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Sport in Society Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713634841 'Šatan is God!': Re-imagining Contemporary Slovak National Identity through Sport Peter Barrer

Online Publication Date: 01 March 2007 To cite this Article: Barrer, Peter (2007) ''Šatan is God!': Re-imagining Contemporary Slovak National Identity through Sport', Sport in Society, 10:2, 223 - 238 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/17430430601147062 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17430430601147062

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Slovak in the sang Are crowds ‘We The Queen’s possible] constant translation [no the hej!’ hej, was hej, Slovensko there and heja, anthem, [‘S copied ‘heja, national were most of and the the property chanting of linguistic Alongside rituals common the The became nationwide: [45] in fans victory. transmitted clear hockey of time ice made the sports Slovak was at committed media coaches, public Slovak performers, the the within and sports practices journalists the of broadcasters, sense between strong officials, The engendered general. in connection sport indeed temporal or regardless hockey, participate compatriots. ice to towards male seemed inclination their country one’s as entire of extent the audience, same sports the Slovak least the women at Beyond performers, to sports neo-tribe as Slovak gaze the media Slovak symbolized the within presence sporting [44] marginal the a nationalism. having sportive both Slovak sharing reciprocal collective of temporary tenor way common and any a diffuse in and a a experience colours formed spaces – national public in the ‘neo-tribe’ amassed strangers sportive Sporting and individuals screen. of victory collection the images this watched possible, waved also on for they extensive itself: celebrating outcome, other, its text themselves celebrate sports and each the media of match the the with watch within they and through ‘players’ did shared only became reclaimed not They and population chanted. were and greeted sang – flags, mainstream strangers skinheads Face-painted the and celebrations. by politicians nationalist rehabilitated by used 1993. insincerely January The 1 on sovereignty [43] political Slovak celebrated politics. had and scope which Slovak in crowds exceeding those easily size nationhood, within Slovak of celebration ever present the loudest literally and quite constituted largest nationalisms off set event this those which jubilation of spontaneous nationwide of areas the nature contradicted into which ethnicity, divisive and spaces gender age, the everyday transcending expressions in nationalism inclusive sporting goal fundamentally mundane of and winning widespread ensued the otherwise there play, scored of and Bondra minutes final Peter dais When [42] a congregation. extraordinary into televised rink technology, the via transforming atmosphere’ connected hockey ‘carnivalesque yet distance intense by exceptionally event an that the within from to detached fans’, similar ‘post as pride event national Slovak [41] of earlier. years explosion two rare occurred a had which and victory witnessing of ˇ h mse rwswr on n are ag eaecnign.While contingent. female large a carried and young were crowds amassed The been past the in had which symbols – anthem national and cross double Slovak The the in participate to public whole the allowed final the of telecast free-to-air live The h prspromr een ogrsrnes u ahrcoeaqanacsof acquaintances close rather but strangers, longer no were performers sports The tni o!] M m asr! ‘eaetecapos’ n ‘ciky-caky-ciky-cak, and champions!’] the are [‘We majstri!’ sme ‘My God!’]; is atan eiaiigCneprr lvkNtoa Identity National Slovak Contemporary Re-imagining ´ o’[Hya e-,Soai!’ ‘S Slovakia!]’; hey-a, [‘Hey-a, oo!’ ˇ tnfrisac eae‘io n following and ‘Miro’ became instance for atan ˇ pan ˇ ,rcie constant received o, ˇ tnj Boh!’ je atan ´ me’ 229 Downloaded By: [Barrer, Peter] At: 03:43 19 April 2008 esnl‘novmn’i h emsvcoy h otoesa omrpieminister prime claiming former in controversial and others The Vladimı statements than victory. team’s brash from public the more parties in in were ‘involvement’ political success personal politicians team’s of Some range hockey [47] a campaigns. ice publicity deter the Europe. however in with trust not public themselves of did associating levels problems lowest the image of These one enjoy supported [46] tacitly – whom regime of party many communist – the elite reveals political politicians Slovakia’s Slovakia’s contrasts. and interesting team hockey some ice men’s Slovak the of juxtaposition The Anti-models as Politicians supporters. party loyal of bands small national to elite, restricted political a Slovakia’s is celebrating eluded circle collectively has adoring affection were whose widespread who such neo-tribe, contrast, By Slovak milestone. the of sons treasured nn ob ftevs ufsprtn hmfo h ie fS of likes eye. the public from the them in separating models left gulf role were national vast politicians as disunity the Slovakia’s players political solidarity, of national and doubt towards scandal no stimuli financial in as in acting mired for being than for renowned more Perhaps the to carried politicians these responsibilities the and citizenry: parliament of solidarity Slovak members of Slovakia’s to virtues lecture S the moralising Miro upon a captain give team to legislature, opportunity Slovak the the took in him before sitting villains’ ‘political [50] combined’. politicians done its has all team] than hockey nation ice men’s its Slovak for was ‘[the more that: media politicians victory Swedish Slovakia’s team’s the Slovak to and the commented following team who Schuster, hockey President ice by summarized men’s public poignantly in Slovak contrast stark the The [49] towards whistling screen. public and sentiment on booing up appeared images loud summed politicians’ with who the ‘rinkside’ time public, were every cash-strapped Slovak who the the politicians to those by towards funding disdain feelings much state with increase the of greeted to light was in year Slovak SZL’H gesture this that sovereign of exorbitance earlier a The matches. refusal of final government’s the creation at present Gothenburg be the to to flight order in government in taxpayer-funded role a aboard his get to to scrambled Schuster, due Migas Jozef Parliament, hockey of Speaker ice The [48] Republic. Slovak for responsible of ultimately was rise he that the rationalizing by statements remarkable more the ‘Ris Lintner, Richard ‘Laci’; became Nagy Ladislav Z [‘God’]; ‘Boh’ simply victory 230 ˇ gudPa igmund elaaeo ulcpretospaigte‘okyhre’i poiint those to opposition in heroes’ ‘hockey the placing perceptions public of aware Well optaieyu esnlitrssadbcm ato h em [51] team. the of part have a you this, become do You and to country. order interests this in personal for But your Slovakia. example for great aside deal a put great bonded set a to we do we because to this victory chance doing this a have gained In people we team. that great you a tell created to and occasion this use to want I .Barrer P. ´ Mec r ´ fy ‘Z lffy, ˇ a,paflyinrn h udn rsswti lvksot aeoeof one made sport, Slovak within crisis funding the ignoring playfully iar, ˇ g’ ee oda ‘Pet Bondra, Peter igi’; ˇ ’adJzfStu Jozef and o’ ˇ n h lvkPeiet Rudolf President, Slovak the and , ¨ pl ‘Joz mpel, ˇ tnadteother the and atan ˇ ’ h emwere team The o’. ˇ atan ˇ o’; Downloaded By: [Barrer, Peter] At: 03:43 19 April 2008 infiac fteta’ ucs ntrso lvkntoa dniyi htit that is true identity the national Slovak Rather, to of society representation. terms Slovak for in such opportunity success an any team’s veritable provided the from a of and excluded significance society merely population completely Roma all multicultural Slovakia’s Moreover, after strands. remain a members ethnic regional team as established the of heritage lines goulash of the pre-national backgrounds along Slovakia’s The identity national [55] reflect Slovak mosaic’. of ‘cultural redefinition a any symbolism, offer of the attractive itself an in German, in being not sported located while does whom Yet this be surnames. of Czech many could and themselves: national connection Hungarian players Slovak Ukrainian, useful the difficult of regarding more a diversity connections a ethnic [54] conclusive Perhaps apparent style’ any stereotypes. playing draw or – ‘national to identity against distinctive played which they a from who those of source from considerations different little any fashion making a in played team Slovak reappraised, be could success. identity sporting national through Slovak ‘re-imagined’ which and ice within reformed men’s forum Slovak a as created the significance domestic event attracted, huge the event of was this Champions World attention 2002 as world crowning team’s hockey of amount despite Yet [53] small Slovakia. and rather nation host the the between game half round stadium qualifying the a leaving in event, 2002 empty the in Swedish interest passing The camp competition. a international only training premier showed audience a a sports of than more rather talent are Worlds’ new ‘the upcoming that for perception stacked the in sides ‘second-string’ players non-NHL send regularly with Canada, notably playoffs. nations, Cup competing Stanley NHL Some being running concurrently event, the the on covers focussed barely more media far ritualistically sports American North Europe. of outside limited Czech the and Slovakia 2002 hysterics. of in euphoric title audiences into the team television Republic claim to hockey amassed Russia ice sending and economic men’s Sweden Champions, Slovak defeated World in the twice small and opponents, 26 Canada of its comparatively humbled success to had country the profile to international a reaction and in Representing stature 2002 as from May performers. such that comments 13 sports hope on – media ‘Let’s elite [52] Slovak Slovenia’ unite’; the with finally in us momentarily, resounded confuse longer these least no at lived will have Slovakia, world I the our that Saturday happy of immeasurably my am all with I anthem see and national came our to moment sing achieve’; That would ever heart. I can my family on politician whole hand no my which with that something thought – never nation ‘I whole the united Famous? lads World ‘Our Slovakia is but Slovakia, in Famous World hnei oetcsl-ecpin fteSoa ainlcommunity. national Slovak the of self-perceptions domestic in change rmacntn eeto ftentoa at hc a ntr eutdi osof or loss Hungarian a Czech, in being resulted ‘not turn as in self-identification had negative which a past, and national memory the cultural of rejection constant a from h cnmccnrls fpoesoa c okyaon h H en htthe that meant NHL the around hockey ice professional of centralism economic The is Championships World IIHF the of significance international the title, its of spite In n20,tefimdrco atnS Martin director film the 2001, In eiaiigCneprr lvkNtoa Identity National Slovak Contemporary Re-imagining ˇ ulı ´ omne htSoa utr suffered culture Slovak that commented k eetupon reflect tefadecuae a encouraged and itself 231 Downloaded By: [Barrer, Peter] At: 03:43 19 April 2008 mrec facpbeadcndn lvknto hc a iascae itself disassociated past: had the which of discourses nation troublesome Slovak and confident negative the and from capable a of emergence h lvkmnsiehce em–a moidi h r ‘ cry the of in success embodied sporting as the – in basking team and hockey Appropriating ice men’s life. occasions Slovak everyday exceptional the of on part experienced a vividly not only is feeling and a of comradeship’ is ‘horizontal notably identity the However, national further arena, pride. Slovak citizens with sporting Slovak flag’ given their the ‘wave have to of which opportunities economics, outside and developments politics recent international within more been been have had There which solidarity Remarks national Concluding of sense for environment. and social prescription a the a practical effort from and missing a of collective previously development both demands both social created contradictory temporarily championing Slovak the success by Their negotiate society individualism. could multicultural society contemporary Slovak pathway a – which [59] nationhood through of model ‘demo-meritocratic’ positive a with population Aka Aka Elena For World 2002 the identity during national Son head Slovak For contemporary success. their of sporting on association with turned the and constructions through negative countered Such Championships [56] were identity. positive Slovakness a of of lines along than rather Polish’ 232 loigSoa ainodt epstvl envisaged: positively be to nationhood Slovak allowing sotnosmnfsain’o olcieiett hc ol o uvv eodthe beyond survive not could which identity collective of manifestations’ ‘spontaneous advertisers. and the sponsors to for ‘brand’ viable attractive commercially an one and became and population identity comestibles domestic national regalia, success Slovak sporting pleasures, national with consumer association of its and and sales promotion and media intense viewership Through identity beverages. television witnessing national activity, of economic Slovak significant levels a of all record after reimagining was above The analysed as practices. sport incorporated through an consumer as seen dominant be rather of to hold. needs part people team Slovak views the world around individualistic centred fandom fundamentally The the challenge all after not does omns at uei lvkahdwtesdtefre rsnainof presentation forced the witnessed had Slovakia in rule party Communist ´ csova fot,tlnsadcaatrt o nyaheeada,btwnoe h outside the over win but draw, life-long a as own achieve one’s role only through a not possible and [58] to is world. failure it character to cards and one dealt talents badly predestining efforts, with fate, Slovakia that tragic in showed a born They law be outsiders. by to that be compatriots not frustrated need their showed players hockey The of [57] 2002. celebration of that a – place was generation its Slovak taking new It a of have nationalism. capable now We is or partners. global country alongside politics the acknowledgement oppression, an nothing had history, potential, Slovakia Slovakia’s in with demonstration public do a memory, to recent in time first the For .Barrer P. ´ scmet lutaehwteSoa e’ c okyta rvddthe provided team hockey ice men’s Slovak the how illustrate comments ’s ´ csova ´ hssotn cainpoie infiatsiuu finally stimulus significant a provided occasion sporting this , ˇ Szomola a ´ y,teaasdcod ersne the represented crowds amassed the nyi, We r h hmin! – champions!’ the are Downloaded By: [Barrer, Peter] At: 03:43 19 April 2008 1]Anderson, [12] 123. ibid., [11] Whannel, [10] Notes a in involvement public identity. invited post-Czechoslovak simply their of team reaffirmation hockey positive ice and men’s pleasurable sporting Slovak the the nation, ideological of the or success in responsibility participation permanence, forcing of than sense Rather no commitment. carried which identity saturated ‘pleasure national a of it reminder’ with brought sporting Championships World the IIHF contrast, 2002 By the of regime. experience totalitarian the by them offered protection oppressive 9 ai oe( Rowe David [9] Billig, 123; Together’, ‘Come Miller, 138. 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New vs of Filmmaker [‘Hokejisti Birth Slovak Marks [58] with Title ‘Hockey Interview Nicholson, An Up...”: [57] Holding Isn’t Identity Cultural ‘“Our Manetti, visible most [56] whose team, football French Cup World 1998 the of case the in argued been has As [55] 5]Iaie ainlpaigsye,ntbywti otal aebe rudt erflcieand reflective be to argued been have football, within notably styles, playing national Imagined Happy’, [54] Home Goes Slovakia Championships, World over Soccer Prefer ‘Swedes Lebrun, Pierre [53] ilg Michael. Billig, [‘Nas [52] Dzurilova Katarina [49] li,Ni,RyodBye n uhO’Donnell. Hugh and Boyle, Raymond Neil, Blain, Culture.” Football Alan. and Bairner, Theory Social Race, Couplet: Racist/Hooligan the “Beyond ———. Team’, 53. National French ‘The Marks in cited Bromberger, Christian [59] Speech’, Great a but Medals, ‘Few [51] muz [‘Toto [50] Matu [48] ak e,Cab i,adSlmsJh.“aimi otal atrso otniyadChange.” and Continuity of Patterns Football: in “Racism John. Solomos and Tim, Crabbe Les, Back, Aka References C On’, Players Hockey Cheering by Voters to Closer ‘Politicians [47] 236 nesn Benedict. Anderson, ´ csova atnS Martin Lanoe 52. Team’, Jean-Marie National See French backgrounds. ‘The post-colonial Marks, and immigrant of were players 133–4. Society’, European Southern in Football Concrete: in ‘Cathedrals Wagg, rmtv fntoa troye.SeEdensor, See stereotypes. national of promotive Press Canadian The sol’, nad ‘Zlato Hric, Martin Slovinskom’], uhrat Doka za znamenat’ aspon vy Ta z nemyslel, si som [‘Nikdy 2002; 2005). January 14 (accessed slovakspectator.sk/clanok-9009.html u okyPaes civmn:AWe nteEioilOfieadi ySkin’]. My in and Office Editorial the in Week A Achievement: Players’ Hockey Our 2002. May, 15 (Bratislava), TASR 2002; May 11 (Bratislava), Glory’], Players’ Hockey the of Ownership Take to Want [‘Politicians pi 02 aaMatu Jana 2002; April .Barrer P. lay tt nvriyo e okPes 2001. 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May 13 , privlastnit ainlIdentity National dtdb dmBon odnadNew and London Brown. Adam by edited , ´ ´ ´ hhokejistov’. ch islm,schopnost silami, mi ´ z ˇ pcuaceloz a spechu anm politikovi’], iadnemu ˇ ˇ ˇ ’[WyW hudB lae with Pleased Be Should We [‘Why i’ lth,aos cele sa ako toho, il aoi’s aSoesunemusı Slovensku na sa narodit’ e 02 a 02 http://www. 2002, May 20–26 , ˇ ´ sla csova ˇ ´ nas ˇ uslovensky vu K(rtsaa rge,26 Prague), (Bratislava, TK ˇ ´ ˇ ´ ne’], ´ yn uo asrdci. na rukou s hymnu u z ˇ uz s 98;Lnrnh and Lanfranchi 79–80; , ‘Prec , den ˇ ivotne Slovo ˇ ˇ ¼ Pravda vtnbd my nebude svet eaciavmojej v a redakcii v ˇ ˇ 05(cesd18 (accessed 7075 m charakterom a ami ama sa o ´ uoutsiderstvu. mu 2My 2002. May, 22 ´ ´ Pravda h hokejistov’ ch’ nas 3My2002. May 13 , ¨ srmrsin remarks ’s ˇ Slovensko e ´ etes me 3May 13 , British ´ lit ˇ ˇ it ˇ so z ´ . Downloaded By: [Barrer, Peter] At: 03:43 19 April 2008 afsl,Michel. Maffesoli, Joseph. In Maguire, Ethnicity.” and Identity European “Sport, Jeremy. Southern MacClancy, in Football Concrete: in “Cathedrals Wagg. Stephen and Pierre Lanfranchi, Twentieth-Century Late in Identity National and Sport Argentina”: Us, for ““Cry Ronald. Kowalski, In “Czechoslovakia.” Vladimir. Kostka, Welsh”.” In I’m Lord the Thank I Up Wake I When Day ““Every Martin. Johnes, In Identity.” Cultural and Nationalism “Sport, Grant. Jarvie, A. Karen Elites.” Cerulo, Parliamentary and Political Slovak and “Czech Mansfeldova. Zdenka and Lubomir Brokl, oy Ladislav. Holy, J. Eric Hobsbawm, John. Hargreaves, Organization. Gallup The “Foreword.” Richard. Crampton, vn,M .R n elyJnta.“ainlPiei h eeoe ol:Sre aafrom Data Survey World: Developed the in Pride “National Jonathan. Kelley and R. D. M. Evans, Czechoslovakia.” in Sports Tim. Spectator Edensor, of Case The Progress?: in “Perestroika ———. In Europe.” Eastern of Societies the in Football Market: to “Going Vic. Duke, Dubc (C Agency News Czech ˇ k Alexander. ek, o mt odnadTosn as A ae 1996. Sage, CA: Oaks, Thousand and London Smith Don 1–20. pp. 1996, Berg, Oxford: 125–38. Jeremy. pp. MacClancy 1995, Press, University Leicester York: New and London Wagg. Stephen In Society.” 69–87. pp. 2004, Routledge, York: New and London Porter. Dilwyn In Scotland.” 54–66. pp. Cuba China, G.D.R., the 52. p. 2004, Routledge, World York: Post-War New the 78. in p. Identity 1993, Press, University Manchester York: New and Manchester Lincoln. Allison 131–40. pp. 1998, Press, Martin’s St. York: New Wesolowski. Wlodzimierz and In rnfraino Society of Transformation 1992. Press, University Cambridge York: New Games Olympic 2005). June http://europa.eu.int/comm/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb61/ 4 (accessed 2004. cceb2004.1anx.pdf Communication, and 1995. Press, University 4Nations.” 24 2002. Publishers, Berg Sociology of Journal 88–102. pp. 1995, Press, University Leicester Continents Five on Culture & Politics Football, Jir 2004). May 8 (accessed jam hokej.idnes.cz/hokej_ms2004.asp?r 672–80. ˇ oha.NwYr:Kdnh nentoa,1993. 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Press, University Cambridge York: New . ˇ K.“C TK). CE 041D rs Annexes Press DG 2004.1 CC-EB 1 o 19) 146–56. (1990): 2 no. 41, ˇ abig n e ok abig nvriyPes 1996. Press, University Cambridge York: New and Cambridge . echu dtdb ae ira.Lno:C us opn,1978, Company, & Hurst C. London: Riordan. James by edited , h nentoa ora fteHsoyo Sport of History the of Journal International The eiaiigCneprr lvkNtoa Identity National Slovak Contemporary Re-imagining ˚ ne m dtdb dinSihadDly otr odnand London Porter. Dilwyn and Smith Adrian by edited , ˇ kter pr ne omns:TeUSSR,Czechoslovakia, U.S.S.R., The Communism: under Sport ¼ ˇ hokej_ms2004&c ı ´ Slova dtdb tpe ag odnadNwYork: New and London Wagg. Stephen by edited , ´ ipora ci ´ uaet UDrco eea fPress of General Director EU Budapest: . pr,Iett n Ethnicity and Identity Sport, z ˇ h hnigPltc fSport of Politics Changing The upr ku ¼ dtdb onHge,JnPakulski, Jan Higley, John by edited , abig:Plt rs,1999. 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Robert Rinehart, Steve. Redhead, Generation.” New of Birth Marks Title “Hockey ———. darı sa Nech Wish: “Valentine’s Tom. Nicholson, [s20 oei Zlomeny hokeji] v 2003 ‘[ms World.” the “Playing Rowe. David and McKay Jim Lawrence, Geoff Toby, Miller Toby. Miller, Up Holding Isn’t Identity Cultural ““Our Christina. Manetti, zlata Majstri: 238 ak,Jh.“h rnhNtoa emadNtoa dniy CteFac ’n‘luMe ‘Bleu D’un France “Cette Identity: National and Team National French “The John. Marks, ˇ ˇ t’astny ı ´ l,Jindr dlo, .Barrer P. e ok oteg,1992. Routledge, York: 134–53. New pp. 1998, Routledge, York: New and London Wenner. A. Lawrence 2004). May 8 hokej_ms2004.asp?r za 119–33. pp. 1998, majstrovstva 67. na miesto 3. otr odnadNwYr:Rulde 04 p 168–93. pp. 2004, Routledge, York: New and London Porter. In 2005). InZine 2005). February 8 (accessed SAKTUAL/2004/ZSR/vlastnymat.doc In Image.” 2004. Press, University Open Maidenhead: ed. 2nd 1995. Sage, Delhi: New and Oaks 37–57. pp. 1993, Sport 1998. Press, University Indiana 1997. Routledge, York: New and 2005). January 18 (accessed www.slovakspectator.sk/clanok-8995.html 2005). ruary http://www.slovakspectator.sk/clanok.asp?vyd 2002), http://hokej.point.sk/_ms2003/?id 19) 495–8. (1999): 41–57. 4 pp. 1999, Cass, Frank OR: Portland, and London Hare. Geoff and Dauncey Hugh In S Martin Filmmaker Slovenska motorizmu, r/17knee_neve.tl(cesd2 eray2005). February 23 (accessed org/01/7/kinoeye7_interview.html ´ ˇ ee.“S Peter. , ´ ta eyd ou2010.” roku do mery pr,ClueadteMda h nuyTrinity Unruly The Media: the and Culture Sport, ´ rneadte19 ol u:TeNtoa mato ol prigEvent Sporting World a of Impact National The Cup: World 1998 the and France pr n ainlIett ntePs-a World Post-War the in Identity National and Sport njsaotiot s o starostlivosti tnej ˇ dtdb icl lio.Mnhse n e ok acetrUiest Press, University Manchester York: New and Manchester Allison. Lincoln by edited , c.“Hokejove ich. ´ Sportsex et slovensky cesta 2 a 00,http://www.inzine.sk/article.asp?art 2000), May (22 oua utrs okMsc pr n h oiiso Pleasure of Politics the and Sport Music, Rock Cultures: Popular otFno n h ilnilBus h rnfraino ocrCulture Soccer of Transformation The Blues: Millennial the and Post-Fandom ˇ Mediasport ilsi iin eeiinSotadClua Transformation Cultural and Sport Television Vision: in Fields t’astny lyr l:Promne nCneprr Sport Contemporary in Performances All: Players hldlha epeUiest rs,2001. Press, University Temple Philadelphia: . ´ :R ˇ ´ ulı ¼ ´ ´ fina ˇ ´ hhkjso aM 2002 MS na hokejistov ch ´ C dtdb arneA enr odnadNwYr:Routledge, York: New and London Wenner. A. 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