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A duty of care to 124 accidents juvenile courts reporting 204 insurance 15--17 responsibility for 52, 53 at work 19, 104 standards expected of 71 Act of God 198 as 122 act(s) civil and criminal wrongs 3-4, 156, omissions and 50, 51 245--6 words and 38 civil remedy for breach of statutory advice, professional 41, 42 duty 144, 145, 150 aftermath of accidents 25, 29 common interest, , qualified Agent Orange litigation 82-3 privilege 222 amends for defamation, offer of 224--5 common practice, precautions in 73-4 amenities, loss of, damages for 252-3 communicant of shocking news, liability animals, liability for 109-10, 181 of 30 see also cattle ; action compensation 12-14, 33 Anns, retreat from 21 see also damages; economic loss; 156, 158, 160, 161 injuries; workers' compensation see also ; schemes auditors, liability of 42, 43, 47 'complex structures' 35, 44, 139 Australia, compensation schemes confidence, breach of 203 in 112, 116 166-8, 198 consumer protection 133-5 B contract battery 156, 158-61 97, 98 benefits, collateral 260, 267 breach of 5 'birth, wrongful' 20 defective products 132-3 Bolam test 74 disclosure of 220 buildings, defective 34--5, 37, 43, 46, 125 primacy over law of tort 45 'business liability' 97, 101 test equivalency to contract 40, 41 'business motive' in supply of and voluntary products 140 see also exclusions 'but for' test in deciding causal contractors relevance 79--80 activities of 186, 195, 199 distinguished from servants 232-4 c liability for 237-9 care contribution to damages between duty of 9--11, 19--22, 70-78 tortfeastors 241-2 in nervous shock cases 26 96--9 objective standard of 70-3, 188 defence for occupier 126, 190 of occupier 119, 121, 123-7, 188 in product liability 142 cattle trespass II 0 in trespass to the person 165 causal relevance 79--80, 82-7, 89, 113 'control' test 233-4 causation 79--88 109 'cause' interpretation of words in costs Consumer Protection Act of compensation 113, 117 1987 139 relation to damages 245 causes, pre-empted 79--81 criminal and civil law 3-4 chance, claim for loss of 83 Criminal Injuries Compensation child, unborn 61-2 Scheme 12 children consent of 168 D damages for 255, 257-8, 266 damage, proof of in slander 211 278 Index damages fiduciary duty, breach of 4-5 aggravated 246--7 fire 198-9 assessment of 250-1 fireman, liability to 125 as compensation 244, 247 'floodgates' argument 15--16, 20, 30, 44, contemptuous 244-5 45 in defamation 225--6 foreseeability 20, 21 exemplary 165, 245--6 of loss and damage 36, 39, 40, for non-pecuniary loss 251-3 89-92 for pecuniary loss 253--{i I in negligence 176 nominal 244-5 in nervous shock 24-6 preventative 37-8, 44 in plaintiffs 58-61 provisional 248 frolic 235 in private nuisance 178, 197 for property damage 267-8 G recoverable only once 247-9 goods, wrongful interference with 109 special and general 249 government servants, and exemplary structured settlements 248-9 damages 46--7 for trespass to the person 165, 247 group defamation 211 see also compensation; contribution; illegality; loss; nervous shock H death harm, infliction of 164-5 damages for 261 hazardous activities on land 195--200 effect on existing causes of hazards, natural, liability for 187-8 action 261-2 highway defamation 203-28 escape from 197 dependants, claims by 262-7 obstruction of 175, 190 deterrence 14, 116 nuisances on 186, 190-1 'development risk' 141 structures adjacent to 180 disability, congenital 61-2 hypersensitive activities 183-3 duty non-delegable 238-9 I to others 51--6, 119 illegality statements made by performance effect on claims 103-5 of 220-1 in trespass to the person 165 statutory breach of 115, 144-55 impecuniosity, as cause of loss 92-3 importers, product liability of 139 E imprisonment, false 156--64 earnings, loss of 253-8 indeterminate defendant or plaintiff 83, earnings-related compensation 116 84 easements 179, 180, 188-9 'industrial process' 138 economic loss 32-46 inflation, in assessment of employees, injuries to 95 damages 255--6 employers injunctions 178, 268-70 duties of 74, Ill, 239 injuries liability of 13 caused by defective product 139 see also master and servant personal, compensation for 112-17, relationship 197, 247-53 employment, tort 'in course or 234-7 at sporting events 96 environment, harm to 176 innuendo 207-8, 213-15 escapes, hazardous, from land 195--7 insurance 13, 15, 16, 44, 45 executive privilege 218-19 in actions for personal injury 250 exclusions of liability 97, 100-2, 129, and breach of statutory duty 150 142 of contractors 238 European Community Law 115, 133 for personal injury 250 European Court of Justice 134, 141 on product liability 138 in structured settlements 248 F interest on damages, award of 259--60 fair comment 215--17 interest, privilege of 221-2 false imprisonment 156--64 interface in use and enjoyment of 'fault' principle in nuisance law 176 land 178-82 fault-based liability Ill interlocutory injunction 269 Index 279

J and trespass II 0 judicial proceedings, privilege of 218, see also care, duty of; contributory 222 negligence; omissions; plaintiff, judicial review 146, 147 problem jury, in defamation actions 225--6 negligent misrepresentation 33-47, 203 justification, in defamation 213-15 'neighbour' principle 10, 19, 50, 133 nervous shock 23-32, 92, 164 L New Zealand, compensation schemes land, interference with 175-200 in 112, 116, 117 landowners 'no fault' compensation 115-16 liability of 54--6, 87, 100, 101, 188 'non-natural' use of land 196 rights and duties of 176, 238 novus actus interveniens 210 Learned Hand formula 71 nuisance 119 legal profession, immunity of 67-8 and negligence 191-3 liability private 175, 178-94, 204 fault-based and strict Ill, 112, 115, public 175 152, 179, 191 relating to land 175-7 immunity from 64--5 statutory 175--6 joint 239--42 in negligent misrepresentation (Hedley 0 Byrne) 39--47 occupier's liability 119--31 in nervous shock cases of 29 omissions 50-57 of public bodies 37 liability for 66-7, 119 see also animals; care, duty of; out-of-court settlements 102-3, 250 deterrence; exclusions; overkill in compensation 16-17, 46 floodgates; insurance; landowners; occupiers; vicarious p liability pain and suffering, damages for 252 libel 210-12 Parliamentary privilege 218, 222 life expectancy, reduced, effect of passenger in motor vehicles 97, 99--100 damages 257-8 Pearson Commission 112-17, 253, 258 'locality principle' in nuisance 182 person and personal property, interference with I 09--18, 195 M see also assault; battery; false malice 217-19, 223-4 imprisonment; goods, wrongful mandatory injunction 269 interference with; trespass to the master and servant relationship 232-7, person 240 personality, interference with 203-4 'master's tort' theory 231 photographs, unauthorised taking meaning of words, in defamation 206-8, of 203 213-15 pictures, use of 204 medical cases, consent in 167-8, 170, plaintiff, reference to, in 171 defamation 210-11 medical expenses 114, 258-9 plaintiff, problem 58-62 medical misadventure 116, 117 police mentally handicapped persons liability of 66-7 and consent 168 powers of arrest 165 responsibility for 52, 53 policy merchantable quality 34, 132 in breach of statutory duty 147, 149 misconduct, intentional 237 limitation of liability 44, 64--8 motive, in land use 184--5, 192 in negligence 11-17 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 23 N premises, definition of 119 name, unauthorised use of 204 prescriptive right 188 'natural right' 179, 180 prisoners, responsibility for 53 natural, forces of 181, 190 privacy, protection of 204 , justifying trespass 169--70, 198 privilege 217-24 negligence 6, 18 product, defective 33-6, 44, 45, 115 in assumption of responsibility 100-1 product liability 75, 115, 132--43 breach of duty treated as 153 profits made by wrongdoer 5 and nuisance 176, 191-3 prohibited conduct 236-7 280 Index prohibitory injunction 269 social security and compensation 13, promise, breach of 5 111-14, 260, 261 property 'special damage' 151, 175, 190 control of 54--6 'state of the art' defence in product damage to 119,128,139,182-3,197, liability 141 267-8 statutory authority 189, 198 protection of 169 Statutory Sick Pay 116 proprietary interest 197-8 subsidence 180, 190 'proximity' 20, 21, 59 surveyors, liability of 42-3 proximity and nervous shock 24, 25 psychiatrists, of 23 T public bodies, liability of 64--6 tax payable on damages 257 'public conscience' test I 03-4 television 25, 27, 180, 183, 218 public interest, in defamation Thalidomide cases 112, 133 cases 215-17, 221 'thin skull' rule 85, 92 public officials, privilege of 219 tort, definition and classification 3-7 public rights created by 151 trespass publication of defamatory assimilated to negligence 110 statement 208-10 to goods 109 toland 175-7 Q to the person 109, 110, 156-72 quia timet injunction 269-70 trespass duty and liability to 101, 119, 122, R 127-9 railway transport, liability in 96, 115 ejection from land 169 reasonable, test of 181-2, 185, 191 liability for acts of 55, 187, 190 remoteness of damage 58, 89-93, 139, trusts, Jaw of 4-5 192 truth, in actions for defamation 213-16 reports, privilege of 222-3 reputation, interference with 203-28 res ipsa loquitur 75, 76 u rescue operations, and nervous shock 26 unconscious patient rescuers 59-61, 98 consent of 168 relationship, special 40 damages for 114, 252-3 responsibility assumption of 40, 51, 99-102, 190 v disclaimer of 39 vaccine damage, liability for 115 'right thinking man' 205-6 vicarious liability 115, 133, 186, 195, rights see natural rights 231-42 rights of way 121, 128 victims, primary and secondary 16, 59 risk view, blocking of 180 exceptional, liability in 115, 125 vis major 195, 198 voluntary assumption of 38, 60, 95-9 visitors, liability to 119-26 road traffic legislation, civil action for volenti non fit iniuria 95, 126, 139, 142 breach of 150 Rylands v. Fletcher, the rule in 195-200 w Wagon Mound test of remoteness 58, s 89-91, 139 safety legislation, and breach of duty waste products, discharge of 140 actions 150 water rights 179, 180, 185, 193 scienter action II 0, Ill witnessing of injury, shock caused self-defence 168-9 by 28-9 'several concurrent' tortfeasters 240 workers' compensation schemes l II, slander, distinction from libel 211-12 112