Attachment 18 Roadmap to Development Air Quality

Attachment 18

Roadmap to Development Air Quality Management Schemes of Hanoi City

THE PROJECT FOR INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM

GUIDANCE FOR FORMULATING AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN

FOR HANOI CITY

February 2015

MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT VIETNAM ENVIRONMENT ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT, HANOI CITY JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

Vinh Phuc

Hanoi

Phu Tho

Hung Yen Hoa Binh

Ha Nam

Location Maps of the Project

The Project for Institutional Development of Air Quality Management in Vietnam Hanoi, Roadmap

Table of Contents page CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2. Objectives of the Report ...... 1 CHAPTER 2. OVERVIEW OF HANOI CITY, AIR QUALITY, AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT 2.1. Overview of Hanoi ...... 3 2.1.1. Current status ...... 3 2.1.2. Socio-economic development plan to 2020 ...... 3 2.2. Current Air Pollution Sources and Air Quality ...... 5 2.2.1. Transportation activities ...... 5 2.2.2. Industrial entities ...... 8 2.2.3. Non-point sources ...... 14 2.3. Legal Framework for Air Quality Management in Hanoi ...... 15 2.3.1 National level ...... 15 2.3.2 Local level ...... 17 CHAPTER 3. ROADMAP TO DEVELOP AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR HANOI CITY 3.1. Proposed Contents of Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) ...... 25 3.2. Structure for Developing AQMP in Hanoi ...... 27 3.3 Stakeholders to be Involved in the Course of Formulation of AQMP ...... 27 3.4 Key Activities to Develop AQMP ...... 28 3.5 Roadmap for Formation of AQMP...... 29

List of Figures Figure 1 The Project Design Agreed in RD on 26th March 2013 ...... 1 Figure 2 Overlook of Whole Process Proposed for AQM and Positioning the Output 2 of the Project ...... 2 Figure 3 Administrative Map of Hanoi city ...... 4 Figure 4 Number of monitoring sites with CO level exceeding QCVN from 2009-2012 ...... 7

Figure 5 Number of monitoring sites with SO2 level exceeding QCVN from 2009-2012 ...... 7

Figure 6 Number of monitoring sites with NO2 level exceeding QCVN from 2009-2012 ...... 7 Figure 7 Number of monitoring sites with PM10 level exceeding QCVN from 2009-2012 ...... 7 Figure 8 Concentration of TSP in industrial zones in the second monitoring period...... 11 Figure 9 The concentration of benzene in industrial zones in the second monitoring period...... 11

The Project for Institutional Development of Air Quality Management in Vietnam Hanoi, Roadmap

Figure 10 The concentration of TSP in the small and medium industrial clusters ...... 12 Figure 11 TSP dust concentrations in the food processing villages ...... 12 Figure 12 TSP dust concentrations in the mechanical villages ...... 12 Figure 13 Concentration of As dust in the mechanical villages ...... 13 Figure 14 Concentration of Cr dust in the mechanical villages ...... 13 Figure 15 The concentration of benzene in the village of bamboo and rattan, wood processing ... 13 Figure 16 The concentration of benzene in the craft village ...... 14 Figure 17 Environmental management administration in Vietnam...... 15 Figure 18 Management System for Hanoi's air environment ...... 18 Figure 19 Organization structure of DONRE; Bold Black words in box of the figure are divisions/units having activities related to AQM ...... 19 Figure 20 Organization structure of Hanoi EPA ...... 20 Figure 21 Organization structure of CENMA...... 21 Figure 22 Structure Proposed for AQMP Development in Hanoi...... 27

List of Tables Table 1 Number of licensed vehicles from 2010 to 2013 in Hanoi ...... 5 Table 2 Important inter-region roads in Hanoi city...... 5 Table 3 On-going projects of road/railway construction in Hanoi city in 2014...... 6 Table 4 Industrial parks in Hanoi city...... 8 Table 5 List of industrial clusters in Hanoi city...... 9 Table 6 List of old industrial area in Hanoi city...... 9 Table 7 Some craft villages in Hanoi city...... 10 Table 8 List of several cement and chemical fertilizer factories in Hanoi city...... 10 Table 9 Several developing urban areas in Hanoi city...... 14 Table 10 List of legal documents related to air quality management ...... 16 Table 11 Quality standards for air quality management ...... 17 Table 12 Legal documents related to air quality management in Hanoi city ...... 22 Table 13 Monitoring Plan in 2013 of Hanoi DONRE ...... 22 Table 14 Monitoring Plan in 2012 of Hanoi DONRE ...... 23 Table 15 List of 30 entities whose Flue Gas Concentration was measured in 2012 ...... 24 Table 16 List of stakeholders to be involved in the AQMP development...... 27 Table 17 Roadmap for development of AQMP for Hanoi city...... 30

The Project for Institutional Development of Air Quality Management in Vietnam Hanoi, Roadmap

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Environmental pollution is getting obvious in Vietnam due to the rapid industrialization in the recent decade, and air pollution becomes an issue in the urban areas, especially in mega cities such as Hanoi city and Ho Chi Minh city (HCMC). It is concerned to trigger the health damage on people due to air pollution, unless effective countermeasures would be in practice. The Vietnam government has revised the Law on Environmental Protection (LEP) for the second time in June 2014, in order to tackle and control the environmental pollution including air pollution by introducing the more effective and enforceable administrative approach. In this context, the Project for Institutional Development of Air Quality Management in Vietnam (the Project) was launched from September 2013 in the close cooperation among PCD of VEA/ MONRE, DONREs of Hanoi city and HCMC, and JICA, in order to enhance the institutional capacity of air quality management in Vietnam. The Project was designed as shown below according to the Record of Discussion (RD) signed by MONRE and JICA on 26th March 2013.

To Enhance the Institutional Capacity of Air Quality Management in Vietnam

Output 1 Technical/ Institutional Development as Preparedness for LEP Amendment Joint Work with PCD/ VEA and JET  Enrichment of Technical Archives of PCD *Legalization by VN side  Formulation of Technical Briefs (TBs) and Draft Legal Documents (DLD)

Output 2 Roadmap to Develop AQM Scheme in Hanoi and HCM Cities Joint Work with DONREs of HNC/ HCMC, PCD/VEA, and JET  Study on the current status on AQM in two cities  Roadmap formulation for AQM scheme in cities to align the administrative requirements

Figure 1 The Project Design Agreed in RD on 26th March 2013

DONREs of Hanoi city and HCMC have been performing the activities from the beginning of the Proejct especially on the Output 2 desinged in the above, through joint works with PCD of VEA as well as JICA Expert Team (JET). This report, “Guidance for Formulating Air Quality Management Plan for Hanoi City”, is one of the technical cooperation products generated under the Project having its objective below. 1.2. Objectives of the Report The revised LEP gives authority and responsibility to the DONRE in each city/ province to execute

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national policies, laws and regulations regarding environmental management and protection. In addition, the LEP defines the mandate to develop the environmental protection planning in not only national level but also city/ provincial level, which should include air pollution control and AQM. Although the instruction of the government regarding the environmental protection planning has not yet been provided to cities/ provinces as of the end of the Project, it is essential and meaningful for Hanoi city and HCMC to put the preparedness for formulating the protection plan focusing on air pollution control and AQM, by taking the chance of the Project in the cooperation with JICA. Under such understanding, the Project has proposed a roadmap to develop the AQM plan in Hanoi City and HCMC with the DONREs of the two cities as the main counterparts. The position of the roadmap under the Output 2 of the Project is shown in Figure 2 below, with indicating the overlook of the whole process of AQM planning and implementation.

Roadmap to Develop AQM Plan (Product of Output 2 of the Project)

The Superior Related Plans Five ‐years plan, Urban plan, Traffic management plan, Industrial promotion plan

Vision of Air Quality Management

Consolidation and Revision of the legal system Long list of Measures Overall Schedule Organization Revision and Reinforcement for Implementing Implementation Goals setting Analysis of Effects, Measures by the of the Measures Enhancement Point Practicability and Impacts (Target year) Source Target Year and Review of the (Numerical Integration of Mobile Implementation Achieve‐ target) Air Quality Source Determination of the Detailed Plan Management Prioritized Measures Implementation ment of Ambient Air Technology ↓ Plan of the goals Role and Cooperation Prioritized Awareness/Budget/Human of Each Department resources Measures

Clarification of mandate of related Budget planning and allocation departments Monitoring and Human resources Management and Development Collaboration framework of DONRE Evaluation and each department etc.

Air Quality Management (AQM) Plan Implementation of AQM Figure 2 Overlook of Whole Process Proposed for AQM and Positioning the Output 2 of the Project

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CHAPTER 2. OVERVIEW OF HANOI CITY, AIR QUALITY, AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT

2.1. Overview of Hanoi 2.1.1. Current status Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam, the country’s second largest city, and the largest one in North region of Vietnam. After the consolidation of ex-Hanoi and surrounding provinces/ districts in August 2008, its area is 3,344 km2 including 12 urban districts, 17 rural districts, and one township. The total population was 6,232,000 people of which urban people is 2,178,000 residents at the time of consolidation in 2008, and in 2013 the total population in Hanoi is around 6,937,000. Hanoi climate is classified as a warm humid subtropical feature. Hanoi belongs to the key economic region of North Vietnam. It is concentrated with important economic, social, and cultural institutions, for example, industrial estate, transport system (such as trunk roads, airport, and railway), hospital, university, market and so on. Hanoi is developing fast with high rate of urbanization by expansion of urban area to the surrounding suburb regions including industrialization expansion. In addition, the development of new transport system as well as renovation of existing infrastructure system has been implemented significantly. The administrative map of Hanoi is shown in Figure 3. 2.1.2. Socio-economic development plan to 2020 The master plan on socio-economic development of Hanoi city to 2020 with orientations toward 2030 has been approved by the Prime Minister via Decision No. 1081/QD-TTg issued on 6th July 2011. This master plan is a framework for the development of Hanoi city in near future and is a basis for building separate master plan for each field of concern, such as, land use, industry, transportation, energy, water supply, water treatment, and so on. The master plan will be used as a basis for assessment of socio-economic development of the city to its air quality in the future.

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(Source: Publishing House of Cartography, 2009) Figure 3 Administrative Map of Hanoi city

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2.2. Current Air Pollution Sources and Air Quality Due to the availability of the existing data and information, the current status of point sources such as industrial sector and craft villages are depicted in more detail compared with the other sources in this section. In the course of formulating the air quality management plan according to the roadmap proposed in Chapter 3 of this report, the depth or exhaustiveness of the data collection and analysis is suggestive to be reconsidered. 2.2.1. Transportation activities Air emission from mobile sources, including on-road and off-road vehicles, could be considered as one of main air pollution sources in the city with regarding to high absolute number of vehicles and high density of vehicles on city roads. (1) Air pollution sources from transportation Considering vehicles registered in Hanoi, the number of licensed vehicles in recent years in Hanoi has been summarized in Table 1. It is noted that no information on a number of unused vehicles is available. In addition to registered vehicles, a number of unknown bicycles, electrical bicycles and electrical motorbikes are used mostly by students and pupils. Table 1 Number of licensed vehicles from 2010 to 2013 in Hanoi No. Year Car (x1000pc) Motorbike (x1000 pc) Total vehicle (x1000 pc) 1 2010 340 3.500 3.840 2 2011 380 4.000 4.380 3 2012 450 4.400 4.850 4 2013 470 4.600 5.070 (Source: Compiled from Hanoi DOT, Vietnam Register (under MOT), DOPS, 2014) As a matter of fact, increasing rate for personal vehicles in Hanoi is estimated as 15% annually. (SOE, 2006-2012). In addition, land is used for transportation accounts for only 7 – 8% of urban construction land (a reasonable request for a modern city is from 20 – 26%). Eventually, the higher density of vehicles on transportation road results in deterioration of transportation condition, which is characterized with slow moving of transport vehicles and traffic jams occurring in a high frequency. It is noted that vehicles moving unsteadily and in traffic jams would produce higher amount of pollutants. In addition, since Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam and the center of economy and culture for the North of Vietnam, it naturally becomes an important hub of national roads and expressway with very high traffic volume. Therefore, apart from a huge number of vehicles registered in Hanoi, there are a high number of vehicles from other regions travel from/to or pass through Hanoi. The following table lists several important roads connecting to Hanoi. Table 2 Important inter-region roads in Hanoi city. Important road Description Length in Hanoi (km) National road No. 1A Ninh Hiep (Gia Lam) – Phap Van (Hoang Mai) – Chau Can (Phu Xuyen) 55.3 National road No. 2 Phu Lo (Soc Son) – Tan Dan (Soc Son) 12.8 National road No. 3 Yen Vien (Gia Lam) – Trung Gia (Soc Son) 32.7 National road No. 5 Kim Chung (Dong Anh) – Duong Xa (Gia Lam) 25.4 National road No. 6 Nga Tu So (Dong Da) – Xuan Mai (Chuong My) 31 National road No. 18 Kim Lu (Soc Son) – Phu Cuong (Soc Son) (NA) National road No. 21 Duong Lam (Son Tay) – An Phu (My Duc) (NA) National road No. 21B Ba La (Ha Dong) – Tuong Linh (Ung Hoa) (NA) National road No. 23 Tien Duong (Dong Anh) – Thanh Lam (Me Linh) (NA) National road No. 32 Cau Giay bridge (Cau Giay) – Son Tay – Trung Ha bridge (Ba Vi) (NA)

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Vo Nguyen Giap Nhat Tan bridge – Noi Bai airport (NA) Ring road No. 2 Vinh Tuy – Minh Khai – Dai La – Nga Tu Vong – Truong Chinh – Nga 43.6 Tu So – Lang – Cau Giay – Buoi – Vo Chi Cong – Nhat Tan – Vinh Ngoc – Dong Tru – Vinh Tuy Ring road No. 3 Thanh Tri – Phap Van – Nguyen Xien – Khuat Duy Tien – Pham Hung – 65 Pham Van Dong – Vo Van Kiet – Nam Hong – Tien Duong – Ninh Hiep Ring road No. 4 - (NA) Ring road No. 5 - (NA) Remark: Other trunk roads are passing in/ near Hanoi city, such as Phap Van-Cau Gie expressway, Noi Bai-Lao Cai expressway, Hanoi-Hai Phong expressway, Hanoi-Thai Nguyen expressway, Thang Long boulevard, etc. Source: Prepared by JET. In addition, construction activities for new transport system, renovation of existing transport, and other kind of infrastructure in Hanoi recently contributes to worse situation of transportation. The occupancy of roadway and sidewalk for building roads, bridge, viaduct and the repair of drainage system, water supply, electrical transmission and communication network underground will entail higher risk of traffic jams and slower movement of vehicles. These facts will lead to increase higher amount of air pollution caused by dust and pollutants from road section of traffic jam. The following table presents the on-going projects for renovation and building of transport systems in 2014. Table 3 On-going projects of road/railway construction in Hanoi city in 2014. Projects Road influenced Location Construction of Tran Phu-Kim Ma road Tran Phu Ba Dinh Expansion of Truong Chinh street Ring road No. 2 Dong Da Expansion of Thanh Nhan street Thanh Nhan Hai Ba Trung Construction of O Dong Mac - Nguyen Khoai road Ring road No. 1 Hai Ba Trung Construction of extended Nguyen Van Huyen road Ring road No. 2.5 Cau Giay Construction of tunnel at junction between Ring road No. 3 & Ring road No. 3 Thanh Xuan Nguyen Trai street Construction of Buoi-Nhat Tan road Ring road No. 2 Tay Ho Construction of Nhat Tan bridge and Vo Nguyen Giap road Ring road No. 2 Tay Ho & Dong Anh Construction of tunnel at junction between Ring road No. 3 & Ring road No. 3 Cau Giay & Nam Tu Liem Thang Long boulevard Construction of extended National road No. 5 & Dong Tru Ring road No. 2 Long Bien & Dong Anh bridge Construction of junction between Thanh Tri bridge & National Ring road No. 3 Long Bien road No. 5 Construction of Cat Linh-Ha Dong railway Urban railway No. 2A Ha Dong, Thanh Xuan, Dong Da Construction of Nhon-Hanoi station railway Urban railway No. 3 Bac Tu Liem, Cau Giay, Ba Dinh, Dong Da Source: Prepared by JET. (2) Air quality at transportation roads In 2012, the Hanoi Centre for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring and Analysis (CENMA) under the DONRE conducted observations at 57 intersections in the city of Hanoi to monitor ambient air quality. Most monitoring sites showed CO level (average 1 hour) exceeding the regulated level (30,000 μg/m3 in QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT). In rain season, there were 45 monitoring sites (79%) with CO concentrations exceeding corresponding QCVN level, while there were 49 exceeding sites (86%) in dry season. The highest level CO was measured at My Dinh bus station (Ring road No. 3, Bac Tu Liem district) (59,644 μg/m3), the intersection at Nuoc Ngam bus station (Ring road No. 3 & National Road No. 1A, Hoang Mai district) (55,340 μg/m3), Co Nhue intersection (Ring road No. 3, Bac Tu Liem district) (54,949 μg/m3), foot of Pham Van Dong overpass bridge (Ring road No. 3, 46,732 μg/m3), and Long Bien bus stops (Hoan Kiem district, 46,654 μg/m3).

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Number of monitoring sites Number of monitoring sites

Figure 4 Number of monitoring sites with Figure 5 Number of monitoring sites with SO2 CO level exceeding QCVN from 2009-2012 level exceeding QCVN from 2009-2012

(Source: CENMA- SOE report 2012)

All monitoring points in two monitoring times in 2012 showed SO2 concentrations (average 1 hour) 3 exceeding the regulated level (350 μg/m in QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT). The highest level of SO2 was observed at Co Nhue intersection (Ring road No. 3, Bac Tu Liem district, 648 μg/m3), My Dinh bus station (Ring road No. 3, Bac Tu Liem district, 613 μg/m3), National Road No. 6 toll booth (572 μg/m3), Pham Van Dong foot bridge (Ring road No. 3, 520 μg/m3), and Ba La 3-way intersection (National Road No. 6 & National Road No. 21B, 513 μg/m3).

Number of monitoring sites Number of monitoring sites

Figure 6 Number of monitoring sites with Figure 7 Number of monitoring sites with PM10

NO2 level exceeding QCVN from 2009-2012 level exceeding QCVN from 2009-2012

(Source: CENMA- SOE report 2012)

All monitoring points in two monitoring times showed NO2 level (average 1 hour) exceeding the 3 regulated level (200 μg/m in QCVN05:2013/BTNMT). The highest level of NO2 was measured at My Dinh bus station (Ring road No. 3, Bac Tu Liem district, 367.7 μg/m3), National Road No. 6 toll booth (357.9 μg/m3), Co Nhue intersection (Ring road No. 3, Bac Tu Liem district, 352.7 μg/m3),

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Chua Boc-Thai Ha – Tay Son crossroads (340.6 μg/m3), and Cau Dien intersection (National road No. 32, Bac Tu Liem district, 330.9 μg/m3); Considering PM10, there were 56 monitoring sites (98%) having PM10 levels (average 24 h) exceeding the regulated level (150 μg/m3 in QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT). The highest PM10 level was measured at Ba La 3-way intersection (681.1 μg/m3), Co Nhue intersection (Bac Tu Liem district, 671.0 μg/m3), National Road No. 32 at Nhon (Bac Tu Liem district, 659.2 μg/m3), My Dinh bus station (Bac Tu Liem district, 639.6 μg/m3), and Long Bien bus stops (Hoan Kiem district, 612.1 μg/m3). Regarding Pb dust, in rainy season there was no site exceeding the regulated level (average 24 h) of QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT (1.5 μg/m3). However, in monitoring time in dry season there were 2 monitoring sites (4%) showing Pb dust level exceeding the QCVN level, including Cau Dien crossroads (Bac Tu Liem district, 2.15 μg/m3) and My Dinh bus station (1.786 μg/m3). All monitoring sites in both monitoring times showed benzene level (average 1 h) exceeding the regulated level (22 μg/m3 in QCVN 06: 2009/BTNMT). The highest level of benzene was measured at My Dinh bus station (Bac Tu Liem district, 46.1 μg/m3), National Road No. 6 toll booth (46.0 μg/m3), Truong Chinh – Le Trong Tan-Ton That Tung crossroad (45.5 μg/m3), Chua Boc-Thai Ha – Tay Son (43.6 μg/m3), and Nguyen Phong Sac – Hoang Quoc Viet intersection (42.8 μg/m3). Comparing the results measured at two monitoring times in 2012, it is shown that the trend of air pollution caused by traffic activities was similar in both seasons, especially for NO2, SO2, and benzene. 2.2.2. Industrial entities Air emission from industrial entities contributes a major part to the air quaity in the city. Hanoi is landed for a number of industrial zones and industrial clusters which is distributed in various districts. In addition, old industrial entities founded from 1970s are located in urban area of Hanoi and craft villages can be found in any district of the city. (1) Industrial zone The following table presents industrial parks which are either established or planned to be established in near future in Hanoi city. Table 4 Industrial parks in Hanoi city. Industrial parks Location Area Remarks Thang Long Dong Anh (Kim Chung, Vong La, Hai Boi, 274 ha In operation Dai Mach) Nam Thang Long Tu Liem (Lien Mac, Thuy Phuong, Minh 30.4 ha In operation Khai, Co Nhue) Sai Dong B Long Bien 72,7 ha In operation Noi Bai Soc Son 114 ha In operation Ha Noi – Dai Tu Gia Lam (Sai Dong town) 40 ha In operation Quang Minh I Me Linh (Quang Minh) 407 ha In operation Thach That – Quoc Oai Thach That, Quoc Oai 155 ha In operation Phu Nghia Chuong My 170 ha In operation Phụng Hiệp Thuong Tin 174 ha Under construction Quang Minh II Me Linh (Quang Minh) 266 ha Under construction Soc Son clean IP Soc Son 340 ha Under construction Nam Ha Noi supporting IP 440 ha Under construction Kim Hoa Me Linh (part of Hanoi) 45.5 ha Under construction Tu Liem biotechnology park Tu Liem (Tay Tuu, Lien Mac, Thuy Phuong, 200 ha In plan Minh Khai, Co Nhue) Hanoi IT park Long Bien 38 ha In Plan Dong Anh Dong Anh 300 ha In plan Nam Phu Cat Quoc Oai 500 ha In Plan

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Bac Thuong Tin Thuong Tin 430 ha In plan Thanh My-Xuan Son Son Tay 100 ha In plan Source: Decision 1081/QD-TTg on 06 July 2011 (Socio-economic development master plan of Hanoi city to 2020, vision to 2030)

(2) Industrial cluster In addition to industrial zones, industrial clusters which usually have smaller area are established mostly in rural district for facilitating the development of economy of rural areas. The following table describes some industrial clusters which are already operated in Hanoi city. Table 5 List of industrial clusters in Hanoi city. No Name of Location Year of Area (ha) Major production sectors industrial establishment cluster 1 Vinh Tuy Vinh Tuy commune, 1999 12.1 Paper, packing, electricity, Thanh Tri district textile, plastic, food, mechanics, construction, wood 2 Cau Giay Dich Vong ward 2000 8.3 - 3 Hai Ba Trung Hoang Van Thu ward 2001 9.0 - 4 Nguyen Khe Nguyen Khe commune, 2002 18.0 Textile Dong Anh district 5 Ngoc Hoi Lien Ninh commune, 2003 56.4 Mechanics, electricity, textile Thanh Tri district 6 HAPRO food Le Chi commune, Gia Lam 2003 31.2 - industrial district cluster 7 Phu Thi Phu Thi commune, Gia 2003 5.4 Construction, textile, mechanics, Lam district packing, electricity, electronics, paper, chemicals, food 8 Tu Liem Minh Khai commune, Tu 2004 63.0 Plastic, mechanics, electricity, Liem district chemicals, paper, textile, glass, wood, food Source: SOE Hanoi, 2008

(3) Old industrial area Old industrial area which was established long time ago was usually occupied by industrial entities equipping with old and low technology characterized by high air emissions. These areas are located in urban area of Hanoi city and influenced severely to the surrounding people by air emission, noise and vibration, wastewater, and so on. The following table lists several old industrial areas in Hanoi city. Table 6 List of old industrial area in Hanoi city. Industrial area Location Minh Khai – Vinh Tuy Hoang Mai Truong Dinh – Duoi Ca Hoang Mai Van Dien – Phap Van Thuong Tin Thuong Dinh Thanh Xuan Cau Dien – Nghia Do Tu Liem Gia Lam – Yen Vien Gia Lam Dong Anh Dong Anh Chem Tu Liem Cau Buou Thanh Tri Source: SOE Hanoi, 2008

(4) Craft village Since Hanoi has thousands year of history, it is a full of craft villages in different areas. The following table lists several craft villages in Hanoi city as examples.

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Table 7 Some craft villages in Hanoi city. Craft village Location Production process Xuan Dinh Tu Liem confectionary production Phu Do Tu Liem noodle production Duong Lieu Hoai Duc agricultural product and Minh Khai Hoai Duc food processing, animal Cat Que Hoai Duc food and wood product, Son Dong Hoai Duc paper recycle La Phu Hoai Duc Van Phuc Ha Dong silk knitting Y La, La Duong Ha Dong flower-print knitting (Duong Noi) Da Sy Ha Dong forging Source: SOE Hanoi, 2008

(5) Other manufacturing entities Several factories of cement production and chemical fertilizer in Hanoi city are presented in the following table. Table 8 List of several cement and chemical fertilizer factories in Hanoi city. No. Factory Main products Location I Chemical fertilizer manufacturing Bao Lam Chemical fertilizer Company Duong Lieu, Hoai Duc district, 1 fertilizers and nitrogen compounds Limited Ha Noi Tan Truong Sinh Production Trading And 2 fertilizers and nitrogen compounds Dong hamlet Services Corporation Huong Tung Commercial Limited Liability 3 fertilizers and nitrogen compounds Dang Xa hamlet Company Canh Dong Vang Limited Liability 4 fertilizers No. 3 Alley, Cau Buou ward Company Commercial 5 Da Quoc Gia Pesticide Corporation fertilizers An Lac Van Dien Fused Magnesium Phosphate 300.000 tons FMP and 150.000 6 Van Dien town, Thanh Tri Fertilizer Joint Stock Company tons NPK/Year II Cement factories Van Mieu Son Tay Cement - Paper Pho Hang street, Phu Thinh 1 Cement Corporation ward, Son Tay Vinaconex concrete and Building 2 Cement 100,000 ton/year Chuong My district Corporation 3 Nam Son Cement 350,000 ton/year Chuong My district 4 Tien Son- Ha Tay cement corporation 400 tonnes clinker / day Hong Quang - Ung Hoa district Source: IWEET compiled (6) Air quality from manufacturing entities In 2012, the Hanoi Centre for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring and Analysis (CENMA) under the DONRE has conducted monitoring and analysis of ambient air quality at 20 industrial parks, hi-tech parks, industrial clusters and old industrial area in the city. Monitoring program was implemented two periods, including period 1 (March and April 2012) and period 2 (June and July 2012). The TSP and benzene levels measured at industrial zones in Hanoi city are present in the below figures. The industrial zones in Hanoi, especially old industrial areas with old factories built from 70-80s years of the last century, are contaminated by dust and benzene. Whereas the industrial parks (IP) which were built recently and equipped mostly with modern infrastructure and techniques (e.g. exhaust treatment systems) have pollutant levels complying with QCVN.

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µg/m3 Period 1 Period 2

Figure 8 Concentration of TSP in industrial zones in the second monitoring period Note:

1 Thuong Dinh 8 Sai Dong B IP 15 Bac Phu Cat IP 2 Mai Dong 9 Duc Giang 16 Thach That- Quoc Oai IP 3 Cau Dien 10 Bac Thang Long IP 17 Phu Nghia IP 4 Phap Van 11 Cau Buou 18 Hoa Lac IP 5 Chem 12 Nam Thang Long IP 19 Bac Thuong Tin IP 6 Van Dien 13 Noi Bai IP 20 Ha Noi-Dai Tư IP 7 Dong Anh IP 14 Quang Minh IP Period 1 (March and April 2012); Period 2 (June and July 2012). (Source: CENMA, SOE 2012)

µg/m3 Period 1 Period 2

Figure 9 The concentration of benzene in industrial zones in the second monitoring period Note:

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In addition, air emission from small and medium industrial clusters and craft villages was monitored. The craft villages in Hanoi are very diverse in terms of production, such as metal recycling, paper, plastic, bronze casting, construction materials, and food processing. The typical emission pollutants are dust, CO, SO2, NO2, acid and alkali vapor produced from processes like surface treatment, roasting, drying, bleaching, opaque plastic products, etc. In 2012, Hanoi CENMA conducted observations of 22 clusters and 43 craft villages in the city. Monitoring program was conducted in two periods, including period 1 (March to April) and period 2 (August to September). The monitoring results are presented in Figures 10-16 below.

µg/m3

Figure 10 The concentration of TSP in the small and medium industrial clusters (Source: CENMA- SOE report 2012)

µg/m3 µg/m3

Figure 11 TSP dust concentrations in the food Figure 12 TSP dust concentrations in the processing villages mechanical villages (Source: CENMA- SOE report 2012)

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µg/m3 µg/m3

Figure 13 Concentration of As dust in the Figure 14 Concentration of Cr dust in the mechanical villages mechanical villages (Source: CENMA- SOE report 2012)

µg/m3

Figure 15 The concentration of benzene in the village of bamboo and rattan, wood processing

(Source: CENMA- SOE report 2012)

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µg/m3

Figure 16 The concentration of benzene in the craft village (Source: CENMA- SOE report 2012) 2.2.3. Non-point sources (1) Construction activities Dust from construction activities during development of new buildings and new urban area as well as vehicles and instruments used for construction should be considered. Recently, Hanoi is developing a number of new urban area and high building throughout its area, as listed as examples in the following table. Table 9 Several developing urban areas in Hanoi city. New urban area Area Location Tay Ho Tay 200 ha Tay Ho Kim Chung-Di Trach 170 ha Hoan Duc Thanh pho giao luu 95 ha Bac Tu Liem Co Nhue 18 ha Nam Tu Liem Source: Prepared by JET In addition, dust from transport of construction materials is another source of pollutant. Further, construction of road always accompanies with spread of dust on nearby roads. (2) Residential activities According to the annually report on the environmental status in Hanoi from 2006 to present, air emission from residential activities are relatively small compared with other pollution sources.

Polluting agents are mainly dust, SO2 and CO from burning firewood, straw, husk firewood (silt mixed with peat, rice husk, wood chips, etc.). The monitoring results of residential emissions in recent years by CENMA also confirmed that the current state of the environment report mentioned above is right (source: interview IWEET, 2014). (3) Agricultural activities According to the annually report on the environmental status in Hanoi from 2006 to present, agricultural operations often generate CH4, CO2 in the cultivation process using chemical fertilizers, and exhaust pesticides are as toxic emissions to the environment. Livestock emissions due to the decomposition of animal manure generate greenhouse gases such as CH4 and CO2 (SOE 2006 -

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2012). However, the impact of emissions from agricultural to urban areas is very small. According to SOE 2013 by MONRE, straw burning after harvest contributes gradually to the air pollution in Hanoi city, although it would be seasonally obvious. In recent years, farmers have no longer need to use straw as the fuel or feedstuffs, therefore, in many places, after harvesting and draining, people burn the straw. Straw burning does not only waste the energy, affects the traffic safety, it also has a big influence in term of environment and negative impact to people’s health. Straw burning after harvest is popular in the northern area of Vietnam. Especially in Hanoi, the straw burning nearby after harvest cause the thick layer of burning smoke which negatively affects the air quality and visibility in the city. After several days, the thick smoke obviously affects many roads/ routes in the city with invisible conditions, although the street light is fully turn on. Dust and smoke generated by straw burning in the hot days also cause a muggy air and odorous nuisance. 2.3. Legal Framework for Air Quality Management in Hanoi 2.3.1 National level (1) Management mechanism The following chart depicts environmental management administration related to air quality in Vietnam especially for MONRE and DONRE. The air quality management is administrated by VEA, and air pollution control is administrated by KKPL/PCD in VEA in national level.

Prime Minister

Ministry of Natural Lines Ministries (e.g. Resources & Environment Other 6 Departments MOT, MOH, MOC, etc.) (MONRE)

Department of Policy & Department of Science, Legislation (DPL) Vietnam Environment Technology & Administration (VEA) Environment/Department of Environment Department of Appraisal & EIA Department of Natural Provincial People’s Resources & Environment Committee (PPC) (DONRE) Department of Pollution Control (PCD)

Direct Management Division of Pollution Other 3 Control for Air & Divisions Professional Management Recycling Materials (KKPL)

Source: IWEET subcontract report, 2014 Figure 17 Environmental management administration in Vietnam

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(2) Legal documents/program/standards to/for air quality management The following table lists law, decree, decision, and circular related to air quality management which was enacted recently. Table 10 List of legal documents related to air quality management Issued No Legal Documents Name Issue date Organization Law No. National 1. Law of Environmental Protection 23 /6 /2014 55/2014/QH13 Assembly Rules guiding the implementation of Decree No. 35/2014/ND-CP April 29, 2014 of the Government Circular amending and supplementing a number of articles of 2. MONRE 05/05/2014 22/2014/TT-BTNMT Decree No. 29/2011/ND-CP of the Government on strategic environmental assessment, environmental impact assessment, environmental protection commitment amending and supplementing a number of articles of Decree No. Decree No. 29/2011/ND-CP of the Government on 3. Government 29/04/2014 35/2014/NĐ-CP strategic environmental assessment, environmental impact assessment, environmental protection commitment ISSUING Implementation Plan for the national Decision No. Prime 4. environmental protection strategy to 2020, with a vision to 21/01/2014 166/QD-TTg Minister 2030 Decree Provisions of penalties for administrative violations in the 5. Government 14/11/2013 179/2013/ND-CP field of environmental protection Decree No. Set the conditions of the organization and operation of 6. Government 29/3/2013 27/2013/ND-CP environmental monitoring services Resolution On a number of pressing issues in the field of 7. Government 18/03/2013 35/NQ-CP environmental protection Circular regulations on inspection for safety and technical 8. MOT 27/12/2012 56/2012/TT-BGTVT environmental protection for road traffic means Law No. National 9. Capital Law 21/11/2012 25/2012/QH13 Assembly Decision approving the national Environmental Protection Strategy Prime 10. 05/9/2012 1216/2012/QD/TTg to 2020, vision 2030 Minister Circular No. Regulations technical process of environmental monitoring 11. MONRE 01/8/2011 28/2011/TT-BTNMT of ambient air and noise. detailing a number of articles of Decree No. Circular 29/2011/ND-CP of the Government on strategic 12. MONRE 18/7/2011 26/2011/TT-BTNMT environmental assessment, environmental impact assessment, environmental protection commitment Decree No. strategic environmental assessment, environmental impact 13. Government 18/4/2011 29/2011/ND-CP assessment, environmental protection commitment guiding the implementation of Decree 95/2009/ND-CP Circular 14. dated on 30/10/2009 stipulated expiry date for freight cars MOT 10/8/2010 21/2010/TT-BGTVT and passenger cars Decision No. approve the Scheme emission control motorcycle, Prime 15. 17/6/2010 909/QD-TTg motorbike in the city, and province Minister Decree 16. stipulated expiry date for freight cars and passenger cars Government 95/2009/ND-CP 30/10/2009 Circular regulations on quality safety control and environmental 17. MOT 15/10/2009 23/2009/TT-BGTVT: protection for special-purpose motorcycles Circular on technical safety inspections and environmental 18. MOT 24/6/2009 10/2009/TT-BGTVT protection for road transport means Law No. National 29 /11 19. Law of Environmental Protection 52/2005/QH11 Assembly /2005 Decision regulations for applicable roadmap of emission standards Prime 20. 10/10/2005 249/2005/QD-TTg for motor vehicles road Minister Promulgating of roadmap for application of emission Decision Prime 21. standard on vehicles and motorcycles procured, assembled, 01/09/2011 49/2011/QD-TTg Minister and imported newly Source: Prepared by JET

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The following table describes quality standards for air quality management. Table 11 Quality standards for air quality management Issued Issued Standard Name organization date Ambient air quality QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT National Technical Regulation on Ambient Air Quality MONRE 25/10/2013 National technical regulation on hazardous substances in QCVN 06:2009/BTNMT MONRE 07/10/2009 ambient air Emission from point sources National Technical Regulation on the emission of health care QCVN 02:2012/BTNMT MONRE 28/12/2012 solid waste incinerators National Technical Regulation on Industrial Emission of QCVN 19:2009/BTNMT MONRE 16/11/2009 Inorganic Substances and Dusts National Technical Regulation on Industrial Emission of QCVN 20:2009/BTNMT MONRE 16/11/2009 Organic Substances National Technical Regulation on Emission of Chemical QCVN 21:2009/BTNMT MONRE 16/11/2009 Fertilizer Manufacturing Industry National Technical Regulation on Emission of Thermal QCVN 22:2009/BTNMT MONRE 16/11/2009 Power industry National Technical Regulation on Emission of Cement QCVN 23:2009/BTNMT MONRE 16/11/2009 Manufacturing Industry National Technical Regulation on Industrial Waste QCVN 30:2012/BTNMT MONRE 28/12/2012 Incinerator National Technical Regulation on Emission of Reﬁning and QCVN 34:2010/BTNMT MONRE 29/12/2010 Petrochemical Industry of Inorganic Substances and Dusts QCVN 51:2013/BTNMT National Technical Regulation on Emission for Steel Industry MONRE 25/10/2013 Fuel quality National technical regulation on gasoline, diesel fuel oils and QCVN 1:2009/BKHCN MOST 30/09/2009 biofuels Emission from mobile sources National technical regulation on emission of gaseous QCVN 04:2009/BGTVT pollutants from assembly – manufactured motorcycles, MOT 19/11/2009 mopeds and new imported motorcycles, mopeds National technical regulation on emission of gaseous QCVN 05:2009/BGTVT pollutants from assembly-manufactured automobiles and new MOT 19/11/2009 imported automobiles General structure, quality, emission from mobile sources National technical regulation on exhaust pipes of motorcycles QCVN 29:2010/BGTVT MOT 01/12/2010 and mopeds National technical regulation on safety and environmental QCVN 09:2011/BGTVT MOT 17/11/2011 protection for automobiles National technical regulation on safety and environmental QCVN 10:2011/BGTVT MOT 17/11/2011 protection for urban bus National technical regulation on quality, safety and QCVN 11:2011/BGTVT MOT 17/11/2011 environmental protection for trailer and semi-trailer National technical regulation on quality, safety and QCVN 13:2011/BGTVT MOT 17/11/2011 environmental protection for construction machinery Source: Prepared by JET 2.3.2 Local level (1) Management mechanism The following scheme describes management mechanism under Hanoi city people’s committee for environmental management in general and air quality management specifically.

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Hanoi PPC MONRE (VEA - Vietnam Environment Administration)

Other departments: Hanoi DONRE

DOIT, DOT, DOC…

Division / board in District PC charge of environment (District DONREs)

Ward PC (Ward DONREs)

Note: Expertise relationship in environment management and AQM Administration Relationship

Source: IWEET subcontract report, 2014 Figure 18 Management System for Hanoi's air environment

Mandate, organization structure, and staffing of Hanoi DONRE were specified in Decision No. 36/2010/QD-UBND of the Hanoi PPC, dated on August 16, 2010. Accordingly, Hanoi DONRE is a specialized agency of the City People's Committee and at the same time under the direction and inspection guidelines professional services of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. Function and mandate of Hanoi DONRE are: i) to advise and assist the City People's Committees in performing the function of state management in the field of natural resources and the environment, including land, water resources, mineral resources, geology, environment, hydrometeorology, geodesy and cartography, ii) to implement public services in areas under the jurisdiction of the Department. Detail duties and powers of DONRE related to air quality management (AQM) include: 1) Evaluate the current state of the local environment on a regular basis; investigate, identify areas of environmental contamination, make a list of establishments causing environmental pollution, causing serious environmental pollution on the city of Hanoi and periodically report the municipal People's Committee Hanoi, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment under the provisions of law; examine the implementation of the remedy environmental contamination of the facility; 2) lead or coordinate with relevant agencies to the formulation and implementation of plans to mobilize resources to respond and remedy environmental pollution due to the environmental problems by the assignment people's Committee of Hanoi ; 3) Implementation of the grant , renew and revoke licenses for hazardous waste generators , ; 4) To evaluate the environmental assessment report strategies , report on environmental impact assessment , environmental protection schemes approved under the authority of the People's Committee of Hanoi ; implementation guidance after state agencies have been approved by competent authorities ;

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5) Guidance and organizations build, manage environmental monitoring system in accordance with law; statistics , data storage environment of Hanoi; 6) To implement the communication activities of environmental protection within the scope of the functions of the Department ; 7) To organize the fee appraisal report on environmental impact assessment, environmental protection charges for waste in accordance with law ; 8) The total projected operating expenses of the environmental protection agency, Hanoi units and coordinate with the Department of Finance of the People's Committee report into the Hanoi People's Council Hanoi; all coordinate with the Finance Management Environmental Protection Fund as assigned by the Hanoi People's Committee of Hanoi. The following scheme describes the organization andn management mechanism under Hanoi DONRE and its unit.

Leadership of DONRE: 1 Director and 5 Deputy Director

Divisions/sections of the DONRE - Office - General Planning Division - Land statistics and Registration Office

- Division of Water Resources and Meteorology and Hydrology - Division of Surveying and mapping - Division of Mineral Resources - Inspection Division - Division of Land Management - Legislation Division

Units under the DONRE - Hanoi Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - Hanoi Environmental Protection Fund (EPF)

- Land Registration Office in Ha Noi - Hanoi Land service and land development Center - Hanoi Centre for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring and Analysis (CENMA)

- Ha Noi Center for Resource and Environment Engineering - Center for Information Technology Resources and Environment in Hanoi

- Project Management Unit VLAP - Management Board of the construction project (Source: IWEET synthesized) Figure 19 Organization structure of DONRE; Bold Black words in box of the figure are divisions/units having activities related to AQM The units under DONRE directly related to the task of managing the state's AQM are Environmental Protection Agency, Inspection Division, Department of Water Resources and Hydrometeorology, and Environmental Monitoring Center. Threre are no specified regulations about the unit in charge of AQM, however Hanoi EPA implements the state management tasks on AQM as a part of the general state management tasks for environmental protection. Hanoi Environmental Protection Agency has total 54 people (50 staffs and 4 leadership cadres) and the subordinate units and personnel as follows:

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 General Division: 15 people,  Division for evaluation and EIA: 9 people,  Pollution control division: 16 people,  Project Management and Communication Division: 10 people.

The following scheme describes the organization of Hanoi EPA.

Leadership Board of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1 Director and 3 Deputy Directors

Division for Pollution control Project General Division evaluation and Management and division EIA Communication

Source: IWEET subcontract report, 2013 Figure 20 Organization structure of Hanoi EPA

Function and mandate of Hanoi EPA are: 1) To perform the functions of state management of environmental protection; 2) To implement pollution control; 3) To conduct EIA evaluation 4) To fulfill project management and communication. Hanoi Centre for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring and Analysis (CENMA) under Hanoi DONRE is the first center in the environmental monitoring network system of Hanoi. Its main function is to implement the master plan for the environmental monitoring network system of Hanoi. CENMA does regular monitoring ambient air quality in Hanoi and implementing the service on Air Quality Monitoring measurement on demand (based on economic contracts). The following scheme presents the organization of Hanoi CENMA.

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Director Board of CENMA 1 Director and 3 Deputy Directors

Division of Division of General Division of project information and monitoring and administrative management and international analysis Division implementation cooperation environment

Figure 21 Organization structure of CENMA Hanoi Environmental Protection Fund (EPF) has total 55 people. Functions and mandates of Hanoi Environmental Protection Fund (EPF) are to: i) Receive funds from the state budget and foreign capital; ii) Manage loans at preferential interest rates; iii) Act sponsor or provide financial support for pollution remediation program. Enterprises can loan the budget from EPF for install control system to treat air pollution. Besides DONRE and its units, there are several departments under Hanoi PC who have the role and mandates related to air quality management administration. i) Although Department of Transport (DOT) has not specific units responsible for AQM, DOT performs the administrative activities related and contributed to air pollution control especially on the transportation sector including the transport infrastructure development. The division of urban transportation management under DOT indirectly functions the air pollution control through its own mandates on traffic management. The register center of motor vehicles also conducts the emission inspection of vehicles by applying the emission standards for registered vehicles. ii) Department of Industry and Trade (DOIT) has the division of safety engineering and environment. The division is generally responsible for managing the environmental protection likely caused by industrial sector including the industrial air pollution control, although the mandates on AQM in the division has not been clearly defined. iii) There are also several departments which have the administrative functions related to AQM or air pollution control within their jurisdictional fields/ sectors, such as Department of Science and Technologies (DOST), Department of Construction (DOC), Department of Public Security (DOPS), etc. (2) Legal documents The following table depicts the policy, plan, program related to air quality management which was enacted by Hanoi PPC recently.

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Table 12 Legal documents related to air quality management in Hanoi city Issued No Type Name of Documents Issue date Organization 1. Decision the Regulations Regarding coordination with the State Hanoi PPC 15/10/2013 43/2013/QD-UBND Administration of industrial clusters in the area of Hanoi. 2. 150/KH-UBND on the implementation of the 95-KH/TU Plan dated Hanoi PPC 26/9/2013 July 26, 2013 of the Hanoi Party Committee on the implementation of the Resolution of the seventh Conference of the Central Executive Committee (XI) to actively respond to climate change, enhanced resource management and environmental protection 3. 95-KH/TU on the implementation of the Resolution of the Hanoi Party 26/7/2013 seventh Conference of the Central Executive Committee Committee (XI) to actively respond to climate change, enhanced resource management and environmental protection 4. 86/KH-UBND Communication on pollution management industry in Hanoi PPC 28/5/2013 the area of Hanoi to 2015 5. Decision Regulations for the operation of the vehicle in the area Hanoi PPC 25/1/2013 06/2013/QĐ-UBND of Hanoi. 6. Plan No.75/2012/ “Plan on Management of Industrial Environment Hanoi PPC 22/5/2012 KH-UBND Pollution in Ha Noi up to 2015” and drafting “up to 2020” 7. Decision Action plan to respond to climate change in Hanoi Hanoi PPC 26/4/2012 1745/QĐ-UBND City 8. Directive 15/CT-UBND On reorganize, strengthen State management of Hanoi PPC 28/10/2011 mineral resources in the area of Hanoi. 9. Decision 1081/QD-TTg approving the master plan on the social economic Prime Minister 6/7/2011 development of Hanoi to 2020, vision to 2030 10. Project Project to Decrease Noise, dust on the city of Hanoi Hanoi DONRE 2/2010 11. Decision promulgating the regulations to ensure orderly, safe Hanoi PPC 17/03/2009 55/2009/QD-UBND and sanitary environment during construction works in Hanoi; 12. Decision "Regulation on the implementation of measures to Hanoi PPC 10/1/2005 02/2005/QD-UBND reduce dust in the construction sector in the area of Hanoi" Source: IWEET subcontract report, 2013. (3) AQM programs in Hanoi Air quality monitoring programs are conducted annually by Hanoi CENMA. Monitoring plans related to air quality management of Hanoi CENMA in 2012 and 2013 are presented in the following tables as examples. Table 13 Monitoring Plan in 2013 of Hanoi DONRE

Budget Plan No Items Implementation (Mill. VND) Expenses for environmental protection 7,660 I Hanoi EPA 200 Monitoring, assess environmental pollution in radius from 501 to 1,000 meters for serving the building 1 Hanoi EPA 200 policy and support mechanisms for affected area at the Nam Son landfill Hanoi Centre for Environmental and Natural II 7460 Resources Monitoring and Analysis Monitoring dust pollution for serving the Decision 1 CENMA 460 02/2005/QD-UB of the Hanoi PPC 2 Monitoring air pollution and traffic noise CENMA 370

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Monitoring emission Gas Concentration in industrial CENMA 3 0 entities Implementing air sampling program by means of CENMA 4 1,430.00 passive Monitoring the production facilities, sales and CENMA services in Hanoi (serve the Inspector implementation 5 500 of the law on environmental protection for the business establishments in the city area) 6 Monitoring and analysis of industrial environments CENMA 1,335.00 Survey of pollution control in the small and medium CENMA 7 690 industrial clusters, craft villages 8 Monitoring air quality in densely populated areas CENMA 475 Monitoring environmental quality in the area of Trade CENMA 9 210 and services in the area of Hanoi Monitoring and analysis of environmental quality in CENMA 10 450 areas of multiple drug use in plant protection Monitoring the quality of regional landfills and CENMA 11 1,010.00 landfills for hazardous waste handling Environmental quality monitoring for several CENMA 12 530 cemeteries in the area of Hanoi Source: Compiled by IWEET from collected data of Hanoi DONRE 2014

Table 14 Monitoring Plan in 2012 of Hanoi DONRE

Budget Plan No Items Implementation (Mill. VND) Expenses for environmental protection 8,440 Monitoring and analysis of industrial environments CENMA 1 698 and new urban areas Monitoring the production facilities, sales and CENMA services in Hanoi (serve the Inspector implementation 2 484 of the law on environmental protection for the business establishments in the city area) Survey of pollution control in the small and medium CENMA 3 958 industrial clusters, craft villages Monitoring dust pollution for serving the Decision CENMA 4 476 02/2005/QD-UB of the Hanoi PPC 5 Monitoring air pollution and traffic noise CENMA 450 6 Monitoring air quality in densely populated areas CENMA 414 Monitoring emission Gas Concentration in industrial CENMA 7 255 entities Implementing air sampling program by means of CENMA 8 1,687 passive Monitoring environmental quality in the area of Trade CENMA 9 316 and services in the area of Hanoi Monitoring the quality of landfills and hazardous CENMA 10 1,613 waste treatment Environmental quality monitoring for several CENMA 11 905 cemeteries in the area of Hanoi Environmental monitoring for areas of handmade CENMA 12 184 brick production in the area of Hanoi Source: Compiled by IWEET from collected data of Hanoi DONRE 2014 In addition to regular monitoring program conducted by Hanoi CENMA, inspection of air pollution sources is performed frequently by Inspection division of Hanoi DONRE. Environmental check and

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inspection have been done to a number of entities in the last 2 years. List of at least 30 entities whose emission gas concentration was measured in 2012 in different industrial categories (e.g. manufacturing industry, construction) is shown in the following table. Table 15 List of 30 entities whose Flue Gas Concentration was measured in 2012

No. Entities Address 1 Kim Bai Beer Company 40 Kim Bai Town – Thanh Oai – Ha Noi 2 Hanoi Milk Corporation Quang Minh– Me Linh - Ha Noi 3 Minh Duong Food Corporation Di Trach ward- Hoai Duc – Ha Noi Coca-Cola Vietnam Beverages Company Limited – In Ha 4 Km No.17- Duyen Thai- Thuong Tin- Ha Noi Tay Km No. 15 + 500, Road No. 427, Van Tao - 5 Asia Pacific Brewery Factory Company Limited Thuong Tin – Ha Noi 6 United Food Corporation 267 Quang Trung road- Ha Dong - Ha Noi km no. 29 – 6th National road- Truong Yen 7 International Milk Corporation –Chuong My -Ha Noi Dong Xuan Beer Alcohol Corporation - Saigon -Me Linh km no. 9 Thang Long –Noi Bai- Quang Minh 8 Beer Factory Town-Me Linh –Ha Noi 9 Southeast Asia Brewery Factory 167B alley, Minh Khai – Ha Noi Viet Ha Manufacturing, Business Investment and Services 10 254 Minh Khai – Hai Ba Trưng – Ha Noi Company 11 Hai Ha Confectionery Corporation Truong Dinh - Thuong Tin - Ha Noi 12 Hanoi Wine-Beer-Beverages Corporation 183- Hoang Hoa Tham- Ba Đinh- Ha Noi 13 Huu Nghi Food Corporation 122 Dinh Công – Thuong Tin – Ha Noi 14 Thai Minh Food Processing Corporation Phu Dien Industrial Cluster - Tu Liem - Ha Noi 763 Nguyen Van Linh, Sai Dong ward, Long 15 No. 22 Corporation Bien, HN 16 Trang An Confectionery Corporation Phung Chi Kien Street, Nghia Do, Ha Noi 17 Sai Gon – Ha Noi Beer Corporation A2, CN8 Tu Liem Industrial Cluster, HN Lot 18, CN6 road, Sai Dong B Industrial Park, 18 Bibica Ha Noi Factory Long Bien, HN 19 International Act Corporation Phung Industrial Cluster - Dan Phuong- Ha Noi 20 Lbb Viet Nam Food Corporation Phung Industrial Cluster - Dan Phuong- Ha Noi Procono Vietnamese-French Food Animal Production 21 Khuyen Luong port - Hoang Mai - Ha Noi Corporation 22 New Hope Company Limited Sai Dong B Industrial Park, Long Bien, HN Branch of Manufacturing and Trading Dai Thanh 23 Cam Yen – Thach That – Ha Noi Corporation - Cam Thanh Construction Ceramics Factory Viglacera Binh Minh Factory - Viglacera Tu Liem Ceramic 24 Binh Minh –Thanh Oai- Ha Noi Corporation 25 Thach Ban 2 Corporation Phương Đình – Dan Phuong - Ha Noi 26 Tien Son –Ha Tay Cement Corporation Hong Quang - Ung Hoa- Ha Noi Bac Phu Cat Industrial Park –Thach Hoa-Thach 27 Vinaconex Superior Marble Corporation That -Ha Noi No. 360 - Giai Phong road - Thanh Xuan - Ha 28 Steel and Building Materials Corporation Noi Hanoi Construction Investment and Development 29 Mai Dinh- Soc Son- Ha Noi Corporation - Hong Ha Ceramic Factory 30 Ha Dong Hanosimex Textile Corporation Cau Am road– Ha Dong - Ha Noi (Source: Report on the results of monitoring emission gas, CENMA, Hanoi DONRE, 2012)

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CHAPTER 3. ROADMAP TO DEVELOP AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR HANOI CITY

3.1. Proposed Contents of Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) Proposed contents of air quality management plan for Hanoi city is drafted as below. This draft is to illustrate the range of issues to be considered in the preparation of AQMP. It is anticipated that there will be substantial changes to this preliminary plan, format, and structure once the AQM plan is developed practically. In case that the government would provide the instruction for preparing the environmental protection planning to cities/ provinces in accordance with the revised LEP definition, the following contents proposed below would be expected to be integrated as one of the chapter specifying AQM into the whole environmental protection planning of Hanoi. It is noted that the main air pollution sources to be controlled in priority in Hanoi would be transportation and construction activities. Thus such aspects are suggestive to be examined carefully in the course of formulating the AQMP of the city. ------Table of contents Summary 1. Introduction 1.1. Background 1.2. Objective and scope 1.3. Approach 1.4. Working team 2. Overview of socio-economy status of Hanoi: current situation and future trends (to 2020, vision to 2030) a) Administrative area b) Population & economic conditions c) Climate and meteorological conditions d) Land use e) Industrial area f) Transportation system g) Agriculture sector h) Solid waste management 3. Air emission sources and air quality in Hanoi city: current situation and future trends 3.1. Air emission inventory and air quality monitoring programs 3.2. Mobile sources a) On-road vehicles b) Off-road vehicles c) Trains d) Ships e) Airplanes 3.3. Point sources a) Manufacturing plants

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b) Storage site of fuel/solvent/chemicals 3.4. Non-point sources a) Residential activities: cooking, washing, refrigerator/air conditioner (ODS) b) Leak of pipeline: gas, gasoline, petroleum products c) Dust from transport of waste/construction materials, dusted roads, unpaved road, exposed soil surface d) Agricultural activities: pesticides and open burning 3.5. Solid waste treatment a) Open landfill site b) Burning of solid waste/hazardous waste c) Burning of unused agricultural byproducts (rice straw) 3.6. Greenhouse gases (GHG) Estimation of GHG emission from all activities (energy, transport, heavy industry, agriculture, forestry, waste management) 3.7. Total emission & spatial distribution: current situation 3.8. Total emission & spatial distribution: future trend 4. Legal framework for air quality management and pollution source control 4.1. National air quality laws, circulars, technical regulations, standards 4.2. AQM and pollution source control in Hanoi a) Management structure and mechanism b) AQM program/plan/fund c) Air quality & emission monitoring programs 5. Issues and Constraints to be Tackled through AQMP Development and Implementation in Hanoi 6. Vision and goals for AQMP of Hanoi 6.1. Vision 6.2. Goals 6.3. Objectives 7. Air Quality Management Plan 7.1. Air quality management mitigation measures/activities a) Policies/regulations/mechanism b) Mitigation measures/activities 1. Mobile sources 2. Point sources 3. Non-point sources 4. Solid waste management 5. Greenhouse gases c) Monitoring programs d) Cost estimation and budget identification 7.2. Priority AQM measures/activities a) Policies/regulations b) Mitigation measures/activities c) Monitoring programs d) Cost estimation and budget identification for priority activities 7.3. Schedule for implementation of AQMP 7.4. Recommendations/proposals for management at national level a) Policies (laws/decree/circular)

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b) Technical regulations (standards/guidelines) c) Environmental protection fund Appendices ------It is noted that the other plans and programs related to AQM should be integrated in the course of the above AQMP formulation, such as decree No 49/2011 for emission standards of vehicles and motorbikes, biological fuel development program, etc. Also due attention should be paid on the related plans and programs specifically prepared for Hanoi city. 3.2. Structure for Developing AQMP in Hanoi It is proposed that a Project Management Unit shall be set up by the People’s Committee of Hanoi city. The PMU will be responsible for the development of air quality management plan and directly reported to PPC. The PMU shall be administrated by a project manager (DONRE) and project coordinator (Hanoi EPA), and the members of PMU shall consist of the representatives from relevant city agencies, such as DPI, DOT, DOIT, and DOC, as presented in the following scheme. The PMU aims at facilitating AQMP development and fostering the acceptance of air quality management measures and programs proposed in the AQMP. In addition, a study team comprising experts in air quality management shall be established under PMU. The study team will identify problems, propose solutions, and conducting working plans for technical matters during the development of AQMP.

Project manager Hanoi DONRE PC

Study Project coordinator team Hanoi EPA

Member DPI

Member DOT

Member DOIT

Member DOC

Figure 22 Structure Proposed for AQMP Development in Hanoi

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AQMP as well as detail content of the plan. The following talbe lists potential stakeholders which may be involved in the development of AQMP. Table 16 List of stakeholders to be involved in the AQMP development. Type of Stakeholder Detail description Overall administration DONRE and HEPA of HCM City Authority agency DOT, DOC, DOIT, DPI, etc in city level VEA/ MONRE in national level MOIT, MOT, MOC etc. whenever necessary. Industrial sector Associations of indsutrial sectors Representative of key indrustrial sectors such as power plants, constrcution, cement manufacturere, steal manufacturere, etc. Transportation sector Organizations of publc transportation, private firms such as taxi and express business, etc. Expertise gourps Research isntiturtes, University, etc. Civil society organizations Mass media. NGOs, Communities of districts and communes, etc. Others if any Agricultural sector, Forestry sector, Oraganizations related to solid waste management, etc. Source: Prepared by JET 3.4 Key Activities to Develop AQMP Current information on air pollution sources and implication of these sources to ambient air quality in Hanoi city is not sufficient and unclear. It is proposed that key activities to develop an AQMP for Hanoi city would be performed in four succedding stages. The sequence of the activities will firstly indentify baseline information of air pollution sources and ambient air quality, then set appropriate vision and goals for AQMP, and finally propose corresponding pollution control measures and air quality mangament programs. The proposed stages include: Stage 1: (3 months) Administrative arrangements  Establishing PMU and study team  Setting preliminary vision and goals by holding stakeholder meeting with study team  Preparing working plan and working schedule by study team Stage 2: (18 months) Collecting baseline data  Implementing emission inventory for main air pollution point sources - Industrial parks - Industrial clusters - Old industrial clusters - Craft villages - Individual industrial plants - Storage site of fuel/chemicals/solvent  Implementing emission inventory and measurement for air pollution due to transportation activities - Number of vehicles, emission status of typical unit of vehicles and motorcycles - Transportation network  Analysis of solid waste management program - Location of landfill site - Solid waste management and treatment  Analysis of construction activities and other non-point sources - Dust from construction, transportation - Agricultural activities

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- Residential activities - Leak of pipeline  Air quality monitoring - Review current air quality monitoring data - Design of suitable air quality monitoring program - Implement monitoring programs Stage 3: (3 months) Analysis of situation  Setting socio-economic senario and target year  Analysis of pollution load and ambient air status at current reproduction and target-year estimatation  Estimation of GHG emission: current and future trend  Setting vision and goals by stakeholder meeting Stage 4: (6 months) Preparation of Air Quality Management Plan  Proposing technical mitigation measures and programs - Control air emission from point sources - Control air emission from transportation (cleaner fuel) - Control air emission from non-point sources - Control air emission from agriculture sector such as open burning - Control air emission from solid waste - Awareness raising and capacity building on AQM - Monitoring program  Proposing administrative measures and budgetary plan  Selection of priority measures  Preparation of AQMP and implementation schedule of AQMP  Sending AQMP to stakeholders for comments, holding stakeholder meeting and workshops for discussion 3.5 Roadmap for Formation of AQMP The roadmap for development of AQMP for Hanoi city is presented in the following table. The roadmap propose the list of activities which shall be implemented to formalize an AQMP for Hanoi city within two and a half years.

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Table 17 Roadmap for development of AQMP for Hanoi city Stage 1 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage and Activity for AQMP Stage 2 (18 months) Implication of resource (3 months) (3 months) (6 months) Development mobilization and expenditure* 1st Quarter2Q3Q4Q5Q6Q7Q8th Quarter9th Q10th Q Stage 1: Administrative Arrangement Stage 1 Establishing PMU and study team External expertise: 5 MM Direct expense: 10% of above Setting preliminary vision and goals by holding stakeholder meeting with study team Preparing working plan and working schedule by study team Stage 2: Collecting Baseline Data Stage 2

Implementing emission inventory and External expertise: 20 MM measurement for main air pollution point Direct expense: 40 % of above sources (inclusive of measurement and equipment consumable) Implementing emission inventory and measurement for air pollution due to transportation activities Analysis of solid waste management program Analysis of construction activities and other non-point sources Air quality monitoring Stage 3: Analysis of Situation Stage 3 Setting socio-economic scenario and External expertise: 15 MM target year Direct expense: 20 % of above (inclusive of application of Analysis of pollution load and ambient air computer simulation) status at current reproduction and target- year estimation Estimation of GHG emission: current and future trend Setting vision and goals by stakeholder meeting Stage 4: Preparation of AQMP Stage 4 Proposing technical mitigation measures External expertise: 10 MM and programs Direct expense: 10 % of above Proposing administrative measures and budgetary plan Selection of priority measures Preparation of AQMP and implementation schedule of AQMP Sending AQMP to stakeholders for comments, holding stakeholder workshops for discussion *: Implication of resource mobilization and expenditure is prepared based on the consultant's experiences and judgment under the condition that the domestic resources only be mobilized. In such case, the monetary requirement to be allocated as the project budget by People's Committee may roughly amount to 250 or 300 thou. USD.

Attachment 19

Roadmap to Development Air Quality Management Schemes of Ho Chi Minh City

THE PROJECT FOR INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM

GUIDANCE FOR FORMULATING AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN

FOR HO CHI MINH CITY

March 2015

MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT VIETNAM ENVIRONMENT ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT, HO CHI MINH CITY JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

Tay Ninh Binh Duong Location Maps of the Project

Ho Chi Minh

Dong Nai

Long An

Tien Giang

Location Maps of the Project

The Project for Institutional Development of Air Quality Management in Vietnam HCMC, Roadmap

Table of Contents page CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2. Objectives of the Report ...... 2 CHAPTER 2. OVERVIEW OF HCMC, AIR QUALITY, AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT 2.1. Overview of Ho Chi Minh City ...... 3 2.1.1. Current status ...... 3 2.1.2. Socio-economic development plan to 2020 ...... 4 2.2. Current Air Pollution Sources and Air Quality ...... 4 2.2.1. Transportation activities ...... 4 2.2.2. Industrial entities ...... 9 2.2.3. Non-point sources ...... 14 2.2.4. Referencial information of air quliaty monitoring ...... 15 2.3. Legal Framework for Air Quality Management in HCMC ...... 24 2.3.1 National level ...... 24 2.3.2 Local level ...... 27 CHAPTER 3. ROADMAP TO DEVELOP AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR HCMC 3.1. Proposed Contents of Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) ...... 36 3.2. Structure for Developing AQMP in HCMC ...... 38 3.3 Stakeholders to be Involved in the Course of Formulation of AQMP ...... 38 3.4 Key Activities to Develop AQMP ...... 39 3.5 Roadmap for Formation of AQMP...... 40

List of Figures Figure 1 The Project Design Agreed in RD on 26th March 2013 ...... 1 Figure 2 Overlook of Whole Process Proposed for AQM and Positioning the Output 2 of the Project ...... 2 Figure 3 HCMC traffic network and neighboring provinces ...... 3 Figure 4 Planning of ring roads of HCMC (outer line is Ring road No.4) ...... 6 Figure 5 Yearly trend of average CO concentration at 6 stations ...... 7 Figure 6 Yearly trend of average TSP concentration at 6 stations ...... 8 Figure 7 Yearly trend of average NO2 concentration at 6 stations ...... 9 Figure 8 Yearly trend of average Pb concentration at 6 stations ...... 9 Figure 9 Map of air quaity monitoring sites in HCMC by mobile and automatic stations...... 12 Figure 10 (1) SO2 Value in IZ/ PZ in/ near HCMC from 2010 to 2013 ...... 16

The Project for Institutional Development of Air Quality Management in Vietnam HCMC, Roadmap

Figure 10 (2) NOx Value in IZ/ PZ in/ near HCMC from 2010 to 2013 ...... 17 Figure 10 (3) CO Value in IZ/ PZ in/ near HCMC from 2010 to 2013 ...... 18 Figure 10 (4) Ozone Value in IZ/ PZ in/ near HCMC from 2010 to 2013 ...... 18 Figure 10 (5) PM10 Value in IZ/ PZ in/ near HCMC from 2010 to 2013 ...... 19 Figure 10 (6) Benzene Value in IZ/ PZ in/ near HCMC from 2010 to 2013 ...... 20 Figure 10 (7) SO2 Value in residential areas near IZ/ PZ from 2010 to 2013 ...... 21 Figure 10 (8) NOx Value in residential areas near IZ/ PZ from 2010 to 2013 ...... 21 Figure 10 (9) CO Value in residential areas near IZ/ PZ from 2010 to 2013 ...... 22 Figure 10 (10) Ozone Value in residential areas near IZ/ PZ from 2010 to 2013 ...... 23 Figure 10 (11) PM10 Value in residential areas near IZ/ PZ from 2010 to 2013 ...... 23 Figure 10 (12) Benzene Value in residential areas near IZ/ PZ from 2010 to 2013 ...... 24 Figure 11 Environmental management administration in Vietnam...... 25 Figure 12 Management system for HCMC’s air environment ...... 27 Figure 13 Organization structure of HCMC DONRE ...... 29 Figure 14 Organization structure of HEPA ...... 31 Figure 15 Organization structure of DOT...... 32 Figure 16 Map of air quality monitoring stations in HCMC...... 34 Figure 17 Structure Propsoed for AQMP Development in HCMC...... 38

List of Tables Table 1 Number of licensed vehicles from 2000 to 2013 in HCMC ...... 4 Table 2 Increasing rate for vehicles in HCMC in 2000-2012...... 5 Table 3 Important inter-region roads in HCMC...... 5 Table 4 On-going projects of road/railway construction in HCMC in 2014-2015...... 6 Table 5 Industrial parks in HCMC...... 10 Table 6 List of industrial clusters in HCMC...... 10 Table 7 Some craft villages in HCMC...... 11 Table 8 Several Power Plants, Chemical Fertilizer, Cement, and Steel Factories in HCMC...... 11 Table 9 Air quality monitoring sites in HCMC in 2013 by VEA...... 12 Table 10 Several developing urban areas in HCMC ...... 14 Table 11 List of legal documents related to air quality management ...... 25 Table 12 Quality standards for air quality management ...... 26 Table 13 List of automatic air quality monitoring stations in HCMC ...... 33 Table 14 List of semi-auto air quality monitoring stations in HCMC ...... 33 Table 15 List of stakeholders to be involved in the AQMP development...... 38 Table 16 Roadmap for development of AQMP for HCMC...... 41

The Project for Institutional Development of Air Quality Management in Vietnam HCMC, Roadmap

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

To Enhance the Institutional Capacity of Air Quality Management in Vietnam

Figure 1 The Project Design Agreed in RD on 26th March 2013

DONREs of Hanoi city and HCMC have been performing the activities from the beginning of the Proejct especially on the Output 2 desinged in the above, through joint works with PCD of VEA as well as JICA Expert Team (JET). This report, “Guidance for Formulating Air Quality Management Plan for HCM City”, is one of the technical cooperation products generated under the Project having its objective below.

1 The Project for Institutional Development of Air Quality Management in Vietnam HCMC, Roadmap

1.2. Objectives of the Report The revised LEP gives authority and responsibility to the DONRE in each city/ province to execute national policies, laws and regulations regarding environmental management and protection. In addition, the LEP defines the mandate to develop the environmental protection planning in not only national level but also city/ provincial level, which should include air pollution control and AQM. Although the instruction of the government regarding the environmental protection planning has not yet been provided to cities/ provinces as of the end of the Project, it is essential and meaningful for Hanoi city and HCMC to put the preparedness for formulating the protection plan focusing on air pollution control and AQM, by taking the chance of the Project in the cooperation with JICA. Under such understanding, the Project has proposed a roadmap to develop the AQM plan in Hanoi City and HCMC with the DONREs of the two cities as the main counterparts. The position of the roadmap under the Output 2 of the Project is shown in Figure 2 below, with indicating the overlook of the whole process of AQM planning and implementation.

Roadmap to Develop AQM Plan (Product of Output 2 of the Project)

The Superior Related Plans Five ‐years plan, Urban plan, Traffic management plan, Industrial promotion plan

Vision of Air Quality Management

Air Quality Management (AQM) Plan Implementation of AQM Figure 2 Overlook of Whole Process Proposed for AQM and Positioning the Output 2 of the Project

2 The Project for Institutional Development of Air Quality Management in Vietnam HCMC, Roadmap

CHAPTER 2. OVERVIEW OF HOCHIMINH CITY, AIR QUALITY, AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT

2.1. Overview of Ho Chi Minh City 2.1.1. Current status Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) is the country’s largest city in terms of population and economy size. Its area is 2,297 km2, including 19 urban districts and 5 suburban districts. The total population is 7,955,000 people of which urban people is about 6,500,000 residents in 2014. Climate of HCMC is classified as a tropical wet and dry feature. HCMC is an economic center of Vietnam and belongs to the key economic region of South Vietnam. It is concentrated with important economic, social, and cultural institutions, for example, industrial estate, transport system (road, airport, railway), hospital, university, market and so on. HCMC is developing fast with high rate of urbanization by expansion of urban area to the surrounding suburb regions. In addition, the development of new transport system as well as renovation of existing infrastructure system is being implemented significantly.

Figure 3 HCMC traffic network and neighboring provinces.

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2.1.2. Socio-economic development plan to 2020 The master plan on socio-economic development of HCMC to 2020 with orientations toward 2025 has been approved by the Prime Minister via Decision No. 2631/QD-TTg issued on 31 December 2013. This master plan is a framework for the development of HCMC in near future and is a basis for building separate master plan for each field of concern, such as land use, industry, transportation, energy, water supply, water treatment, and so on. The master plan will be used as a basis for assessment of socio-economic development of the city to its air quality in the future. 2.2. Current Air Pollution Sources and Air Quality 2.2.1. Transportation activities Air emission from mobile sources, including on-road and off-road vehicles, could be considered as one of main air pollution sources in the city with regarding to high absolute number of vehicles and high density of vehicles on city roads. (1) Air pollution sources from transportation In terms of vehicles registered in HCMC, the number of licensed vehicles from 2000 to 2013 has been summarized in Table 1. According to Vietnam Register, as of 1st January 2014, there are 13,387 disused cars in whole country according to Decrees No. 95/2009/NĐ-CP, of which there are 1,494 disused passenger vehicles and 1,030 disused freight vehicles in HCMC. There are no existing regulations on the usage life for motorcycles. In addition, a number of unknown bicycles, electrical bicycles and electrical motorbikes are used mostly by students and pupils. Table 1 Number of licensed vehicles from 2000 to 2013 in HCMC Number of being managed vehicle (vehicle) Year Cars Motorcycle Total 2000 131,182 1.569,355 1,700,537 2001 144,407 1,968,872 2,113,279 2002 158,172 2,284,870 2,442,042 2003 221,665 2,305,415 2,527,080 2004 252,861 2,428,989 2,681,850 2005 267,815 2,557,621 2,825,436 2006 296,143 2,917,502 3,213,645 2007 326,679 3,338,913 3,665,592 2008 366,066 3,659,473 4,025,539 2009 408,688 4,071,567 4,480,255 2010 438,030 4,401,317 4,839,347 2011 489,423 4,984,354 5,473,777 2012 520,872 5,413,105 5,933,977 2013 487,638 5,899,193 6,386,831 Source: HCMC Road Traffic Police Department, HCMC Traffic Safety Committee. As a matter of fact, increasing rate for personal vehicles in HCMC is estimated as 11% annually, as presented in Table 2 below. Land area used for transportation accounts for only 7 – 8% of urban construction land (a reasonable request for a modern city is from 20 – 26%). Eventually, the higher density of vehicles on transportation road results in bad quality of transportation, which is characterized with slow moving of transport vehicles and traffic jams occurring with a high frequency. It is noted that vehicles moving unsteadily and in traffic jams would produce higher

4 The Project for Institutional Development of Air Quality Management in Vietnam HCMC, Roadmap

amount of pollutants. Table 2 Increasing rate for vehicles in HCMC in 2000-2012 Increasing rate (%/year) Period Cars Motorcycle Total 2001 – 2005 15,3 10,3 10,7 2006 – 2010 10,3 11,5 11,4 2001 – 2010 12,8 10,9 11,0 2002 – 2012 14,9 9,8

In addition, since HCMC is the economic center of Vietnam and the most important port for exporting/importing goods in South Vietnam, it naturally becomes an important hub of national roads and expressway with very high traffic volume. Therefore, apart from a huge number of vehicles registered in the city, a high number of vehicles from other regions travel from/to or pass through HCMC. The following table lists several important roads connecting to HCMC, as illustrated in Figure 2 below. Table 3 Important inter-region roads in HCMC Length in Important road Description Road section in HCMC HCMC Dong Nai bridge – Thu Duc 3-way Can Tho - HCMC – Da Nang – National road No. 1A intersection – Go Dua – An Suong – An 46.5 km Hanoi – Lang Son Lac – Binh Chanh HCMC – Binh Duong (Di An) – National road No. 1K Linh Xuan – Dong Hoa Dong Nai (Bien Hoa) (22 km) HCMC – Binh Duong – Binh National road No. 13 Hang Xanh – Vinh Binh bridge 9 km Phuoc National road No. 22 HCMC – Tay Ninh - Campodia An Suong – Phuoc Thanh 30.7 km National road No. 50 HCMC – Long An – Tien Giang Nhi Thien Duong bridge – Qui Duc 12 km Bien Hoa – Long Thanh – Tan National road No. 51 Belong to HCMC metropolitan area Thanh – Ba Ria - Vung Tau HCMC-Trung Luong HCMC – Long An – Tien Giang Cho Dem expressway HCMC –Long Thanh-Dau Giay HCMC – Dong Nai An Phu – Long Thanh bridge 12 km expressway Ben Luc- HCMC- Long An – HCMC – Dong Nai (58 Long Thanh - 26 km km) expressway Sai Gon bridge – Thu Duc 3-way Ha Noi boulevard HCMC – Dong Nai (Bien Hoa) intersection Binh Chanh – Binh Tan – District Vo Van Kiet – Thu Thiem tunnel – Mai Chi Dong Tay boulevard No. 6 – No. 8 – No. 5 – No. 1 – No. 21. 89 km Tho 4 – No. 2 Tan Binh – Go Vap – Binh Thanh – Ring Road No. 1 Tan Son Nhat – Binh Loi – Ring road No. 2 13.6 km Thu Duc Go Dua – An Suong – An Lac – Ho Ngoc Ring road No. 2 69 km Lam – Nguyen Van Linh – Phu My HCMC (District No. 9, Binh Ring road No. 3 Chanh, Cu Chi, Hoc Mon) – Binh - 89.3 km Duong – Dong Nai – Long An HCMC – Binh Duong – Dong Nai – Ring road No. 4 - Long An

5 The Project for Institutional Development of Air Quality Management in Vietnam HCMC, Roadmap

Figure 4 Planning of ring roads of HCMC (outer line is Ring road No. 4) In addition, construction of new transport system and renovation of existing transport and other kind of infrastructure in HCMC recently contributes to worse situation of transportation. The occupancy of roadway and sidewalk for building roads, bridge, viaduct and the repair of drainage system, water supply, electrical transmission and communication network underground will entail higher risk of traffic jams and slower movement of vehicles. These facts will lead to increase higher amount of air pollution caused by dust and pollutants from road section of traffic jam. The following table presents the on-going projects for renovation and building of transport systems in 2014 and 2015. Table 4 On-going projects of road/railway construction in HCMC in 2014-2015 Projects Road influenced Location Renovation of Nguyen Hue, Le Thanh Ton road Nguyen Hue District No. 1 Go Vap, Binh Thanh, Thu Construction of Tan Son Nhat – Binh Loi road Ring road No. 1 Duc Tan Binh, Go Vap, Phu Extension of Hong Ha and Bach Dang roads Ring road No. 1 Nhuan Expansion of Ha Noi boulevard Ha Noi boulevard District No. 2, 9, Thu Duc Construction of Ring road No. 2 Ring road No. 2 District No. 2, 9, Thu Duc Le Van Sy-Tran Quoc Thao, Construction of Le Van Sy, Bong, Kieu bridges Dinh Tien Hoang, Phan Dinh District No. 1, 3, 6, Binh (over Nhieu Loc-Thi Nghe channel) & Hau Giang Phung-Hai Ba Trung, Hau Thanh, Phu Nhuan bridge (over Tan Hoa-Lo Gom channel) Giang District No. 1, 2, 9, Binh Construction of Ben Thanh – Suoi Tien railway Urban railway No. 1 Thanh, Thu Duc District No. 1, 3, 10, 12, Construction of Ben Thanh – Tham Luong railway Urban railway No. 2 Tan Binh, Tan Phu

(2) Air quality at transportation roads In 2013, the Centre for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring and Analysis (CENMA) under the HCMC DONRE has conducted ambient air quality monitoring at 6 semi-automatic stations to evaluate the impact of urban and traffic activities. The stations include:

6 The Project for Institutional Development of Air Quality Management in Vietnam HCMC, Roadmap

1. Hang Xanh (HX) (Binh Thanh district) 2. Phu Lam (PL) (District No. 6) 3. Dinh Tien Hoang – Dien Bien Phu (DTH) (District No. 1) 4. Go Vap (GV) (Go Vap district) 5. An Suong (AS) (District No. 12) 6. Nguyen Van Linh – Huynh Tan Phat (District No. 7) The level of Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) was observed to be higher than QCVN 05:2013 many times in semi-automatic stations. The highest average value of TSP at AS station is 0.61 mg/m3 (the value range 0.33-1.55mg/m3 ). The value of CO at sampling times are almost lower than QCVN, only sometimes is higher than QCVN, at station GV (1.9%), at DTH station (1.4%), at AS station (1.4%), and at TT station (0.6%). At AS station, the highest value is higher than QCVN 1.3 times (6/6/2013 in the morning), at DTH station the highest value is higher than QCVN 1.26 times (7/6/2013 and 13/08/2013 in the morning) and at GV station the highest value is higher than QCVN 2.26 times (10/05/2013 in the afternoon) and 21/09/2013 in the afternoon (higher than 1.38 times).

The value of NO2 in sometimes is higher than QCVN 05:2013. The annual value of NO2 at AS station and DTH station ia the same (0.19 mg/m3) lower than QCVN 05:2013. The highest value of Pb at DTH station (0.41µg/m3), at AS station (0.39µg/m3), at PL station (0.38µg/m3), at TT station (0.37µg/m3), at GV station (0.33µg/m3), HX (0.28 µg/m3). Besides, the following shows the yearly trends of the concentration of some of the major air pollutants measured from 2010 to 2012 by CENMA of HCMC DONRE in 6 semi-automatc monitoring stations. 1) CO The yearly trend of CO concentration at 6 stations is shown in the figure below. In comparison to 2010, CO concentration in 2012 was lower in all of 6 stations. HX station was 1.04 times lower; DTH-DBP was 1.22 times lower; PL was 1.12 times lower; AS station was 1.15 times lower; GV stations was 1.01 times lower; HTP – NVL was 1.11 times lower.

Figure 5 Yearly trend of average CO concentration at 6 stations Source: SOE of HCMC DOMRE, 2012

7 The Project for Institutional Development of Air Quality Management in Vietnam HCMC, Roadmap

2) TSP The yearly trend of TSP concentration at 6 stations is shown in the figure below. In comparison to 2010, TSP concentration in 2012 was higher in 3 stations: HX station was 1.09 times higher; DTH-DBP was 1.09 times higher; GV station was 1.07 times higher. The concentration was lower in 3 stations: PL station was 1.56 times lower; AS station was 1.24 times lower; HTP-NVL station was 1.11 times lower. In comparison to 2011, TSP concentration in 2012 was lower in 2 stations: PL station was 1.24 times lower; AS station was 1.06 times lower. TSP concentration was higher in 2 stations: DTH-DBP was 1.08 times higher; GV station was 1.03 times higher. TSP concentration in HX and HTP-NVL stations were equal to the values of 2011.

Figure 6 Yearly trend of average TSP concentration at 6 stations Source: SOE of HCMC DOMRE, 2012 3) NO2 The yearly trend of NO2 concentration at 6 stations is shown in the figure below. In comparison to 2010, NO2 concentration in 2012 was higher in 2 stations: PL station was 1.12 times higher; DTH-DBP was 1.05 times. The concentration was lower in 4 stations: HX station was 1.04 times lower; AS station was 1.08 times lower; DTH-DBP was 1.22 times lower; HTP-NVL was 1.25 times lower. In comparison to 2011, NO2 concentration in 2012 was higher in 3 stations: HX station was 1.08 times higher; PL station was 1.17 times higher; HTP-NVL was 1.06 times higher. The concentration was lower in 3 stations: DTH-DBP station was 1.09 times lower; AS station was 1.11 times lower; GV concentration was 1.01 times lower.

8 The Project for Institutional Development of Air Quality Management in Vietnam HCMC, Roadmap

Figure 7 Yearly trend of average NO2 concentration at 6 stations Source: SOE of HCMC DOMRE, 2012 4) Lead (Pb) The yearly trend of Pb concentration at 6 stations is shown in the figure below. In comparison to 2010, Pb concentration in 2012 was lower in 5 stations: HX station was 1.63 times lower; DTH-DBP station was 1.49 times lower; PL station was 1.35 times lower; GV station was 1.91 times lower; HTP-NVL was 1.34 times lower.

Figure 8 Yearly trend of average Pb concentration at 6 stations Source: SOE of HCMC DOMRE, 2012 2.2.2. Industrial entities Air emission from industrial entities contributes a major part to the quality of ambient air in the city. HCMC is landed for a number of industrial zones and industrial clusters which is distributed in

9 The Project for Institutional Development of Air Quality Management in Vietnam HCMC, Roadmap

various districts. (1) Industrial zone The following table presents industrial parks in HCMC, which are either established already or planned to be established in near future. Table 5 Industrial parks in HCMC No. Industrial parks Location Area Coverage 1 An Ha Binh Chanh (Binh Chanh commune) 123.51 ha 22% 2 Binh Chieu Thu Duc 27.34 ha 100% 3 Cat Lai II District No. 12 124 ha 88.74% 4 Dong Nam Cu Chi (Binh My, Hoa Phu) 342.53 ha 27.68% 5 Hiep Phuoc Nha Be 314.4 ha (stage 1) 91.61% (stage 1) 597 ha (stage 2) 6% (stage 2) 6 Hoa Phu Cu Chi (Hoa Phu, Tan Thanh Dong) 100 ha 11.82% 7 Le Minh Xuan Binh Chanh 100 ha 100% 8 Linh Trung I EPZ Thu Duc 62 ha 100% 9 Linh Trung II EPZ Thu Duc 61.7 ha 100% 10 Tan Binh Tan Binh 129.96 ha 100% 11 Tan Phu Trung Cu Chi 542.64 ha 24% 12 Tan Tao Binh Tan 380.15 ha 87.7% 13 Tan Thoi Hiep District No. 12 28.41 ha 100% 14 Tan Thuan EPZ District No. 7 300 ha 81% 15 Tay Bac Cu Chi Cu Chi 220 ha 97.3% 16 Vinh Loc Binh Tan (Binh Hung Hoa B) 203.18 ha 100% Source: http://www.hepza.hochiminhcity.gov.vn, assessed at 28 January 2015.

(2) Industrial cluster In addition to industrial zones, industrial clusters which usually have smaller area are established mostly in rural district for facilitating the development of economy of rural areas. The following table describes some industrial clusters which are already operated in HCMC. Table 6 List of industrial clusters in HCMC No Industrial cluster Location Area 1 Hochiminh city automobile Cu Chi (Hoa Phu, Tan Thanh Dong) 100 ha 2 Da Phuoc Binh Chanh (Da Phuoc) 117 ha 3 Pham Van Coi Cu Chi 75 ha 4 Tan Quy A Cu Chi 65 ha 5 Tan Quy B Cu Chi 97 ha 6 Long Son District No. 9 (Long Son) 25 ha 7 District No. 2 District No. 2 (Cat Lai) 18 ha 8 Tan Thoi Nhi Hoc Mon 87 ha 9 Tan Hiep A Hoc Mon 25 ha 10 Tan Hiep B Hoc Mon 40 ha 11 Nhi Xuan Hoc Mon 180 ha 12 Dong Thanh Hoc Mon 36 ha 13 Duong Cong Khi Hoc Mon 55 ha 14 Bau Tran Cu Chi 95 ha 15 Sai Gon agriculture corporation Binh Chanh 89 ha 16 Tran Dai Nghia Binh Chanh 50 ha 17 Quy Duc Binh Chanh 70 ha 18 Tan Tuc Binh Chanh 40 ha 19 Long Thoi Nha Be 57 ha 20 Binh Khanh Can Gio 97 ha 21 Hiep Thanh District No. 12 50 ha 22 Binh Dang District No. 8 33 ha 23 Phu My District No. 7 80 ha Source: http://www.techftc.com

(4) Craft village There are 19 craft villages in suburban areas of HCMC, which are located in 7 different districts.

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The number of craft villages in each district is summarized in the following table. Table 7 Some craft villages in HCMC District Nos. of craft villages Production process Go Vap 1 Ornamental flowers: take care and supply District No. 12 2 Crocodile, bonsai & flower Thu Duc 1 Bonsai & flower Cu Chi 4 Rice paper, knitting, bamboo blind, pet Hoc Mon 3 Noodle, buffer knitting, bamboo product knitting Binh Chanh 7 Incense, ornamental bonsai, chicken-feather broom, bamboo stick Can Gio 1 Salt production Source: http://www.trungtamqlkdg.com.vn/Index.aspx?urlid=newsdetail&itemid=3438

(5) Other manufacturing entities There are 2 power plants, 22 chemical fertilizer, 51 cement, and 375 steel factories in HCMC currently. Some examples are presented in the following table. Table 8 Several Power Plants,Chemical Fertilizer, Cement, and Steel Factories in HCMC

No. Name of enterprise Location Characteristics Capacity Power plant 1 Thu Duc thermopower Co., Ltd. Thu Duc (Truong Tho) Thermopower plant 160 MW 2 Hiep Phuoc thermopower plant Nha Be (Hiep Phuoc) Thermopower plant 375 MW Chemical fertilizer 1 Phuoc Hung commerce- Binh Chanh (Tan Tuc town) Fertilizer 6,500 ton/year production Co., Ltd. 2 Nong Sinh Co., Ltd. Go Vap (No. 12) Fertilizer 3 COVAC production entity Hoc Mon (Dong Thanh) Fertilizer 4 Mai Xuan trade-production Co., Go Vap (No. 11) Fertilizer Ltd. 5 An Lac I enterprise Binh Tan Fertilizer 6 Thu Duc production entity Thu Duc (Truong Tho) Fertilizer 7 Hoa Binh production entity Tan Phu (Son Ky) Fertilizer Cement 1 Fico Pan-United concrete JSC District No. 9 (Long Binh) Fresh concrete 1,000 m3/month 2 Nam Viet JSC District No. 9 (Phuoc Long B) Firo cement roof 208,833 sheet/year Ha Tien 1 cement JSC- Phu Huu 3 District No. 9 (Phu Huu) PCB 40 cement 75,000 ton/month grinding station Trung Truc construction- District No. 9 (Long Thanh 4 Concrete pile 3.200 m/month service-commerce Co., Ltd. My) District No. 9 (Long Thanh 5 Hai Au concrete JSC Fresh conrete 20,000 m3/year My) Steel Kim Cuong commerce-production Aluminum pot, inox 1 District No. 9 (Hiep Phu) 55 ton/month aluminum inox Co., Ltd. pot District No. 9 (Tang Nhon Phu 2 Nippovina Co., Ltd. Steel roof, purlin 400 ton/month A) Construction iron, V 3 Tan Dong Son Co., Ltd. District No. 9 (Phuoc Binh) 500 ton/month steel Tan Quang aluminum alloy Co., 4 District No. 9 (Phuoc Long B) Aluminum alloy 1269 ton/month Ltd. Steel sheet, steel 5 Nghiep Phong mechanical Co., Ltd. Binh Chanh shape Hiep Thanh Phuc Iron, steel 6 commerce-production steel Co., production-commerce Ltd. Source: Subcontract report prepared by IER, 2013

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(6) Air quality from manufacturing entities VEA has implemented air quality monitoring programs in some industrial areas in HCMC in 2013 by using mobile and automatic monitoring stations. The following table describes the information of monitoring sites measured by VEA in 2013. Table 9 Air quality monitoring sites in HCMC in 2013 by VEA (mobile and automatic monitoring stations) No. Monitoring sites Purpose Parameters 1 Cu Chi northwest industrial area 2 Tan Binh industrial area 3 Le Minh Xuan industrial area 4 Hiep Phuoc industrial area 5 Cat Lai industrial area 6 Vinh Loc industrial area PM10, SO2, CO, NO, NO2, 7 Tan Thuan export processing zone Industrial NOx, O3, Benzene, Toluene, Xylene 8 Linh Trung I export processing zone 9 Binh Chieu industrial area 10 Linh Trung II export processing zone 11 Tan Thoi Hiep industrial area 12 Tan Tao industrial area Residential near Tan Binh IA (near Son Ky 1 apartment) Residential near Tan Binh IA (near Tri Duc 2 primary school)

3 Residential in Phu My Hung urban area PM10, SO2, CO, NO, NO2, 4 Residential near Tan Thuan EPZ Resident near NOx, O3, Benzene, Toluene 5 Residential near Le Minh Xuan IA industrial area Xylene 6 Residential near Vinh Loc IA 7 Residential in An Phu (near SaiGon river) 8 Residential near Linh Trung I EPZ 9 Residential near Linh Trung II EPZ 10 Residential near Hiep Phuoc IA Source: Subcontract report prepared by IER, 2013

Location of air quality monitoring sites in HCMC by mobile and automatic station of VEA are illustrated in the below figure.

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Figure 9 Map of air quality monitoring sites in HCMC by mobile and automatic stations. (Rectangle pink points are location of industrial area monitoring sites; green circle points are location of residential area monitoring sites) Source: Subcontract report prepared by IER, 2013 The major findings of the monitoring by VEA in 2013 are summarized below. 1) IZ/ EPZ

- The value of SO2 in the IZ/EPZ is much lower than QCVN 05:2013 in monitoring period of 3 2013. Average values for 24 hour is 125 g/m . SO2 concentration values range of 24.85 to 100.76 g/m3, less than 1.24 to 5.03 times compared with QCVN 05:2013 for the average 24-h. - The value of NOx in the ambient air in the IZ/EPZ of Ho Chi Minh City in 2013 ranged from 15.19 to 48.31 g/m3 lower than QCVN 05:2013 (100 g/m3 for 24-hour average) from 2.07 to 6.58 times. - The value of CO in the IZ/EPZ in 2013 is lower than QCVN 05:2013 from 3.85 to 10.0 times. Results CO values measured in 2013 ranged from 944.5 to 5545.3 g/m3 (QCVN 05:2013, average for 8 hours is 10,000 g/m3). - The value of ozone in the IZ/EPZ measured in 2013 ranged from 27.90 to 169.46 g/m3. Compared with QCVN 05:2013 (QCVN: 120 g/m3 for average 8 hour). The results showed that there are 6/12 stations are higher than QCVN 05:2013 about 1.16 to 1.41 times. - There are 5/12 measurement sites has the value of PM10 exceed QCVN 05: 2013 from 1.05 – 1.63 times. PM10 monitoring values measured at 12 monitoring locations in 2013 ranged from 72.60 to 244.09  g/m3. - Toluene value ranged from 1.55 to 51.39 g/m3 which is less than QCVN 06: 2009, 1h average is 500 g/m3) about 9.73 to 322.62 times. For xylenes, the concentration are very low values, the concentration ranged from 16.72 to 146.00 g/m3, compared with QCVN (QCVN 06:2009, 1h average) is less than 6.85 to 59,80 times. For benzene, 100% monitoring

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location have concentration of Benzene is lower than QCVN 06:2009. Benzene concentrations measured at the monitoring sites in 2013 ranged from 0.53 to 15.79 g/m3. 2) Residential areas near IZ/EPZ

- The monitored value of SO2 in the residential area around IZ / EPZ and urban area in 2012 ranged from 8.11 to 88.18 g/m3 which is lower than QCVN 05:2013 (24h average is 125 g/m3) about 1.42 - 15.42 times. - NOx highest value measured at station A1 (KDC beside Hiep Phuoc Industrial Zone) with value of 25.44 g/m3. NOx values at all monitoring sites are lower than QCVN 05: 2013 from 3.93 to 8.94 times. - CO concentration values ranged from 949.9 to 2400.5 g/m3, monitoring values at all sites are lower than QCVN 05:2013 (QCVN: g/m3 10,000 - an average of 8 hours) from 4.17 to 10.53 times. - The values of Ozone monitoring in 2013 at residential area and at IZ / EPZ are similar. The values ranged from 48.15 to 115.60 g/m3. The values of Ozone at all monitoring sites are smaller than QCVN 05:2013 about 1.04 to 2.49 times. - The value of PM10 measured in residential areas ranged from 24.32 to 187.84 g/m3. In measurement, 1/10 air monitoring sites at residential area having concentration in 2013 is higher than QCVN 05: 2013 (QCVN: 150 g/m3) about 1.25 times. - Toluene monitoring values ranged from 11.68 to 42.47 g/m3 are less than 1-hour average values of QCVN 06:2009 (QCVN: 500 g/m3) from 11.77 to 42.81 times. - For Xylene, monitoring values are relatively low. These values range from 134.48 to 546.75 g/m3 which is lower than QCVN 06:2009 about 1.83 to 7.44 times. - For Benzene, in the year of 2013, there are 11/12 monitoring sites having concentration lower than QCVN 06:2009. The monitoring values of Benzene ranged from 3.30 to 27.70 g/m3, except for Residential site beside Linh Trung EPZ which has concentration higher than QCVN 06 : 2009 about 1.26 times. 2.2.3. Non-point sources (1) Construction activities Dust from construction activities during development of new buildings and new urban area as well as vehicles and instruments used for construction should be considered. Recently, HCMC is developing a number of new urban area and high building throughout its area, as listed as examples in the following table. Table 10 Several developing urban areas in HCMC New urban area Area Location Vinhomes central park 43 ha Binh Thanh Thu Thiem new urban area 657 ha District No. 2 Masteri Thao Dien 8 ha District No. 2 (Thao Dien) Binh Khanh 38.4 ha District No. 2 (Binh Khanh) Pho Dong village 41 ha District No. 2 (Cat Lai) Phu My Hung (Phu Gia, Lam Thien Luc District No. 7 (Tan Phong, Tan Phu) Dia, My Kim, My Tu, My Hoang, Nam Do, Nam Quang, My Gia, My Phu) Van Phuc riverside 198 ha Thu Duc (Hiep Binh Phuoc) Binh Chieu new urban area 21.2 ha Thu Duc (Binh Chieu) GS metrocity 349 ha Nha Be (Nhon Duc, Phuoc Kien) The Sun City Phuoc Kien 11 ha Nha Be (Phuoc Kien) Viet Phu garden 87 ha Binh Chanh (Phong Phu)

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Intresco 13E 32 ha Binh Chanh (Phong Phu)

In addition, dust from transport of construction materials is another source of pollutant. Further, construction of road always accompanies with spread of dust on nearby roads. (2) Others According to the annually report on the environmental status in HCMC, air emission from residential activities as well as agricultural activities are relatively small compared with other pollution sources. 2.2.4. Referential information of air quality monitoring A research institute under HCMC National University has been conducting the regular air quality monitoring from 2010 to 2013, at 12 stations as Industrial Zones (IZ)/ Processing Zones (PZ) and at 10 stations as residential areas around IZ/ PZ. The monitoring parameters are SO2, NOx, CO, Ozone, PM10, and Benzene, at every station with the frequency of twice a year. The locations of the above stations are shown in the previous figure (Figure 9), and the yearly trend of average concentration of respective air pollutants is depicted hereinafter. Although the Toluene and Xylene have been also measured regularly as parameters of VOCs, the measured values are not showing the serious findings. Thus these 2 parameters are omitted from the summary below. (1) Monitoring results in IZ/ PZ 1) SO2 in IZ/ PZ Monitoring result (figure below) showed that SO2 value in IZ/ PZ in 2013 was much lower than limits of QCVN 05:2013, 24 hour average (125µg/m3). SO2 value fluctuated from 24.85 – 100.76µg/m3, lower from 1.24 to 5.03 times in comparison with limits of QCVN 05:2013, 24 hour average. SO2 value in 2013 was higher than it in 2011 at 8/12 monitoring points from 1.29 – 8.55 times. Similarly, SO2 in 2013 was higher than it in 2012 at 8/12 monitoring points from 1.06 – 4.93 times. Hiep Phuoc IZ had the lowest SO2 value of 24.84µg/m3. This can be explained that Hiep Phuoc IZ has big area of green trees and been located near big river, so big wind and free space are favorable conditions for the spreading and limiting bad impact of air emission. SO2 measured in 2013 tended to increase against 2012 and 2011, at the same time the minimum value of SO2 increased rapidly by time (min value was 12.90µg/m3 in 2012 and 24.85 µg/m3 in 2013).

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Monitored data in 2013: BC CL HP LMX LTI LTII TB TT TTH TTh TBCC VL 28.29 34.36 24.85 30.35 100.76 31.79 69.69 60.5 47.14 49.62 58.06 31.68 Figure 10 (1) SO2 Value in IZ/ PZ in/ near HCMC from 2010 to 2013 Source: Subcontract report prepared by IER, 2014 Note: BC: Binh Chieu IZ; CL: Cat Lai IZ, HP: Hiep Phuoc IZ, LMX: Le Minh Xuan IZ, LTI, Linh Trung 1 IZ, LTII: Linh Trung 2 IZ; TB: Tan Binh IZ; TT: Tan Tao IZ; TTH: Tan Thoi Hiep IZ; TTh: Tan Thuan IZ; TBCC: North West Cu Chi IZ; VL: Vinh Loc IZ 2) NOx in IZ/ PZ According to the figure below, NOx value in the ambient air in IZs/PZs of HCMC in 2013 fluctuated from 15.19 – 48.31µg/m3, lower than limits of QCVN 05:2013 (100µg/m3- 24 hour average) from 2.07 to 6.58 times. The highest value of NOx measured in North West Cu Chi IZ reached 48.31 µg/m3. Binh Chieu IZ had the lowest NOx value of 15.19µg/m3. When comparing the measurement data in 2013 against 2011, NOx value was 2.01 time higher at 1/12 measurement points. Comparing the measurement data in 2013 against 2012, NOx value was 1.16 to 2.67 time higher at 3/12 measurement points. The NOx value tended to increase rapidly by time in some IZs (Ex: North West Cu Chi IZ). However, all values were still within the allowable limits of QCVN. The monitoring data has also shown that, NOx value increased at rush hours (time that workers come to work and leave work)due to the high traffic volume, after the rush hours, the NOx value became stable again.

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Monitored data in 2013: BC CL HP LMX LTI LTII TB TT TTH TTh TBCC VL 15.19 15.85 30.5 16.59 18.96 21.52 18.63 19.21 21.48 15.7 48.31 22.34 Figure 10 (2) NOx Value in IZ/ PZ in/ near HCMC from 2010 to 2013 Source: Subcontract report prepared by IER, 2014 3) CO in IZ/ PZ According to the figure below, CO value in IZ/ PZs in 2013 was lower than QCVN 05: 2013 from 3.85 to 10.0 times. Measurement value of CO in 2013 fluctuated from 94.5 to 554.3 µg/m3 (QCVN 05:2013, 24 hour average is 10,000 µg/m3). The highest CO value measured in Linh Trung 2 IZ reached 5545.3 µg/m3. Tan Thoi Hiep IZ had the lowest CO value of 944.5 µg/m3. CO value in 2013 was not remarkably higher than 2011 value, only from 1.02 – 1.12 times at 6/12 measurement points. Similarly, CO value in 2013 was higher than 2012 from 1.02 to 2.13 times at 8/12 measurement points. Thus, CO value measured in 2013 tended to increase slightly by time (CO value in 2013 increased slightly against 2011 in some IZ/ PZs like in North West Cu Chi IZ). However, Co value measured in the ambient air in IZs/ PZs in HCMC was still lower than allowable limit of QCVN. The above results also reflected that CO tended to increase by time at 8/12 monitoring points.

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Monitored data in 2013: BC CL HP LMX LTI LTII TB TT TTH TTh TBCC VL 1211.93 1193.22 1546.28 1685.72 1219.8 5545.31 1691.34 1465.03 944.5 2194.35 1881.98 2164.23 Figure 10 (3) CO Value in IZ/ PZ in/ near HCMC from 2010 to 2013 Source: Subcontract report prepared by IER, 2014 4) Ozone in IZ/ PZ According to the figure below, Ozone value in IZs/ PZs measured in 2013 fluctuated from 27.90 – 169.46 µg/m3. Of which, the highest Ozone value measured in Tan Tao IZ and the lowest Ozone value was found in Tan Thuan IZ. Comparing with QCVN 05:2013, (allowable limit: 120 µg/m3, 8 hour average) Ozone value was higher from 1.16 to 1.41 time at 6/12 measurement points.

Monitored data in 2013: BC CL HP LMX LTI LTII TB TT TTH TTh TBCC VL 32.77 140.17 75.65 98.97 139.93 145.73 140.35 169.46 70.5 27.9 151.64 114 Figure 10 (4) Ozone Value in IZ/ PZ in/ near HCMC from 2010 to 2013 Source: Subcontract report prepared by IER, 2014

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5) PM10 in IZ/ PZ According to the figure below, PM10 value exceed QCVN 05:2013 from 1.05 to 1.63 time at 5/12 measurement points in IZs/ PZs. PM10 value measured at 12 monitoring points in 2013 fluctuated from 72.60 – 244.09 µg/m3. Air pollution caused by dust in IZs/ PZs in 2013 did not vary equally at all monitoring points. Monitoring results over years showed that PM10 pollution increased by times at 7/12 IZs/ PZs and reduced at 5/12 IZs/ PZs. This was clearly proved when we compare PM10 data in recent years. PM10 value measured in 2012 showed that 5/12 IZs/ PZs had dust value exceeding QCVN, similarly, 5/12 IZs/ PZs had dust value exceeding QCVN. However, position / location of QCVN exceeding points in 2012 were different with 2013. This monitoring result showed that, IZs/ PZs with dust value exceeding QCVN were located near traffic routes or in residential areas such as Tan Binh IZ which is located in high residential area. The highest PM10 value was measured in Tan Binh IZ and the lowest PM10 value was measured in Binh Chieu IZ. These results sounded reasonably because Tan Binh IZ was impacted by traffic, living and internal activities inside the IZ, besides, Hip Phuoc IZ also had PM10 value exceeding QCVN because this is the location of many cement factories. Together with Ozone, fine dust (PM10) and total dust are alarming pollutants in HCMC. PM10 value exceed QCVN in many places. The high PM 10 value will create a great impact to community’s health. Therefore, it is necessary to apply measures to limit PM10 value in the atmosphere.

Monitored data in 2013: BC CL HP LMX LTI LTII TB TT TTH TTh TBCC VL 72.6 157.21 200.66 138.38 118.25 96.24 244.09 135.5 121.89 122.81 182.52 163.3 Figure 10 (5) PM10 Value in IZ/ PZ in/ near HCMC from 2010 to 2013 Source: Subcontract report prepared by IER, 2014 6) Benzene in IZ/ PZ In 2013, benzene concentration met allowable limits of QCVN in all monitoring points. Benzene concentration in 2013 fluctuated from 0.53 to 15.79 µg/m3, however, the Benzene concentration in Tan Thuan IZ was still rather high, though it was still within allowable limits. In 2010, 2011, and 2012, 1/12 IZs/ PZs had Benzene value exceeding QCVN, but in 2013 no IZ/ PZ exceeded QCVN

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in term of Benzene concentration. Specifically, Tan Thuan IZ had a decreasing Benzene concentration from 2010 up to now (2010: 33.6 µg/m3; 2011: 27.12 µg/m3, 2012: 23.43 µg/m3, 2013: 15.79 µg/m3).

Figure 10 (6) Benzene Value in IZ/ PZ in/ near HCMC from 2010 to 2013 Source: Subcontract report prepared by IER, 2014 (2) Monitoring results in residential areas around IZ/ PZ 1) SO2 in residential areas According to the figure below, SO2 value in urban zones and residential zones around IZs/ PZs in 2012 fluctuated from 8.11 to 88.18 µg/m3, was lower than QCVN 05: 2013 from 1.42 to 15.42 times (QCVN for 24 hour average: 125 µg/m3). The result also showed that the SO2 concentration was high in places with high traffic volume. However SO2 value in the air in 6/12 monitoring points met with allowable limit. In general, the measurement results in 6/12 monitoring points in 2013 were higher than results in 2012 from 1.24 to 2.65 times. Among them, SO2 value in Tan Binh – Son Ky high residential zone increased rather fast, 2.45 time higher than 2012 and 12.18 time higher than 2011. This proved that SO2 value was increasing by time in residential zones around IZ/ PZ.

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Figure 10 (7) SO2 Value in residential areas near IZ/ PZ from 2010 to 2013 Source: Subcontract report prepared by IER, 2014 2) NOx in residential areas NOx value in ambient air besides IZs/ PZs and in urban zones in 2013 was lower than that in IZs/ PZs, but not much. In these points, the NOx value fluctuated from 11.9 to 25.44 µg/m3. The lowest NOx value of 11.19 µg/m3 was found in A10 (Phu My Hung). The reason is Phu My Hung is a wide zone with many opened spaces leading to an easy pollution spreading away. The highest NOx of 25.44 µg/m3 was measured in A1 (RZ near Hiep Phuoc IZ). NOx value in all monitoring points was lower than allowable limit of QCVN 05:2013 from 3.93 to 8.94 times. Comparing measurement data in 2013 against that in 2011, NOx value in 10/10 monitoring points was lower from 1.27 to 4.2 times.

Figure 10 (8) NOx Value in residential areas near IZ/ PZ from 2010 to 2013 Source: Subcontract report prepared by IER, 2014

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3) CO in residential areas CO measured in 2013 showed that CO valued in all residential zones was similar to CO value in IZs/ PZs. In 2013, CO value fluctuated from 949.9 to 2,400.5 µg/m3, measured data in all monitoring point was lower than QCVN 05: 2013 from 4.17 to 10.53 times (allowable limits: 10,000 µg/m3 – 8 hour average). CO is the main output of the incomplete combustion process, transportation vehicles are the main pollution sources. In general, monitoring result of 5/10 residential zones in 2013 was higher than measurement valued in 2012 and there were 4/10 monitoring points having higher result compared to 2011. This result showed that CO value was increasing by time.

Figure 10 (9) CO Value in residential areas near IZ/ PZ from 2010 to 2013 Source: Subcontract report prepared by IER, 2014 4) Ozone in residential areas Ozone measured in 2013 showed that Ozone valued in all residential zones was similar to CO value in IZs/ PZs. In 2013, Ozone value fluctuated from 48.15 to 115.60 µg/m3, measured data in all monitoring point was lower than QCVN 05: 2013 from 1.04 to 2.49 times. The highest Ozone value of 48.15 µg/m3 was measured in A9 (An Phu). The lowest Ozone value of 115.60 µg/m3 was measured in A6 (Tan Binh –Son Ky). In general, monitoring result of 4/10 residential zones in 2013 was 1.02 to 1.05 times higher than measurement valued in 2012. Among monitoring points, A6 (Tan Binh – Son Ky) was concerned of Ozone situation because though Ozone value here still met QCVN, it kept increasing year by year.

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Figure 10 (10) Ozone Value in residential areas near IZ/ PZ from 2010 to 2013 Source: Subcontract report prepared by IER, 2014 5) PM10 in residential areas According to the figure below, PM10 value was lower than that in IZs/ PZs. PM10 value measured in RZs is fluctuating from 24.32 to 187.84 µg/m3. Of which, 1/10 ambient air monitoring points in RZs in 2013 had PM10 value exceeding QCVN 05: 2013 about 1.25 time (allowable limit: 150 µg/m3). The highest PM10 value of 187.84 µg/m3 was measured in LE Minh Xuan (A2), and the lowest PM10 value of 24.32 µg/m3 was measured in Tan Binh near Son Ky residential building (A5). The PM10 value in Le Minh Xuan was high because the measurement point was near traffic route with high traffic volume, so the measurement value was effected strongly.

Figure 10 (11) PM10 Value in residential areas near IZ/ PZ from 2010 to 2013 Source: Subcontract report prepared by IER, 2014

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6) Benzene in residential areas In 2013, Benzene value in 11/12 monitoring points met allowable limits. Benzene value fluctuated from 3.30 to 27.70 µg/m3. Only in RZ near Linh Trung 2 IZ, Benzene value exceeded QCVN 1.26 times. Benzene monitoring results in 2013 did not change much compared with value in 2012.

Figure 10 (12) Benzene Value in residential areas near IZ/ PZ from 2010 to 2013 Source: Subcontract report prepared by IER, 2014 2.3. Legal Framework for Air Quality Management in HCMC 2.3.1 National level (1) Management mechanism The following chart describes environmental management administration related to air quality in Vietnam especially for MONRE and DONRE.

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Prime Minister

Ministry of Natural Lines Ministries (e.g. Resources & Environment Other 6 Departments MOT, MOH, MOC, etc.) (MONRE)

Direct Management Division of Pollution Other 3 Control for Air & Divisions Professional Management Recycling Materials (KKPL)

Figure 11 Environmental management administration in Vietnam

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Issued No Legal Documents Name Issue date Organization 35/NQ-CP environmental protection Circular regulations on inspection for safety and technical 8. MOT 27/12/2012 56/2012/TT-BGTVT environmental protection for road traffic means Law No. National 9. Capital Law 21/11/2012 25/2012/QH13 Assembly Decision approving the national Environmental Protection Strategy Prime 10. 05/9/2012 1216/2012/QD/TTg to 2020, vision 2030 Minister Circular No. Regulations technical process of environmental monitoring 11. MONRE 01/8/2011 28/2011/TT-BTNMT of ambient air and noise. detailing a number of articles of Decree No. Circular 29/2011/ND-CP of the Government on strategic 12. MONRE 18/7/2011 26/2011/TT-BTNMT environmental assessment, environmental impact assessment, environmental protection commitment Decree No. strategic environmental assessment, environmental impact 13. Government 18/4/2011 29/2011/ND-CP assessment, environmental protection commitment guiding the implementation of Decree 95/2009/ND-CP Circular 14. dated on 30/10/2009 stipulated expiry date for freight cars MOT 10/8/2010 21/2010/TT-BGTVT and passenger cars Decision No. approve the Scheme emission control motorcycle, Prime 15. 17/6/2010 909/QD-TTg motorbike in the city, and province Minister Decree 16. stipulated expiry date for freight cars and passenger cars Government 95/2009/ND-CP 30/10/2009 Circular regulations on quality safety control and environmental 17. MOT 15/10/2009 23/2009/TT-BGTVT: protection for special-purpose motorcycles Circular on technical safety inspections and environmental 18. MOT 24/6/2009 10/2009/TT-BGTVT protection for road transport means Law No. National 29 /11 19. Law of Environmental Protection 52/2005/QH11 Assembly /2005 Decision regulations for applicable roadmap of emission standards Prime 20. 10/10/2005 249/2005/QD-TTg for motor vehicles road Minister Promulgating of roadmap for application of emission Decision Prime 21. standard on vehicles and motorcycles procured, assembled, 01/09/2011 49/2011/QD-TTg Minister and imported newly Source: Prepared by JET The following table describes quality standards for air quality management. Table 12 Quality standards for air quality management Issued Issued Standard Name organization date Ambient air quality QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT National Technical Regulation on Ambient Air Quality MONRE 25/10/2013 National technical regulation on hazardous substances in QCVN 06:2009/BTNMT MONRE 07/10/2009 ambient air Emission from point sources National Technical Regulation on the emission of health care QCVN 02:2012/BTNMT MONRE 28/12/2012 solid waste incinerators National Technical Regulation on Industrial Emission of QCVN 19:2009/BTNMT MONRE 16/11/2009 Inorganic Substances and Dusts National Technical Regulation on Industrial Emission of QCVN 20:2009/BTNMT MONRE 16/11/2009 Organic Substances National Technical Regulation on Emission of Chemical QCVN 21:2009/BTNMT MONRE 16/11/2009 Fertilizer Manufacturing Industry National Technical Regulation on Emission of Thermal QCVN 22:2009/BTNMT MONRE 16/11/2009 Power industry National Technical Regulation on Emission of Cement QCVN 23:2009/BTNMT MONRE 16/11/2009 Manufacturing Industry National Technical Regulation on Industrial Waste QCVN 30:2012/BTNMT MONRE 28/12/2012 Incinerator National Technical Regulation on Emission of Reﬁning and QCVN 34:2010/BTNMT MONRE 29/12/2010 Petrochemical Industry of Inorganic Substances and Dusts QCVN 51:2013/BTNMT National Technical Regulation on Emission for Steel Industry MONRE 25/10/2013

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Fuel quality National technical regulation on gasoline, diesel fuel oils and QCVN 1:2009/BKHCN MOST 30/09/2009 biofuels Emission from mobile sources National technical regulation on emission of gaseous QCVN 04:2009/BGTVT pollutants from assembly – manufactured motorcycles, MOT 19/11/2009 mopeds and new imported motorcycles, mopeds National technical regulation on emission of gaseous QCVN 05:2009/BGTVT pollutants from assembly-manufactured automobiles and new MOT 19/11/2009 imported automobiles General structure, quality, emission from mobile sources National technical regulation on exhaust pipes of motorcycles QCVN 29:2010/BGTVT MOT 01/12/2010 and mopeds National technical regulation on safety and environmental QCVN 09:2011/BGTVT MOT 17/11/2011 protection for automobiles National technical regulation on safety and environmental QCVN 10:2011/BGTVT MOT 17/11/2011 protection for urban bus National technical regulation on quality, safety and QCVN 11:2011/BGTVT MOT 17/11/2011 environmental protection for trailer and semi-trailer National technical regulation on quality, safety and QCVN 13:2011/BGTVT MOT 17/11/2011 environmental protection for construction machinery Source: Prepared by JET 2.3.2 Local level (1) Management mechanism The following scheme describes management mechanism under HCMC people’s committee for environmental management in general and air quality management specifically.

HCMC PPC

DOC DOT DONRE DOIT DOPS

Hi‐Tech HEPZA park

District PPC

Figure 12 Management system for HCMC’s air environment Source: Subcontract report prepared by IER, 2014 Management issues related to air pollution in People's Committee of HCMC (PPC) are assigned according to the different levels and sectors, through assigning HCMC DONRE for the overall management of the environment in the city (including air pollution control). However, HCMC PPC also assigns for other departments/state agencies to manage environment at the different levels as follows:  Management Board of HCMC Export Processing and Industrial Zone Authority (HEPZA) is

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responsible for emission sources in export processing zones/industrial parks. HEPZA is responsible for testing, monitoring, evaluation and reporting of environmental impact assessment / environmental protection commitment.  Management Board of the Saigon Hi-Tech Park is responsible for air emission sources in the high-tech park.  HCMC DONRE is responsible for air emission sources in industrial clusters and entities outside of Export Processing Zones/industrial zones (scale of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is described in the Decree 29/2011/ND-CP).  District People's Committee is responsible for air emission sources in small scale of enterprises in their district area (scale of Environmental Protection Commitment (EPC) report is described in the Decree 29/2011/ND-CP).  Department of Public Security (DPS) collaborates with other agencies (DONRE, DOC, DOIT, etc.), districts and HEPZA to inspect and sanction irregular basis causing any air pollution without prior notice. In addition, HCMC PPC assigns some specific sector departments to control environment issues to enterprises in their own sector responsibility, as follows:  Air pollution sources from transport sector (transportation sector) are responsible by Department of Transport  Air pollution sources from construction materials sectors are responsible by Department of Construction  Air pollution sources from chemical sector are responsible by Department of Industrial and Trade. HCMC DONRE has the functions of: a) advising and assisting the municipal People's Committees in performing the function of State management over the city in the field of natural resources and environment, including land resources, water resources, mineral resources, geology, environment (including air quality resources), hydrometeorology, geodesy and cartography; b) integrated and unified management of marine and island issues; c) implementation of public services in areas under the jurisdiction of the Department The following scheme describes the organization of HCMC DONRE and its units.

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Figure 13 Organization structure of HCMC DONRE. Source: DONRE, 2014 Currently DONRE has 18 departments and subordinate units with a total of 832 staffs, employees and workers. Professional qualifications have 2 doctoral, 47 masters and 466 universities level (engineers). DONRE have three main divisions/units in charge directly of air quality management, including Inspection Division, Fund for Environmental Protection and Environmental Protection Agency. The following section presents briefly function and mandate of these three divisions. Functions and mandates of Inspection division under DONRE are:  To advise the Director of the Department performing the inspection, inspection, settlement of complaints and denunciations in the field of natural resources and environment; handle according to competence or propose competent authorities to handle violations of law in the field of natural resources and environment; prevention of corruption.  For the environment sector: inspection, testing and handling of legal protection environment, implement prevention, pollution, degradation, environmental incidents; Settlement of disputes, complaints and denunciations, proposals on the environment in accordance with law; Coordinate with the provinces to solve the problem of inter-provincial environment.  In addition, other inspectorates perform inspection functions tested in other areas such as land resources field, the field of water resources, mineral resources field, field of hydrometeorology, field of measure and map area, etc.

Functions and mandates of Fund for Environmental Protection:  Receive funds from the state budget and foreign capital;  Managing loans at preferential interest rates for enterprise for installing control system to

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treat air pollution  Sponsor and financial support for pollution remediation program. However, this fund can give a loan with limit budget because they have limit financial resources. HCMC Environmental Protection Agency (HEPA) has the function of:  Advising the Director of the DONRE in issuing, promulgating, approving legal documents, programs, plans, projects, projects concerning environmental protection in the city.  Implementing legislation, programs, plans, projects and proposals on environmental protection, which are approved and issued by the Central government, HCMC PPC, Director of DONRE.  Conduct EIA evaluation. HEPA has structure as described in the following figure. Divisions in charge directly of air quality are Pollution control division and Centre for environmental and natural resources monitoring and analysis. HEPA has total 106 personnel including 1 director and 2 deputy directors. The agency has 5 divisions and 1 center: 1) Environmental Pollution Inspection and Supervision division (pollution control division) has 1 head division and 3 deputy heads division and 13 employees; 2) Evaluation and assessment division has 1 head division and 2 deputy head division and 8 employees; 3) Environmental fee division has 1 head division and 3 deputy head division and 9 officers; 4) Planning and Human Resources division has 18 employees 5) Environmental information and media division has 12 employees 6) Center for environmental and natural resources monitoring and analysis (CENMA) has 32 public servants.

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Center for environmental monitoring and analysis

Source: HEPA, 2014 Figure 14 Organization structure of HEPA. Center for environmental and natural resources monitoring and analysis (CENMA) is a center under HEPA and was established in 2012 by HCMC PPC. This center is responsible to manage environmental monitoring activities of HCMC, including air quality monitoring. Currently, CENMA has totally of 30 staffs including 1 director, 4 head of divisions, 6 deputy head divisions. CENMA has 4 divisions: administration division, monitoring and analysis of environment division, information system and environmental data division, service consultant division. HCMC CENMA currently has not enough resources (such as human resources, environmental laboratory analysis, automatic air quality monitoring stations, etc) for conducting air quality monitoring. At the moment, the center signs contract with other organizations (including public and private sectors) to monitor environmental quality. Before 2009, there were 9 automatic air quality monitoring stations in HCMC. However, the stations have stopped working since 2008. The private sector such as IER measures by using method semi-automatic air quality monitoring stations for parameters: TSP, CO,

NO2, SO2, and noise level; IER also monitor air quality and air emission from chimney of enterprises by using TESTO equipment.

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Regarding Department of Transportation, the following scheme presents its organization.

Figure 15 Organization structure of DOT Source: DOT, 2014 The planning and investment division (PID) and three register centers of motor vehicles under DOT have some activities related to AQM. PID is responsible for making plan related to transportation sector for DOT. Three Register centers of motor vehicles names: (1) Register center of motor vehicles 50-01S; (2) Register center of motor vehicles 50-02S; and (3) Register center of motor vehicles 50-03S. The register centers are applying emission standards requested by government for vehicle exhaust check. Besides, there are several departments under HCMC PPC who have the role and mandates related to air quality management administration. - Department of Industry and Trade (DOIT) has the division of safety engineering and environment. The division is generally responsible for managing the environmental protection likely caused by industrial sector including the industrial air pollution control, although the mandates on AQM in the division has not been clearly defined. - There are also several departments which have the administrative functions related to AQM or air pollution control within their jurisdictional fields/ sectors, such as Department of Science and Technologies (DOST), Department of Construction (DOC), Department of Public Security (DOPS), etc. (2) AQM programs in HCMC Air quality monitoring network in HCMC includes 9 automatic stations and 6 semi-automatic stations.

32 The Project for Institutional Development of Air Quality Management in Vietnam HCMC, Roadmap

Air quality monitoring programs are conducted annually by HCMC CENMA. The list of air quality monitoring stations in HCMC is shown in the following tables. It is noted that the 9 automatic air quality monitoring stations have stopped working since 2008. Table 13 List of automatic air quality monitoring stations in HCMC No. Station name Address Purpose 1 Quang Trung (QT) District 12 Urban background 2 HCM city zoo (ZO) District 1 5 District 2 (D2) District 2 Residential 6 Tan Son Hoa (TS) Phu Nhuan District 3 Thong Nhat (TN) Tan Binh District Urban/Traffic 4 Binh Chanh (BC) Binh Tan District 7 DOSTE (DO) District 3 8 Hong Bang (HB) District 5 9 Thu Duc (TD) Thu Duc District Urban/Industrial Source: HEPA, 2006 Table 14 List of semi-auto air quality monitoring stations in HCMC No. Station name Address Purpose 1 Hang Xanh (HX) Binh Thanh District Urban/Traffic 2 Phu Lam (PL) District 6 3 Dinh Tien Hoang – Dien Bien Phu (DTH) District 1 4 Go Vap (GV) Go Vap District 5 An Suong (AS) District 12 6 Nguyen Van Linh – Huynh Tan Phat (TT) District 7 Source: HEPA, 2013 For semi-automatic air quality monitoring stations, monitoring frequency is 1h/sampling, 3 times/day, 10 days/month and monitoring parameters are TSP, CO, NO2, Noise level. Locations of air quality monitoring stations in HCM city are illustrated in the following figure.

33 The Project for Institutional Development of Air Quality Management in Vietnam HCMC, Roadmap

Figure 16 Map of air quality monitoring stations in HCMC Source: HEPA, 2014 In addition to regular monitoring program conducted by HCMC CENMA, inspection of air pollution sources is performed frequently by Inspection division of HCMC DONRE. Environmental check and inspection have been done to a number of entities in the last 2 years. To implement environmental check and inspection, HEPA has: a) coordinated with the Inspection division of DONRE, departments and units of DONRE and other departments under HCMC PPC, and districts b) resolved complaints reflecting the environment of organizations and individuals; c) checked the status of application law on environmental protection of enterprises, business services and health care in the city, d) strictly treated the cases of administrative violations in the field of protection environment. In 2013, the Department of Natural Resources and Environment has set up 35 inspection teams more, check the environmental field, land, water resources and minerals. The total number of inspections, tests was conducted 44 times, including: environment and water resources, minerals: 24 times at 226 units. The settlement of complaints: 05 work teams, 01 inspection teams. The implementation of state management functions: 01 inspection team. From the results of the inspection, advising DONRE City People's Committee issued Decision sanctioning of administrative violations in the field of environmental protection for 50 enterprises with a total fine of 4.688.150.000 VND. The results of 89 plants were collected related to air emission concentration from stacks in 2014. About 114 chimneys of the 89 plants have been measured in the exhaust air chimney. The plants come from energy industry, cement industry, steel industry, chemical fertilizer industry and so on. There are currently 2 factories in the list of serious environmental pollution factories in accordance with the Decision of the 64/QD-TTg of Prime Minister, including Ha Tien cement plant and Ba Son

34 The Project for Institutional Development of Air Quality Management in Vietnam HCMC, Roadmap

ship factory. Ba Son factory has controlled pollution but not completely.

The Project for Institutional Development of Air Quality Management in Vietnam HCMC, Roadmap

CHAPTER 3. ROADMAP TO DEVELOP AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR HOCHIMINH CITY

3.1. Proposed Contents of Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) Proposed contents of air quality management plan for HCMC is drafted as below. This draft is to illustrate the range of issues to be considered in the preparation of AQMP. It is anticipated that there will be substantial changes to this preliminary plan, format, and structure once the AQM plan is developed practically. In case that the government would provide the instruction for preparing the environmental protection planning to cities/ provinces in accordance with the revised LEP definition, the following contents proposed below would be expected to be integrated as one of the chapter specifying AQM into the whole environmental protection planning of HCMC. ------Table of contents Summary 1. Introduction 1.1. Background 1.2. Objective and scope 1.3. Approach 1.4. Working team 2. Overview of socio-economy status of HCMC: current situation and future trends (to 2020, vision to 2025) a) Administrative area b) Population & economic conditions c) Climate and meteorological conditions d) Land use e) Industrial area f) Transportation system g) Agriculture sector h) Solid waste management 3. Air emission sources and air quality in HCMC: current situation and future trends 3.1. Air emission inventory and air quality monitoring programs 3.2. Mobile sources a) On-road vehicles b) Off-road vehicles c) Trains d) Ships e) Airplanes 3.3. Point sources a) Manufacturing plants b) Storage site of fuel/solvent/chemicals 3.4. Non-point sources a) Residential activities: cooking, washing, refrigerator/air conditioner (ODS) b) Leak of pipeline: gas, gasoline, petroleum products

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c) Dust from transport of waste/construction materials, dusted roads, unpaved road, exposed soil surface d) Agricultural activities: pesticides 3.5. Solid waste treatment a) Open landfill site b) Burning of solid waste/hazardous waste c) Burning of unused agricultural byproducts 3.6. Greenhouse gases (GHG) Estimation of GHG emission from all activities (energy, transport, heavy industry, agriculture, forestry, waste management) 3.7. Total emission & spatial distribution: current situation 3.8. Total emission & spatial distribution: future trend 4. Legal framework for air quality management and pollution source control 4.1. National air quality laws, circulars, technical regulations, standards 4.2. AQM and pollution source control in HCMC a) Management structure and mechanism b) AQM program/plan/fund c) Air quality & emission monitoring programs 5. Issues and Constraints to be Tackled through AQMP Development and Implementation in HCMC 6. Vision and goals for AQMP of HCMC 6.1. Vision 6.2. Goals 6.3. Objectives 7. Air Quality Management Plan 7.1. Air quality management mitigation measures/activities a) Policies/regulations/mechanism b) Mitigation measures/activities 1. Mobile sources 2. Point sources 3. Non-point sources 4. Solid waste management 5. Greenhouse gases c) Monitoring programs d) Cost estimation and budget identification 7.2. Priority AQM measures/activities a) Policies/regulations b) Mitigation measures/activities c) Monitoring programs d) Cost estimation and budget identification 7.3. Schedule for implementation of AQMP 7.4. Recommendations/proposals for management at national level a) Policies (laws/decree/circular) b) Technical regulations (standards/guidelines) c) Environmental protection fund Appendices

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------It is noted that the other plans and programs related to AQM should be integrated in the course of the above AQMP formulation, such as decree No 49/2011 for emission standards of vehicles and motorbikes, biological fuel development program, etc. Also due attention should be paid on the related plans and programs specifically prepared for HCMC. 3.2. Structure of Developing AQMP in HCMC It is proposed that a Project Management Unit shall be set up by the People’s Committee of HCMC. The PMU will be responsible for the development of air quality management plan and directly reported to PPC. The PMU shall be administrated by a project manager (DONRE) and project coordinator (HEPA), and the members of PMU shall consist of the representatives from relevant city agencies, such as DPI, DOT, DOIT, and DOC, as presented in the following scheme. The PMU aims at facilitating AQMP development and fostering the acceptance of air quality management measures and programs proposed in the AQMP. In addition, a study team comprising experts in air quality management shall be established under PMU. The study team will identify problems, propose solutions, and conducting working plans for technical matters during the development of AQMP.

Project manager HCM City DONRE PC

Study Project coordinator team HEPA

Member DPI

Member DOT

Member DOIT

Member DOC

Figure 17 Structure Proposed for AQMP Development in HCMC

3.3 Stakeholders to be Involved in the Course of Formulation of AQMP To develop a pratical air quality management plan, the involvement of a variety of stakeholders to the development is indispensible. It is suggested that relevant authority agencies and core civil societies shall be invited to provide advice, comments, and feedback to vision and goals of the AQMP as well as detail content of the plan. The following talbe lists potential stakeholders which may be involved in the development of AQMP. Table 15 List of stakeholders to be involved in the AQMP development. Type of Stakeholder Detail description Overall administration DONRE and HEPA of HCMC

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Authority agency DOT, DOC, DOIT, DPI, etc in city level VEA/ MONRE in national level MOIT, MOT, MOC etc. whenever necessary. Industrial sector Associations of indsutrial sectors Representative of key indrustrial sectors such as power plants, constrcution, cement manufacturere, steal manufacturere, etc. Transportation sector Organizations of publc transportation, private firms such as taxi and express business, etc. Expertise gourps Research isntiturtes, University, etc. Civil society organizations Mass media. NGOs, Communities of districts and communes, etc. Others if any Agricultural sector, Forestry sector, Oraganizations related to solid waste management, etc. Source: Prepared by JET 3.4 Key activities to develop AQMP Current information on air pollution sources and implication of these sources to ambient air quality in HCMC is not sufficient and unclear. It is proposed that key activities to develop an AQMP for HCMC would be performed in four succedding stages. The sequence of the activities will firstly indentify baseline information of air pollution sources and ambient air quality, then set appropriate vision and goals for AQMP, and finally propose corresponding pollution control measures and air quality mangament programs. The proposed stages include: Stage 1: (3 months) Administrative arrangements  Establishing PMU and study team  Setting preliminary vision and goals by holding stakeholder meeting with study team  Preparing working plan and working schedule by study team Stage 2: (18 months) Collecting baseline data  Implementing emission inventory for main air pollution point sources - Industrial parks - Industrial clusters - Old industrial clusters - Craft villages - Individual industrial plants - Storage site of fuel/chemicals/solvent  Implementing emission inventory and measurement for air pollution due to transportation activities - Number of vehicles, emission status of typical unit of vehicles and motorcycles - Transportation network  Analysis of solid waste management program - Location of landfill site - Solid waste management and treatment  Analysis of non-point sources - Dust from construction, transportation - Agricultural activities - Residential activities - Leak of pipeline  Air quality monitoring - Review current air quality monitoring data - Design of suitable air quality monitoring program

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- Implement monitoring programs Stage 3: (3 months) Analysis of situation  Setting socio-economic senario and target year  Analysis of pollution load and ambient air status at current reproduction and target-year estimatation  Estimation of GHG emission: current and future trend  Setting vision and goals by stakeholder meeting Stage 4: (6 months) Preparation of Air Quality Management Plan  Proposing mitigation measures and programs - Control air emission from point sources - Control air emission from transportation (cleaner fuel) - Control air emission from non-point sources - Control air emission from agriculture sector - Control air emission from solid waste - Awareness raising and capacity building on AQM - Monitoring program  Proposing administrative measures and budgetary plan  Selection of priority measures  Preparation of AQMP and implementation schedule of AQMP  Sending AQMP to stakeholders for comments, holding stakeholder meeting and workshops for discussion 3.5 Roadmap for Formation of AQMP The roadmap for development of AQMP for HCMC is presented in the following table. The roadmap propose the list of activities which shall be implemented to formalize an AQMP for HCMC within two and a half years.

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Table 16 Roadmap for development of AQMP for HCMC Stage 1 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage and Activity for AQMP Stage 2 (18 months) Implication of resource (3 months) (3 months) (6 months) Development mobilization and expenditure* 1st Quarter2Q3Q4Q5Q6Q7Q8th Quarter9th Q10th Q Stage 1: Administrative Arrangement Stage 1 Establishing PMU and study team External expertise: 5 MM Direct expense: 10% of above Setting preliminary vision and goals by holding stakeholder meeting with study team Preparing working plan and working schedule by study team Stage 2: Collecting Baseline Data Stage 2

Attachment 20

Organizational Charts of MOT, MOIT, MOC, MOST, and MOH

MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT

Organization assisting the Minister in performing state management functions Service organizations

Planning & Investment Department Transport Development and Strategy Institute

Finance Department Institute of Transport Science and Technology Transport Infrastructure Department Institute for Transport Administration and Transport safety department Management Cadres Vietnam Aviation Academy Legislation department

Vietnam Maritime University Transport department

Science and technology department Ho Chi Minh City University of Transport

Environment department University of Transport technology

International cooperation department Transport college II

Personnel and organizing department Transport college III Inspectorate Central Transport College Enterprise management Department

Central Vocational college of transport I Management board for public-private projects

Office Central Vocational College of transport II

Directorate of Roads of Vietnam Central Vocational college of transport III

Vietnam Railway Administration Information Technology Center

Vietnam Inland waterway administration Transport newspaper Vietnam Maritime Administration Transport magazine Civil aviation authority of Vietnam

Transport Health Administration Ho Chi Minh road project management unit

Transport Engineering construction and Thang Long project management unit quality management bureau Project management unit 1 Vietnam Register Project management unit 85

Other To be in charge of environmental Science-Technology and Management including AQM. Science Department department s

Source: Subcontract work result of the Project (May 2014) Figure Att20-1 Organizational Chart of the Ministry of Transport (MOT)

MOIT MINISTERIAL LEADERS

Ministerial units Foreign Trade Administrative Offices units

Departments General departments, agencies

General Department of Energy

Market Surveillance Agency

Electricity Regulatory Authority of Vietnam

Vietnam Competition Authority

Vietnam Trade Promotion Agency

Agency of Foreign Trade Industrial and environmental pollution control Division Local industry Agency

Environmental Management Division Industrial Safety Techniques and Environment Agency Climate Change response Division Vietnam E-commerce and Information Technology Agency Other division Vietnam Chemicals Agency

The South Agency

Units in charge of Note: environmental management including AQM

Source: Subcontract work result of the Project (May 2014) Figure Att20-2 Organizational Chart of the Ministry of Industry and Trade (MOIT)

MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION MINISTRY LEADERS

Ministerial units Administrative units

Department of Architecture and Institute for Construction Economics Construction Planning

Institute for construction science and Department of Building materials technology

Department of Construction Economics National Institute for Architecture

Department of Science, Technology and National Institute for urban and rual Environment planning

Department of Planning and Finance Academy of Managers for Construction and Cities

Department of Enterprise management Construction Newspaper

Department of Legislation Construction Magazine Department of Organization and Personnel Information Center Ministry's Office

Ministry's Inspectorate Note: To be in charge of environmental Management including AQM Department of Construction Management

State Agency for Construction Quality Inspection

Agency for Urban Development

Agency for Infrastructure

Agency for Management of Housing and Real Estate Market

Agency for Southern affairs

Source: Subcontract work result of the Project (May 2014)

Figure Att20-3 Organizational Chart of the Ministry of Construction (MOC)

MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BOARD OF LEADERSHIP

Ministerial units Administrative units

Department of Social and Natural Sciences National Institute for science and technology policy and strategy studies

Department of Science and Technology for economic-technical branches Office for national key programmes

Department of technology appraisal, examination and Center for informatics assessment

Science and Development Newspaper Department of High Technology

Science activity magazine Department of Planning- Finance

Science and Technology Management school Department of International Cooperation

Department of Legislation

Department of Organization and Personnel

The Ministry Inspectorate Note: To be in charge of environmental Management including AQM The Office No stand-alone division and

Representative office in Southern Region

Department of Technology application and development

National Office of Intellectual Property

Vietnam atomic energy agency

National Agency for Science and Technology Information

Vietnam national agency for radiation and nuclear safety

Directorate for standards, metrology and quality Vietnam Standards and Quality Institute

Management Board of Hoa Lac High tech Park

Source: Subcontract work result of the Project (May 2014) Figure Att20-4 Organizational Chart of the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST)

INSTITUTE LEADERs

Department of General Professional Office for barcodes Department of Office for Quality Printing workshop Office Administration - Department (Vietnam QS1) Publication - Reward Accounting Issuance

Technical committees

TC46, TC228

TC69, TC12, TC/M3, TC/M9, TC176

Department of Quality Standard 1 TC5, TC8, TC10, TC11, TC17, TC21, TC22, TC23, TC26, Mechanical Engineering - Metallurgy TC39, TC58, TC70, TC79, TC84, TC86, TC96, TC104, TC135, TC164, TC174, TC178, TC199

Department of Quality Standard 2 TC/E1, TC/E2, TC/E3, TC/E4, TC/E5, TC/E6, TC/E7, Electricity - Electronics TC/E8, TC/E9, TC/E10

Department of Quality Standard 3 TC27, TC28, TC33, TC45, TC47, TC61, TC71, TC74, Chemical, Oil and Gas, Mining, Construction TC82, TC91, TC129, TC134, TC150, TC157, TC160, TC189

Department of Quality Standard 4 TC/F1, TC/F2, TC/F3, TC/F4, TC/F5, TC/F6, TC/F7, Agriculture, Food TC/F8, TC126TC/F9, TC/F10, TC/F11, TC/F12, TC/F13, TC/F14, TC/F15, TC/F16, TC/F17, TC126

Department of Quality Standard 5 TC6, TC38, TC48, TC94, TC120, TC133, TC138, TC181, Consumer products TC166

Department of Quality Standard 6 43, TC68, TC85, TC146, TC147, TC159, TC190, TC200, Environment TC207

Department of Quality Standard 7 JTC1, TC154 Information Technology

Note: Department of Quality standard 6 - Environment has 5 officers in charge of standards and regulations on environment including ambient air Source: Subcontract work result of the Project (May 2014) Figure Att20-5 Organizational Chart of the Vietnam Standards and Quality Institute

MINISTRY OF HEALTH MINISTERIAL LEADERS

Ministerial units Administrative units

Department of Communications and Reward Health Strategy and Policy Institute

Department of Maternal Health and Children Health and Lifestyle Newspaper

Department of medical equipment and works Journal of Practical Medicine

Department of Health Insurance Journal of Pharmacology

Department of Planning and Finance

Department of Organization and Personnel

Department of International Cooperation

Department of Legislation

Office of the Ministry

Ministry Inspectorate

Agency of Preventive Medicine

Agency of HIV/AIDs prevention

Agency of Food Safety There is no separate unit and dedicated Agency of Health Environment Management staff for in charge of air pollution control

Agency of Science, Technology and Training

Agency of Medical Services Administration

Agency of Traditional Medicine Administration

Agency of Drug Administration

Agency of Information Technology

Directorate of Population and Family Planning

Source: Subcontract work result of the Project (May 2014) Figure Att20-6 Organizational Chart of the Ministry of Health (MOH)