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University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Berge, Dale L. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 01:45:25 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284999 This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received g 8-14,507 BERGE, Dale LeRoy, 1934- fflSTOMCAL ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST. University of Arizona, Ph.D.t 1968 Anthropology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan •£J COPYRIGHTED BY DALE LEROY BERGE 1968 iii HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST by Dale L. Berge A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1968 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Dale L. Berge entitled Historical Archaeology jn the American Southwest be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Hi t ff Dissertation Director Date After inspection of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* If AfM IW? _ % A p<tLl9£f *This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to bor­ rowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. PREFACE Research is made possible by the efforts of many individuals. Several people have contributed to the production of this dissertation. At the beginning of this volume, and appropriately so, I would like to express my thanks to those who have contributed to the completion of this treatise. No student is a product of himself and, therefore,' I wish to first extend my gratitude to those professors who have helped me in and out of class to learn and understand anthropology. Particularly, appreciation is due T. Patrick Culbert and James F. Downs. Both of these professors gave me direction as a research and teaching assistant. The Arizona State Museum, Tucson, Arizona, provided access to their survey collections, site cards and historical materials. I am especially grateful to the museum for the excellent photography found in this report. The profiles, maps and outline drawings are my own work. In a dissertation such as this there are those who must devote endless hours with the student through continuous council and re­ reading of the rough drafts. To the members of my dissertation committee I am sincerely thankful. Bernard L. Fontana, committee chairman, provided considerable guidance, suggestions and proof­ reading of the manuscript. Raymond H. Thompson, committee member, gave pertinent criticisms and aided in polishing the dissertation. I am iv V further indebted to Dr. Thompson as chairman of the Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, for the intellectual and financial aid given me as a graduate teaching and research assistant. To these two men I owe and extend a special thanks. Appreciation is expressed to William A. Longacre for his hel'p as a teacher and committee member. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xiii LIST OF TABLES xvii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST AREA 12 Rio Grande Sub-Phases 26 Indian Period (Early 16th Century-1605) 26 Pre-Contact Phase (Early 16th Century-1539) ... 26 Contact Phase (1539-1605) 26 1. Coronado Sub-Phase (1539-1542) 26 2. Tranquil Sub-Phase (1542-1580) 27 3. Onate Sub-Phase (1580-1605) 27 Spanish Period (1605-1823) 28 Mission Phase (1605-1680) 28 1. Conversion Sub-Phase (1605-1630) .... 28 2. Benavides Sub-Phase (1630-1672) 28 3. Pope Sub-Phase (1672-1680) 29 Hostile Phase (1680-1772) 29 1. Revolt Sub-Phase (1680-1724) 29 2. Neglect Sub-Phase (1724-1750) 30 3» Attack Sub-Phase (1750-1772) 30 Military Phase (1772-1823) 30 1. Extermination Sub-Phase (1772-1790) ... 30 2. Peace Sub-Phase (1790-1823) 31 Mexican Period (1823-1846) 31 Mexican Phase (1823-1846) 31 American Period (1846-Present) 32 Frontier Phase (1846-1912) 32 1. Fort Sub-Phase (1846-1880) 32 2. Mining Sub-Phase (1880-1912) ...... 33 Mesas Sub-Phases 33 Indian Period (Early 16th Century-1605) 33 Pre-Contact Phase (Early 16th Century-1539) ... 33 Contact Phase (1539-1605) 33 Spanish Period (1605-1823) 33 Mission Phase (1605-1680) 33 Hostile Phase (1680-1772) .... 34 1. Revolt Sub-Phase (1680-1724) 34 2. Azules Sub-Phase (1724-1750) 34 3. Attack Sub-Phase (1750-1772) 35 vi vii TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued Page Military Phase (1772-1823) 35 Mexican Period (1823-1846) 35 Mexican Phase (1823-1846) 35 American Period (1846-Present) 35 Frontier Phase (1846-1912) 35 1. Wagon Train Sub-Phase (1846-1880) .... 35 2. Reservation Sub-Phase (1880-1912) .... 36 Pimeria Alta Sub-Phases 36 Indian Period (Early 16th Century-1687) . 36 Pre-Contact Phase (Early 16th Century-1539) ... 36 Contact Phase (1539-1542) 36 Post-Contact Phase (1542-1687) 36 Spanish Period (1687-1823) ...... 36 Jesuit Phase (1687-1767) . 36 1. Kino Sub-Phase (1687-1711) 36 2. Padres Sub-Phase (1711-1750) 36 3. Tubac Sub-Phase (1750-1767) 37 Franciscan Phase (1767-1772) .... 37 Military Phase (1772-1823) 38 1. Extermination Sub-Phase (1772-1790) ... 38 2. Peace Sub-Phase (1790-1823) 38 Mexican Period (1823-1854) 38 Mexican Phase (1823-1854) 38 1. Trappers Sub-Phase (1823-1846) 38 2. Gadsden Sub-Phase (1846-1854) ...... 38 American Period (1854-Present) 39 Frontier Phase (1854-1912) 39 1. Fort Sub-Phase (1854-1880) 39 2. Mining Sub-Phase (1880-1912) ' 39 3. HISTORICAL SITES OF THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST 44 4. HISTORICAL CERAMICS 86 Decoration 89 Glaze 89 Clobbering 90 Crazing 90 Crackle 90 Cobalt Blue 91 Famille Rose 91 Famille Verte ' 91 Rococo or Rocaille 91 Shell Edge (Featheredge) 92 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued Page Classification 92 Historical Ceramics 96 Earthenware 102 Soft-Paste Earthenware 103 Anglo-Red type 103 Slipped type 107 Biscuit type 107 Tortoiseshell type 108 Luster type 108 Mottled type 109 Mexican Red type 110 1. Cream-colored variety 110 2. Green-glazed variety 110 Mexican Majolica type 113 1. Moresque style (1575-1700) 116 2. Spanish style (ca. 1600-1780) 117 3. Chinese style (1650-1800) 119 4. Pueblan style (1800-1860) 122 Delft type 125 Hard-Paste Earthenware 126 Yellow type 126 1. Green-glazed variety 127 2. Cane variety 127 Brown type 129 1. Rockingham variety 131 2. Albany Slip variety . 131 3. Dull Enamel variety 131 Grays tone type 132 1. Sponged-Blue variety 134 2. Blue-on-white variety 134 Ceramic Bottles 134 Clay type 136 Stone type 136 Assay Crucible 136 Whiteware 149 Cream-colored type 150 1. Queen's variety 151 2. Cauliflower variety 153 Transfer type 154 1. Blue variety 155 2. Flown-blue variety 158 3. Red variety ............ 158 4. Green variety 158 5. Purple variety 158 ix TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued Page 6. Mulberry variety 158 7. Black variety 159 8. Brown variety 159 9. Polychrome variety . 159 10. Multi-transfer variety 164 Underglaze Polychrome type 164 Overglaze Monochrome type 165 Overglaze Polychrome type 165 Decal type • 165 Peasant type 170 1. Peasant variety . 172 2. Gaudy Dutch variety 173 3. Banded variety 174 4. Mocha variety 177 5. Banded-edge variety 179 6. Black-line variety 179 7. Cork Stamped variety 181 Gilded type 181 Miscellaneous types 201 Stoneware 201 Salt-glazed type 202 Ironstone type 202 1. Pearl variety 206 Parian type 206 Jasper type 207 1. Dipped variety 208 2. Waxen variety 208 Basalt type . 208 Agate type 229 Marble type 229 Porcelain 229 Hard-Paste Porcelain 230 China type 230 1. Celadon variety 232 2. Blue variety 233 3. White variety 233 4. Red variety 233 5. Scenic variety 235 6. Gilded variety 235 Soft-Paste Porcelain 235 Bone type 236 1. Enamel variety 241 "2. English variety • 241 Glass type 241 X TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued Page Hallmarks 250 Hallmarks from the Southwest 252 American 252 English 254 Chinese 256 Historical Notes 262 American History 262 English History 266 Chinese History 274 5. GLASS CONTAINERS 279 Characteristics of Bottles 283 Closures 283 Cap types 283 1. External Screw - Shallow Continuous . 284 2. External Screw Thread - Tall Continuous . 284 3. Lug 284 4. Lever 285 5. Crown 285 6. Center Pressure Cap 286 7. Snap-on 286 8. Goldy 286 9. Continuous Thread 286 10. Roll-on 287 11. Plastic 287 Stopper types 289 1. Internal Screw 289 2. Porcelain-top 289 3. Cork 289 4. Hutchison Spring • 291 5. Electric • 291 6. Pittsburgh 291 7. Lightning 293 8. Porcelain-special 293 9. Glass Stoppers 293 10. Peg Stoppers 296 11. Carboy Stoppers 296 Seal types 296 1. Phoenix 296 2. Giles 297 3.
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