The Radical Reformation and the Restoration of the Gospel

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Radical Reformation and the Restoration of the Gospel Religious Educator: Perspectives on the Restored Gospel Volume 7 Number 2 Article 6 7-1-2006 The Radical Reformation and the Restoration of the Gospel Stephen J. Fleming Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/re BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Fleming, Stephen J. "The Radical Reformation and the Restoration of the Gospel." Religious Educator: Perspectives on the Restored Gospel 7, no. 2 (2006). https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/re/vol7/iss2/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Religious Educator: Perspectives on the Restored Gospel by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. The Radical Reformation and the Restoration of the Gospel Stephen J. Fleming Stephen J. Fleming is a PhD student in religious studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. The Reformation is not only a major event in world history but also one of the most important events leading up to the Restoration. Elder M. Russell Ballard declared, “I believe these reformers were inspired to create a religious climate in which God could restore lost truths and priesthood authority.”1 We commonly hear such Reformers as Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, Huss, and Wycliffe praised by the Brethren and lay members alike. However, the way many members of the Church often view the Reformation is commonly influenced by the larger American society with its historically Protestant worldview. Protestants naturally see their predecessors as heroes who resisted Catholic tyranny, but this Protestant view is a somewhat simplistic and even warped construction of the actual events. More importantly, the Protestant version often leaves out important parts of the story that I believe were essential to the cre- ation of “a religious climate in which God could restore lost truths and priesthood authority.” This article summarizes the major events of the Reformation but focuses on the often-overlooked Radical Reformers, who I believe anticipated the Restoration to a greater extent than the Protestant Reformers. Catholicism had always struggled with corruption, but by the time of the Renaissance, the church’s problems seemed particularly acute. Renaissance Catholicism had corruption at all levels, but the Renaissance popes became the embodiment of Catholicism’s problems. At this time, the papacy had become very wealthy; and, in many ways, the Renais- sance popes acted more like ruling princes than ecclesiastical leaders. 66 The Religious Educator • Vol 7 No 2 • 2006 Pope Leo X’s famous statement “God has given us the papacy—let us enjoy it” embodies the attitude. The Renaissance popes became preoccupied with running their papal states and funding extravagant projects. Some of these popes were also patrons of Renaissance artists, including Michelangelo and Raphael. To finance projects, the church became more and more dependent on fund-raising procedures, such as the sale of indulgences (buying out of purgatory) and simony (buying church offices). Furthermore, neglect of spirituality for worldly pur- suits was rampant throughout Catholicism. Pluralism, or the practice of simultaneously holding several ecclesiastical offices, was common. In pluralism, the clergyman received compensation for various offices without having to attend to the related duties. Many felt that spiritual- ity in the church had been overshadowed by worldly ambition. In addition to increased corruption, the Renaissance also bred the new learning of humanism. The humanist desire was to learn wisdom from the classics. Many humanists were devout Christians—called Christian humanists—who focused their learning in a religious direc- tion. Chief among the Christian humanists was Desiderius Erasmus, who made great efforts to translate early Christian writings, particu- larly the Bible. Erasmus wanted to get away from the philosophies of the day and return to those of the Gospels. Erasmus wrote, “I could wish that those frigid sophistries could either be quite cut out or at least were not the theologians’ only concern, and that Christ pure and simple might be planted deep into the minds of men; and this I think could best be brought about if . we drew our philosophy from the true sources.”2 Erasmus and many of his colleagues hurled criticism at the contemporary church with hope of reform. It has frequently been said that “Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.” The Magisterial Reformation It was Martin Luther who made the bold move of breaking with Catholicism. Luther began his protest by nailing his ninety-five theses to the door of the Wittenberg Chapel in 1517, and the Reformation was under way. Luther criticized the abuses in the Catholic Church, particularly indulgences, simony, and pluralism. The recent invention of the printing press enabled Luther’s ideas to be disseminated through- out Germany. Soon, the pope excommunicated Luther, but Luther’s ideas continued to gain ground. Many German princes flocked to his cause. Luther began reforming the church in Wittenburg, doing away with the mass, cutting the sacraments from seven to two (baptism and the Lord’s Supper), and doing away with celibacy in the clergy. The Radical Reformation and the Restoration of the Gospel 67 But for Luther, it was the doctrines of Catholicism even more than its abuses that he opposed. Luther opposed Catholicism’s go-betweens of saints, sacraments, priests, and popes and sought a direct relationship with God and Christ. Luther taught that faith in Christ was ultimately important and that man was, therefore, saved by grace and not by works. Furthermore, God was absolute and sovereign in the saving relationship. Luther soon denied man’s free will and advocated predestination.3 Close to the same time, Ulrich Zwingli advocated reform of the Catholic Church in Zurich, Switzerland. Working closely with the Zur- ich city council, Zwingli introduced a number of changes similar to those of Luther. Attempts were made to unite the Zwinglian and Lutheran movements, but the two clashed over their interpretation of the Lord’s Supper. Both rejected the mass and the notion of the reenactment of the sacrifice of Christ’s body, but Luther maintained that the bread and wine still contained Christ’s real presence, whereas Zwingli argued that the presence was symbolic. The two denominations found their differences irreconcilable, and thus two Protestant traditions were formed. Zwingli was killed in battle in 1531; however, he started what became known as the Reformed tradition, which was furthered by the theologians Martin Bucer, Heinrich Bulinger, and, most well known, John Calvin. With the Anglicans, the Lutheran and Reformed traditions are collectively known as the Magisterial Reformation. The common link between them is that all the denominations were strongly linked to the state. Luther received support from a number of German princes and Scandanavian kings. Zwingli always worked through the civil authorities in Zurich, and Calvin did the same in Geneva. The English Reformation was initiated by Henry VIII, who broke away from the Catholic Church and had Parliament declare him the head of the church in England. Thus, the Magisterial Reformation continued the practice of the state church and denied religious freedom to religious dissenters. The Catholic Reformation What is often left out of the conventional narrative is that the Magisterial Reformation was just one of many reformations in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The Protestants were not the only ones who wanted to see the Catholic Church reformed. Many leading Catholics, particularly Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, worked hard to eradicate the abuses in the church. However, many popes resisted calling a council on the issue because the popes had often lost power to cardinals and bishops when councils were held. Pope Paul III, however, was determined to see reform and became a major force 68 The Religious Educator • Vol 7 No 2 • 2006 behind what is called the Catholic Reformation. Paul began by calling an investigation into the state of the church and found that abuses were common. With this information, Paul called the Council of Trent in 1545, which lasted several sessions until 1563. At Trent, Catholic leaders instituted a system for improving the clergy through better edu- cation, monitoring, and eliminating pluralism and simony. At the same time, Trent reaffirmed basic Catholic doctrines, including the authority of the pope and the legitimacy of the sacraments. With the Catholics at Trent addressing clerical corruption but reasserting their doctrines, what ultimately divided the Catholic Refor- mation from the Magisterial Reformation were doctrines, not abuses. The divide concerned the nature of man’s role in his salvation. The Catholics adopted St. Thomas Aquinas’s view that salvation was a life- long process, which came through righteous living and the church’s sacraments, and that man was not totally depraved but had the ability to choose good and affect his own salvation thereby. The Protestants, Luther and Calvin, adopted the Augustinian view that salvation came by faith through grace alone and that man, who was totally depraved and lacking in free will, played no part in his salvation. I argue that the Magisterial Reformation made few improvements over Catholicism on essential doctrines, as the Catholic Thomist view appears closer to Mormonism than the Protestant Augustinian view. For example, here is Luther’s attempt to explain predestination: “This is the acme of faith, to believe that God who saves so few and con- demns so many is merciful; that He is just who at His own pleasure has made us necessarily doomed to damnation, so that . He seems to delight in the tortures of the wretched and to be more deserving of hatred than of love. If by any effort of reason I could conceive how God, who shows so much anger and harshness, could be merciful and just, there would be no need of faith.”4 Calvin was an even stronger advocate of predestination and thus created a more complex and arcane theology.
Recommended publications
  • Forerunners to the Reformation
    { Lecture 19 } FORERUNNERS TO THE REFORMATION * * * * * Long before Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the Wittenberg Door, there were those who recognized the corruption within the Roman Catholic Church and the need for major reform. Generally speaking, these men attempted to stay within the Catholic system rather than attempting to leave the church (as the Protestant Reformers later would do). The Waldensians (1184–1500s) • Waldo (or Peter Waldo) lived from around 1140 to 1218. He was a merchant from Lyon. But after being influenced by the story of the fourth-century Alexius (a Christian who sold all of his belongings in devotion to Christ), Waldo sold his belongings and began a life of radical service to Christ. • By 1170, Waldo had surrounded himself with a group of followers known as the Poor Men of Lyon, though they would later become known as Waldensians. • The movement was denied official sanction by the Roman Catholic Church (and condemned at the Third Lateran Council in 1179). Waldo was excommunicated by Pope Lucius III in 1184, and the movement was again condemned at the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215. • Waldensians were, therefore, persecuted by the Roman Catholics as heretics. However, the movement survived (even down to the present) though the Waldensians were often forced into hiding in the Alps. • The Waldensian movement was characterized by (1) voluntary poverty (though Waldo taught that salvation was not restricted to those who gave up their wealth), (2) lay preaching, and (2) the authority of the Bible (translated in the language of the people) over any other authority.
    [Show full text]
  • Sketching the Stories of the Ausbund Carita B
    The University of Akron IdeaExchange@UAkron The Dr. Gary B. and Pamela S. Williams Honors Honors Research Projects College Fall 2015 Sketching the Stories of the Ausbund Carita B. Keim Ms. University of Akron Main Campus, [email protected] Please take a moment to share how this work helps you through this survey. Your feedback will be important as we plan further development of our repository. Follow this and additional works at: http://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects Part of the Nonfiction Commons Recommended Citation Keim, Carita B. Ms., "Sketching the Stories of the Ausbund" (2015). Honors Research Projects. 215. http://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects/215 This Honors Research Project is brought to you for free and open access by The Dr. Gary B. and Pamela S. Williams Honors College at IdeaExchange@UAkron, the institutional repository of The nivU ersity of Akron in Akron, Ohio, USA. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Research Projects by an authorized administrator of IdeaExchange@UAkron. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. “To the praise of God . though very coarse”: Sketching the Stories of the Ausbund Critical Essay The Ausbund, a hymnbook, is a historical anomaly for its tenacious usage. The Amish, one of the few surviving folk cultures in the United States, still sing the hymns in the original German. Their ancestors penned the words to these hymns nearly five hundred years ago on another continent. Ironically, the Amish arose in opposition to the Latin Christian Church (later known as the Roman Catholic Church), yet could be considered to be nearly their equal in their tradition.
    [Show full text]
  • Causes and Consequences of the Protestant Reformation Sascha O
    Chapman University Chapman University Digital Commons ESI Working Papers Economic Science Institute 2016 Causes and Consequences of the Protestant Reformation Sascha O. Becker University of Warwick Steven Pfaff University of Washington Jared Rubin Chapman University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/esi_working_papers Part of the Christian Denominations and Sects Commons, Christianity Commons, Econometrics Commons, Economic Theory Commons, History of Christianity Commons, and the Other Economics Commons Recommended Citation Becker, S.O., Pfaff, S., & Rubin, J. (2016). Causes and consequences of the Protestant Reformation. ESI Working Paper 16-13. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/esi_working_papers/178 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Economic Science Institute at Chapman University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in ESI Working Papers by an authorized administrator of Chapman University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Causes and Consequences of the Protestant Reformation Comments Working Paper 16-13 This article is available at Chapman University Digital Commons: http://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/esi_working_papers/178 Causes and Consequences of the Protestant Reformation* Sascha O. Becker† Steven Pfaff‡ University of Warwick University of Washington Jared Rubin§ Chapman University The Protestant Reformation is one of the defining events of the last millennium. Nearly 500 years after the Reformation, its causes and consequences have seen a renewed interest in the social sciences. Research in economics, sociology, and political science increasingly uses detailed individual-level, city-level, and regional-level data to identify drivers of the adoption of the Reformation, its diffusion pattern, and its socioeconomic consequences.
    [Show full text]
  • Cathedrals, Churches, Caves Notes on Architecture, History, and Worship
    CHAPTER 1 Cathedrals, Churches, Caves Notes on Architecture, History, and Worship he layers of history, the ways the past persists, are easier to see Tin the Old World, where the irony of ancient towers juxtaposed against tattoo parlors and multinational fast-food outlets is inescapable. The smooth and rough children of western Europe at the millennium, in their black designer dresses or their spiked hair and pierced eyebrows, do not spend nights arguing infant baptism, the uses of the sword, or the perils and advantages of a state church, as my ancestors did during the Anabaptist Reformation of 1525. If today’s citizens were to meet to study the New Testament and reach conclusions about its meaning contrary to those of the state church, the worst they would suffer is ridicule. When my wife Marlyce and I crossed ancient European borders no one asked about our passports, let alone our religion; as long as our cash and credit cards held out, we were free as any bird. So we went our quiet way across Holland and France and Switzerland and Ger- many, sometimes simple travelers enjoying the food and the sights, sometimes pilgrims in pursuit of the strange, small traces of our past. We call ourselves Mennonites now, but our people have claimed and been given many names in the last five centuries, as they wandered over Europe and then to many parts of the world in search of places where they might work out their particular, pecu- liar version of the gospel. 5 6 Scattering Point We were in Europe for three weeks, hardly time to discover anything.
    [Show full text]
  • In the World of Academic Scholarship, Revision Is the Lifeblood of Our Work
    IN THIS ISSUE In the world of academic scholarship, revision is the lifeblood of our work. New cultural and political realities continually prompt us to ask fresh questions; the discovery of additional sources forces scholars to revise assumptions that had once seemed clear; the evidence to which we appeal can always be interpreted in new contexts; and our methodological and disciplinary frameworks are always being challenged and refined. To the cynic, this constant process of revision can make scholarship seem like a hopelessly subjective enterprise—a gathering of endlessly shifting perspectives in which everything is merely an opinion and nothing is ever certain. But most of us recognize that our pursuit of Truth—be it in history, religion, philosophy, or any other discipline—is always, and necessarily, incomplete. The models we use to interpret the past frequently conceal as much as they reveal. Instead of making claims to describe the past “as it actually was,” in the words of the German historian Leopold von Ranke, it is more helpful for us to think of our work as a “continuing conversation” (or debate), as we seek to deepen our understanding of reality from new perspectives and amid changing circumstances. This issue of MQR offers readers a window into the revisionist nature of Anabaptist-Mennonite scholarship. The issue opens with my essay on the practice of church discipline among the Swiss Brethren that complicates conventional understandings of church-state relations in the seventeenth century. Traditionally, many historians of “confessional- ization” have argued that European states augmented their power in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by co-opting the moral authority, religious discipline, and ecclesiastical structures of the territorial church.
    [Show full text]
  • A People of Diversity: Mennonites in Canada Since 1970
    A People of Diversity: Mennonites in Canada since 1970 November 15 – 17, 2018 The Mennonite Historical Society of Canada’s 50th Anniversary Conference Hosted by the Center for Transnational Mennonite Studies University of Winnipeg FREE ATTENDANCE | REGISTER AT CONFERENCE This anniversary conference focuses on the increased diversity of Mennonites in Canada since 1970. Listen to stories of new ethnic identities, crossing old boundaries, and new ways of thinking about faith, culture, and socio-political issues. Consider their implications on being “Mennonite” in the 21st century. THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 15 9:00 a.m. – 4:00 p.m. MHSC 50TH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING Location: Mennonite Heritage Archives (610 Shaftesbury Blvd) Open to the public 5:30 – 6:30 p.m. RECEPTION FOR PRESENTERS, SESSION CHAIRS, AND MHSC BOARD MEMBERS Location: University Club, 4th Floor Wesley Hall, University of Winnipeg FEATURED EVENING I: KEYNOTE ADDRESS 7:00 – 9:00 p.m. Location: Eckhardt Gramatte Hall, 3rd Floor Centennial Building Chair and Conference Introduction, Royden Loewen, Chair in Mennonite Studies • Ted Regehr, University of Calgary, “A 50th Year Retrospective” • Keynote Address: Marlene Epp, Conrad Grebel University College, “The Intersectional Mennonite and Writing Inclusive Histories: Cookbook as Metaphor” FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 16: Location: Convocation Hall, 2nd Floor Wesley Hall Building 8:30 – 10:00 a.m. Conference Welcome: Annette Trimbee, President, University of Winnipeg INDIGENEITY, MISSION, AND COLONIALISM Chair: Joe Wiebe, University of Alberta • Daniel Sims, University of Alberta, “‘Accrued Many Rights:’ The Ingenika Tsay Keh Nay and Mennonite and Catholic Missionaries” • Melanie Kampen, Toronto School of Theology, “‘They shout peace! peace! When there is no peace’: Colonialism and a Trauma-Informed Theology” • Brian Froese, Canadian Mennonite University, “Evolving Conceptions of Service: Mennonites and Missions in Post-1960s British Columbia” 10:00 – 10:30 a.m.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Life and Thought of Samuel Heinrich Froehlich
    University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 1-1-1998 A study of the life and thought of Samuel Heinrich Froehlich. K. Daniel Jahn University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Jahn, K. Daniel, "A study of the life and thought of Samuel Heinrich Froehlich." (1998). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 6923. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/6923 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has bean reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction.
    [Show full text]
  • Defending the Defenseless: a Radical Return to an Honest Portrayal of Anabaptism
    Defending the Defenseless: A Radical Return to an Honest Portrayal of Anabaptism Dr. Emir Caner The Center for Theological Research January 2010 White Paper 32 Published by the Center for Theological Research at www.BaptistTheology.org © 2010 Emir Caner This paper was delivered as part of Radical Reformation Day, 21 January 2010, in the chapel service of Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, Fort Worth, Texas, to commemorate the contributions of our fathers in the faith. Permissions: The purpose of this material is to serve the churches. Please feel free to distribute as widely as possible. We ask that you maintain the integrity of the document and the author’s wording by not making any alterations. For special requests please contact the editorial board for the White Papers for approval at [email protected]. Malcolm B. Yarnell III, Director The Center for Theological Research Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary Fort Worth, Texas Defending the Defenseless A White Paper from the CTR Defending the Defenseless: A Radical Return to an Honest Portrayal of Anabaptism Now It Can be Told—Now It Must be Told January 21, 1525, should be seared in the conscience of all Christians who hold dear the concept of a free church in a free age. On that day, as it has been well documented, a small group of young men gathered in the home of Felix Manz and, without ever knowing it, changed the course of Christianity, perhaps the course of all history. Here, George Blaurock (1491–1529) demanded his good friend Conrad Grebel (1498–1526) to ―baptize him with the true Christian baptism upon his faith and knowledge.‖1 The believer‘s church movement was once again reborn.
    [Show full text]
  • CHURCH HISTORY LITERACY Lesson 56 & 57 Anabaptists
    CHURCH HISTORY LITERACY Lesson 56 & 57 Anabaptists, Hutterites, Mennonites, Amish, and Brethren We have studied Luther and his spiritual revolution waged against the Church and government of his day. While Luther was fighting for justification by faith in Germany, another movement to the south was struggling against the religious and governmental powers as well. The scene: Switzerland and Bavaria; the time: 1520’s; the cause: Biblical Christianity. Here, however, the adversary to free religious expression was equally Protestant as it was Catholic. As with Luther, the stage was set for things to happen in the area of human thought and belief. The advent of the printing press made writing more available. The ready availability of writing made literacy more important and useful. Increased literacy brought on the greater sharing of ideas, and western civilization found itself in the midst of a renaissance of learning. The dark ages were moving rapidly into history as civilization moved forward. Understandably, this energy for learning and change affected every arena of public and personal life, and religion was in no way excluded. The effect of putting the Bible in mass distribution and giving people the education to read and understand it was huge. More and more people would read the Bible and question the doctrines and practices the church authorities taught. It was no coincidence that this same renaissance brought on exploration as countries and adventurers set out to find new trade routes and treasures. The discovery of the New World brought a measure of discomfort in the intellect and in faith. People were recognizing that the world was greater than previously thought.
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect repmduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscn'pt and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing fmm left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manusuipt have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6' x 9' black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustmtions appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell 8 HowaH Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 USA EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURY MENNONITE CONFESSIONS OF FAITH: THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ANABAPTIST TRADITION by Karl Peter Koop A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Theology of the University of St. Michae18s College and the Department of Theology of the Toronto School of Theology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Theology awarded by the University of St.
    [Show full text]
  • A Historical Overview of the Impact of the Reformation on East Asia Christina Han
    Consensus Volume 38 Issue 1 Reformation: Then, Now, and Onward. Varied Article 4 Voices, Insightful Interpretations 11-25-2017 A Historical Overview of the Impact of the Reformation on East Asia Christina Han Follow this and additional works at: http://scholars.wlu.ca/consensus Part of the Chinese Studies Commons, History of Christianity Commons, Japanese Studies Commons, Korean Studies Commons, and the Missions and World Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Han, Christina (2017) "A Historical Overview of the Impact of the Reformation on East Asia," Consensus: Vol. 38 : Iss. 1 , Article 4. Available at: http://scholars.wlu.ca/consensus/vol38/iss1/4 This Articles is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Consensus by an authorized editor of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Han: Reformation in East Asia A Historical Overview of the Impact of the Reformation on East Asia Christina Han1 The Reformation 500 Jubilee and the Shadow of the Past he celebratory mood is high throughout the world as we approach the 500th anniversary of the Reformation. Themed festivals and tours, special services and T conferences have been organized to commemorate Martin Luther and his legacy. The jubilee Luther 2017, planned and sponsored the federal and municipal governments of Germany and participated by churches and communities in Germany and beyond, lays out the goals of the events as follows: While celebrations in earlier centuries were kept national and confessional, the upcoming anniversary of the Revolution ought to be shaped by openness, freedom and ecumenism.
    [Show full text]
  • Century Historiography of the Radical Reformation
    Toward a Definition of Sixteenth - Century habaptism: Twentieth - Century Historiography of the Radical Reformation James R. Coggins Winnipeg "To define the essence is to shape it afresh." - Ernst Troeltsch Twentieth-century Anabaptist historiography has somewhat of the character of Hegelian philosophy, consisting of an already established Protestant-Marxist thesis, a Mennonite antithesis and a recent synthesis. The debate has centred on three major and related issues: geographic origin, intellectual sources, and essence. Complicating these issues has been confusion over the matter of categorization: Just who is to be included among the Anabaptists and who should be assigned to other groups? Indeed, what are the appropriate categories, or groups, in the sixteenth century? This paper will attempt to unravel some of the tangled debate that has gone on concerning these issues. The Protestant interpretation of Anabaptism has the longest aca- demic tradition, going back to the sixteenth century. Developed by such Protestant theologians and churchmen as Bullinger, Melanchthon, Men- ius, Rhegius and Luther who wrote works defining and attacking Ana- baptism, this interpretation arose out of the Protestant understanding of the church. Sixteenth-century Protestants believed in a single universal church corrupted by the Roman Catholic papacy but reformed by them- selves. Anyone claiming to be a Christian but not belonging to the church Joitnlal of Mennonite Stitdies Vol. 4,1986 184 Journal ofMennonite Studies (Catholic or Protestant) was classed as a heretic,' a member of the mis- cellaneous column of God's sixteenth-century army. For convenience all of these "others" were labelled "Anabaptists." Protestants saw the Anabaptists as originating in Saxony with Thomas Muntzer and the Zwickau prophets in 1521 and spreading in subsequent years to Switzerland and other parts of northern Europe.
    [Show full text]