavia as it to preman and removing the -an. was known during the Dutch colonial period). For more information relating to the For example, the word Bapak was broken geographics of Indonesian slang and regional into B-ok-apak and the last -ak is deleted, and influences, please see "Region Specific Slang" the resulting word is Bokap which, until this below. day, is used as a slang term for Father. In this answer, I will focus on young and The word Sekolah (School) was well-educated Indonesians who are reasonably transformed into Skokul, but this word slowly fluent in English but don't/haven't achieve(d) a become outdated and by the 1990s the word native/near-native fluency. Those people can was no longer used, and changed to Sekul or understand lectures in English and watch simply Skul, reminiscent of the English word English movies without considerable difficulty. "school". However, discussion, conversing in English Other notable words such 24/7, and expressing themselves well in English as mémblé (ugly, frowning), kécé, (beautiful, might be difficult. good looking) from the words "keren cekali" (very cool), the sentence attribute Nih yé, and the exclamation Alamakjan! all emerged in the VOCABULARY EVOLUTION same decade. Pre-1980s New Millennium  Kumpul kebo - Lit. means 'water buffalo- Much of the slang language created style gathering' or 'gather like cattle'. It post-2000 originated from the originated during the Dutch colonial era Indonesian LBGT community. The latest and was known as koempoel gebouw. method for transforming a word is to take a Gebouw refers to a building and thus the different word which has a similar sound. For phrase means to live together under the example, the word mau (want), is replaced same roof (as an umarried couple). with the word mawar originally meaning rose. Confusion has caused this term to be linked

25

Jurnal ESTUPRO Vol. 5 No. 3 Sept – Des 2020 ISSN 2502-1079

Despite its creativity and originality, this latest arrangements of words of that language. With form of Indonesian slang can be quite respect to the above definitions, it can be complicated to understand, even to the native commented that phonological systems play a Indonesians themselves. For example: Akika major role in learning to read words, sentences tinta mawar macarena originates from the or paragraphs in a particular language. They sentence written in proper Indonesian - Aku refer to the sound of one‟s language in the tidak mau makan meaning 'I don't want to eat'. processing of reading and speaking. Successful The abbreviations often used to mask insult, acquisition of phonological representations such as kamseupay (totally lame) abbreviation needs accurate perception of phonemic. It is of kampungan sekali udik payah (really proved empirically that phonological systems provincial, rurally lame). help in the development of fine reading and speaking. In addition, teaching English sounds 3 www.indonesian accent.com to Indonesian students creates many problems, one of which is the constant interference of the native language systems of the students on that PHONOLOGY, PHONETIC, PHONEMIC, of the target language. Being able to recognize AND PHONOTACTIC the problems that make Indonesian students fail The following are the definitions of to communicate fluently, the contrastive phonology, phonetic, phonemic, and analysis can be used to find out the differences phonotactic, presented respectively. The and similarities between English and definitions deal with what phonology, phonetic Indonesian phonemes. Goldsmith (1995) ever and phoneme are. Phonology is a subfield of states that many language teachers still find linguistics which studies the sound system of a contrastive analysis (CA) useful, especially in specific language or set of languages. phonology. Transfer is present in phonology Phonology describes the way sounds function more than any other area and it is bmecause of within a given language or across languages, this fact that one can guess the first language of whilst, phonetics is about the physical a speaker through his/her accent while speaking production and perception of the speech sounds or reading a second language. Indonesian (Roach, 2000). Further, phoneme is the smallest scholars of language have tried to compare and meaningful unit of sound in a language. A contrast various aspects of the Indonesian meaningful sound is one that will change one language (Bahasa Indonesia) with those of word into another word. For example, the English. These include brief contrastive words cat and fat are two different words, but analysis (CA) outlines to comprehensive there is only one sound that is different between analyses. Dardjowidjojo (1978) tries to explain the two words - the first sound. That means that pronunciation problems of Indonesian students the “k” sound in cat and the „f‟ sound in fat are learning English. Since the source of problems two different morphemes (Gimson, 1980). lies in the differences between the two Second definitions refer to what phonemic and languages, exercises based on a careful phonotactic are. Roach (2000) states that contrastive analysis are the best for the teaching phonemic is the study of the sound system of a of pronunciation, and for the findings of the given language and the analysis and discrepancies and similarities. Furthermore, classification of its phonemes, while Brown (2000) claims that the principle barrier phonotactic is the study of the possible sound to second language acquisition is the interference of the first language system with the second language system, and that a 3 International journal of English language education scientific, structural analysis of the two ISSN 2325-0887 2013,vol.1,no. 3

26

Jurnal ESTUPRO Vol. 5 No. 3 Sept – Des 2020 ISSN 2502-1079

languages in questions would yield a taxonomy  /ch/ and /sh/ sounds are often of linguistic contrasts between them which in simplified to /c/ and /s/ sounds. turn would enable the linguist to predict the  A tendency to lengthen short vowel difficulties a learner would encounter. Whilst, into long vowel. For many Storkel, (2003) confirms that since the learner Indonesians, "hit" and "heat" are tends to transfer the habits of his native homophones. Another funny language structure to the foreign language, we example, "she bit me" and "she beat have here the major source of difficulty or ease me" sound the same. in learning the structure of a foreign language. Those structures that are similar will be easy to Stress learn because they will be transferred and may  Bahasa Indonesia is a syllable-timed function satisfactorily in the foreign language. language. However, English is a Those structures that are different will be stress-timed language. Because of difficult because when transferred they will not that, Indonesian English sounds function satisfactorily in the foreign language syllable-timed rather than stress- and will therefore have to be changed. Based on timed. the above quotations, the researcher of this study wishes to find out the major differences  Incorrect stress patterns in between the phonological systems of English many/certain words. I am not really and those of Indonesian in the hope that he will sure, but Indonesians tend to put the be able to solve the handicaps that create stress on the last syllable. troubles or difficulties to the Indonesian  Stress is not contrastive. Words are students of the English Department. always stressed on the last syllable, regardless of whether they are being used as a verb or a noun, e.g.: record, Pronunciations research, etc.  Very rhotic /r/ sound (more rhotic Miscellaneous than the American one). To give you an idea, the Indonesian /r/ is similar  Indonesians have problem with silent to the Spanish /r/. A very same trait letters. They tend to pronounce all can also be found in a Filipino accent. letters. A few examples: bomb, comb, queue, salmon, debt,  Indonesians, like many non-native Wednesday, etc. English speakers have difficulty in pronouncing /th/ sound. The  Indonesians generally are not familiar infamous example is this social with anomalies in the English networking application, Path (social language. Some examples come to network). This application is very my mind: purchase = pur+chase; popular in Indonesia. However, many determine = deter+mine; subscribe = Indonesians that I know pronounce subs+cribe; Japanese = Japan+ese; "path" as "pet". Simple words like etc. "the", "this", and "that" will sound  Some pronunciation mistakes that I like "de", "dis", and "dat". Yet, others think is uniquely Indonesian, flour = hypercorrectly sound /th/ in Thailand, floor; palace = pay-lays, etc. Thomas (a traditional Catholic name), etc.

27

Jurnal ESTUPRO Vol. 5 No. 3 Sept – Des 2020 ISSN 2502-1079

REFERENCES Journal of Research in English Education,

1(1), 2. Retrieved from Kenworthy, J. (1987). Teaching English www.ijreeonline.com pronunciation. New York: Longman. Hakim, M. A. R. (2012). An analysis of Low, E. L. (2015). Pronunciation for English as phonetics b , d , g , j , ʤ and ð into an international language (1st ed.). English New York: Routledge Publishers. pronunciation for Java students ( A study on Java students at English Department on McMahon, A. (2002). An introduction to English phonology. Edinburgh: STAIN Bengkulu academic year 2011-2012). Edinburgh International Journal of Humanities and Universiy Press. Retrieved from Social Science, 2(20), 244, 256. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1159/000328775 www.ijhssnet.com Roach, P. (2012). English phonetics and Hollar, S. (2018). Joko Widodo president of phonology; A practical course (4th ed.). Indonesia. Retrieved from Cambridge, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jo UK: Cambridge University Press. ko-Widodo Fromkin, V., Robert, R., & Hyams, N. (2011). Jackson, N., & Rahmat. (2013). Decoding Basa An introduction to language (9th ed.). Walikan - A preliminary analysis of Canada: “reverse” language. wadsworth Cengage Learning. Retrieved from International Journal of Indonesian http://dinus.ac.id/repository/docs/ajar/intr Studies, 1, 143. Kelly, G. (2004). How to o_to_lang_fromkin.pdf teach pronunciation. England: Pearson Education Limited. Gilakjani, A. P. (2016). English pronunciation instruction: A literature review. Retrieved from www.longman.com International

28