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Sedimentology of the Catalina Dome and Taxonomy of Mistaken Point Small Fronds

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Sedimentology of the Catalina Dome and Taxonomy of Mistaken Point Small Fronds Sedimentology of the Catalina Dome and taxonomy of Mistaken Point small fronds by: Sara Joan Mason A thesis submitted to the Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada October 2013 Copyright © Sara Joan Mason, 2013 ABSTRACT Research carried out in the Ediacaran of eastern Newfoundland focused on two projects: sedimentology of the Conception and St. John’s groups exposed on the Bonavista Peninsula; and taxonomic descriptions of the small, stemmed frondose fossils at Mistaken Point on the Avalon Peninsula. Sedimentological study of the upper Conception and lower St. John's groups at Catalina Dome on Bonavista Peninsula extends our understanding of the Conception Basin, in which the oldest known complex, deep marine organisms lived, by a factor of two. Mudstone-rich turbidites dominate the succession, and a lack of wave-generated structures or other shallow- water indicators support the interpretation that the depositional environment was deep-marine. The basal part of the succession contains seismoturbidites that show no evidence of horizontal translation, implying that deposition occurred on a flat basin plain. Strata higher in the succession exhibit horizontally slumped beds, implying a transition into slope deposition. Turbidite ripple marks show a change in paleocurrent direction from eastward to southward in the Trepassey Formation, consistent with a change from convergent to strike-slip tectonics that occurred diachronously across the basin. Volcanic ash beds are more common in the Catalina Dome succession than on the Avalon Peninsula, reflecting deposition closer to the volcanic source. These volcanic beds are associated with diverse fossil assemblages rich in rangeomorphs that locally persist into the Fermeuse Formation, in contrast with the Avalon Peninsula where the Fermeuse Formation contains only simple discoid fossils. This taphonomic window lends support to the hypothesis that the form genus Aspidella represents the holdfasts of Ediacaran fronds. i Stemmed small frond fossils from Mistaken Point, Avalon Peninsula, have often been informally referred to as “featherdusters”, but due to their small size and consequent poor preservation, they have not until now been formally described. The small, stemmed fronds are more diverse than previously realized, and include representatives of taxa described from elsewhere in Newfoundland, juveniles of other Mistaken Point fronds, and two new monospecific genera. This biodiversity suggests that the basal elevated tier that the small fronds occupied was competitive, with convergent evolution of frondose taxa showing distinct architecture and constructions, but broadly similar size and shape. ii STATEMENT OF CO-AUTHORSHIP While this thesis is substantially my own, original work, my supervisor and colleagues have contributed actively to its development. A modification of Chapter Two is published in the Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences (Mason et al. 2013), and it is co-authored by Guy M. Narbonne, Robert W. Dalrymple, and Sean J. O’Brien. Order of authorship is indicative of each individual’s relative intellectual involvement. We intend to submit Chapter Three to an international journal, and it is co-authored by Guy M. Narbonne. TAXONOMIC STATEMENT The systematic paleontology of the three new Ediacaran genera and species described in this thesis does not constitute the official description of these taxa in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (third edition). The official descriptions of Pricscipeniculus hofmanni and Broccoliformis alti will appear in a modified version of Chapter Three that will be submitted to an international journal. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost I offer my appreciation and gratitude to Dr. Guy Narbonne for his guidance, his support, and especially his patience, as well as for giving me this amazing, unforgettable opportunity to study Ediacaran fossils in Newfoundland. I thank Dr. Marc Laflamme for his words of wisdom and encouragement from my very first week as a grad student onward, and now for an exciting opportunity to earn a PhD following this MSc. I thank my co-authors for Chapter Two, Dr. Bob Dalrymple and Dr. Sean O'Brien, for helping me grapple with sedimentology and stratigraphy, and get my first ever publication. Calla Carbone was the best field assistant I ever could have hoped for, with her energy, enthusiasm, fearlessness, careful driving, and productive conversations in the field. I also thank Thomas Boag and Ryan Abrams for assistance with fossil and latex photography. I thank C. L. Wilson of UBC for offering her Latin expertise toward naming two new fossil taxa. This research and my time at Queen’s was generously funded by a scholarship from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, an Ontario Graduate Scholarship, Queen’s University scholarships and teaching assistantships, and support granted by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council to my supervisor, Guy Narbonne. Fieldwork in the Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve was carried out under scientific permits granted by the Parks and Natural Areas Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. I thank the people of Portugal Cove South, Trepassey, and Trinity Bay North, Newfoundland, for their kindness and hospitality that made my stays in Newfoundland for field work an absolute pleasure. I owe a great debt to the late Dr. Hans Hofmann, whom I never met, but whose research formed the backbone of much of this work. iv I thank my parents for indulging a little girl's “I want to be a paleontologist when I grow up” phase, even when it never went away, and for always being there for me when I needed it most. I'd also like to thank Dr. Doug Haywick and Dr. Murlene Clark of the University of South Alabama for introducing me to the world of geology and teaching me that there's more to paleontology than dinosaurs, and that a lot of it, like the Ediacara biota, is actually even cooler! My positive experiences in their classrooms as both a student and a teaching assistant convinced me that a career in research and teaching is the right path for me. I thank my friends in Kingston and around the world for making the last several years unforgettable, with special thanks to Carl Jackson, Laureline Sangalli, and Greg Burzynski for being there for me and making sure I saw daylight every now and then. Carl Jackson in particular deserves thanks for proofreading many drafts of many papers over the course of my time at Queen’s. I also thank everyone involved with Kingston's Impromptu Productions for the periodic escape from my reality into the world of theatre. Whether I was helping out as a crew member or simply watching Shakespeare in the Park, time with Impromptu was always a welcome (and necessary) distraction. I can’t give enough thanks my grandmother Joan Mason, my aunt and uncle Laurie and David Giesecke, and my aunt's friends Jane and Ross Fargher, for giving me the most amazing (and surprisingly educational) pre-thesis defense holiday imaginable in Adelaide and the Flinders Ranges, South Australia. That was the best surprise ever for an aspiring Ediacaran paleontologist. This thesis is dedicated to my partner Dominic Russo who has offered me years of unconditional emotional support, and has patiently waited for me to figure out the next stage of my life so we can finally move to the same city. We’re almost there! v TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………........i Statement of Co-Authorship.………………………………………………………….…...….. iii Taxonomic Statement ………………………………………………………………..…...…….iii Acknowledgments.……………….…………………………………………………..………….iv Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………...……......….vi List of Figures.…..…………………………………………………………………………….....ix List of Tables…………….……………………………………………………………………..…x Chapter One: General Introduction……………….……………………………………….…….1 1.1 Importance of the Ediacaran Period..........................................................................................2 1.2 The Ediacaran of the Avalon Peninsula……………………………………………………….5 1.2.1 Sedimentology of the Ediacaran of the Avalon Peninsula…………………………..7 1.2.2 Paleontology of the Mistaken Point Biota……….………………………………….9 1.3 Ediacaran succession on the Bonavista Peninsula.………………………………....…....…..12 1.4 Purpose of Thesis…………………………………………………………………………….16 Chapter Two: Paleoenvironmental analysis of Ediacaran strata in the Catalina Dome, Bonavista Peninsula, Newfoundland. ……………………………………………………………………....17 2.1 Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………18 2.2 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….….19 2.3 Methodology…………………………………………………………………………………24 vi 2.4 Facies………………………………………………………………………………………...29 2.5 Facies associations…………………………………………………………………………...36 2.5.1 FA1……………………………………………………………………….36 2.5.2 FA2……………………………………………………………………….38 2.5.3 FA3……………………………………………………………………….39 2.5.4 FA4……………………………………………………………………….40 2.5.5 FA5……………………………………………………………………….40 2.5.6 FA6……………………………………………………………………….41 2.6 Ripple mark paleocurrents…………………………………………………………………...41 2.7 Frond fossil paleocurrents……………………………………………………………………45 2.8 Paleoenvironment and basin evolution………………………………………………………46 2.9 Paleobiological implications…………………………………………………………………50 2.10 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………51 Chapter Three: Two new small fronds from Mistaken Point, Newfoundland…………………54 3.1 Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………55 3.2 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….…….55
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