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- Barnez, B. V., D. R. Zak, S. R. Denton & S. H. Spurr, 1997. Forest Ecology, 4th, Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York., 774 pp. - Cochet, P., 1992. Silviculture, Translated by: Birang, N., A., Javanshir, & Y., Mojtehedi, Tabriz University, Tabriz, 397 pp. - Ducrey, M. & M. Turrel, 1992. Influence of cutting methods and dates on stump sprouting in Holm Oak (Quercus ilex) coppice, Ann Sci For, 49: 449- 464. - Espelta, J. M., J. Retana & A. Habrouk, 2003. Resprouting patterns after fire and response to stool cleaning of two coexisting Mediterranean oaks with contrasting leaf habits on two different site, Forest Ecology and Management, 179: 401– 414. - Ghazanfari, H., M. Namiranian, H. Sobhani & R. M. Mohajer, 2004. Traditional forest management and its application to encourage public participation for sustainable forest management in the northern Zagros mountain of , , Scandinavian Journal of forest science, 19 (suppl. 4): 65-71. - Gracia, M. & J. Retana,Archive 2004. Effect of site qualityof and SID shading on sprouting patterns of holm oak coppices, Forest Ecology and Management 188: 39–49. - Jazirei, M. H., & Ebrahimi Rostaghi, M., 2003. Silviculture in Zagros, University of Tehran, 560 pp. - Johnson, P. S., 1992. Predicting oak stump sprouting and sprout development in the Missouri Ozarks, Forest Service-U.S. Department of Agriculture. - Johnson, P. S., S. R. Shifley & R. Rogers, 2001. The Ecology and Silviculture of OAKS, CABI publishing, 503 pp. - Larsen, D. R. & P., S. Johnson, 1998, Linking the ecology of natural oak regeneration to silviculture, Forest Ecology and Management 106: 1–7.

www.SID.ir % % % % ,- #+ )*+ %&'( !"# $ - Li, Q. & K. Ma, 2003. Factors affecting establishment of Qercus liaotungensis Koidz. under mature mixed oak forest overstory and in shrublad, Forest Ecology and Management, 179: 133-146. - Logli, F. & R. Joffre, 2001. Individual variability as related to stand structure and soilcondition in a Mediterranean oak coppice, Forest Ecology and Management 142: 53-63. - Luoga, E. J., E. T. F. Witkowski & K. Balkwill, 2004. Regeneration by coppicing (resprouting) of miombo (African savanna) trees in relation to land use, Forest Ecology and Management 189: 23–35 - McLaren, K.P. & M.A. McDonald, 2003. Coppice regrowth in a disturbed tropical dry limestone forest in Jamaica, Forest Ecology and Management 180: 99–111. - Oliver, D. C. & B. C. Larson, 1996. Forest Stand Dynamics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York., 520 pp. - Rozas, V., 2003. Regeneration patterns, dendroecology, and forest-use history in an old- growth beech–oak lowland forest in Northern Spain, Forest Ecology and Management 182: 175–194. - Sabeti, H., 1962. The Relation between Plant and Environment (Syne Ecology), University of Tehran, Tehran, 492 pp. - Smith, D. M., 1987. The Practice of Silviculture, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York., 578 pp. - The center of research and development of northern zagros forests, 2005. Multipurpose forest management plan; emphasis on organizing and management of pollarding in Armardeh, west of Iran, university of Kurdistan, 70 pp. - Valipour, A., 2007. Study the suitable dimension of Lebanon oak (Quercus libani Oliv.) for sprouting in uneven aged coppice management in northern zagros of Iran, MSc. thesis in forestry, faculty of natural resources, university of Tehran, Karaj, 76 pp. - Valipour, A., M., Namiranian, V., Etemad & H., Ghazanfari, 2008. Primary study of diameter effect on the ability of stump sprouting of Lebanon oak (Quercus libani Oliv.) in northern Zagros forests (case study: Armardeh, Baneh), Iranian Journal of forests & poplar research, Vol. 16 (4): 626-637 - Ward, J. S. & P. H. Brose, 2004. Mortality, survival, and growth of individual stems after prescribed burning in recent hardwood clearcuts, Proceedings of the 14th Central Hardwoods Forest Conference GTR-NE-316. - Weigel, D. R. & C. Y. J. Peng, 2002. Predicting stump sprouting and competitive success of five oak species in southern Indiana, Can. J. For. Res., Vol. 32. - Zaczek, J. J., 2002.Archive Composition, diversity, an d heightof of SIDtree regeneration, 3 years after soil scarification in a mixed-oak shelterwood, Forest Ecology and Management 163: 205–215.

www.SID.ir Journal of Forest and Wood Products (JFWP), Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, Vol. 63, No. 3, 2010. pp.305-316 316

Primary Results of Sprouting Efficiency of Lebanon Oak (Quercus libani Oliv.) Trees in Different Geographical Aspects on Stump in Northern Zagros Forests

A. Valipour*1, M. Namiranian2, V. Etemad3 and H. Ghazanfari4 1MSc. Student, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran 2 Professor, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran 3Assistant Prof., Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran 4Assistant Prof., Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, , I.R. Iran (Received: 10 March 2008, Accepted: 21 October 2008)

Abstract Determining of sprouting efficiency and sprout distribution pattern on stump are two main features of coppice regeneration dynamics. The goal of this study was to compare the sprouting efficiency in different geographical aspects of stumps. To gain this objective, 45 Lebanon oak trees were cut in 5 sites of Armardeh forests. The stumps were fenced individually and each stump divided into 8 sections, with 45˚ angle wide. The number of sprouts was measured in each section separately. Geographical aspects were defined by pooling mentioned sections. Analyzing the results showed that southern aspects of stump have more sprouts than northern aspects significantly, owing to get more light and heat. Sprouting pattern in each site indicated different patterns in northern and southern slopes. In northern slopes, southern aspect had the most sprouts while in southern slopes; northern aspect had the most sprouts. These results show that sprouting pattern was affected by sun light direction. Therefore, we suggest that integrated effects of aspects and slopes would have been taking into account to determine the sprouting pattern.

Keywords: Coppice, Geographical aspects, Lebanon oak, Northern Zagros, Sprouting efficiency, Stump

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*Corresponding author: Tel: +98 912 4589561 , Fax: +98 261 2249312 , E-mail: [email protected]

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