ESE:SF/UAR 49 Technical Report 2

PREILVE$TMEN NEY

"'"5=1 .04 ORT 'FEWC koTAL REC.*

1TL Li

r:rurCIICLL ' E Y \ :ATER

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS The complete project report consists of:

Technical Report No. 1 Comprehensive Account of the Project Technical Report No. 2 Physical Conditions and Water Resources Technical Report No. 3 Agriculture Technical Report No. 4 Economic Aspects Technical Report No. 5 Special Studies ESE:ER/UAL 49 Toohnloo,1 Rair2 2

PRO-IUVESTONT SURVEY OP TIfl ITMTU UESTERU COASTAL RECIW

-7.r.-tniK1 ARAB REPUBLIC

PHYSICAL CONDITIONS AND WATER RESOURCES

Reportpivp15..,::(1 eminent of'61v.-) Uu.ktoC, Roprblio the Foo,-7. Ova UrAto0, ifr; o7.7.ccuAlvc,; aconoyfc1,1, 751-11. 1 P.IvnloDmoat: P7:oGyulimo

IRRTED UYPIOn DLATTIPPITOT PROGRAMS FOOD AND PernICULTEME ORCANIUTXOUOIP 'PPI UNITEP IJLTIO313 Romo, 1970 , _esIgnations omployed and tho preoentation of'611.0matcrIal in 1;hic documon:"o and manselono'b ilio]; the c:T',...ession of any opinion Ilhatcoovor on tho oar:; of United Nations orfl1DFood and Agriculture Organioatiort oV tho United Nations concorn.ing tho logal or constitutional ctatuo of any ocuatryv torrito,4 or ucv. nrcay or concerning the dolimitatdon of fronticra. iii

NTS

Pa

,OGY AND TOPCOR 1

Ocoloc,IF 1 'Jlopc.ALTY-1411.1: 5

Chap 7

tion 7 rc.hi Cl 1,C of the Area 10 Peatu=, Alo 12 1 T,mpc,=411.ro 26 CI.AA.V.0 an6 KomoclAmtc,r 26

SOILS 29 jai;roducriJoll 29 'Too Proccoo (Y.,' Soil !ovciiltio-a c. oot BylfC6n 30 rino 32 D.E,sclion of nlo T:appinc Unitn oj-;;ho JI5COURCAGOO,OC; SoflN-24) oild Thoiv .Co5' L'gric171;:ovo 33 aArt 061-mcr71iou 46

Chap ZESOURCES 58

I(ycìr. 1-Wasnioc7,- idyCroglo Tao "esourcee vailable the Scope for Developmant

CONCLFSIONS AND RD, MENDATIONS

Polio6rdpb7 old Q- -!:.,1ds-7.

'.7dvo-01.7,:dz

RECOMMENDATIONS FO 'HER INVK +.0NS 103

1 2°A,I.T.1 LT-

Appendix 1 SOILS: WORKING METHODS ANI ICNOLOGY AND ABBREVIATIONS 107

Appendd RAPHICAL SUR BASiu m2A OF WADIS 115

Appv. 28

Appu: _ ,BIBLICORA___ 140 iv

TY:61C,0-°.

1, ,; laza;...:1 Ty:ha:17,r,

1. /aa:t 5-11.33.t;"3iri:i30:3 c.:13:3 2.(2. 3/1,) 3, r,a) eaah,,r,; the northern cos.st o 4.(2. 3/(3 ) 5. F,..:17.111.:::.2.,1,L LAI 6. ../6 Tc;napr;:,T hat:17 amarl', a;r:..i.traraia .3;:3.C. /13.31:',-3 111371

7,2.3 1,2) Pei:IL:11re 8. 9. "1(.-,ar;7.1 11:*! 10.(2. 1/1, f.1.1veu 11. L;//1) (,T;;-3 12.(2. L,V Iriboa,uc,; 13. tqa2c 14. lTr.;.(1..; 11::, 15. Dyclic;leci awl ,ava

16. ...11 Ilycly liarrtro (1.?c,Ci tan 17. 3:Q 1;yeta.,,-;le,::.172,7.!.;1'67,10 --13.1.1.4c; 18. 11;70.1°0i r.:":"1.1,Ci.; t; - Pk.; Wadi 19. 1.3/6)Iiyci)l: col e 'Laid-1,1E ) 20. L. FlYec- LII(3 o, Ora, (,7..1 11711 a;.:"e 4.3/8) Itycl_re) i; 1,1( i T.7 L. Iryclaa:).1c;blor. -1'1;!u.L1'. 'it FA, . 1 0 ) :ac1 1, c OA, 0.1

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l. :;.1rkf: :7, Dr. 7.j." .14'2; ( '.20"1,70

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13.. Csole! fID.) ; ,"" ^ on 4.0 ) *1'; nil:7; '71 :1" Chapter 1

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Thc i; zt-t,aticl 1-hle7'1 !1('001tc, :11ra,tt h e COT.; cir'Ri 4r'/0"::°%1. C.¡16. 0151flEt:10.. rjk-.) ;27.r e 6.12 '`111,:vt": c't.I

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The co line 7.1.Ryalanc'. 0..e.p.)r2.°) be 11.1....o6. cc!;...otal LImonand n nu( 611 o coivf! ¡I:me a:co otIt'Art. tra LOr i ìioh. Eric'. Lea by nano *L-E E

.0.)mporar:1 ;1 ;11 ;..he runr,a-r.E i ttt cb.P.toc

cns bai.ri .1:11 ; The ï Ehe Eon,liE r.t - e t;IIC 012", tr-"ttt :Thor'? con rlun-:F.1 oh A roc,:2of fou,s;h. F.Je a or 21-1.En are ;Ty,: eloorpraLiol rEliC cinc7,7,?.....Ger, 'Cho -DJ-1r'; A. oc.j.,Tro, ci.":2 honro: iO -3tt,nr.lo cLunoE': Tire 15-1 17.M'A

fir-it and 0-cni seit2. ,tatme ncl uraint`t. j'errnodluur: F:b 0 c'e).j.i)e. C,:re) ;;(71 CtIOM", ttt h, r,t;- .t 10,10, Err i El tit .4 ,t.A.,:t.,itttl cold 1",.well but in , ir 6.11C C ;

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;A." ' ;', ty.ry- , °ix) - 1'001 D.-7. C' . zr1 ` . ' Lt.-tk ttttt";1-;-:', ¡, r,"d H°1000 h"

067 " kL17 R-R , R o: ' 3 ;11 " !01ç :;0 OrOL',1, 2.1", or,

0.1 1:1.1, `.Rt.i , : ,in ,"Of L,^, I ,R 11,./ 4-..1 12-.1 t . ) 1,71 I) ---.)O i 01 l: 1;l' Lzi ri o() ''I r ,72 o o r.) f.o En .-1 :_2 H. o 0 1-1 O' 1 (L) 4. 11-1-;O C. (/) (,:T1u) 4. C 1-, o Lp; (D I-, c c:-,' 10 (-, 4.) 1-1ro !D .71 (CO i Q) 1-J "'ti/1 (1/ (1 -1 Oo -1 1-ij:4' u; 1-1{-; o .3' p.,+ () O O s, t.)I'. 1:: rq C') .C1 la, C., t :11- (-1.N 1-J C`)C I (t (-'O1--(n CD (Z/ CQ O .1.1 U' l r, G1 O Pr:1-1Oe, .> 9I 1 ' I r o p., cr.)G o 11 L-.) o o o 1..) 1-; u I-n "--.1 CL) 7o, o p' 14. o O ; 1-, 0t--,-ci r, H " H (1)10- fl (I' , N o to L-, P. c' Cf) c.) Cr' o o poCc: V.) 7' N 1-' Iy Or-1-O0 Fi-U (J O I-, Cs.; 14. 7 C '11 0- o P., o 1-1 O O O 11.1( Id o e- O t., c() Cl' o 1 O H,;)O f171-, r (-1 o c.- N I-, O (') -2O! (7i "1) .1) P. O P- o) c) 7 o P- P, O L-(-j N ,,:.,' ....) cm 17.-1 I IO l 1:-1 0.,-,- IQ 1-)f15 0 t., 'O i.;'),' "t fl,1-1) O O n, .41-, Prh.: 19 (t,(1 H./-i arl O rki,I-'fu ,c,'O 7 O (T) O 1-2 (I).71PI t./ 1.1 ci Ho - ,.); e-:-P. 1P 0 O 1-1 1-2.,1-11 p, : P. r, H. p., fa' o' :I) CDc; ro r.-1- 1-,1 ir O O a) ,c I-' '`-) 1-1 I I-' O t., ro o O ":. '.(J'l' ' (:, 5.C.. 1,'u.,:, ('1..., e:-V-: 0 l7) ,7----r CQ O c.:. 0,.,1-I-, H.0 (1) I-, u' (I) H FJ o o 1-' ' cc, C) I'Lr o? .,--1 a' I) 1-r,' 1.1 2-, 1 .., 12;:j. C.f1o ,.... 1-), 11 rj1-.1 -_,_;.17 t:,',.....1.'1 ':i -., O h' o I"1 c-- (1)-; `,.,1: O° ,-', (1)t --I e. (1)(t)E: cg,i,.-,H. O N '1 P.13-'I-( ci, e-..1 Cu 1:1ot,) n I-, c-i-1.1I-, H. 1-;o c-,i I--.)p.111 1-'c. c-I.1.7; o -, 14. 1-0(0 c::,-, i7j I ; ,- t;, CC, 1--1 ci- id ct) Ij e' e; L-3cl; , r .. r., i-,, 2)p o p, p, e. co I-,.cr, II 1 p, i-j c.'- 1,1o O ;, 1:¡N 7 rJ 1-,:, H. CI) 113 (-; 1:-r_I 14.13H N to G1 c) t'o r O N 1-1 o13 O t3-' 0 0'. 0 ta' :,- -i '-r: e .., 071 o1"cr/ o 10 ,t-L- U' tc;,fr, 0,_, ti11 o 1-, 1-'1 o;O O ; 1o J tr,o , (..)1.11-.1 O )1)a) N 1-,r;111 II ,-.: O \ ,I 10 trJ Op,(D Cr) I-, (1.r-Jkv rjH.la, o el(13...,' v 1T alc.(0i, p. o 1- Cci (,) V-)1,1 1-'tuO O ri I-, P to Lo "7' c.:6-1-1 e.-ID '12r 1-03O Crl0-' a) N 1-.1c-:-1-1 H. H-, ;-,-'-,.1 ro(1) 1',(3 "2: roco O cD (J .)i'A I-"te- , ViH. 1-; e.-1' ,-,1-I-, o CO,-.. (.., 1-' ) O1-.." ,,P;,-,-1 $.9:t...O 11 A' 0 C.1('J2- 'I 13' O Id 1. 1 ` .:1t-i e. l,1 y::`J..:' Vir l' H.- ' 0-, r5`C.i ,,=2,-- `i) ..1- r, --II-, 1 I l'' :- r3- Vi -clI-, ,D ; 1 1- . (t.) 0 ^ 143 11-. (7) O 1.-. rp,,, , u,-1, H1-1 , 0., 11-, ' o 1:11-1 1-1 (I O a) C: cr/ l': PI ,C. I (1 0 C.'; :-' O 11 , r O O CD - PC /, cl :,,...) ''I-, 7; (O I J I-Jcc' 4.,)-3 :J. O ''': 0,-;', '..1 P., '*° 5,e It 1-1 F' I-4J 1..j.;O }II) c. '' CII).1'-'' cl '')-,n,(t. I-, ,'., c.: P--(.7-1 .1 p.. , L.-1 ' ATA I J 1,, 0 0 p.., o N (t m P., c (1., Pr- [(--i,, :1; Ir'- e- ,_,... O (" o l',;'O f , ('t" 1.2%p Tu c:. j,Fi S' 1:, 1,.C,:' :9 II 1-cCD1-.1 o (18 O , .:.,!--; r., ¡ El 9,1 '1 11 t'T,,. o p, O I-, :-. C) 11.P 1:1 (r. 171) .e.) C.1-../ p, 1-4, rr).. O P' p 4,1 11 '' 1 n II..-.; , H CQ c.., :-.1 .4.1.1 c t... O 11 O (l) o ... Ir( ...1 "r 1 O 11)P I-, o ca ,r--...... ;col, r , P., O' 1 h' -'1 ' , C,,-.1 o k, ,..n ,- OI- e) i- 0I j I-' 10rlo I ca' 0't I, 0-1 a/ ,1O 0 e: 1' D' (Ti_ 1",.) i'... 0 a) :-, la' e elCD co- p 0 1-' 1-, i_., lo i ..!L" o e. N ,o ir:.C. e, r r / oF/t) r' ,.;-1,- CI O O Jcl) 15.) EA-, i')11 u), 1'-',-,' ' c-1- 3 I- g.), -i A ., o c1-1 II F)°-: I: ' I-' - I- ' r olcL1; ,Trta.Tac

-7adi channels and L,he mouth of most 7,adl ,.=,-Ad talus deposits ctoul- -A 4-- Tl,dzes° oomDcs,s.t'pdrnt- -IA

T3 ql.:1C317r-:13:73&11,2S,C7-7,76S- - a:V:2 cc su:E.faoL oom tv rolt/lon1 cazac oommoL7 lits7bc0.1412 f36.,;:i.e.o, claT 0-70 find as; cone z,andstone, and 7,11alr..:,

J:e,3311iLea2euz: 1-roo I.J-J-arb6dcled with ma.::1 'iaL3placeo rno:-crr bino 31)p-31:- ---ogrEzs17 4

Table 1. cont.)

(..c,eiegi.r.. Ige ; Totograilir... 0.:: k :4,-0-2oelloac,s Gene.±.,7 P=re7tIee 3 ¡a- _. t1 c--falox; oi thiChil,,SS S ten lk-,-. 11'.:,.ch - Unit (meters f

1

Paleo-I Lean Shale This uJit not renorted in t ITQ"Ga water-bearing formation CallG iterature in che CoasIal zone, bu-, :G me.=3, be present r. beneauh a.C; - - 130 !Chalk limestone and clay cene

Turo- 180 Limesone Tone see-Geene - 7is more saline cha:. -a ?I', o CsnocT,- 700

nian 1 sandstone

Lower i Equivalent to 1 400+ C-,'1c-r.mous sandstoneand E=.11e,lt 7iaGez.---e's,nen2 anl-, on

Ce - the Nubial% 1 dolomite southern and eentrF.1 pf ,estern -Lasecus snndrtone of Desert but beneath Coa-, 21 :one Che 1Testern yield is lass end -;°e,er i6 hi;T-17 Des ?e' celino 2.

11213,) *uh1.Tor.; ;;P:oa tcuao l1;..1Q fLnei ho (1-i,16)1127...ileY43f, of a L-1.d-i,h 2r. om 5 te 40 17m,,-.)77:Genri-lik. L:ns, 17: e 110;--cf - oZ. 00 1:ja. ;, 1)017Ldr:,(; %1.1 ancl o 1.);.,- s defi' the following genera]. rE

' e 7-dd1deu.b.b;o. eb;ùr coas,, one ub mo.7e of bc.ALn.;.=";,11,-, na,.1.10chuio rnrhe othero ;;hc: c,.nirici.c),).te Iravr,Ykr 1)-1 unia,-. ^.711-1 C31. r_rc, ,-3hy foirmi be i,iTeon tùe ricife

d-jdr....,ed ad deue3 4he maiu TariM):1..) JOr7 of ::()1.1cr-asC suncoriion Of '6-.;:8u01tjonai Platead ',Oho cebebdi a;le-pc 7.711.01,7,:irewuir'ou'b1y Roo.n ,aoPth,

-;,opot3rapllico,:i. ft.) o:on: c .r.!".°?-a"..,:., of lie: ^,losedOovessiODFJ 1o7ra Ili 7.1F, o

T,Ab 1;esho li(A7th(7 j.ztrq.lt 1-cto 1 ;;- _Iumbe;r r)f NDO ;',Ir?c1:1E' ) The 2E'..6i011CO311 ba00.1)a:1:2i(1. J.71 rc.ar.eab. adohbilì 01.'1Ta,l'irmlar i...)por,;rph:i.c.71,1Coo:417r)s, of,,),-,(111 ofliera are.1% belo77. 2. 2. '

ra _ e :Bade available to the 1:1 001

1:50(1

1 if:25

1:10 Ou tff..',." - r - -0(1

i2 '7,00 -6 i U. av War-

23 3arrani 'iCC?; a ba:b

. 7!1? 7).113, r El roht

; 1..c.C 1.F.'i-''CE 1llr"Ti.CT.

' 4 km wide J. S f0111. du:

band and tb.e lief 6

Thwoove lare dop:,7eHelon3 alonr.2; the edge eZ the )11ateau. Como lmportJnt LltremsL at the ec.o.2pm o; the rOateau, especially couth -ost of

2.4. The are fr)m RIdi Baiai to Ras Abu Laho

Thi.J'; hL S T (.6 Ypdi o pc: rJra:,Ari cal fen-Liz:earo The eoaotal. belt of is q'evy:1PCOW :fiptintermi:3tent South0.17 the coas talbal'k: L,..ror of ,,I:ontle uniform clope e....7%eads ill) Lo the plateau. This area .j.n t:caverced by 1,1:?.nypa-2alluJ streamJ, There are come im ,:rt sandyzones incido the area, with undulating reliefs The Nogoila pilo uled in thi lrev-

2,5, el ;J:jekma

Tho cli Q.,: the hji_van Pie Lean ic very pronounced throuThout the arco- 0:rallel to the ooast at a distance varyincs'.com some hundred metros (flas-A- Eolem to t7_!,Ini (neaf lictruh),

The ftimoutinvour!, 3.'Le of duoes developf, at a disancc varyinc; :ron 200intreS to hm i'rom the coact, A. narrou coastal plain of6e:ntle ele pe is ..,7ouudi bet-veon the z!oa aild this ridLo.

51outh of the ridg::,9 the maili e] ala slopes even1 up to the esosrpment o Lthe p1W6eau, Yhere ace some salt lal:es iu the lower part ofLite plain9 come of nem havinc; outlets to the 'lea, The e.scarpment of tho pla:teau is deeply cut intotv utroams, :Aomeor cut into thoiiglier pai.L of Lbs ma:1n .p.tain

The pf.lt Thcluded in this area.

2.6.

Thi; areah.n7,no domThat topocrephioal featul'es. eonsistm 0Z an irre,su.- 171rsueoeL;slon of L,lte2qutinc,- lou hills and elosed depressious, sloping ap icon Nouth Le Ther isanalmet contiruous range of dunes alonr.; the coast 'Jest ofFula,1 tho eklcc of the sioyan Plateau becomes proaouncocl.

e included in this area.

1iTtro v:1.dses of dunes -11 the arov.2 the -ore:Jent aaid41111,DS 0%0 C)k) - N -ride, and -Limo consolidaed 1-idceo of duuo;,-3 20 , Mch, 'ejloclistallee bctuon,1 -Lime present '3aud dunes :tildtheilrot old oonsolida4)0 Lr,3 aome hundred mo',7es emd tl)e dtstance bet1Teen ihet7) old concol:tdatod km,

!mo to the Nouth of the Lhird ridge thero i s maTkecl iharthir soAh the J-,7Ae:C' -ebowic a ;]..1611.-t olope ;:rem: outh

eopret-zions b,tweon tho ridzer2 are flat and of low altitude, partly liuthe vatov heav2:

Th6.I..i.dcos Lave aroz617ely6.0iJiJo Llopaudtho le7)ar1)a-,Yts o2 :6hom contain the aovou-;:nral sollIJ of L.he ult,h ;:,lo trees. 7

ririiefr./71. 2,0 1.7.-Ser.210-1 e'"VeV's esi,3se "' 7:1 're ifo Dier,/ o: . : /I hant:0 a."Ni. "SU tz.) '' s/ 1`,,t 'GO 1 1.141C1 o ifncr 2,0 'ornr 2or oeoffi 15'2,,/,/ ." /' /-or L-lehor, ïf,liol (.1../.1 . 1.1.1,0e. fefir-Le.3-'61-o,'....ict/cerfirrel/.7/,-;10.1 "/,/r 9.1k3 rrr.I. .; 7..0,6. vito. ,-1,?:If://' -/ 3. a 11/ o)./,1//t3/',: n' '.P130, c3. a 't,f/.o:-s. n la //oon-r /3-/-r r

°/.;",- 0:,:e01,...,DO, fir Cr." 7 t.,3,

1.10 (^:,, 3.nr njc.1,1c1 r1 j Tit.° ",e11.,:e-i/1/1/"/S /, ;nnann C:r:12. !fife 1,5" Orr', ''),/y/..ei.l."./f/r:', ,J./13.0 frecrf-ro /-//".* "/ ",../7,/:-.).) 10,1 "/"?...9 .;o oi./L-3-/-/o (led,i 0 )7 /...//f71 (473 -r/// a./*/T Tc/ cI LQI. i-t - 3, t-co, -./H" o,./"

:1,11 oe«, ,,,,f-lort r: Jo r, :37° *2 ,Q85 /1-1;0.. ,/reo el re,1-te-,/ coe).-,n yFir.,1° 11F° ris" zt]

011,1 j :-.11.0.."0..1 0 c71,1 ',-,77c/ )/1-pec., 3_1103 6-,/,.91irco--i-i.; o :-.17.,)) <12

t://1,,/-r/r/-"ls; ' 3.sere,Ordoff Ire,/ ef, 61-Lee ,;(1, r, 7/11 01'4 rum ','/'/e ),11(-1 f ' afla 11,", 717./. 11) 0-0 r:31 7`, , 1//,,,:/t/ o er "/ SI', , ,:-^2,: nr ;Xi t.C ttl , '`

°: ,)' " !El , 7" '"

. ,"n- :` " eS, re* "*. f-1:1

: fro ".:v ,r1 ,,att, if.272,2,0 1),

:7-// If tl f ff 41,13'4 ° r',-""H !,; 44 v././ f'*. CR° ' ti /:{ '7.11":"{ . :'. a-a1. ç, `,° ..1°;

' ° 1/11 e./ t

44 i i 41 f f 4 f4j,i.f i

4 4./ .3, a fee " /24. L; 0/ o,s-r./:, /" ,4 L ';%,"," fr- "f/,' / /. a.i0,It4'1,,'itj1, :41' °' ' .° " T..r0

1 , i r 4.I.)

"C: P5, C, :

c/so 'i /e,2e, -././ ?roc/ :7- *.!°` "://"'

(,),F2 1:111 1:T./.,./1/r,/ , i72,3 -)` !"41it.,-/inni / 0 7;' /..// no,f 'too '!"t!,giV00 VVAllfoolde 1irnluuUoi 1 I rnIV,Vri-110 ,11...e f*o 'I, U. y f".1 C0111 Ii 1L1.'1.0,, Aft-arvei 1. 1'.1r11-] ":"" (Ai;LO 1'1539 11; 1961 u 'uee ) !1111,2,ei oftho /,ecion oC tliem oaloulated no u ovora,-,on,

7,17'1 METEOROLOGICAI, NETWORK

StAtions Al L -Blu L21100 to Kinds of daLa imd,71

Sea N e LTA7Q-317TIT:in -Temp. Wind Evaporation Sun- Su i o tat ionfa I l Lihi1ì-Lûn km humi- OC.Pich C1aOLduv;z- dity

Pormanent Stations LI -km- - (Daily) illo::dudria(Airport) 7

;-,khLla 6

Purc-el-Arab 5 ii Dabea 6

Rau ul Hekma

Llatruh (Airport 4

El Q'Lsa'

DF,Prani

!9allum -i-

!uiiouiic o La llano (Weekly i'ecords ) i1outh Dabaa 16 iqu,-,- el Kanayis 54

1

,'31.7u, elsoce road e. 12 , 11u. 8 60

6-orar'LA 18 9

Table 2 (cont.)

1501n, 9,2.00234.2= 9.41.7.,2^9071.4.8t70".1.0.. 9701111 Cm. Stations with Altihido Dstao to Rainfall rainfall records Sea Nearest (Weekly) only Station -km- -

10 km in Siwa road 20 10 km east en' Siwa road on the railway 12

lab 4

- Yila railway 58 Fuka 17

ggush railway 22

Wadi km 9 1

- Wadi Ramla(North) 4 Wadi Mahlab (North) 25

WadiTawila(North) 50

30

39

9

18

10

20 10

1.2. Work done underhe Pro

Calculation of new normals

c1:isti'ltz 7.ormaio octublichod uithr.Jv (x) a small nuidbo%- of yoa,:a ui' (J-J: yoaro of obervation9 wh1c1.i:siqudos cuy accurC6o comuarii,on HtatLons. Toua It zeomedna:3nov nomaalo should "no ccloulated o ondo (16,JpiuouPIL)S0

A riod 01 time woo chook.nloAuonouh ';,k) calculate signiasan.t means snd to he same yeoru of roliablo and complee obsercationo for nearly all the stations ;,ho uo. For ):ainfall, normalo nood a minimum e-J7 30 years to ba 'oliacble. The perisd, 1925 to 19Z!.0 and1951 to19651o=ccludosne,uor yesrs and coma post-war z»,prti dm.inc whfich th,: stations uare not fullioperatingo Forhe oner climatic data ,alrtempe-ea%uro and .ombdiby- vind speed/9'ohe between-year variations are rather Loy and 15 yevra uf observions G951-1965) wera judged to be ulaioiento New slimo*

To discover the bout use of rajnfall; runof:: and groundwetc.r .Por &rvelopinc a.ad imp:covin,. the grasinceapocity of the ranges, isohyets up to ,:Lhout 150 nc tu the :eouth wife .:Icetohodand data collected concering:freguenoy, durationoitet of :cainfall in the cachmeni arene of the7,&,aik:.>

Ao ohown ir Fi', L2 all the e.7,-istinc, m000rolocisal siaUons aresituated the eoo,at or,Ictfarthef than 10 km fyom It. Thereforeda petuoLll of5 aeekly periodio atsiol);.! ha2..m metooroloical equipmentstand:I.:zed with those (D:'tho Tletoorolo-, ica( II/-ovrtmcnt statona, was installed, These r-Ations acre operatod by tho Moteoru- J*Darmen.'6 atodf and thus provide reiiaola datu uhich can be compared to the coatrital frtations. 0,L=dail a' La belonginL Lo the MeteorologicalDepartmentDet- at 31.11.1-417a1: /as ntilieod. rej/A. -2o.:i.nfall recorders lore sot UT) in 4 catohmeot areas, Vo.c Uydro1ogica1 ;4tuOiso, ome vaingauges uere plaoed alonj north-south transect lines. (south ol El :Caba9 oouth of f,latl'ob .along the "toarl and south of ) toassess the decrease ,-)2 -,2aiqlaL. with distanc,-? fromtho sea, Readings were tak 4echly by no Moteurologlet;J utaff,

LLa ,I.aintenance of theruoI:ly motoorlogi.cal stations located inlaad, howevc,r, diYficulto Problems,Jrtransportation9 persornel. cuardianshjp, and uat.or dolayed Lhic'T,7'ga4.m.Inc ofobseations, ThetTholcnetwork -vas ready tu worki71Octobex 1966, _ki,arit 3 yucas of obsr-ita:tioau will be neoassary- to provide afirst indication of ia_D water bud(;et cd-thee)',12 2. Main Facto.,, Lceraiininthe Climate of theAa

Four to the climate of the region a

ol .1ie region with regard to the general circulation 1

r of ti an sea. :on of th_ -The orogra

no doub 4.14a 'Lho first factor i8 the most irroorhant ouo. Tho Woth- Wester]: Coastal Rec,io:i ,7rom 31°33 luto about 30°,10 II (South of ha llammam 11 from 25°11 E (Sallum) to 29°57 V (Ale:mnaria)° At tbis latitude, tho uoather 4s controlled in summer by the subtropical high pressure belt and in winLer by the cyclono moving castward with aosterlioc The summer situation i2 charactrized by a stationary (or slowly moving eastward) antooyclone on the contral Mediterranean goa and Libya2 uhilo (loop monsoon lows ni;ay over Iraq and Saudi Arabia. Y.n the rogion this results in a olear eikyno reln2 high solar radiation and relatively ueak winds durin the summer months ('ay Co September). Tho mituation changan ir October because of the weakening of the Mediterranean anticyclone. Cyclones rormea over the Atlantic or over certain favourable regions of the (Gulf of Genoa, Cyprus) ponetrato oastwara aith the westerly winds° Those cyclones entend sufficiently to c,,ffect the :,..)gion (mainly the Cyprus If,ou) and account for practi.cally all heuinter rainfall° Rainfall occurs as showers asmociatea uith cold front oumulum olouds°

The pro:mity of the sec- has a direct offoo on the ai e and humidity, and consequontly on evaporation anacondensation. Tho orientation of thecoas;withregarato the Prevailing 'Ands. in Drobably the main emplanatiou of Lho diìferonco lu tho distribution ofrainfall alongthe coast° The parts of tho coast diroctLy e=posed to the northuest uinds (tho Western parts of the Delta, Ale;:andria to Burg-91Arv2)) receive moro17711than those facing tho north- west (Sallumv Puka).

The role of orograohy is yet unknoun,, It will he assensoC by the data of the now meteorological station, installed by tho projects. at Aber El Kanayes, on the 200 m contour line and about 50 lzmEYOMthe coas.;,. 1'c, in 9ossib/o tLat the altitudo has momo effect and that the rainfall on the plateau in more abundant tha fed. 12

3.

lite average rainfall and itsdistribil Long the coast.

:,,nr1 eichL L-.1%.!J,ions of ti e North ',!est coo.ct -enac,..) between 100 and. 750 mm. amon_n% plri.ous HR-.) rn he clojIc TLirnJ i F

Tab 3: A- Zall

30 ye 1939, 1951 1965)

; .

Di 1 141 1,r

_ _ 1- c 1 AlerantiriR z] 6. 4 130J.7 ç O r 70, '18(-106 4,7 1O. 0 oij , o, 35.5 r 10,07 Co 1111111,1"11 5,31.5 0.5 0 ,3. .1 Daham 3"). -6 6 2.6 ,0 , 0 0.31 1,;, 3,3H Fukz, 21,3 10,"3 d,31,01.5 0 0 11 Marcie. 36 o 4 O 10 , 2, 82,-2 9; O 1'5 0 o Sidi Darconi 1 19, I 10, 2 t62 1o ol/ 2l3 I 5, 3 8,21-32A o 00, 0,- 1

Only a small psi: o7the co-) from (181 mm) to Buru (157mm la a little more ravouied,

ilabrro. St aictruh md. icUBarra.4.1.L_ soo(Pei 'chtD 5o.1,1,44al1101111 toP: cP.1):1i4:.4-ia on 2 bo mot The 1ccIostuit Pf -ce.ihf Hawk-pat (120 ce.n12.ei;o. I,9:44e L:en 14,4 e:...ulaih 0

:5'111:a I protected from therairly'oina b:r ihr rock,y ccest t 1.7,10,s onhiloIcoward 2ide of fahyal. platt?av both reCeiVR p litLic mek.'e nan 100 1J11 !,Inat noLeri, how.Dift:r, tnat th..?da-6: Pub: and El flammam aro leso relioblo thn uTher i2; on tillFrounds of 1.1,--sefiatacollocLed eo 11"fictIt'D OOn (no j'urt,11Q1M.:tu 5 km otT,J).o ;ilhove), mal o. ...;sumn'6.ion oil%hu 0.-IJI.ibp.. Loo ofth:,, r9inH11orto tr.:co %he isohsca,

An °).;.- em..ot inland diotidbution was i broyer,byF. Mali (1952) who ueed C6an Iflc. 3).

icoil El 1tvrSL, '61 I I LdLieL wr17. 1.96)1 cy,i1 viipuolishod, 6us al:Jocl_ra-.T41 ioolixo'co in f.1 presisli-aion moo of Emt These, o MOPC ;11hol., That tho florth Gost..:1,1 shoco o: Prhuhi.o. R.Lenid _2.11c1 134)vo-ilos) roirL-tLro1 o1ì. patarod (150 - 200 mm). Thic well eL.plidned (El Pandy LLN6) ;,ho 1toc'-tn jiotc(.1,7 tho ool(i. north currr,:r3 onho od.rs uS thc CA-orchl Jor,

Thr,,15CP 44H j cohyc e orno to ?olJ_çnt 11e oah 'oho 16,1 mm isohyo (1,2.nno-% bo dra,i ot th a.ely so".1e1 Lho data o.): una I QI-tepftd., aaa talLui 1 otho,si(1,-; 'Jueh maps 110T,i" C00617,7h1CO32- reA lLr 'L LO106 aceuro toeneuh ra(,..72UICM00;:, 3.1/ Etatio,ij ID,.7.baa (coutbLt L Ja u 1L,Iri.) and i6 tfie u:Aly íqiCoosiLA,u 1.00 ii 3c10.-tots "joc,.;rH)e1,-274s,thu fino t data sh-Gaino hyd.cololical31 tUdiOO iL, (.13,»-; - H,1-hash -- %bat -tito 13 decrease of the amount of rainfall with the increasing distancefrom thesea is probably more important than can be ureaLcted bylir)Delta figurenc The rainfall re-corded at 12.5km from i,he pea at the limit of the catchmentarea of Uadi Ramla (neAr 1;lersa Matruh) was only58percent(54mm) of tho rainfall at El gasr(97mm), durinu the winter 67 689 This difference could be considered es significant as it was systematic for each mouth.

Distribution o. ainfa he

'FIG.4shows the monthly distributic rainfall, and Fig.5tL Asonal distri- bution in percent. The rainy saason 1'e6i. 6.11ing the second half c-' OCJober. Three quarters of the total amount falls from November to Februlry. DecHmber and January are the raLest months with an averace of35mm per moothc Some showers are still observea .1.::!.iiarch, but the spring isaryand receives only 10 percent of the totalc

The dry season lasts. 7months without precipitation, except for a few stormy rains in April. May and September. This typical winter rainfall regime sets severe conditions 2or agriculture. The lack of good spring rains ana the rather high- evaporation in the winter reauce considerably the veplenishment of the soil 1:ater stora&e.

The mean annual number of rainy dayo according to the minimun amount, is given In Tablee4a, b, c, anaci9 02 the 42 rainy days per year, only a few bring enough water to moisten tus soil. 25 Cays record rainfalls greater than 1 mm. A rainfalL of more than5mm io observed7days per year Rainfall of more than 10 mm / day, generally falling with au intensity high enough to fill the wadis only occurs3or zltimes per year mainly in December eud January.

Table i an un' ,f Rainy Days (a)

Yec 1951 1965

11 LI Stations 11. rm /1. H ---,J.----

5.3 ...6 1..! 0,0 0.0 0.3 3.9

Dabya 5. 397 2.9 0. Oc',5") 0 092 .1 1 3.7

0,4 8A 2.7 0.2 0.0 1.7 1 6.3

Siai Barroni 9.05.7 1 0.4 1,3 0.2 0.0 0,31 3.8

Sallum 793 1.7 :L. 1c9 0.2 0 0,5 3.2 14

`rabie Mean Number of da ys Ye ar - 1965

,

111

11 i 1

.!'l 1 9 -.':0 °I 1 Cti--.:.L.J. o 6o,. y ' 4,, 3 11 ',15. O, 111' k.L. ::, , -. ;0,7 ;;1,1 ¡ :' u 7, 4,.1'11- r: : 't::0- '''''' ' i , ';1 :I T, o f. »..) baa -",-., ,!. 2 . ' i ! 1., 2, O. o O \ o o 0,1._ r: , 4 1, q, .. ..L, L' 1, I `r ,..J.

) ; 1 'I 1 :11.,,.'4,1.91.1.1 I L! o ° '2,o 'Y ./ ,C O. ;.; 1 0 -'5 or,o (1, o o ..,::,,'-, :i

;; t', , fttdñ :i 6 . .?, ¡ ;,:' , 13 2f O L, 5 0 o,d.

1 li 'rl 1 .'30,1 1 uta 1, I 7:'; 11.. o 7 k.' o 0 O O O i 8 ..1 o, '.». , ' 11.)... 1 442,44.1 ...... _ ...____..., .._...... _....._.._. .._.,,.....

Mean Number of Rai

:1951 .. °-----41 "--- 4 '''''''' °4---- fi 4 --I -- fifi CIALVD..i

,:r/ ..1.P i S i,Cti 011J i 1:4 i ,a, ,..) Q-1- ,' il *.;1 1 id O lj t, T 1 lie ay,. 11 4 I 4 '1' °o o !'' 4

''''' V" a ::, CI 1 (1 i, . n.1 r?..T.g.tid:Pj., 1 c. ,, 0 2 c., :0 4 O- O I'l ,:o ,; O 14 44) 44' 44; ,, 9 `o, . CO 0, 0 ; I_ (4: :o.44_, 7 ' 1 4 i D7:1),0.L.,, ; +""t o 1, `,°I i', 7 'o.:1. ' C., ,,),,D,¿ 1.0 0, J. O "J., "L.,' '1,, 2 I-, 9 1; O, ( ., ,II :I

l' 4 11101. S'a Mmt culi '1 1071'10!) , 6 O .-.). O ., o 1 (''. 0 14', O /o.. 41. (4 7 °o oo;44 .;_s; 4441 ;1 % :41 ; t fi

1, 0.4 I' f o '.,- e fi 'Cl.tpll t1 .33) j '' 3 3 Si Ili33.;»,r3...asi O c 7 ' o ., ''i Ini I O ,. O co. pO O C.' o 0 )' o c lfil 1 fifi,''''' ,,...,1 ,...... ,.. i 11 44,, ,4,4qco.:144.0.10 00,21,_ o -1,3 0 3. 090 9!, q . fl0

10 mm.

iear r: 1965

I a .i: 4 1 1 4 Yo; 43 to..1:14-4 o-; o4o, id. r±, i.o. j ',',1- ; ", ' ; ' 144 4 Oi '41 r; .'' ''' ,

1 , ;0...v.ys ; - - -s, - i----- e::e.nctri ° O, O i 41 O O O 1 0 o 0 o , : 1

1 ) 0 u 1 ,., ,..1 O ,..,

c,,, i +.1;3 `II r a M!.", 0, 3 (.1,0 ; o). O ..,. O

i 444 14,4 fi .7 fi' ci?:Ir..r 0 O 00 0.0 'il o. O

'o.--F:44.121744..._ 4 05 4. 44 15

1,4 n ions of 'aTh.11 from ear to ear

In arid climates, thevariatlen ofrainCall from one year to anotbel: may bp' co lmportant that it precludee, ary agrIsulture even ..E the annual me aa soomo allow tt.

As the time distribution of the annual amount seldom folleuo theGausoiaa uheu the annual amount is low, it is ip priucipla not posLlibi.e toRSOthe stanaara devlation a dispersion parameter. Tha in6crannaal varlabllAt;,- i.e then used in ouoh a cane.

It is calculated on long time records by the formula:

(R R) (R R ) R ) Iav 2

interannual variability Iav R = annual rainfall (hydrological year Juno 1 May 31) nmnumber of yeare of observation

The relativo intaa., 1 variability (I is expressed in of th-' 1 average. av

X100

R annual average.

Table 5 shows the interannual variabilities of rainfall along the coast.

Tiaterannual Variability of Rainfallalong bile coas orth Coastal Rerden

Number of yea-ro Annual interannual RelativeJa, Statjen of observetiou average Variabilit51 (1 1: av tIV :yeare mm

Alexandria 180 5Y 32

Fl DOlaa 38 143 57 40

40 145 67 46

35 148 57 37

Sallum 38 106 72 68

It is Generallyconsidered that regnlar dr5-land farming agriculture ic practically Imposoible with a ral.nfal] whf,.ch is so scalese and soerratic. The rainfall :11. Alexandria andsurroundingareas Is more regular and abundant.han In , ana Morsa Matruh. Sidi Darrand2 Yhich has the same annual average as Merca Matruh9 shown less variability. Sallaimon thecoerar;rç han a deser climato n3th R very AlGh Tair 16

Comparing thes.:, :i. oultn with those of Perrino BrichambLurt and C. or the iaddloEn-b, it apped.. That the region Sguite similar, us2E.P c raina11.is oolcore2d, the Dei:el Zor area iu Syria.

The I as high as it s i nevertho1,2so lower *than that of many part of -Olo 111) cid] F3 such as riosepotania, thc Xranian South coast, or the Eas.%orn Aorocoan

1n. of ocorence of dry and rai Tyears.

J:A:ved vall:..es of average annual rainfall, calculated on the basis of h;)drolw,ical ;ca.rs (JI.ine 1 May ',1) were plotted on napere (seo G2nphs .V3,Ur audi42) appeur:1 the observed dts';ribuUon fits rai,her -n11Tdth Ole normal 1.;),1d .Lor Sallum. In Ale_::.,,tudria, rainyyears 1ith move 1.hall 250 mm may occur once or tac in Len ;eíJs irheroa d2y yearn receivinglessthan 120 mm aro .)2.:pocted once in ten

Ic Lca,nn.L El Da'aaa and SIdi ParranfL animal rainrall of more 1-,han 250 mu av,D e:Lccptional. A ruin..L'all o2 more -6haa 200 mm occurs tlrice Lu ¡Ion ynars. Dry years le6d than 100 mm occur Lue or lirso years :LiLou.

For Sallum, he distribution is highly diss- me.c. Dc-api'oe thQ10;7anauva average (102 mm), highannual amounts are Bome'dmee observed, more ofixn than) would, be predicted aCcording t ili normal law. On the other hand, deser'.: with 3ainfall less thLn '50mm -ore'i'ailabout twice in tenyeaVE

lfall

;y1,.avoof ,D-c,ocy-,:o.V,on, in MevsLìa Lrcihwhi oh repreeents the average coneqUens ia the ou u rn:.nfall of more than

50 mm / day was observed5times or 10.6; 75mm / day was observen]. 2 times or 98mm day (ma:T:WEBol,sorved once 2.tjo (SOGREAH Report)

mau.i.nunc ainfall intensity recorded during the yeare s 50 mm in one (taL», day, of the 50 mm which feil during 12 hour fell in 6 hours, D.ua 3.4 mm in ono hour.

'.cho distributionora rainfall intensity of over 2 mm during 1 hour is the followiL1951 19)

more than 2 u / hr :100 % of cases. more than7 / hr ; 85 joo. i1e,:,.00;11 more than 1C / hr:30 jo (). oo.00k,,, more than 2C hr:15 of the0+.7.2. 17

32. Air tem :erature

Table 6 indicate s the mean monthly maXimum mnimum 1.red durin reference period1951 1956in five meteorological statin.

Table 6

il s o 1 1, 0

,!1:1.o :my 26,8 289 0,. 2c), 6 1, 2.1.C .7 137 ; M '1 d 01 181 2.106 260526.1 25 '2 20,5-', - 229l9,

, C9 r, 97 9 9ß lO5 13.. 7007,7, 0.43.o,21o00 p 6d .7 255 27,9293.

11

7,9 2.0 167 21.0 21,3 19.87,2 1T.,":.i0.

m ' 12.9 13,5 17,4 200023.2 25,6,..!5-,2, I ?6, i1.1.,, ,-;-1.9 2 1(

M m 11,0p.1.. 2 11,0 1007 1006 8,18.5 ;3,, 9 .,1 9,31o2 10,*2,;TO, 0 ,

18,219.0 20, 7 229 2O5. 28.029,2 2920 ,'-.26.7.27,31:-'-.10'7.`1()07 2,::. '!

n re 1 35'io. 7, ,12,1 20i': "1,0 L9,7 16,9 11i, 4 toa

1 I, I M m 14,311'03 3.50,;17,, i_ t20,1)125 ': ,C, 250o12,1,2')2.01J),r-.1.;,,7),,,I.c),g - ,

,

c 71 71.0 , M fit . . 5hJ),..-, ,1,0P,1.3., 9,7lL3 3-o ) '''',:' , 0 21(:,,1

, - ani M )3,1.0.9 20 ,...', '122.2 'Z!, 70 26,26.2 29,0'2['.,0".2.''.--:6.'''.2-',5''1`1 ,.7 23,8 - ' ; 1 , re ¶'O p100 6 13, I. 18,2.22.0 ..-11,,7-'04,]_7J:1.),.9 r. L , - L500 r-L5 4 . h i

M 15, 1 0,51(7 1904

;,

i 1:).1?; i7,., ..1.(),,.:., C 8 9,6 99 9,1 R !', tl

( .18.9 2307 290 ',77,30 , C',31 .0::2.9 -, 2 27,, ,-;2.._4!0c3 ,2(:).4 2:5.2 Sallum ,, 1 ,, 1 - -I. L'20. i,?7..805 To;..; 111.5 16,,0 9,,5 14.0 1.G,7 ,20.:.. 21,7 22.

!

q . vi 3.4.2 01,18 ? .... 2'9 26.) 3- 6. 24,c., 2 2 1 20,0 ?1 i20.5

9.7 5,39.1 C9 ' : ; , o 9.1. , 2 1,!, 9,. P , 9,; -

I - - i

The Mc' ill annual ma.ximum temperature isabout i°3 an6 the mez',1.1. minimum 1,5 hi,,r7her in ello::and.ria, hau along iale eoar2i.-,iestoaodri. 1J,D;-%"oaF, ttsul 1.10 ran. Matrt.,11 hayo the mamo marim1,ni bu- ElDo.baz,,, has lower uight r 1remduring winter Euid. spx.j.nuo The differenoc Is 1,0°C in ,Tanua.-QT9and, C0 5°C io Sidi. Barran! 18

)es the most tempera te climate of the coast. Maxima are lower and e_e' gher than Mecca tlatruh. This in probably due to the greater exposure of the northern par; of the Sidi Barrani area to maritime effects, and thus cannot becy-ltrapelatod tho 'Alois Sidi Darcani area. Once more, temperature data recorded b.s theZarrar:La Meteoro- logical station, 12 hm south of Sidi Barrini rill be useful in assessing the e::tension of eee influence.

At Sallum the summer temrerature exceeds that of Matruh b:; 1,5°C to 2.0°C for thr mean me7:ima, The mean monthly minima are also constantly hicher in Sallum than in atruh oe' Sidi Barrani (1 or 2°C).

As regards temperature, the region enjoye a typical Mediterranean climate,being strongly influenced by tbe pres3nce of the sea.

Compares with the Sahariul climate :Irevailing inland, both the ma:eimum and the minAmam Lemeerature cuches are flattened, but the dif.rerence in oartLcularly obvi)us .:or the moimum (Fig. comparison of the sir temeeraturec the coas t to those el' tLuOoacie: 300 Pea ewv to the South).

The lowest temperatures aro observed in .)anuary and February :the mean monthly maximum skavs around 9°0 and the minimum of the night seldom falls below 5°0 (absoluto minimura 2-0)0

rJe of frost, a re.ed in desertclimato, in thuo to be roared in the region, Ilut cool nights, characterized by temperatures below 10°C, pret,ail from thc laet weeksce:'December till the middle of March. The day temperature during the winter is rather low and uniform, seldom exceeding 2000.

Swing begins in th:. first weeks of March and there iu E_marked iqcrease of .Who 6.r.4 temperature (above 20°C). Bu % the nights remain cool and tho general trend of increasing temperature is often broken by cold spells lasting3 or 4!days-, Anril is ehoraoterized by frequent "khamoin" winds, bringing the maximum temperature to over 30°G or even 35°C Cor 2 or3days at a time. April nights are still cool (beGween 10 to 150C).

The summer lasts(41-Qa: 5moutlis, .frovA May till the e'vidorOctober, The (lay temperatux.a is warm bu'6 temperate, fluctuating betueen 25 and 3000, The night tomuera- kurea are rather high, mainly in August and September (more than 2000).

Autumn begins with the first 7e-e 7. Day and nicht temperatures elowly decrease, dreppinE Lo about 20°C max of th aed 100 (min of the qight) in midDecember: the begilining01Tinier.

3.3. Air h

Relative hue '4.ty at 0600 UTand1200 UT is given in Tables7a6nd 7b, 7shows the annual ' R.H. throughout the year and compares tho air humidity along the North West coas'6 that of a desert station Helwan 19

Mean Tltive at 0600 UT.

o L.

_ ± 72 76 72

Dabaa 73 73 69

Mersa Matruh 9 72 69

Table7b

Mean Re ative Humidit at 1200 UT.

Years 19

Stations D ,± Mean

, , 1

Fi Ale7andria 56 54 '' 54 56 55

,1 II 'Si Dabaa 52 1. 51

Mersa Matruh 1 50 5:', 52 P I - '-

SicU Barrani .51 93 59 63 70 61 ,j1 5-3 1 53' 57 i

48 , ,I."( 4E1 Sallum q-5 45 41 ,46 0 51 52 5446l'

For all the stations of-.tbe coast, the relative bumidity ric'an not vary greatly through theyear,stayingbetween 50 to 60 percent at noon and 1);tween 60 to 70 percent The air is markedly drier in in Lhe morning (and also .J.c: the evening, uot shown). Sallum. Compared LoHelaan, tho airmoistuPe in cuita maritime, Ab noon, *the maximum R.H. in observed during :'.ugus't and September. In the desert, minimum R.H. occurH in April Mayaas long .the North lies; coast, bus; a ion value pers:1Ttn ';hrough- out UM1Cro

In the morning R.H. is high in Ale:zandria durinc winter(about 80 percent); in Ma.tPub ana Sidi Barraniit fluctuates around 70 percent.

Saturation deficit, or .411c between the saturated andthe ?,oa.J. vo.)?enr pressure of the air, is a better aay toeYLpresethe dr.yiac o2 the air. This concopt has a more biologLcal meaqinr:01.7%il R.110 Tablas 8. and CI) and now 20

:opfb,fow,to-o of o mo14,.::r.to :.,empora'6ure and amount o. atorrapow: in tho 110 ftci5. hirronl. j1ijìir e favo-lrable for t,ho vege.'uo.'civo grouth eL 3 11 -tot be noosiblo to evaluate how far this action of ths som nntili;ho:ro are ords r..r:Yoro ;ho inland meteorologicalstations.

uration deficit mm H'0 at 0600 UT

I A)nnt:11

<1. n. p/.io

308 502 6.9 7.6 707 0 6

30,9 5.5 605 7 5.1 '1' .3 3,2;

J.9 :5.5 72 109 6.3 700

00 1,--)0,e1 7,3 7.1 6.06.4 3,J 5-1

33 6°1 3.3 9 82 7,7 6. 2

Table 8h Satu.ratiu efioit rntH at 1200 UT Year 1951 -

UP.1 L. il" 0,13.

:ti, 7 1201 L 00 13. .3.1 , 10.

Do.,1-0LL. 11.4 122l35 l2 10.,5

4 Lej..m 1.3:Ll 13. 002

3..t:;.:1 :Car:rani 80:+ 8.4 9.341.2 10,4 7.0 1. 8,3 6

Br%) lu,a 30; 133 :t

304 .,,:.1.71d. dire--°.

In 1.1(..,:sL 1:. anu ..4 ,.,,.:ilarrani9 eludo blow mtrongly oa-rly

L.;tiI.inc.,171.'611 z-,31. . sp.,-,ed of c=.,,.bout 20 to 25 lzm -(5.5q)9 ,-ijo rilt,,blo and Fig..9 givo cL, .,,-:, IrAnd spe.d, for '6he ..,:o0D.on,, 21

T-,ble 9

4 ' ',. ... rannal ' r r l' jJ 7.v: ., .,:-::77-----T717,17- Krr:

,..,, 6 'HlEi -,,6 3.17., 1--, ,!'le,7car6,,r1e, /7.0 ,11.6 15 .915n7 , ,r4t12,.. 3.015.9 7.,507

i ',Ill'9abaa 13.1 14.115.9 16.3 15.016,3 18.016,5 ,130512, 0 ,1,4,5';,

, ( ; , , h 1/, Novfm Uatrnh 49 3,,C22.0 22.6 20.0,3 2/.418.7 17.816.:',1/7.412. 210

, 1 Ka: Bar]..e.u%, 20,4 20 l5 20.6 18,2i17.0 20.017.'i.°, 15.715.16.5 ..19. - su.121.,mi J.509 140r.548 7 150414,1 12.011.9 128G.s1T,O

Wind opeo0 decreases in N.ay ana J1,2e,bno Jnlv is ujudy, Th3 ena 1:tc summcY records many calm dayo and theavc,;I:agaspe3a drops to 15 km/11:.o m / o), The [inc7 speed in Alel:andTis9 l Oabaa an.a .1:-1 25 percent lower.

"timum wind ve are expected to occur:

than 100 km / L. - 2.2 times in nFea.7's than 80 km / hr - 18 time::, than 60 km / hr 58 times

th-West winds prevail with a freency of 30-40 percent (Fig. 10). South- west winds have some importance in Matruh and Sidi Barrani: 18.6 and13.5percent respectively. 3.5 "ion and Solar radiation

1"icjntsunshineduration measvre,a (0.exandria:, 111,221, one?Sallnq in Table 10,complled from "limaolorzical normal0 and :Crom thero-1,lot bn1le;;Ins.

O ° Dur of bri ht rrrr1i.r..1 f Possible

1,Lrrh rarrrr 1r: r.er,ird

_A 78 66 Co enanclria 1924-15 7/ ! 75 4 7,TaLruh 1964-65 65 71 c- a 79 71 79 76

88 8r !' 69 SalInm 1.932--q0 h8 75 72187 91 92 ,! 108 ! , ! lieIta4u 72, 77 78 90 !q!! , 00 ' 75 671, - 6

It is olear that there is no greatdifference In sunshine dvration i:rom place '6o '1.7Tace alone; the coasi;, nor i?rom year to year Cloudiness i,i., greaer aLouc -be coas-;; thRn inland (Heluan). The difforence j.s of course more conspicuous anrjng 7-1.7:ili,or ana opri.nr.; t 100 but 1s,11, moro than 5%..for the n'nole year.

TII.e amOunt o-J? solar erergy recelved ter nnii:02 UI:oundarQc,°-E! uov6'0E30'01111Y .fLzecl. asIlel back31:ound _Len any quantitative analysis of most c17 fte miero-1imat lomenaof the low atmosphere, To moasure this solar radiation Trlill accnsaon 22

delicatei:;Istlumontation is ,7oc.2,ulred, such as the Moll t1ieroopi3o, and only a research Tj.th sciertfio staff can a.Cford. An asy way Lo obtain a good Value of th, woir 2TrUktion i,i, second olsos metrlorological eta Linos is to meaoure'the ounshino auraCion aaa ,;()cola L:itLo sclJv radiation by appropriate 47ormulao, Tho chookinG %ho ormulaeRnd thF, adjustment COP turbidity and cloudcoverZactors can be achjevo3 lj ;;:me yoars o Lobsooval:ioni ia 1:os,Jaroh ion Li Lu Lo Thio has jot yet been done in

, butOUMO L.CLotiinte fo moasure the Luke' e aeccr for turbidity of ;,ho atmoophcro haob000 .c, i3d at (iba El 3law, A F Nodi1959) The results indicate !ai, %he ,:cbsorptio,1 duc Lo water lapour ami dust par Liolc io rather high norly porucot Cor an optical) mass of 0 and 2C oeruent ._ov On72, flAll1 11111 El217yrcLion abou ";;;) iperoent loss i tfZ Holzma than it is CrL

tI1a6romeL La tio o Ç "latvuh Elg!.L,2 diroct solar and ehy Paditiolt ha,;()110011 cinco l96 b meano of aRobitschbimotallic radiation Lecoraer,Thia i:o,ltrumort has a fino reepdnso ana a rather lo;accuro.cy, Itlo neerthoJeos L7ero;Atimatin (-with abcuo 10 Lo 20 1)orcont relative error)ttic dgily total radialdon asuhown in Table 11,

Ta' Total o]-.Tradiation at tierna 1

cm

0 .:1,11nua.0

233 319 g o00 596 306 ,*(,)50256e, 46,:': 1:23 t, 5 257205 4 ; ; ,. 223 320 ...:213 573 'i 58 579 391 ,6,320,,,,,,-1f59,, p2, t

219 ,1 -.;i:i. :P1 J79; " '''; '5,89 990 ; ; ;

2trenuradiation;jr.:,-Jal],o Zp:omMarc.b the end of Soptomber, with a l'oJ7 - Yn Novembe-eDecember aud januaryalthouch lela Livel -louciy montho mriro zadiatio:i tnan thei.c. is j.n tomporate Wooern ]urope durinc tho 3.6' evapxt).oa can be measured directly by means of nn atmomoca: or with jiaocl onioulatd, by more or louo ouniijr.h cal ej5matic formulae. Arlo].) dicus:2od

orimeter

meteorological station of the cono ';JJ proTjaoa :-Clia fiche o,.aporimotex. undor nhol-tol-, bat theveoulto obtained ave no% evor va,suely Eolated. to *nio e7aporato ci a wate2a eu,..faeD, Ji to the loss by- transpiratic61 of ve,s.otativc Thc: arcD 00 loss on, :-..prezilon oftlicdr77i1-ig power of t.hca.ir (eo Tablo 12 23

Table 12 L he 6

1. S 0 D .1nnueel

Ale-7.andria 5.15.4 5-4 '7 4,4!3.94,5 El Dobaa 5.1_.76.06.6 .36.55.5 I 5,0 11 Mersa Matruh 7069.09.19.1 :8.9 8.27.3 1,0

Sidi Barrani 1-.2 5,9-,:', 7.5 '6,3 6.( 6.36.4 , 6.6 scflum 7.5 83 I36 9.6 ¡8.7 7.36.9 h7.2(1.5

The large divergence observed between Alexandria read Merco, Matrnh mai,Aly duo to the nature of the instrument, the Piche evaporimeer belng mol:e oensitive o esix. movo- ment than to heat or radiation. Nevertheless, even if it is no in the propoei.jons indicated by the Piche, evaporation must be somewhat higher in this part of the coab, exposed as it is to the wind. This justifies some protection by windbreak, when possible.

Class A eva oration sane

Mersa Matruh, El Qasr, is the only station provided with an USW1 class A eveo tion pan. (see Table 13). Class A is far from being a perfect instrument and11e3 1 ,y theoretical flaws, yet it is the easiest way to measure directly evaporation of a vJtter surface, with an accuracy good enough for most practical purposes.

The conversion factor (about0.7)has been tested in a large variety of environ- ments and is one of the best known. All the meteorological stations of the zone will be eventually equipped with a clase A pan .

Calculation by Heat re_r e tn's formula

The agro meteorolo tation of El Qasr collects all the data Ileeded for the calculation of evaporation by heat budget method. The main term, radiation, lo measured with a rather crudo instrument, but as cloudiness is low the error is probably not more than 10 percent.

The formula of Penman has been applied for a water surface.

D H /L + A Va Vc D +A in which

Vo :evaporation of a water surface in mm/o.

, / heat budget, or net radiation incal/cm-2 /d .

latent heat of vaporization= 59cal. cm-2for 1mm depth.

R (1 - Rb 24

th total oun + sky radiations measured with the Robitsch bimetallic radiation recorder.

: albedo of a water surface:7 0.05

: long wave radiation

0-T4 (0.10+ 0.90n/N) (0.56 0.092 Ve

T Abs. ai oK.

07z Stefan Hol. L constant

n/N relativG Aline duration

: vapour in mm

Va : aer namic term in mm/d.

VaL: 0.35 (0.5 + 0.526 112) (E e)

U2: windspeed m/s

e z saturation deficit in

D z slope of the saturated moisture telon TS temperature curve

A psychometri nt = 0.5

1 to be fairly constant from year to year and t to about 1500 mo,

Elvapora ate is high from March to October, h a maximumin July (6.6iii/d)

Winteration is not neglible (1.7 mm/d in December January.)

The trm acGounts for the largas par iu the mlaporation proceos, ut loas'; jilcturimer,,' From Wovember to Februar3,r the ewrodnamic term is 1.5 :AN 2 timeu the radiat;ton lerm. In summer, on Lhe other hand, a complete sulonresciou ofJullo¡dud 1.)7?A.nc, o1'13. a 25 oefeen reduction of evaporation CC'r r 1 I , Cii1-1 cC gtt; Igg: s ' , , P / t 0 o. g Crg,4 t r 1* 1 I..C :..3'. (7-` ' C, r.,,, C:v ' ,.,, ,,. e0 s o t. If t o 4, ),^2g,r ,--..i o 7: 0 't -7i iI 0%I,- WI ' .4,' 6.:; E-EC) , I0 ....-... w ,...... 0,,,...,,...,,,,,,,,,..t., 0;0,0) ' 0,-00...0. 0..,....,....,...- -000,...000,...... 0. il q CO ,:7Q ;, -", r I ig 4' qi 4 co ,,,,A e 7 :',1 -" (-,, k t--- 0. -4 \o V' , Cr-, ) 1 c-'-'. O g-.1 :d '6l' 1 co{-I I:" - t.r,,, t-') .-o r-') 1 i -4. 0 r-: 0 )%^ ' o r,g 'r-r) g,"\ I -..-1 ri d - \go 1.-- r--; '..-.d`^CY- f :, 0 , ef) ko0"i4 71 ' 0`1, o "0 (4' Ir',H ' trC"°1 ' rel H ' r I Cr-,) lor-: ro- r i ^z.. ,., ^z,- o 7,1' o 1 r0 If r"-) , ," -r- fi i 'i'ir '.0HO N-' Cii01Cr ''I Ho0 , C H0\G 1 r, ' ' C r-d r ir-) H , ç': 71" C k' 7". rlr-1Lii ;-:r °';`-;" ODO C.) ' Eti) E 71k.) r-I.C-1 tfl H C, I r--r-I Cgr-I tCI 0,, r-N 0 \.0 o Y.', ^ o t".- o CO LC-) , H H IftgrN r-IH H - 0 6 0-1 Cr\ C.0 NO tr. HN- ,.1 C.) '' C.0 o g ) H 0,1 I'r.g VNa 1 sr: 1- C., ' `. d d's [.) Ir.;*"' C j ' I ' I ,., `,0 O-- too 0 -1- o-, r t-st ''r- r-r , I rt C, 'I C. P.-- r- 1 1 r:t - ' g n ; 0',/ ',.. r -.j. , , rr-I -I CI 71 r--1 "C 7,- '''I I 1-- _ r.-) o C.-II:- - r-N- 1 gg'`,1L`- o N- (.`,1Cr' , C7; '-Ç-E 1 CO c'.,- "z;*Ir', c-..4..) -3 : 0", , C.^:r-og, I r - r i '';° C-1 . gg r ...... ,,71.. Cs,' ,,, ....le -^. -mg.., ...... ,.. on, 1,...... - (') .,m, ,10... r .... -, ' '' ir, - 'I `f.,- 4.7-, .. goj.. '1* trA ril CO o CO 1.1'1 4 0;') C.-I r CO rI , d-: (0 'to (-1`, '7, 1,) LC;

°6!) gC : (1)14 r O tCd'd 26

Lixio oalorlrJ r lon uauo raq.iation oecuxo at 1,hoiomo iatc hoonL.;hout tho yoox (b..twool: 2.50 °to 180 cal. ob.1 d-'). Thin cooling io -oertly accountablo

(1C120f.i brt a* it lo doducted fromglawaJ-adiatiou e-Taperatiop. io

-duocd. thio more accurato uay of dotoxmining the daLk,r amount oC .to oaloulato day evaporation and night evaporation eoparuLels. Thie hao :tot boor done,but 2).11. lAgebia and M. L./*sadmoasurod dewfall by meanu of a DildvoJIA1 gau,-;,.o fol.the por:1,od dune1955 - July. 3956 :1.7!Tiao ffoirmc, H0170W1';tho came w,iced ogainat the Picho oNaporimotor eau be raisod against tho kldvodoi !A6V, 2;",(143,J, totl amount of del7 collected by thic inotrumeat io too oreng.1:r affoote6.eyjto physic:,.1 pro-pc-Èties Lo be truly repr000natime- Weee21,holos. pxoyirles useful information when conditionc for deli deposit arc met.

J.rom the clata :uLr.pnoar,J taat do' procieitaind on 102 niVC,c oJLueperfi.o0. c.dYlng te ;,a1 d0pt72 of 11.5 mm of wator. This amount. iu utoto0 Lo be oonsiderablo. 'out L aiai oxobablo thot t.r_.;reater amoun',; ij collected by Laot-. plantu. Thouo

°:!a.a on the othor hand) also zubmitLed. to a hisher ulraeorat:10n durins1-,310 day.

T night,::, 20 nighto .pecoivo more than 0.2 mm/t1.) 1 mor,D L.hat 0.3 mm/ 0,

,71.03.1.05.:ì. moil:1-1:1132oremaine)111,3:1 L-,,e17o-co and

"3.110. 7.1.11 100*0

The .,...or:1ouiN 1).0.3.."CilOkmore nor leso fayoured ae 1..egara der*: than othov Neditox- a2ean coon Ln i'o- , amounts are (uto b0-.6110 Ue 011;3C00 P

4. Soil Tem eratla

aniooJ';,..'o,ud of temyrtuxo up to 2m depth is given in Fig. 11 for the year 1.965 ju Vi.orsa UlatTula E1

2.2xom ye.,,f to year aria, lace to place occur and these' tempo., profiler:, oa,u ba considered no avE fcr the ocaon fox a D21.0zt approxi-

5. Jaatic ha. Lnoa,calculated (mee TableWI

11110.-J7: j.1) 2o].cent based on the differenoo botuoen

':%-coxca mar:imam tomp.pxEtufe of the hot:tout month (,Instr_ot) and'6ho 2,111El.mum Clo.ullary) aud eoxrectod for lai1,nde:

-36.3

Thu 16.)1S,JY. (21CY:s 12) coobining annual ainfall P) nool awlitudoL - m cad meau tempexatox m 27

Table 14 Climatic i

0 ïi 0 1 CI 0 '.Embc-ve,t)1

9.2 17.7

, El Dabaa 7.4 19.7 2t

, MersaMatruh 8.4 15.2 2:1

Sidi Barrani 8.5 15.2

9allum 9.5 17.3 t6

The climate prevailing along the N.W. coast of can be a Mediterranean with mild wi7itersr.

With regard to temnerflturs an.r). rainfall this eli.mote js the :lame au th:t Cyrenaica31 coast around Toirmh and of i:heTrirolitalidu coas L e It seems, nevertheIs.- rainf'all is more in 0yre,Irica, 141 mm of annual J',has recorded a maximum of mm and minimum cq' PrA, The moderating effect of the sea on. amperature 5c almo strong there thomeanPIZ-J.101,glof the hottest Month ;) is 283, the mean minimum oC the coldest molAh. ou, "

The climate of the North Test coast of Egypt is 71mAlar, but notq1/1.tr7,j.dantjoLO.,o the climate of the southern coast of Tunisia; along ti' %if irFC,.1(;3s L%7T1c :'ecolves the neme amount of rainfall as Alexandria, 175 mm, but the temperature r :e between the hottest and coldest month is rather bigge: 3207 do;rnLo °9as( ». 328 down to 9o2 in Alessandria. Uoumt ln the Djel-ba 1m1iid elijoys the same. WIA6, ;JiaLers and warm temperate summer but imore latered (207 mm). Moreover, th Matma.to-,, south oE" GalAs, receives from 200 to 250 om of rain; -,:hereas rainfall ranidl decreas-7)s from the Egyptian coast. Elsewhere, the Mediterranea-1 coast is more fa-vorred regard to rainfall, but not with regard to temperature flmePia, in Snaln, fec instance, summer is a little more.temperate 2809) and Jj.7 is the same 802). But rainfall amounts to 255 mm, with a better distriuti,:n, uhi.ch o.tendsJ110 the late spring. Klaver, in South 4frica,is another e::amplo oZ bufea:e6. maittme Mediterranean climatewitnlow rainlall (17! mm) well distributed. throughout the vea]:., The mean maximum temper,7..t1'::n oC February is -11065 the mean minimum of July Most of the time, low amewn*t of rainfall, as observed along the Egyptian osF ara associated with continental climates. Shafter, in CaLiforpia,recoi:ds 153 mm rajn, but the rainfall ia more abundant in spring. Summer temperaturs are hihor (Max 37°6) and winter temne-catures lover (108), Mafraq. in ,getsl7 mo of watef, mostly in winter but some in March. Summe temperatures are no- high (3e0) but wintertemperatures are cold (201), Palmyre aud Their el Zar, in Syria, both ru(?el-c aliouE 150 mm of rainfall and are definitely drier and more continental,with hotsummel (38°9 and 4006) and cold winter (2°6 and 1°9). In irp,o,the climate somewhat lile that of the Egyptian coast 158 mm of rain falling late in winter, afld

winter.(minimum ofJanuary 7 701) and hot summers(ma,:innumc

In conclucion the climate of the North Western Coastal Region isOVIC 02 0_6 mildest of the Medilerraneal sea, Winter temperatures are lighor than in aoy ;,omper- par 0,1'the Mediterranean coast, frosts are not to be feared and. mean m5.11Imum tures romain consLantly above the leve] of temperature reouiromentfor th.,, gouth eC 28

cpecies. Summer temperature rever exceeds critica]. values. Evaporation Am rodueed 1,y- the fact thai summer is not too hot and by therather high content Cf moure in the air. All these favourable conditions are unfortunately'off'set by thr: ccarcjzr of rainfallna'6placeslhe region atthe limit of -11() Saharian climate, 29

1c':.7,?1;er 3

SOILS

1.1. vailab1e 'n ormation

When tus projeerae started not much inYormaLionvas available abouthe soils in the areas. specia?13/ not about the distribution of soilF: and their potential value for agriculture.

The following Publications anc.7,7.7pur`qished data were used during the preparations of the reconnaissance maps and the of the pilot areas:

jlG, .bde] Samie: "Soil survey ane c1aficatio5t of the PUta Rao el Hekma aren " in "Publication de l'Institut di 6rt d'Egypte, 1959" No, 12),

H, f.bde akin: "Some studies related to the :70:::)tin aud distribution of eoils at 'le Baqcush .krea of the Mediterranean Coastal Zeno" (1961).

M.A. Hamad a Relationship between u-lf,orphology and lene use in the ge1ierra- ne4..., Coastal Littoral of the U.A.R." (in ualblication de l'Ins'Atut du des3r'cdErp 1965").

U.A.R. High Dam Soil Survey Project, Sheet VIII 1964.

1.2, Work done under thePoet1/

During the.aix months (June December 1968) that ne PAO soil survey,expert worked on the project a soil map and a potentiality map, scale 150 000 uere prepared of the following areas:

a Negeila Pilot area 51 350 fer:,:CL-,:?...

b El gasr Pilot Area 67 575

Bacigush Pilot Area 22 610

d T'llot Area 62 425

e El P Ijlot Area 62 200

40 Total z 266 860

During this period also a reconnaissance survey uas carried out for the Coastal Zone from Alexandria to Sidi Barrani. Five soil maps and soil potentiality maps on scale 1:100,000 were prepared:

Sheet I Burg el Arab 409 400 feddans Sheet II El Alamein El Dabas. 406 675 feddans Sheet III Baciqush Gallal 517 175 foddau3 Sheet IV Merca Matruh Area 641 950 feddans Sheet V Sidi Barrani Area 377 600 feddans

Total : 2352 800 feddans

Appendix I for working methods, terminology and abbreviationn. 30

77ee soil 7M71. the eoil poteatiality map of Sheet I ,rere mainly prepared from ef-he U.AL. _Zegh De,m Soil Survey Project (Sheet 1TII1 The photo interpretation on the whele area =s carried out by JJ. eshouwer, the fieldnork maaely by J.J. Vleeshouver, A, El Ceaulal.14.Sidhom and A.

2. The Process ofSeill:Pormatioe and Mee 0 +4 2.1.General The soils ir. the Norn Western Goastal Region are almost all alluvial soils (reel:land is here Lo:cenvenienee sahe not considered to be soil). They are mainly dimented b.7 water ac-tj,en (alluvial material of the feas ancl out wash plains) but in some afeas by wind (coastal dunes and inland dunes). Probably only the subsnrface layers of tha limited deep alluvial fans on the Miocene plateau are formed in si tu and there,rore pertly derived directly from the liwetone bedrock, Striluire,J in the uhole aeea ie the absence el sravel and sand layers in the alluvia] deposito. E70a the alluvial fans at the mouth of the big wadis do not contain considerable guantiLies of coarse material. Because all alluvaal SOilUinthis area are directly or ind.irectly derived Crom limestone, they are all rich in CaCO3. 2.2, eee--e podogenetic Processes in the soils of the zone with 1,-Le semi-desert clima-Le are 3low and on many places not pronounced, Herieone. with an accumulation ni organic matter are weakly developed and obscurej distinct A, horizons aze not present. The only well developed horizons aro accumulation heriLoiIs of CaCO3 in ra*Iny well drained soils, aad oi NaC1 in the poorly aranned noils. Another 1rocei of ,Joil formation is the ____eation of oolitic sand in the dunes along the coast and the ueathering of oolitic sand of the inland dunes, Last but not least the foeetion of map-made soile (ancient agriculture fields) should be mentioned. of C .,.ecumulation of C occurs only in the well-drained soils. Apparently unde?: the olimatelogic conditions ol the region and/or in soils so rich in CaCO3, as here, horioo ceo never be forrnedieuhichthc lime is nompletely removed, Almot efJeryvherethe", toosoil still containo more then JO 'Lo 15 percent CaOO CaCO, accumulation horieens (ealiehe) :)TO mainly fonnd in the :toils of -L-he alluvia:1 fe es and outwash plains and eslly locrily i,e, in t1-1.-surroluidings of Daban in the former beach plains. oaliche horizon ea-1be eomposed of soft,01).:3;;y CaCO3!, and be well permeeble, bun, can also be very hexd. and indurated and therefore verylcerly permeable for water. On sinall none 000 and smaller) it mae not possible? to drau reliableboundaries bateen eeliehe and indureted calicbe (croute oalcaire). It was noticed in 'L-he field that t!.to strengeet davelonedoaliche horizons oNen occur on sloping areas and not in 4epreesiode as one woule cerect. A reasonabl,:: ea:planation for this phenomena canaot ha giv.en, because no further investigations were performed. It was also noticed that tac- a,neo iri6'0 a ehallel. eAiche horizon o-fer have a modere' wly saline ov saline top-

f Na( .(n. the pool:1y drained. -:)each plain soils along the Mediterranean Coast a very strong eeeofualatien ol: salts can 'Jeobserved, lJenending on the denth of the ground watethis aeepmuletio takee, plaeeCrA9inOr 1,iild0*.e'L-he topsoil. The lowest areas oith the hig;le,7itg)ound. eler t1)1,i, are ia winter often covered with (sal t) water. InGILLII4C,'.-; ,,. ',11) saltovush can ta foimd on Lop of the soils. Those areas mostly do net carry a eeetatd,',uthe profileecontain, inmaay places, thick layers of coarno st2,1;:, crystalf, orion mqr.D.0-, itli g,c,epeule crnrstaln and nodules. The somewhat higher areas are not 31 cove5-ec'. -ith a salteruPt, cam,' a scattered salt-tolerant vegetation and havcfluffy topsoil, '2.robably ause of oa.n/Ilavy action sal;;; aconmulate in the top 20 to7,0 om of the profiles and .. ormhere7.)y coagulation of clay particles, a very'sar,nelooso ou0 more or less gr,inula4o1:so.1 in which many small salt cvxsals can be observeth gThiea,.,) small soil particles - O.!5 to 3mm ii diameter - can easily be blown away by wind la On:y seasons. Tney accumulate after romo distance behind vegotation and Zorn.'here small ::.:,m'crioGky clay or loa A , which are, of course, also very saline. OA the highest parts af tho poorIy dralned beach plains - '6hese para arc often also covered with hummocky duno.- the salts accumulate direotiv under tho topsoii. ementation and weatheririof oolitic sand In the coastal strip dcrosits of oo)dtic sand are found as coastal (11,111eN and as Inland dunes. There Is 2. remarkable diUoreucs in soil formatAon in the two deposits. Y.11.. 1:1e coastal awes tbe loose oolitic send grains are cemented and become p2timate/y even lime stone rock (roc7,7 dunes), .0.1t)/0 inland ooJid.c dunes, however, tho sana is thered and becomes more or less loamy, Only locally tbe deep subsoil come tion can be observed. Man-made soils Scattered over the whole region thousands of sncient agriculture fields are found. They all have deep,3.kevy homo7eneouanclean"soils, clithout gravels or grit end even without concretions. A ,;alichc hori5on isnever fouTAwithin 1.2 m. Mostly the ancient agriculture fields ara found in areas where there is "soil". 9omeimes7 how- ever, the deep soils of the ancient fields are situated direct1T beside veryshallow or even rocky soils, the end of the field forming a very sharp boundary, Zt is there- fore believed that the soi-s iD the ancient agricultue fields are collected from the surroundings and, after the ramoval of gravels, stones etcn brovght totho 2.3.The main classification units According to the supplementtothe7t126pro:cimation of the American System of Soil Classification (March 1967) the mapping units of the reconnaissance maps canbe classified on subgroup level as follows:

D Windblown soils

Do Coastal dune Dol Typic Torripsamment Do2 Typic Torripsamment Do3 Typic Torvipsamment Tic To=ipsamment and To Calciorthid

Dm Inla Dsl Typic Torripsamment Ds2 Calsy Tonripsamment De Cals:' Torripsamment Ds4 Calsy Torvipsamment Ds5 Calsy Torrinsamment D36 Tynic Torripsamment Ds7 Typio Torripsamment Da8 Typio Torripsamment 32

, 'leach plains and dune d

.c Torrjorthent Toriorthent Typ CalcOalcor-i.hid B4 Tyliie C-alci/,Paleorthid B4dTypio Tri)rthenL Bp Typic

of the ir.! the

P1TyrtoTorric, PpTyp talcrthid

F Soils of ! alluvial

Fi ic Torriorthc-,..t Fle Typic Paleorthid F2 Typic Calci/Paleorthid F3 Typic Torriornent Typic alcj/Paloorthid ;oils_of_thez.70;7:.

WbTypic Torriorthent NwTr2o, Y 7riorthent

3 P1 onnaicus

3.1. 6eneral

The reconnaissance soil maps and the reconnaissance potentiality prepared io the semester or 1968 and the firsL samester of 1968 ad the

of PP69. ThePbotointerpretation of the rhole ares 1-as sarred outfi:;ri000sr by Vleesbcuuer, :buflAr,.the field ork he uasassisted onShooL II and III by ir& K..:).2a.c,7), on-:'qpet IV by'432.L, El Caml. The field uork of Shec;t uas done by adom ir TI Bassod:i oncLtir Iti n El Fattah. Analysis on ohemiccl and ohysical. properties cy? (!ollectee. coil samples were macla in Lhe Laboratories 02 ECDDO in Cai.ro,

Dt,:±, of previous in-westicjations in the areasaroundDabr).ar Roo id Pekma, art of -Cae P,Iersa J4J,.trnh plain uerepartly used inPreparing the reconna,D :mnec soji maps and -oeconnaisancepoLentia3ity mams. Sheet I, coveriug Lhe are-o, Bui-L - El Jlamoill.; is a revised ,frersion of the reconnaissance soil map oC the (7.,R4Tfich fJam Hnjj 3urweyr3:7);10CL (Sheet VIII). The legends of %ho soil map and potenti,.A.it map )f 41-ti area are adopted to t, , of the other maps of the Ger),stal

3.2. scale

On small scal maps lil:c the reconnaisaance map here - ,.. :: u -,details canu,)t -1)7! indicated, ADPe:,:imple, very olear, high rock outocco ', ., ,, recog- nised ia-n field a]reay7Cr00a Alrdistance,but Lhat cover on.1.-- a small area are not recre '-' -,, ",. map. On other places soil boundaries are generalized or small diffr .r ther.

The boundaries batween the different units are in u-a -, correo "le, bilL it in of no use eAtia,gin -61-e maps because no more forD or de1L_11' be nbtained. P.reconnaissance map is made for explanatory purposes, .Gooutline areas :-it;/ soils suitable for more intensive development. The reconnaissance maps can therefore never be used for detailed planning. 33

E;;;.ance ne sol' Special r.ttention shoulbe given toe lo.ct that the reconnai.c7tcnc:! soil ;ive no information about the salinity of soils (07:cent fol: the poorly OTained boach plain soils, which are very saline). This data could not be gion, firnUy because It would need the collecting and analysis oC numerous soil samples. and secondly boeause Lhe well drained moderately saline and salino soils often cover only small scattered areas which cannot be indicated on these small scale maps. Therefore, 02/ the potentiality map the soils are clissified as if they were not saline. In the tablo cummarizing the potentiality classes of the reconnaisaance maps, however, au attempt is m,Thcle to give a rough estimatioo of the saline soils that can bo e:Tected in oach potentiality class. It should be stressed that this ts o,.11y- a rough (7.stimation and liat locally biE differeces may occur. 3.4.The reconnaisance soilotentia The suitability ofhe coils distinguished on the reonnuissance maps is based on the assumption that sufficient fresh water is available ror crons to grow. Very scline soils like the poorly drained beach plain soiLe (,mapvinc unit Bp) aro classi.Ciod as not suitable because leaching of these soils requires big quantities of fresh water sud geaer,,,,Ily these are notlocally available. If however the areas can be drained and. leaching is possible, for instance with Nile water, most of the soils uill become suitable ror the cultivation of almost all crops. Wind blown sEnd so: la ncc eonsid- °red. Lo be unsuitable for agriculture because of the big quantities of TTater Liw.L are required for the cultivation of crops.

40 D3 seri e 11..2.2-oa ni Unì .6s of the7,4i se) scancs? '1.71.11 aocl Thei o-tonI A summary of characteristics of the distinguished mappincf (211).1,S is Eivon in Tabla 15. Table 16 gives the areas of the different poten.tiality classos In Table 17 the mapping units that ocu: in each potentiality - and in 'Pablo 13 some »"A* ;T,.ical and chemical .ï:o.opecties of distinguished m,- .;nown. 4.1.Windblown soils The windblown soile, ic. the arer, aro divided in coastal dunes and inland awes, The first are found in a rahe:¡: 1Larroa srip along the Yediterrencan Sea, the lattor in big areas south or Hateen El Dr,baa and souiJi east c,fiCU. Barrani, Both aresubdiTided occording to dafTerence2 lAtLopograph,r, nai.ent material and c2eil. forma- tion.

Do Con-t Thc coastal dunes all consist of oolitic sand that is very rich in CaCO3(more than 00 porcant), The following mapping units are distinguished:7. f.tiar: oolitic amnd clu- Do1 aximum 60 nercent:_ofiho Those soih7 are Cound in .celatively small, sco'Gbe.,:ed areas 7.1enu the coa. consist of loose, oolitic urainroud have predomiantly 'cypical dunai;opecr=. The soils ;ire general (19,_))) and very rich in CaN, (rice Tabi.0 13, No01). In Lhe areRs whore the duneE not high, comenled oo15.ti'8 sand and/or rock (dor/7oc7 rrom rorme-2 oolitic dunes) ma7 occur in ma;:imum 60 percent (D)"Lhe aros. Th:%s ir; specially Lilo case in the depressions between the dunes. 34

thE, '1-; are ,.:_.; cultivated land tbey onon .a.r,.J a ood..;,. :hooavIle the s i ig:,:0111111'0):`c;ruduallz covers it. Only du.:-to fi:.:o. ;..i.0;1 ,,,L,,n :dui.'0,1,7 ,:-,11 0. ;,r this 1)116 di E.W.E.{

agriculture

The 7aluo of thc: oils c:f mapping uni'o io limiod to local ouli- -ratiOlt OZ Olilyfigs. Local they.::2nonly grol, wher l'och and comented sand ;m orenL at oend,raIle loptlt and where moreover there is some hocrimutaio:h .ioe.in illprEosion),

1)o2 remn6ed001i',41.(2DOEC.dunes^. sheets_2:,shif%ing_eolio_sand. -ndier rock ma'J occux.

The1K.tiC.rj1,y- 0.7''6h0 0a0f/ualal1011 0consist of comentad oolit7 --, ,, ThoHo nft.11 are older th,m tho shiting °oh 'oio dunes) wo»o thereZore subject 7. .7 to ooil *c.)0111/!--.

leien ad6.eo1isequDn'61T- ;11.,:J loone gains becam,) comonted in the couPoc! time.

The Co00,, contevkt is still high, Int lower than ',,hato.rthe :11)Y).Ctinc,, l.c Ovnoo Talle No .2) Though older, dune topograph:v is oldi). pfoseni, in mos the lamination typical for wind blown deposito con bo ?co15d!.;ed almost

In gene.,7a1 the . oolitic dunes are where the strip is wide and low where it is pa...--cov,

hityf-72 alture

ijie f '. .Luiture, because the soils are too hard to be penetrated by roots.

Do3 Tor-. or lose parallel cid-e, Dted oolitic cand uith Lhin shcotu o2 loso )oliti. in the depì;osoionc

On13-une area of this mapping unit is distinguished. It is found nearUM1 el Rakham,vies. L of Morsa Matruh and consist.-;, ofmoror lose par,,.1101 rldesuîcomonLcd 0011-Lo rJcno, 1 to 2 m -Lithe strips between the iidges Ines om oomo.uhai. ond therefore s:1?Oli..1:v loamy, oolitic sand escui.s :rp 001'YAQ. c2&ndo

'table.

Do4 eop lomN ,,and 'Co loam soj lo in the deprocsiono

This mapping unit i also J'oilnd in cìl one areai!OLLY j.d,!,cs '6ho soils ae Oeep.z.r (50 'Lo 100 m) and consist c2 loamy uand to loam 7;!- e material1Pa mi.::tulr.e of marine deposits ani Toatbe.r.7)d wind. ble-on colJUe :7311rJ.

Potentiality for agrij

are not oil Cable for agriculture. In the depresoionE7 vegetaRo. field 'rei and. moderatclx deep rooed crops can be cultivated , j':20 rvt:P

:not 36

ure

soils have alue beoat, ui6t,

Ds3 Thick local 1 yorr c sand

The soils of thil. wappir)c e,20forLad in ]ar,,_ bv.-itc El 10a.o:vb The i;opL,braphy israi,1'.01° lecl'19.0u3,11 11.0colly oomo nt,Lb1::out abow)MI° 6ouow) lardnuaw,

Albo1ooa11L- coaa oub,obopb, cook-Jd.unRb ii fla) 2L13. al'oaacc co'l.'erea rath:b natubal .si.eGbLation maconboquont17, ;;I:cwtncli)jo7T0 :land

The soils 30ACALJ.6 IAi cseowL or more Niobo obi) morb IJITn 100 om modjava sana (uoobilua'oe 1,b 70 borcont 0aeo3r 0,10p1,71a1-; maLorial co: 2ormer bezoh Wain uollu Locall;r ¿.ou11 Loopr1a)Joho boribtAl oomou.00.o1.. ncl oar bb oho.rve i;bb

Atiality e

Lacant value as rango land because of the dense naulT.1Togei.1 01/,

D84 la;fe-bs roclooln.ab:G.¡'; b3a2. fool:. out or nr,

u. ;,,h C.;;: Ea17 q.110o r..1k,b1.1F.2 jì '010;: r;0":10-/VJ 1,3 oc.bubio'c. cT 5 .;;o 50 om 4;1:143112 J7 meCljrb: (Jot...1.11.b;) un1,1Sf1bb Grar.zb:.tion'Gothe bbec.-pablob quavtr.; sLo..t0. clopoeitbci nc1 thorefo'? ,116` Cttli(ir Cl. coiiThLoF11,1,116,i;,; ,110, :oar (41,1:0, th.7.t mow.

:;110.1:1;;,' iiCal ,"-)t k`-) 3L..' '42', lreas hay* bcv:pb.:'; but los'boali:11b 10b on.bobboo bo7y ir. Lthel de21s9 bU00b.to2Lo. :in'striots,a;b1 .%bb sheet.

ntial suitab.

.4.'un bye f!_i?? Oz:z"),(;) Crv

.:;oroa Li*q fAl.Ala :1%);.,r), Mi raths fl3p2-c,o;1.1.),4c wW.bh up IT-Alt loou tlibb. 00 bm 'Joamw to caigbtr.1;y Jc2tu. ;ertj.ni. :Ibb?.11.orb0. -bre, con'Gcbibb z .vathac 1-orlibue. 7;hiba L'QfMal bat-LA-20nih..iLi'labed oorktio ozod L2d o bobk ob loam7 Anc' NanJ oety mAublz,1 clepocli'r 7"A tllb hooch

The soils sions .ted with

Potential ultore Suite uy. 37

Ds6 Th:;. :t17-

Tho oo;..I;, -2 '6hisMeTp -;', unit a-eeo-esont in1: sou',J, of El Dobaa - Burg el Arab andE.outh oí Sidi Barrc, Thoy 10°17.1.,erymuch 1Lko the;1,:,oT: mappi.lig iutit Ds. 'hub'ohs sand is mainly quact:3 so-id, oonbaining ooly about, 5 bo 10 percent coon3, Mornover,part of thia still rath,2r hir:,11lvile con'6eril is causea lv bhe snaji remnan presentn nio sand. arcas 11::)vc a more or Je,O lo el 'oppojraph,7 and are covered with a rather dense natu70 vog.Datjon, enocia]J-;/ eouth ot: Sidi 2arrani, Potentiality for agric Not suitable;Iho soil. Awever a high value as rango land because of the donoo uaucal goi,attou., Ds7 Thick sheets ofuartz

This mapping unit is distinp: e soC:h of731, alamein-limmam south-east o2 Fil c1Barrani. rustas the soils are coverer, 0-3.th a dens(: u: binai vo6tation and the topography leve . Only locally some low rockA crop out. ".Cn these last placesthe sand covn is thin or oven absent and the ce in' NorR LIcarc,

The sheets of sand are in FskFneral 150 m thicl.: and. usnall:7 1,.r on rock. Somobimes, however, loam or sandy loam 2rom 1.1,,a former beach plains onu in the ilubsoil, Potentialitf The soils are clas2i2i,3d. as ;10t suUable 20-!: agriculture bec..,,ue thene. big suanYaies of :resh water (ahich ir: 1106 available at resonablc costs)to [rew orepo. 23causo of ;Ale dense natura) ,reotation theareashave a high Tulae for gra5ing. Trees voUld 7row very well en thee e7e1 without irrigation.

Yhee 5 o )(J m 111_,;hOVIWEI r,2r only rouild nieearcasera i and 1.3o1/;;h-a:it or They are mainly omposed of quar',:z or nd in uhjoh there a raLber high CaCrl ccii en L 0.(.1 Lo L:(1 der':Cii b)(See al so Table No.11), Mo,-1;, el the areas are covernid, a dense nr.i,o2a1 ,egsaH/Lou vhieb Cl.%ed the windblown sandbut lecall,y some shiftinc; denoa -4,gato.ili.oncan no observud, otential_i_tfor t the dense natural vegetation give the areas however

in the former beachlai:-r and di soils, are form' in the uholo regio .in o. .fatbL,r narrow rtrirl closo to the UodtcPranovn soa, Th,Jy are deposited in zhe former bealllains and Zormor June- dorwassi.o,u3 and co7/sist oZ alim,Au.1 and colluvial materia] washcd down fcom bho higher neighbouring roo!cy b-Jach TidL:05 aad rocy dunes(marTing uni;. Ro.) y.,1 the subso:',A, howovorp-cobebly mrtorial. of marine 00i311 Is ,,loil:.mented? espeotally in the :ormor heaeh The subdivision of soil:, of this mata soil group based on diCCerences in depth of the profiles, 0..iff:_

Den r ;.ii;.r lo _am to 1 oam or clay 1A 1 s

a-.1:, Th,,: 1:,,... -.1.:..1 of this ri.-.,pping url ou.7, f' - ''', i n large area Burg Hammarn ,

3J7.3 i'.):..1),7.e.;. Merno, r,p.truh !..J..!r.1 Sidi13,1.1Tani.. Li the zurroundin37 , firet .:;-...;-(.) p1plo,7.!

f'S maiJ. e,nd pock. 'uhoy or,-1,1,,i.n p,-clail ,. . r:..Adir.1.14:,=,,LDd'by Klo w,ter . to qry,',,te--ocl oef Liloenti.:.:'-.ree.don.

All soils oC Lb i. :a of more tjLo loamo r layerp o r;i3Lrloan o c on oC11i,r Tha topoc,raphy ge)101Li.l. evrfl, . (os2) the'GI:ansri itou Lo hcOtJhluiourinC aras n1 LOA clop:Lyle a-co pre con )r.nd the areas7,,c:,01]

rscrint:i.r..11 of -lcar Sidi Barrani (see Table 18, No.12)

5F,,7)ncly oent, RK-,11;,rrcois marg nor e ot) cm Loam ,i:athor conilootTThen d-ey-subangula:2'$,-)';.c.c17.:/-1 someMall and 11:1(_. rcHD'uo! oome peres 60 120 cm Loam, compacl, ock9actnoss wlth depth, some eman hme conc*Poovis,no roo ,esome small

Thour.:h no; almo;-.; UnrOLL fol.- '6he so 3o71...) o can table for he oul_ti r0;dora of alacrops Thc7,- are 'ohomosi oromisino soil of -'Ghe 171103_o, "C:,,csi.011., shou Ld no G be l'orcot'Gen that 'l,he;lei n in tic don ro cad ons o,L.3surrounded by bic,hei: olci aid. rock lam] and.',..;ha t Mc des!) r.ubsoi I co;ists L:1 of imperniorctlo fOolO, 'Wheu oued, inLinsjCrcly Lhe-fejo ;,he soils c;raduall,7

B2 Deeploamy sandto sliFhtly lc sand

Tile00 O0-1. J-s are dishe d. in c 7Tar2r ',TO of ',I:el' L111(.1 01.1.Oi;

Of Si. CO Err Le .1,311-olainE; a:r».-.1 iere.fi ilod ro o. s_)1.CISVial mu L.s-ri alfroh. :,hc 1r.ic1-11)ou?-intc: and f; from the dun e Thesoils have i i: r;' I to-0°ra ph,:f:311.6. con si si,o,f moor nian om i.oarq

;:ir:n6 to slighly medium fine sz?,11.r1{71 .611 a hin limo coi.11;on."., , )..r; i. 0.1.1,,,,r fin° s;u1d.y loan or11 Cal) he Lo aid

entiality for a ..riculture

f07 though the high lime content may be a limitation for some deep roo-ted crop;

B3 Limited anc. LLovoteideep sandy loam to loam soils ov che rock

In loo5t all ar plair). soils al-e Ghose sc. founci.. c;Ene.cal ore si-;;na-`Ged hizhei: than 'tire o.!:'map'

o:: 'the Gra Hsi j; I the mu-round:I uroolaanclo

The so.,1.1c consisl., of 3Lhr. r) cm fineoal.V.9.;,' loam, loa,P2 Znrthex uv ha ".v) roi, 0» '20 s;Jilia.: 111.-7! "PC CC111.v.j.,Jsail su..,:(-ey)-ors Gl4r hori iCh, y lo coily or.,,A..3,.;,,inc ro Giracv-2rounqin(.ss e Lco ;'and dopoEft t s.,)X y be spo 'Gs tu oi' nubr:oí10 r road-Ghor oam be 0,-:bsarqred...

Pot en ti.a y for culture

on tire the co,.! 1 oho h_ori 'OD .) E/e caul tab.7 chailoar rso ;,od a.lso ,:hao coo-Le:I cropn of 39 he aoils aro howover modoraLoly deep and therfore suitable for shallc modow.(.;,e).y deepr000dco.cof.

B4 Llmied and moderatOy loam sand ( .o IT(chsfocalfv rock: iu sufacoc_A22pinc,

Only some oreas of this mavroj.ng distinLuInhed. They aro found northorn slope of -cooky dune OdGesI,iuiJ,Rd)nor%h won% of T Daba aad he%woon Abd,Allahnan anc', Ramman.

'IMEsoils2r0probab]y compodO nunLUOcl' coIluvial mtorlal (wasnod down from the slopes of %he,.00ft.12)and ueatherod o)litic sand. The areas are slopi.nG and because no erosion control measuveo have been takon may erosjon Gullies coctnuo %o fo3.m inc. widen, Espoc/a11), nn %be sontrioro 5Ide of thls mappin(7 nni.t outcrops of voch are found.

entialit: f agricultn

DapondjuG on tùe depth The caliche or the 1 arts, %hose so.Lo aro

, sui%oble for shallow -,, o()%o6. , ,.1d mcdor%01.:7- a,..,p Dpii. In caae of iatonsified cultivation, er]1 control me71u:ces aceli .2,::: i.e. coutmlr plonGhuL: au.d torracinG

Like but dee and locc

soils ave found inDI:C.0e3. ':mGatcd areas ner,,; 11uralf:Irao qammal or the slopes of %wo rocl:y clPn..1?idc:es (mPppin3 unit Rd). ..1 ,)rofiLes.001:vc,,-,7 latioh lijen those03'M.W9pinC11)1: I.I.,but Lhe oalicho or the rook sLar%o in General ot more ulait(40cv depth. Eesidesi2C 4o 30OTeveli41,0 cm loam can bo found betwoon %he %opseil and %he oaliche Cr th3 rock, subsoll,

lity for ag-ir ±ture

Suitable for all crc bv.t only after erosion control measures have been taken, i.e. 'ovraoing,

Bp Poorly6rai--7 saline soilsvariable in texture

lonc Lheyho'e ieii itoru1een Coast, ,u. many p1,7.ces just south of the coastal dunem, elodGated cal% marches =e foraid, These pcorly drained and ,-ery saline9171iT,Jare mos'ay covered with a sal tol(,Jrant 7ToGetaion, On]yhe parts thatExo cove:Pea uitb .r./Jer inwi.ai,er cecry110" -C,&[-jiC.1 110 00i1OZ Touest arovs0C-Lou havo a whitish cal% oTilst, lathe somewhat hiGhcv arene a 20 %o25 cm thloh, .yory salino nuf27 topsoU is pi.esenL Tho 0.5 to 3 mm bir4 loam or ,lay- loam paln%icles of %his anffy topsoilCRDbe blown ,,-aa3 by bind and ofLen accumulE,te behind or around .,regelon In %hiEuna y huramoc1=L3 arc formed on many sonouhr, (tvyer par.Ls0):the poovlydrainod beach plainr2.,

Tho soils of thc poorly drained beachplainsarevariablo inte:rtur sliGh%ly loan' san6!!oils as voll a ola,y loam soils mayOccu70 They havo in commoo. %hat they aro all very colino audofLer coa;.ain Thick layers oCcoarse salt crystals, locally mixed with gypsum crystals, In ,:oneral %he coils are deep (more iban 120 on) and only locally limited deep or moderately deep profiles are present.

Potentialit for agriculture

Not suitab]..h f very high salinity. 40

4.3. Soils of tho elongated de Lateau Those on17.9 dtilicui7Jhcd in BOMO rather smalJ areaN uouth oast 0 Acerca iatrrnl,They aro fth stoop dcol.ession 5 -1!=; m duel) in Miocenerock- lanO, II-Lbdvic.11ion within i,,hji croup soils is bauedn dlZfereneos in natural dainage aud eonsoonenil:i on 0.52;:reucec,

TH Deep by 20 to 60 cm sal

three unit have ulevo]opography2 are iDwinter mocUy . 111.1va'6ed wit-J nd maialyCiJeep soils. II? MOSI,places the top 20 to forme0 o loarv sand, probably weatherod sand. The t7nbsoil nsistsof loar .oam

Potentialily --iculture

'ole for C ops.

Fï -e P1 me

TheJe soila look.t-Frymueh 151.o hoseGI:mapping unit Bp. Theqf aro aleo poorly drained, contain ofteu 11-ieh layers of ocic oalL cystale and arc, in many places eovov- Tru;11Inimmooks,

or agriculture

6 tfid) be'-use OP-ery hi °,1gli.ni. - ,dhigh saline ground water table.

4.4.Soi1e LI. fan

These :.:oi .: ..-posod . al.7.uvial 1 i.;ial transported by runoff water J1 the neighbouring : gn.. ve in general a sli.ghtly sloping to noai.'1 el ;;opograph7 gnd ar), pnlike ile, soils ju 1,he 2ormer leachDlai1s2 io.,.; ...round in denressions, AreiT looall:T (:Lo. .;11tho Mtocene plateau south of Weceila and south oc,E.; ofFsaaiBgrrgni) these units are found i;; a i..ery challou doprossional situaion,

,.ain periods the surFace cos over these soils and therefore in m/lilesand eVen shaiJow be observ

cubdision le molo of the difforenoesn te7.1..turo,

PI ed dee san:.,...

The oeiis tuie ouepiagC;3(rlrein vaut ores on theMi000na bet-ueen -.0aTinsh, dtbt? fcuai i n p zoco uhere aocumulationnferosion materil was posni, , draingge GrF:dient dee7eono;, and in very shallow rIOD:CeS:ii0US, Tbe soi1,2 hveg leqe1 Lo slichtly tonograph unid. aro mm,-y .olace,1 7)ordered y ome:That hi.cherf rooky aud very uhvIlei, soils.

Tao pofilesconsist .,1,1 o;' 30 to 60cm medium fine uandvleam to loam ovol.' aw ealiche diocily o-verrock koot3;v the soils do nut ;)0,-,Lsir many ,7ravelsr bm ghere the:y are deposited in uhout ef Tzdi gravels may 000m... on'bile eurZaeo or thronhortt the pofile

soils of thismapping unit.are ' cUltivated with barley. 41

rci,T021,ntive,pron e south.,!Dasof Earran. Pablo 3 flO1') 0 30 cm Sandy loPm, many small port,c, manz1 sw,11 ana Llome big roots oome ,:.reto-rInn .some sm7,,i1 remnantw 30 55 cm Loam, ro;,her oompnc comr.metnoss j.ncreasos wiTh depthmany small pores, decroctun;,; ni 1' &T n.,oome hard limo cc),1cretlons, 55 cm PoteriI.ty for agriculture Suit bleor the cultivation ù-7:1.: iluw rooted crops only

F1e Like FI, but The soils of this mE.- )p-, are ou3;,, found sou',;h and vw.rcGh ne s C M.DrRa 7:,,t:.!uh in rili/f;hiJy slopizig areas probably r-g-mod orosjom of lim),Led soils. The topsoLl was compl cr par Uy iiciodawa;,;nd. now ;,he ividuraiod calioho bo-,:isoo is ;he SUTfPOD Or OV-ajùovered some ',-20 cm sand»- 'loam 'Lo loam. These areas are another example of the drastic consequ,::,. of er( Potentialit'or ac,ricultu e Not suitable.

F2Mocleraholy OC0-0nanciv lùam'Lo lo2m, locaJ37 c3py loom so*13 ' These soils are only distinf,uish,d in some scaered areas souLh cazt Matruh. Mostly they are slighrly slopinbe tle north but , r7tst of Garawlohe twash material is accumultedIL:kprcssions boh:i.ud ruoeo (mapping u,lit R0). The soils consio b of 60 to :710 cm mediumfines,Incilr loen to loam. liol:ev.orIn the areas bebweon Mersa Matrull and Cara-6117%;alsc, layùrs oC clay loam ea71 bnfomd, esPecially in the subsoil.

o e 1.2j.able for vegetables, field crops and moderately deep rooted crops only.

F3 sandloam to loam or clay loam coi

Scattered in the aroa between Fumo and El Mrrt,hano;,!, coso 't,c) hIn coasb 0,E3 well as further inland, ti!so'llr of Lidsmaoping uni arepresent, Especially near Sunniyat, El gasr acri Baugush, they cover promising are,ts, The;,opog-raphy is uniform with a slight upw.rd slope Lot,he florth In wily placeo shallow FulJ.j.es and small wadis aro eroded in'.J1( (exc,iT"G in In 0,arv plaJ.n). The profiles are deep and consist in ceneral of more'Glian 90 cm sandy loam to loam. Locally, however, also layers of clay loDm or oven whole profilesof clay loan are found. In the deep subsoil a predorrinasiJy sof i caliche h.T.rIzonis formed, reas wlth a whitish, crusty topsoiland with a scarce vegetation are probably all salino la top 20 to 40 cm. Though now almost exclusively used for the cultivation ofbarley, these soils 42 belong, together withtho:2 unit Bl, to the most promising of -he whole region, However, detll,'L inve ígations on salinity are required before further agricultural development !Jlans are made.

De r- a entative srofile near Ba ushTable 13

0 15 cm Finesandy loam with a whitish, crusty surface, friable few smallroots, many small pores. 15 30 cm Firesandy loam, friable, some small roots, many small pores somegrits many soft CaC01 concretions. 30 100 cm Loam,rather compact, compa6tness increases with depth, many hardand some soft CaCO concretions. 100 130 cm Si17T loam, compact, ma y soft CaCO oncretions.

Pot?ntilit for a Tipul.ture

Suitable for the cultivation of all crops.

F4 LimiteddodDad moderately deep sandy:toem to loam soils over caliche och

These soils are found at the foot of the Miocene Plateau in the Morsa Matruh plain, in the surroundings of farmush and west of FUka. The arecs havo a slightly sloping topography. Close to the plateau9wheretheslope iscreater, many shallow gullies are found.

In general the shallow soils are situatod close to the plateau, Here they overlie a nredominantly indurated caliche horizon and often contain como grazrels0 th,D north the profjles a,'e deeper aid gravels are absent

Mo2t cf the soils of this mapping unit have a salino to moderately saline topsoil.

40...tyr

Xf not salino the coils are suitablc for shallow rooted croii.)s when the caliche horizon starts between 30 to 60 cm depth and suitable for moderataly deep rooted crops when Lho impermeable subsoil s-Larts between 60 and 90 cm. Moot soils are however salino,

4.5. ,of the wadts

These coilw ara only ound in the 4ersa Ma'6ruh piaii, near Baciqush and went of Fluke They000uPJr the piases where the greater nart of the runoff rotor in transported, Therefore the soile: aro not heavy tetured and in most places are laminated ;ith sand ard craw,' lRyers, Tiro mapping unii,s are distinguishedz

Wb Hdì bottoil soile deen sandy lean loan soi o wi h sand and._gravij 1^vers

The soils of this mapping unit are disq:: 11:11ed in the ratruhPlainand in the surroundings of Daggush. They have ao2_,Z6lyslopf.u; topophy and are mostly dissected7.37(one on two steeply Mcleod erosion gullios9 thomajcY,:.drainage ways Most of tht: runoff ,rator is transported ove7,. these soils and therefore theyare mostly not oaltne,

for a..riculture

Suia7)7. for the cultivation of all crops. It shou d however not be forgotten that during the wet 5La;:1much rainwater runs over these soils, which can cause damace to cultivated 43

WwWadi wash soils d 0117ith sard 1-7ers

m g unit is only found in the area west of Foka. Tho so ilz occull-. F..1; the :,i:,7.. -t mcn»IT,77IjS C,.'111)11,, from ,11,:',7iiocone plateau. Th,11 J2.). ..:aslook ,1.17c,..i.:oro, much like .;;aose of tha1,7,..as aod °Pi-Josh17,1,7jus, (the lopoGr,lphy is also nea:i-Jy love' to slightly '37-0o.ring) bWGL'Ne Toils acr.-mor., eor,,rse;,,.7.oured &Lid con in e7ren locally layers o:: 000rse Lla;)0

iality fo.

Itable for all

4.6. llaneou

rj.miscellane lnud ion disiPzulshed on the rece7.1paissaiice maps inc1110a onl ro:l:lnncL Theproles los film 30 cmilo-,er rock and aretdiTreZore uo'c suila:ble 2or ac,rioultore,A.oropsbut thay co ha ,o value r e anc,s land,

on differi orphologic features the following subdivision was

introC (

Plateau land

e, t of the areas suri.eyed durinc. the reconna;_esnoeCOUDi21-.2of this mappil..r;u.aii len. is Klocene cad 4iddle Mice-oe haa -a. ra.',.hr level topography witha -,rery g,,,ntIe slope -to ihaorth. Outy iocal.ly some nacrou,T,,reos with a steeper Gradient occuri.e. south of Dabaa mcl south ').11" ra_orani.

Eh. LikeRD,but sink holes

This mewing uni L j'cquid south of tile are as f.ndiodïi.iiikr PicoPTDRf3 also predominantlyleve butM2.117;fJoatte-,:.ed, small, ,zhF.110-7 add more or le serouad depressions can be observed. M.I.se arc-, moEtizr filled u7,7) ,Tith mo.1-e thau 50 MO20-6han 100 (1,11 fine 5ailc1 loam he silty loFm. Eacanse o,7 Jh d.7:pressional

rain water e.ccumulste:,., sud c.oi-neouent1z,7 the chepre' sSaO1e aurr a mItoh more deusC r,-taga,,ion, than the surroundin7 rk2.!77.-As.

Rr Denuded and: :- moothE

Those creas are -Ituatod ;tor;i. of Iland unit Rp) and consiei; ),-)T'edomi- nonti of 'addle Miocene root, They are 2.1100u to gou,';'1y sloplug to khe north and iii many place 77»:rliT run, but the7;- are nc,.t steopj.y

cted r a or les s 7arallel rid es.

SouTh Fuka and southsaet of M,,,,roa !`,..7,,truh severely orododrooldand 300ursin which more or lessDari,11e1ridges aL-e.1P,ost n triJ:Lig JIL firs L night they yvoamblf: former shor probz bl.r th.;,y are .ii:olded and par 04- orodod Miocene qopoJA,to.

:ssected rockl

This mapping unit is distilqwished soula and 72outh.:las-i orme Y7C.rub., Hei:o .poded and dissecLod roci7land wi tic many stoeply incised uadis oocurs '.eho j rouch tonographj and collsjut mainly of rock, °illy a Lthe bo',1tom cucarse sandyto ver y gralloly Eoils con be found, 44

RfFoot slopes; gullied an( )ing.

-,Torh of the Miocene plateau 'un a he foot of':,1,1c escarpment between FUka and El Methaney, slopimj areas art, found that cons-J.st oC very shalJow soils over rock. In many places the sufaoe in cover-3dr) 111a and o-j'ton very deep gullies

RdForme

This type of rockThnd includes the formelsoolit1L- 31.11-1,3Cana dune 2idres tha 1)7.; certain processes were gradually t,consformed info rok. They are of Pleistocene o Pliocene age and are partly develoDed as -i)aach ridee (2crg Arab Rammam and rAika). partly as dunes with t):.J:: hapha=d -,:or1.1 (El DabE,a, EJ Gaaal and Sid5 Darrani The yenngest, found o the coas, cansistorra.a,;r ooCi limecone roe,:k9th.a older ones are situate.' ore ip7 r:. d are harder.

In man7 places th.:. boundary bc.en thLs maopin,z unit aud i;he bo.cderil)L; vo0A.and of unit Rr and R) is -_,-aher arbtrary, hecaJ: in tic tr,.:,:usiiousi;hiu la:Ters cL° 110. are deposited on the Piocenc

Rdc bUT

This mping unit is disLinc,uished in only Inc areEs. One is r'ound nea-, Ras el Hekma, the other south Burg el Ixab. The frst area. ha,i: a ,:ather ron11 ìonorc.phh is incised T fimany seeo erosion jullies; F,nd slopes or tu the anon1;110 On Lhe slopes the rocky dina are ered,'id in many places -nd there rock io foullo(1,d no surface.

In the riecond area the ,e12.ogi.,reh is less rough, t'Uo erosion gullies are not so steeply incised and the rlopo Lo Iba northiS.:121

Rde Ti Rd, but locaJ with less than 0 cm loamsnd Lo sandloam

On Io f the former co stal dunes and dune,,ific-2,771T)a,'61reen El El Dabaa lo(2-ally some coi]i a denea.l.t.ed. In gner.-.1 ibla. covel.1.snot thiuher i.han :JO cm ami consists of loamz; medium finc sand, sometimes cZ medium fine sandw loam, Tioreover the areas with aoo 7ery scatte.12ed, aJlfays elevated and mostJy to moderately saline,

Rt emnants

South Ni2t o-f Ful,c, same ;.:.oehy creasw;',ILa :'emaaTlo mla,J7L,c,.: are Ovijinally they formed a sinle area because of .:,roo-.1op inycrecaGU:6i nia sew5..al separate ones. Prolablj the;v aceAllremna;lbs of .7, forme ';e-rrace

the a complicated soil paern are groupeC, was not e to icatelin Cl.iferences scparato i on a ma:p raerle 1:100 C.00, but on maps miLi a larger ,6oale 110 000 or Jr25oon)thjs can pa:.oi)ab3y- be dolae,

Ci oE rock a allor lo moder-,Lelv deg..) sancly to loam silo

over caliche cr o 1.7.

This mapping unit is found7.n areah, predomivatl close in the eoc.st. Tbe rockland may consis Miocene rock as rûli as of. -jormer coaci;a1 dunes, li. gen,,Ira? the sandy loanUo loam soils aLSfound a somovhat louer J.e7e1 han the roekland. They havc a slightly eloping ho cently sloping'uODOCJA"10Vonda2,' locally il!olsod with gullies unid shajlou wadis, 45

rook loam to loam soils in depressions Yhe roc7)of,' thia mappinc; rrU;orocrjj201Gh Uuws ol near Ras :;1 ffckma and rou%h eaA flf Mern?. ra-;rub, The;) oovoisb matly of ror117,s,11, The aroac7rith soiln aa7ochscqulaAl and. oTwyr' locoed dopreue:ions- 03Complex o sand soils Only onaro, 1F;(.1istiauishc)-6, lt; is found 7i,3 oC Morsa iJatruh qear Abo nrc doon :7?a'cloredcJ1,j T.andojlc concfistil-4; of loamy MCailIQ ane sane: ce,.7ur le;.-woo71 eje.,mted )70c1:s. 04Com11,.7:: of oemen;,ed noiICsalld beach rloin

Tbruare.71s ;Elt:o this mappluc uni a7refound. beire,:a J.h iomc'Io aad 7 -out,:l.st o; poorly drained1Tery salinecolli Pfla ol.oT.e.ted arcas 01: eanc1.. laJ;t avow-.napcosily 1), )-roo,s-ai5od jn no alci 11oc;:n7:se uhle c,olouP, 4.8.Additions odour in im-ny maP-oio[; They rs..ro.-.27'au2.)ed roduce the lium3)or of wppilv:. n311%;1: not hec,,nne

d. over along the idedij,'er'27's7loan Sea as well as f-,,r inlaod; .oir;afeE».6orn co-:ore:6 h huMmool Lurco Thc c 2C :e) oza 31:16q hal:e foriod inu1001,01:herc wic:d5loun mai,rial could L,-,31.mull.a.(.o behind ;.0..Toaalair7.1 oboLacles,, zmori as v,.Tzetaton,n o in ,?act tiro kindl of humn:cl:s o n 113dIs nichod, 7..omposed o.17 )c'am or ela7 loom aild ono comp)se(l of predominontL7f The fir.t 1.7.ind is n.iro .found. ii.he su.vrcomdinc dr.7,1.11 bach plaiu soils) and12formed. of th i ciii our yarticloa .opsoi] thst .:)ourri in iarSuc n r e secon.d 174.nd eoartr-.; of cuand aaA 27017)1(1 ;11:1';;Weo juland,

T theL-o is tr from a2C,:,S with 1:indb161,7n deposits to ueihbourinu sockland or arcos of dIffrep.G coils: O-KiJI.:laaets of sand occur. In ,::efleri Lhoso Lhin E-,h,?.ets are only loeally depooited a:ad not more than 10 to 20 cm thic17 in 6he surroundincs of ne coljdk.sandqoposi ml.inly of oolitic f n the other ar,2as pradominant1;7 cturic 4.9.Topo featUes

Most of '6he i,opograp I'eaimrTs indicated c the ma do not noo:J. Ay - ENTlana',,ion They oro cli;::tjuGuishod 'coal-ke orient ld DOG- SpecdalaL Icen liso rhouJd licpa.3.d7 hoiraooc1 Lo;Jae karms and;110 ,Incient ficlds Thousands of ;,hese arci.ont a[J.c1:11_,Vc;nral fir!lds aro 5pr7:0 Ute They are proof that The o.roo ,as apnL,oly ,)opul::.. ad in tile pacG and no$1,.6ho farmot's pi.a.cidozd avleultur usiat:; sunnial wrthodo. If it ,x1old be 0.f:.sf.!.ova7.'od what *L'hr,,,c methods wore cna %hey -Jere uscd: Do2sib171che y :ould be arlopod ana ount'ron'e .Ln occj.on be jAproIed oh lou cost; r:-,Irms are lncient agricultur&ifiolde, found predomLnailt fu a,rop,m Ocro deep and moderpolydeep soils are oresop, They also 000Pr i OOIJ. Ly oa flic plaL,3ro, 1.711,1. 46

The harms eru rurroundeil by 1Lo m "krhes" of predominantly ver:, saline soils (nun Ta'oin 13, Wo.26). Th3Joilo within Lhn"dykes" are al7ays clea)) 1,o, they do pot contain grlto, etc, Nany theories aout tho mean.l1,4 of tho harms.Cields and. karmuane ct Aceordinr: Lo some the dyhes were built to create a micro climate, uccord:ing to others, Lo collect rain rater. Most pcobabj.y boaevor the kovmwallo oonsict topooll foom the karm field that beoto'.' salino and. therefore ,Tas stora on the mide of01E.,field

.1.as1on1 agrieultur fle!do are found mostlLron the1:+latoau, in plucem ahero therei ot much ci 11, Thc consiut oZ numerous:, small parcol:i, with a rather Irrogul:o' .form,and each of th,m woro erigivally surroundeo by a d Lo k5 tOgh wall of stonap. The Walls ttliblod don and no w only n straight lino o: rubbls) lo found. on the spot.

2io1do thowselvos containalwadm more than 1 m soil. )...t is believed this coil ransferred lo 'the ag:doultural Fiolds from elsethore by man, e 'if.i3B).

5p Soil and waterc lt o

1-30-11 erosion by ;rind and uater is030 orthe most twDor'6ant phenomena in regiou. sailing for aetion at Government and farmers levol, -e3CC,VIREIof the undulating topograph, the lack. of coil structure, tho rather light soil to%ture, the sparzit,T 02 4agatati7.n c-overing9 thetorrentialcharacter of rains and strong vindo, eLcosion in vory quick. As o recul-o, the region in5.10w in an adveneed stage of erosio,I. morinetsuce,tho Libyan plateau Lo the south io for the most Dart entirely erodod,E-C61 7017shallow soils and rock ontcoops, and tho escarpment almo i.,11 severely eroded in tho upper t'70thirds,-Jith roel-s e:rposed at the surface.

The soil hrouGht byrunoff and wind in Partly transported and deposited doim- tream of Lite wadis, forming a narrow otrip oi allmial soil. The rent is tr,ms- port7,d. fu7ther and ir lost in the oca, On the othor hand, tbe shifting sana from the norh j.de of the maitime s.".nd dunes tel!.do tocolier this narrowstrip of (;-ooa alluv1 soils.

Evosion di; integrtes the 5:ocks9 and their products,such as sanac end pebbles, are tronsportod by runoff slid ,:pradually cover the good alluvial soildownstream. Thus uncontroliod erocion could steadily transfofm the entire. 7ogion into unproducti7e loud.

Although no special quantitative measpements for soil erosion were made° vas that, after a rainfall of more thou7to 10 mm, a large amount of soil had Leen c 'ried from the slopes and deposited on depressions, flat lands and even on thc road,

main soilconservati,..Leasuresshould. he established in the beds of radio, Alope of the escap,. lownstream and on thecoastal plains. In oidor t oa;'.-d obstructing thc, passage of water needed fori:ri6aLion,orosion control works uboula be closely oonnectea :i Lb water cooservation Jorks and:consist of dykes, 'terraces, canals, a special contour ploughing system, tho .!stablishment of idnabreaksf shelerhorts and special crop protection,

For sancì dune fixation the measures consist of the 3111device of hedges of reeds cr other materials and afforcstation.

Soil sonservatiou mee.sures havingnOdirectCODir.011with the various production schemes recommended under the project srould be docided upon at national loi,e1 and within tha national devolopwon-L, The ci orali problom of coil conservation can only h,B solved completely through a long term integTatod approach aiminp at tho preservation of tito pc,oduction -potential of tho retsion. Yu thio respect it must bu empnasind Lbai; soil ,5rosionjeF31irrevel'oible Tho soil, as a production '.3annot be ropin.ced once it 15 lost-. 47

S71.17.1LARY OF MAIN CLU LISTICS OF DISTLf 1116 RECONNAISSANCP

_ Ptor)th 1"-Ji-rro..e. jToros:mphj'tt" ?osoili Ion Ui st-1-1 1 -5 j cul cm.

4 Oolitici, hoderate1,7:for: .1-rre,-tolar LtDca f or zincetuxis

,

' -0,-3'," - o s ComEtt.-Ate 72 C°: t I i -----1 4...)011 "h.% C '-.3r..,rri. 4 tt. SI 33, jLit ,t 7: 1 a Garitote. 0,?)117-7 1 .,tho 7.1-27 tio Tto-i

! T'04 17; to 2. I o in the fluourt,"; ; D:oe ri 13

t3D LS Z. 5s'iroo

Ds2 iodos oto 1 ;-,o'roc:0 ant 1o. 25-30

ions 7 I' C.,31-: orot :7;

' o it-17 ro Trj ;L.* Jact0tt,raitur-,--- ;olov

Oi ton CL *1., ;-,tro no;

ncO;?t C55

I Do.,,-; #om e 48

i m_p,_, , ,!_ttsh,.t.tt' t ,__17666-t- t tt?ermeablij°Lty T:,:pograple Po ±a1. for tlismartes

Trutt:. . t.otI2 ii.t, t ttetrtare 4 t-ioultame , . t 6 1 4.M e_44....»..4.4

1 -',1ci snms 2oet p - RPTdri Ratherlsvelhjoi: stitcble I -'- 6 , J 4 o -'-orops e.,_ -_.4 morlel-atelv Tar.,

! (5, .T7-,0-1::. 2144-.:4,4'h2,. Ltree - i moderatel7 r,t,oic-:. r

1 't, 90 iriodera'os t euitable lor all Locally.1,71 moderntely 71oT: orots t detrescf6tor 'Pl surro=6:d by 4 :t A:tot:land

0 1- to tg,ode2ate to Sti-ttable 7or all 5 tftoderaelx rat- d rear17 leelcrOtz El to 1 CO:tîodrE -.6r) Leeltn alitzble for ,2cdor- t ,t61 1.6,6tidert.b1y 216w rstsitly 1.7(°_, 1 .¡ a-o7 des-o CJT",:rOZ: locally for shallo -:7 rooted orope ly

1.7.Gkleratz, 261otinsand ,Suiable 2ca- modet.-- 44tel y f';414,n4,04'0.4.1 ls ! modera-7:e17 rapid ,.4.4114a4 tc:torts5 locelly tethalloroo.,ed cronet only

i t ll»:, ---7,t0 Hodw:atts,t;o ,eictinp and ttuittable ron all i s,6,r.tallautd r , . slightly le moderately rapid :gtllied rC24-01, E", t ectriou oc. trol g i 4 is 2,1,-d.d , ' LPi rnlFocL Leval iFot1 . -z.l.litaLle_ ' Very saline r

6 - Orr (41 7.6ode2.-ilatt7 e1c7 7:-1 aiable ,o, _ _ orop-2 49

Table 1

- 22,-- non- ononnon-_---, _ -ono_ o

Tfoopf,f-,::',7,7a7Ki7277 :02

871'7 °C '-:"...)7.127171 C S, CO.

f 7 nno .7. M7DZI i;2,73,or !' 2 7.2 f'Of CD1. r, )Of'90 Mor...-r7:00126.7Foirio Toy -k- fi -

75; 737:. 65656:5576":1665 .i7S6F-6,2161 .2/2111k2,7121.ki,-LtZ- .0z:L20

, 5 0

*.....2oo (3

, . ;.. 3565 '63i dt6 65 , .kuo

6 65 3 565 Of;

56°- 609O 4 ' 72 1 7..°.31:7?A7, in.7 r 5556:6 f665 65 5:36.5 5 6

_±...11-1-_,T" 5 6511611356O61.3.63,655;: 6.55.6 3:3 0 1'33 ;55331 3

30-90 771 to 7foli;2.;_°'72 Of f:f trkk-,022172;al-, 2 ;0---7;1:20.1.1c 12-..0r-kT.2ka: I; offn.-7,1ff' t; 1 Pri.<17)4 on-noononof

A

22-27:2 175363533315:55L 6'466:1 5 o 5237,'

666),(,)-0-.65;f6f52.: 366635066. I 7 Fo-ooCISr:::: Y..77:.<-7-177. :Of

: tO ti 50

6

STL= 0? THE POTEITTLLLITY CLASSES OF THE REGOITITDISSZITC.7, I07;15 KOLTI-Jw LSrPIT!irilTOIT OF THE SALT7TE SOTLS Eir OLLSS

'R01.331_1 3r_ee-- TI Shr.?::t TT" Sheet TV Sheet ,s,Etimtio°,1 _ . ::'-'1: '.-1 .. of - 1 !CL-Lis r, i0S almo (:.,11. ' Descriotion ticlailceroent Pe dclan ey.c. en I:9 ICen 7.?..-i-cenyi 2' eL.020-.1 _ .. _ Foci:Ian :ent Fedan percent

1 Suicable -:"or 9=.72523.l 2525 o, 27 67. EDO 13 07 11.675 -L82 5,350 2041.375 o-8! 01! CL'COZ

2.200 0.34 2.200 0.09 10 0 model-atel:f deep Poobed crept7

IL Lihe ITa_but 600 0.15,11.07:1 2.Y2: 6.425 1.24 16.550 34.650 1. o locall7 only mait,-..bis for sh 1J

Suitable for 6.45 15.350 2.97 67.125 12.36 139.375 5.92 On plz,teau shallov 10 Yor rooted crops of plateau only 60

7,0colly 2.00 0.07 1.425 0.28 4.575 0.20 sui'cable for only

Local l:r 6.025 '0,94 6.025 0.26 suitable for shallow rooted crops only

!rot suitable:130.525 31.88240.975 59.16 400.675 77.47529.850 82.47236.225 62.57 1 538.260 65.35 rocky

::ot suitable::2,725 7,09 7.025 1_71 1.200 125 0.03 47.550 1 r r. very saline 51

Tab/E a

4 i Fotetrzi?....1.±÷-7r, , . , . .. ! :lass Slies-*6 I Slisat II sh,,,,,,,z; T.Yx tta..,?-e-c IV

; I 1 ¡ -,- 7 1 f.910---c 1 1 i- - !,--- r'l el -t,-, i 'Icr 1"... 7, ,,,,i ' -3 0 71 a -, -- zrc - - --'-,,,,-1(3.-, ,-.,-,...... 'i ,,,Do e ID.; s card. Tycicti -Fecl.dat.o..1f.r.t.-re---.:- ....t:1--1Pg (16.,--,711-,-,7,c,.-1-0 . t t ', I I t , '! i ttfo ittttc,-,Ei.d. b3.,-,,, :. -%,,t,:, n.,-,,,,,,-,, -1,7..? 1Ott."'Pt- '2 i-..., 83 1 7..' `-i-7-; ,r,/t.,t-); o . 0; tt.,: itt-t, ; :,,,,,2, ..:1.0,,,,:,i.,,,f,- i ,!. t ! t 1 i t J 1 , . ..- c , i . 0 , S.: 2" /1. I.Coapti e t: t..-,-. i9;-4' -00.. 12,72.t, 2...J..: ...c ,.. t..." :I; 0 ,:).9'..9 - ! ',. I t ;' 101Z.Z..:::T

=tit)c) ' .,.. 0 ',, t ?1 ftt,To Gom1't 0.15 975 .9 ;, -1_, .750 .7t. f. 9 25,100' 21n-, ¡class ',Ts3,t2c1_ 61a iI

f.7.-4,/"TTI iCora-D1(--.7_- of 9.22511.441 of P i 1a iclasz 7F., 2 44k4a0.. 1 i iclasz III . ; 'andI ctiast; ! ------: 1 a i P t i i i'raiTr". -) ' Cc.urole...::tLf i i 5.475 0.35i 23 oc; 1 a c.,-,-7,-rnr, 1 t , i . I'-''''' ' --'. - i r t :-', 6 11ClaSS 1TC; ! i L r ° i L r 1. & ' r -.7'. r7r-.3 tA,.,f.t-ttri-J.?..^:: 750 '0.91 . 475 0.09- 4.22.7, ', ' , 7.3 . if: . , 7 t r't , -70 .. t 1 -., t .r.- t..- . ;;;;: ; -; ,,,,,,, , ; . S b 1 9)7, -nr-,44,,y c- 2 ;177,:::. .:'"...d: ::;..):.,.., c.°..--1-.0':::',..,.'7 ri t -...f:tt:, ., 0 Crio 01 ' - ( ,r, 1 ? L ' ' ' ''.? '3 .:..,' ' ',' , 1 , t. ,

water excluded 52

Table 17,

StThiiJ!RCv")F ThE POTT_TITCIALITT CLASSES OF THE IECOITITUSSSdiCE L7A-PSLEE) TIlE yr,a7.-)Tim UNTTS

_Po-Gentle-1i claso Mapping Units

abort description Sheet T Sheet II Sheet III Sheei, IV Sheet V

1

1 Suito,ble for Eal C27008 E1,i130,P1 r

; Ha Suitable for moderately 1 dec.:7) rooted oro-oo

1 i 1 7Tb : Lil:eT.T.,:,..'.-Jutlo-_t-T17-ir oll77 B i j- 4 F4 I suiable -,7o-2!,,hal1o7 r-ot:,:-..d k : t orous

; III Suf.-J.7.bl,, for shallow k rooted crs,ps only s , !------! for figs

TTrifff Goca*217 sr_Litabl,F. for roc*6-ed CrODZ .7,1317 e

Do2,Dfis6¡ ,.ap: o Dc,,_

t Rc

ble L'Of 53

P?P,P:PPPPP_PP.P."Pi2,222a_-- -P.;

."-P'i_77)':P.:P.PP: ) 2-, :2 2, a '22 PP:7:2:I P .P:31207, '71; C

aa1-2,222 22,

" 32.:1,:?a.3

r3(far:\1222:2y 12a-3a 7,7 22. ala-21.,

a,a 21.

4

and Tra _ _ _

2 27a 0,24,,rD1 caf'.2 la -a

rat,f,.° I a, a- ;312,2 _

77.5./14:7;13, f-77=7:74.11-470 a a 22Fa.2 ; 54

Table 18

P.:T.T: SI C AirD T PRO T.5 0F SOILS DISTINGUISHED ON THE R7 _

c/.1 :`_echani.:;a1 1 ' Ten- ' EC / CnCO31.. I Cher:IL-al Analysis 1 1

_Din-1 Tzies Conposi_ _04, 1 1,u_rc,- LT4C4i A Cr [7 1 ens _ flT sana f Hz;:-_,,/ rcer,_, Cc.' 5*- -;÷-''i He;;:" T:"" : C.1474 - m honr1c;

4 4-4:: ' 4 1 u,u 97.'9

05O5'oo 44 1 ! rf_r?.1,72":.71

3.4,4 0 Da*-a 0-25 ! 13 025 160.3 1 23-75 2,1.5 22 r 3.7 71 r- L17.1 75-120 1?. 5 lo 7'1-5o,1 "). 6

0.5 LO Icc E oc . 0 1 7.8 ; 2

;,- t . 0,---.3 n 444" A 11 C4'4 , - 44.,,, 44. t.... I =I; 1/ T0;.-..e111T...:., ___, ._,_ . .../ ..5[''' 0 070 5-,.. t,- ; -.1,6 52.0 1 1 o, ') 5,7 ;35,-.., i o_ .s-1 '.; 13,33 ir., . 2, L - i ' 1 3 0 ''''. (30 3-0 i'16,'-, l'-',,523,06-2,5 H. ' '3,0"AO.'" i 11'"Pt i 1 t_4--,--", Ii i.4' i _._)4*--- 1 '4 0.: 19,.:: i t I ; -;.- ; - i g-- ; - k ; . 1 ' I i , I P ;. ; , i _.--j- -4.------J. S A A I / i I i 1 I . 1 1 A 1 i .:-, i /./...1 r..,,,5 `,",,r.-; 1 6-2/.5 c", i i, 0-o 2:., 0 /1, E i58. 5,8 ,':.r:', i10,1 117, r'20./5° . ¡ f 1 . , i i : i 1. C:! `7,* ,, i I,.' 74_4:. 4 -_k 1 44 4'; S . 5 4 1 i ::', 5 55 , 5 - 4., 4i ,44 t. 163, o ;: 7 t_Ii'..,: , 1i ,1,°":-_ 5 1 0 , 3, i -'0.-C'') 31,0 4 ' - I 4 i : !, , -7 - 1 4 4 4 k A 4 f A A ! A i A i

; t' N -a "Pc i Ds 0 ---.0 -'.... 2 i 1 ../ , 5 !, 21.0.! 716 5J1,r, ,..:: p0,7 ! i51.0 156.2 i 2').rs, 1 ',,- -kr...;i3 0 r)'1 ' ' [ v i i t I I-1

2.8 ;.166' 1 72 0,7 10,7 2,0 1 73 6_7 HO 27'"1171 ! d 61 t,1 i 11HEc- 1 'J k LH 5.7 ,5 1 n o 55

Table 18 (cont.1

:o. Area Death cm Y.echanical Tex- 1ieoica1al CaCO3 Pranories Composition -Lure ralat Anions tPel'ne,,,,- Field Claysilt sand Hos/percent T,4-Cr" bility cm icapa-cro'Oour city 7.5 -.:,,,,,,-; Ds,. 1 0:-.30 0,3 o

Ds_ 7.6 1,-, 12.5 7.3

2arrani 1.3 13.0 6.2 0.8 20 2.7

0-30 5.5 1.1 12.8 5.6 2.3 5.9 0.5 8,1 0.2 6.1 r'-60 17.0 0.9 12.0 4.8 1.5 4.8 0,L1 6.5 0.9 4.9 0-120 16.5 0.8 3,-,) 2.3 d,5 0.2 4.9

0-25 5.7 12 2.7 11.2 7.7 6.2 4.0 1.9 25-60 6.6 12.5 .4 93.1 7.9 10.2 2.7 2.6 60-90 3.2 13.5 2.4 21 10.7 10.7 2.2 10.0 90-190 1.2 14 0.7 21.4 3.0 3.4 2.1 1.7

14 0- 7.1 14 2 20 73 1.s 1.8 29.6 1.5 15 4 22 64 1.s 1.5 51.8 7.1 13.5 lo 12 78 1.s 1.7 59.4

Earrani 3 0-30 3.5 86 5.6 2.5 5.4 0.3 6.7 0.3 6.8 2 30-60 4.2 82 16.4 9.3 1.6 5.5 0.3 3.1 0.2 3.4 60-90 ',.4 82 16.4 5.4 5.6 4.5 0.3 8.4 0.1 7.2

dar:ani 51 1.5 8 0.6

Dabaa 1,0 3.0 1,1 0.2 5.7 0.3 -2.5 0.3 15.0 1.3 4 0.3 5.7 0.3 4.4 56

Tab e 13cc.

: Ar.lca3

21 43 c1,1 34 ql.1

19 0-:ar9a2di 12.0 6.5

20 3arawia 1.6 13.5 11 24 65 s.l. 4.2 2.6 0.2 6. 0"7 2.9 14.5 14 33 63 s. l. 3.5 1.5 0.2 3.1 0.2 0.9 13.0 24 45 31 5.0 4.4 0.7 13.2 0.2

21 Eaciousll 0-15 2.9 16 11 26 62 s.l. 40.7 0 13.1 9 37 179.7 0.324.3 33-100 1.1 16 10 41 49 6.7 0.3 1.9 2.0 17.5 9 53 38 sil 86.6 0.9 14.5

2.? 5.5 1.3 3.5 4.3 4.7 5.1 3.2 3. 4.1

13.5 10.6

::er7ejlaSet- 0-30 9.6 15.5 14 43 38 1. 5. 0.7 12.9 3.0 4.5 tle- 30-60 2.7 15.5 11 47 49 1, 32.3 0.7 169 1.7 26.3 7ent 60-30 0.2 16 17 45 38 1. 51.5 1.7 259 2.3 42.7 field 57

Table 1 cont.)

1P,s7.1. 20 i Cae ,, a Phy.5ical Ji Cherlica-1 a y ' Pi-cDerties Cc3nosition lure mm 1 Cation3 Xnlons 21a.,7 511T, zaA n--0.:,/ IPC.r:E.71j-DL--..- Fr I - C1 HCCY i Da i;i calDa -I cm I i

71:hourcar,: I

0 -CO lo i 0.3 0.5 ¡34.037.5 13.9 600' 22 1.4 35<7 I 9.2 0.4, o.6 21.5 26.5' 32.041.3 11.5 3.5 33 1.2 33,0 1.5 21.0I 32,5i 30.037.5 1:11. 10.1 7,5 15 1.0 30, 0,3 ).9 1

Karm 0-40 3.5 16.5t 14.5t 36 49.51. 45 20.9 96.1146,1 350 0.3 1452.8 0.4 wall 1.9 J.j. 5 4,5 130 61.51.s 59 26.6 ; 112.8225.3 50G 5n 1627.6 0,J ...: -100 13.0 0.5 30 61.51.s 64 23.7 116,5225,2 z50 6.0712.9 78,f, t"f6,

"+0,." '

1' too during 'od Their ,

o 1;

1,../1-,1 71- ,

3 +of:, 6:: hi

"Lc '66

; :ov;). Ci ne', 65

-r': 1)6;,)1ArJho(.1..

f 59

11 ,;," ;t" ;", .6.!tit-t 3,?! , t 3"1(6 ! it

6,6 .'tf,!SI tttft ,14" i 9C; t.1 CAC.cThDrfrat t" 61. c6. (1,rt t't -; ",- ;,tit -,; Silt; o, j it,6.1.102. tr.n. 6'"," .*.o. o7 o.T ,,' ijtt, " '!"C!t.".' t'";'''.(' ,+ 07 Ur' 0...o.m..11,

ttr tt)ft; Qt.",)"!, , al(." Iskt ,.;11!-"ff." :0.`tt) ft.:*j ittr."Co 't! k CV.1 .1.0f3 c fitt), ;;;- 0,..,11110C"...tl'ai t. 1:3 'i';;"""1,"7`ti 117.7'

t ;".";t.t 0-14 't tf.'11.*,16.r.67 -1:1;;lt..1.(711

tlt:lt;747" c7.411`;''. C',

t.11; rois0. r t.1110TC.1t,_1",f rtf.'t.f°6;; et.1ft. ;, 11-,t-;.;; ,;; )

;c: ;;;" ;;;-; (21^"..1 1.);-; r.....;('.717,J. Rom); - '1Ub ft, c",,oitt,t,;A;y)- t-1 ;2;0 0 't s '60 .:13 -)

The `.*orc".'0.'o(ooo)

, -,tt)- t. ji (.01."1": 00 'C. 16 * '7o,"0,"0.0 oz .1) co:10',0oo ;, uctc1 ¡tllp; Nte;

ctt2,1,t 3 -,,, :tttl^;it't,tucttLts,t .013* t.t." `tT r 6:,,,,;. ;70

; Q't; 1)). )(;))It; ; Ji r.;"I -P tj/..1.2;jr,, j:` ; 3t:ttott!, *it r.l.70i.!;.' t , Ls ";,; 't...*6 t: rtc) rittflf.":111."OFVff` .1 ,t;;-,;!; ,,),;(t ; ot ttt ;;;;itt qt.; c,(14;J:T; 0-0,1

-,(11;t1 ".r On .0 ;. ; 11;;;; 31E lUt C, r.f.ct,f,trttn

7.70 ftt C"...6t)(t. !;t:O.,." tj j, t,r,1t" -606 tt ft r 17, ,t. ,, ;;;;;

jtut t'rlot "tf.t t t3, t!"," t".." . frt 6 '1., t" -c.; ; t°".'1 - t7k7t,t."!".'fittfft)rt

t"".7; fft *.,"31r.? 7.4,3. 1 ) Cl.00? ;'"."1

tft".62 t't"." ! ' t,:'(J. , ',3"";;"" :11 '611:1o DJ.'

to letc,':, 't t,' r " 516,7 't; tit i; ;2-j:1j ; ;' .1(1.j IL:

1.10. "tfl 117.."103 it OK' On r 1.71: 7011, r f,. o :1,11(.1 r-,4) -`,161," 3 :r 1St "1 a Ito ;, °",:r;";3;.3 .1.11 1,2.0J: ). ,-;::"onr.; tr.; ' '',1101.1 f.;;;;;- c: ,-t t; t""/ rift 1170.720f.;Co`t 71."^[f o'nk.v; t311.0 u43(9. jt; , t 94,0 ;""tllr,%10 t.t!tit ,r;_l_y)11:;4*1:t, j Cf,y1Orirl., kJ. 1,Hr,V or 01.1.0.jr.P yttf)

t ° Clo "Gol:vzoo rl..rho.3.rre".",?,;:r.")t, st.'"rt;, J, r

a t.. 01:1 "'L," "l' f.3 4 1 tt ;VC &LOY i."..'61Slint r 770 tio nn 0 00 d:0 J 6-60 ;;;.n. ti U, Iny06,,,o3.0[43.0 .1,r, 1C f,t j, PU.0 .0., tio 1,.1r !.00 Co:',

Wat Neo,rawom in 60 0 n660:00,0 J. on 60116

. .70 :0Ct .1). .1.1..) el; ;:";c."; cotl. DN-,,,;1:;:a-o'z' o oquippo flfift '60,ttlr i"Ata.! JOlt,- tf.:16:1 1.Yr, ta',. WC" 01100 î.,S 0. la ore;.,0::: '061.)10,, 13 r1.0.41.06 J .1 006¡io 06,10,0 On 0666r., 770",jk?t';.t." LAO 6$1.1.1.0.ttft t'Ct C2,%1C.1. f3;70 Off fff vil,0°6Iftct011. IA; tf"f.

Cr.t 00127 t; rflettt. "ft't,t'f 17; 't.'t Cy'tb.,7 Et, 1, Ctf.4p.`;I,,y* n , j,0 ,°.,7) :0r1.J, ;7;-.);;c1";: !9;;;;;;:; coa mc 1.)..1 1.1,yo 3 oovlion:0.7o, ;1,-to,:t 1,-fru"31.1, toi t, 'PC; ,1 Iq lt - ;to, , K; "Locto c.'"31,7; "t.1k.6°.V't, aft" ,,00k,1116. it'.0,7t o tf.btfitil 'T,'"'" 1.7311,..ft.

tf,"tt 'ft "t" tf"..111 1.'2! " '6%70,0.1,,-it,p1;;;c";.,;;:-fost tt: ^71, i .05,.1 'o

c,.;,,:',:111"..,1$5.770:0 clo""';.J 't.;:; do: C.17,7» ho 11;e1:,."ovw.t000 6 '16." 01'6 " '611,f`t

0' *411c,r,, o-011,!,rfft 0"! tt. t: "ftl. Ifl.".?...K1C,' onn :;; nno t16:0 5o(1 00:o .Do pc?,tI t, 1.).6,. t131 ,0:n0n1L-K-0 0 00 10, e nn0 ;' oc"; :;, tt11011, I t.1 tt tllitt''r MIT, P02; «-,r-ouPoiwirio 60

2.

1.1.uu-,;,.:422.: r. 1,1K, der up to 12(h1....). ' ?L'13:*t. -10 I. 2.

k.",-On f ;:,..t? o:2,-,ctr,co" th.- Pro cincli) '61)0 pliCuom:a-ohc noa Laaiy C.010 071 ra,f,ui DC°111"0-1)..,..2":. 11H3 C,J0C .1.'1,047ir.u(2. on bry.p tho [1.31cL 'r. 011 Jùhc,31:6, .Le .31.1 'i 1. !:C.:Z7:617:!." C, "1. 0!).. hiae:n. i:L!,yn ,+'27.4751 ; :50 (7/00 o1oici i aro1 J o '63ie :7;1.10.- ,Tho tlio inco n' ') 00 000J 2.2. of -the project area

Z.r.27,J DO 11*.:(7,M ih 17 OM S!,1-111 0Pul ,Thicth;o1,1-py,.:1nos conoidoc.,ble L'.iv0v,-,grr,11.J.1.,-, no ooc, dist1no.c,lj 1-;,11t tho ec,s-L.c23..3.1 ,72h.ht 3rho, ;.;t.p,,ro.1.1k uc 01.. a 1.....11102f

0) 2 I -a <;',.CI -it: ny CPONI 10 VC thankM2

hta-. 1.7.1 't3 LIhr.11 b Ci 19 <3.1hous

In 11: . uotuv,0: nrtra 2a'orn th., 2-201i1 the ,,itzcv.Y.Tlor Lu liaIholtsvx olltrme51."L, de,,,)))1V th(e, hedc the 3udd.E.,3 d.PChX: 2-5 ;,;y:dona in ttw!ih.71hh,rrm,,rt

. 01.1 VolL LtnCur' cYL!. 0 n r.1`0 Co'i'ad 21t1L11,3 rìnOn'iri; 1,3..-1.4.,;hi.)

, :A 0 :7.0e d....;.:nC; 41ht.) L't 7,..o-;,c2: on L. or, :o.1.-0'; !,:taCY. ,Zr2 thrno,,na ocor 012,00h.1101. V,TrD:o

rosult t:oiol;% but thh hr.), was

,...,;,,to.hr.acJE).",,,, (.%". ,..t.'10 by 'IY,Crs.:1_ 11%.1 L',C3C-1 nit:a , L' Zov). e, h:121-,fr t3ha th, .4Otiel'nonI ohtho J`, 61

Nurahfr of Wadis in the Coastal

,-,v;;;. i';;-..1, L othracyn.'It '10;',...0o. t T ) t.. a t'.

, .¡ 01 t , 'tf, ¡ tot....so 2c't ,o,ot?, ' 0. ,..4(00 1 0.. 00-1. L0t.9-d .00 '; OP 4 4-44, ;:4' Urtc7;:t ;?. t ' . t - - s' E ' ' 4 r

La - t Sanwa - Sidi 22 6 83 1

E-,,o6 0 J.D7. JLi 21 4 2 73

Uï -; .T17.11_1Q1,1 2 27

Vi12-6::1111 T-fm, 7.Dpo. 24

}; 31c, Erk Ilt.0..;:!ro,t0. 0 0 11

2.: Jadis

ct-k?*i;l2s;'It:tells ;...) c: I:1;o; ;t-t. DIE; :211, 101.;`,3 e 7.1 ¿O CD r" 1.7,110 Lt.:- ISLE' rzt Eat-k?i-0.1.'tac;-Too.K7r t, o ot t <7. to; tit ts' 'o It'stt Fyst.- î:,31 rtft rip ;;o. n000 o (-) .;;0! 007^ %TV:: o

14 are short ar . As the .7,22;Tr.,,,n runs in ;;13.;:; lene 10 5nc..7200.005, butD:.,; sea- p71;e.clar., ou-L. whic --rorri the olii7; ;;Lto

So a..-°,,h-ac o -,1-e71 e7oct o Llio Lc,-sras indio Vasp...... o,-;;E",:q ',"7.1. 1.1) 1).;2.-.1.-2.oh; s E f.ru orid C.13.EE..)b,ah ,;:,2To WocLS C,T:b.:.7,1'1, , and i1,i.di 03,Thol o ca i,eh00t1.6axr-oc,r, 23(:), 02, .2'.odJ4 1.:-Q1," oud. ,3101.1E-:12 n iosLc:o;nC10.: 2-4 (V.I.FilaC Ths 1.111r'; e 1: (sr ounci. nyi fro

2.4. Th rea between Si;_ ni and Mersa Asi 156)

91):: esca-1.7rmopu uni.;-orropc,s-rouh7leal '7,0P.12iC.G runs -1):,l'alto.). Lo bo seashea, Tho -4-1d4jsz-%re of mc,dimm si 5e au0 run 1..'.7.7.om:o11.1;hLo nor=6h at dLrtauco pf i- 3 !71,-; frcm ODG E;,11Oullei-7,, Their cai;ohme: aser.I.E c;onoa-r..n.,), a Jirow 2;777p,lon,s' r.ra 7q.1 0.2.7es pro F,c1 on VI° oar coy br,2 LoNial í;11.c oa 1-'6-or aeach '611.c; ceo..hrouziaLioc opcuincs bc-,,I7.;71711. :land dunc;7.1., I;71(1:i 17C r.-te Ames ;00c1111. t..-17-,,z17.17.,"Lf, rf:77'.7.77:77 ;, 1," 77,7 '7:77 t -. ; 7t. , '77" ',.. t, 71'3\711

"t 74 ') `",'(.1 """'''' ,'..,q1,1.?..1,0',7:',.;.:4.03:A". :::',1f77.3.-77 : t 1;;o: u 7 3.-4 1,24;0 C7'. r.')7, ".);:106(1,00?",) 7,71?..77 .7.H.77z, '7. '77:7.7 ° ' 7. . "7.1:" " .77:7

't .1. .

t

;Alf 77,77707, 0-7--tz.,77-j? ? 7no71; 77:7717 -7.7-7 1:7, 7, 717°7 :7 tt,:.°.177,- Z.0? 7'7 7 77.77 T"»,, .7; wit -J-7 77771 7 .7, 't rr-

.,..e V 207)

.tt 10 tttt t`t,10,.(2.;. 77,';:t77..:.", 77.7.7,77:7 7.-7(...71t77, ',7" 7,

,,,,7.. ; t. . 7 , 7.7 7 7.7177:-,..s11,1771 t7.7:717:, IT;-7,7'.71 "Jr .17, , 1-t-," .7 to.:,777.7" f

-7 7 7, ,:t771t 7"71.°:77.7q7" 77.7rL,77,'01:7 'it'lott-77:t.:77 7.;:.777L7'77 117.. 7"7° 11.7.7,7,"71 .7.1 1 ;77.7-7,7 "Jh-', c,17177.7,..3.77.93.°7 it,Lort,,J

7 .7 7,77,77r27, 717: .7. 1- t", , 7 77.7 "7.1. .-1,77.771,

1.171- J.277.(7710.:7771,1

'0' 1 i'ttIllttt t V't'tt;", .1 r ,,j -; -.7 (171.13 *, t)rti 713:1..1..o11-1. 1.'1)°taut

, ,k 09, rtt-,, ;,,lt) tt .1-11.(-7711.10,00 1 1)Ctt(1,:t E:D.t,..)

17, :t; ',;" tt: t,t,tft.t°,..tt,i,t ''tttitt"'t tt t,t0PIC P"it"tt?,,,Cttl.t.t` ttt " y).,tt,,ttt'r

2.7. ThE 208-

'7-7 ;77:7"7,7717, L'i717:7(71.1.7-3 (.77:7 -777. .t 7:7,7 0.71.7.777, 7:7. fififij77:1;771; 7,7o7,17.'

..7.7,777.7t3(-7 .1-7,777.7 IL) 7,777,17 ""11 7-7177 7 t'fi -'fi ;77.7. 7,7.7.. 77J 77; .17-7-7 77:7777.17.77 :IL,. 1-777.717,-/ 7'7:7, 1 "I ,. Y", ,* ,611. ."!'",'":.»,.1 7t,,,77)77.,t77,77.1-077.-7 77..ts7s

2.8

fififi fi `3".z j . " 00110t)%'%.",1.1).1t3 "Aliofi ofi't 5 °, , i 7,17 0.1.717-07.77:7:-:7 7_,7,1 L. 77 CI,' -t-y, r J. 77°,77' .7 ;71, .,:7 J -7,

,imE establish: sa of

b)

trt.!, L 7 7 1.--, .707 t.,. 7:7 . I "'

1 I 4..od t " ;O:t.;),C3 "c..-1.1.7°Hfil 77 L7 :7:7

.7.7 "' 7 7 .7 7'fi 7:17, tt .7.7,77 , tt, itt t..tt 0.K7,:.77c7 ctiv.7.7.1.1 k.) ;01)11 rjh fi, " . 7-tt7 '

'tlact1.11, t,ofL'r -.)z) 7.7,177 :77- 1-71 77,71-,7-t'. 7,17 "7 "7:777 Otstt".... ',CtA

; :7 63

3,1 ,2 i4o.,,gthgtgLI') , . s

Un poort c?, -Los gano-L^gemc u to In Lnot ci t;' 1j1 t U 11-1' 31,:3'13":10 L 01:1.C'11111. AAA:1:1°7005.1e L g'gwgz.g ou L,121--,10 b,),r:i3C;Dro

L'iIggogop-19,- frtt»- L". tiroJor): tthcrtrwrfg.,,g-,'L, 01:1C1,7.1vr. Li cro rg?);to 00:100 jA e 011 r.:11:A "Owl g tri

Ira(' i bgg, clif.".);_;o9 ;:ne1.(..,oeL CL o various regions 1-1',.7;i7.3,1_,, Lk,S.:,..1.1..c.n;

ist 0 bec, Lo (71j...A could_ 4.5 .) r wto o -,,To.Ler5.1127 of Laud tr: C'11.

o) thr,,ucdtr, were to 3? ,e ude where a weir, accesible by car, nrti«lc3,7 constru

Table 20 shows the wad selected and thei eriotics0

Wadis ical Inve on

\)ett7L,o 0,7 t,.7112.)1031;,

o ) , 2rg 2,9 E17,.0.711 o 5;9 6 n Ramia Fa ,)L,or ' , o,o1NT la.1) Om -1111j07.h')..ta 't 6 .20 noC,03,7, 16X Tr5,-Alo E) 147-) 29,, 20 "or'042 22, Ahrrb Il 7r

The short duration of flow, its unforeseen time of occurrence and the re.ir.01-.roly limited dischar.ges callecl "Cgr.g.,1,' 3A,A= tho ; '2nmeac,L,.ro -cunor.2 C(:)1.c:o Lûti.wr.d-gt rIr COV11-.3 11311.31.' Yrn-121`: reg-t;itto.nt,11.1rvs: g, lton°L;oc.,.1)co cud g:gb.e clowns i.,TCO C111 C 0 J.'Giu,s ' 12, Ylc.).nit.ype o :g. 'ban boon olAidied 1),,, Ro1.-1-1 7.4 trof;;19.: "C.r:..;;,.L

'OAR anc.i. Labl,û"..";;;°,77 D'O'ru C.d. F;Chel'CO (7,11 (.7.3..T.-J-n.

The ifr.gaolgrergy.-!:-) r g7, C :AtA ;To. i; IIthe weirs ur. s m,,g7) b;;,, yt). Lox° level raogprcicn inste:Lied tpr''Lrc' o;g rvi. rIti less than ";,:.MC.ri111,,,iaa::imumt

coL .run oLggE..o o':-"

77,A o C01,7,de ,.PC! ITC-r".1r, cm,pirlogc u11,-)r.1 :L3 MAO ),1

igctImon Lca,-'o.a.zt 1-vig g CV"' .y 1.1-1 ',Tad 119;n vary. 14:th) ;:,1

Cloo or .Loro rocorgiero.,01`,7 no L,7).11.1.eglto ertv,),, ca aroa "C)705- "00C, E) b.] o J./fu.g)o-L'Tg:stoa--.? r is V . r alror L (uir 1.0 .7 byd7roc:77,p1.1." noLhod Lbt, 0.1'31.TA rCi n 011 1.(1130 '1,Iv.,'noel 0,,o:Luao thoio rk i"; hYo'id-1,670-phs F'2,1(1 1176.0(,L;oalb5 0;0.1(1.1..17:.01-1,70. rItnoo thc crea in-r.g; itgag7,1y- L3 i, n pr wood ;1?/(-Irlireoc.cc n C ro r reCoP cler (!proved. .11)1'6 5.747.1., regio 010 G cols 1.,11(tt Lbe 3111,;10 or Lchw nlaroar-,. Thoeo.i7oro 'Lon tr.,. L i sc o n C.:2 L110 or ii: C,-2.11,,iruno o 1.0 ;,..i.n11 vol.) for como o 5',ho wadi by a Citn n 1111 1-)1 1 I. 64

(1°..!' i,t,0°111: :3", 1+7 1 on: :11-1.110)3:;) ï ;),.1 P9 rjOCVit 2G,14 ,v11, rtl.r%'0111.16,1:41,Z, )2012,::t`1,(7. Cz. .; 1.1)71 114,0 1,!141 o *,;.",!.13111.. aoun11,7 aL:.;(1, :v,Joun, o: ".6ycompc,T-.:.ncj

, 1 ,"/ 101,11)0 ¡L, *17,1, ;:,ho O .1"12i,d). 11,111. .1;117: Due cloo "1 .10`'..760 'AiDo.)....0 OM? he., 11POS10 T, .1.1r;41:`1. 007' e::::10°.:LQ r,07,,,J11:20/11C11 0Z 0.1100,1. dlobx...1,bwi;o0

* ,rYtd imp: liowo vej Joo,a11.1-omo,1 i LI ("11.1-,y Q16 A",1, 31)1.,..-1, v.1101, ...1Larr;,c,a ID 1,:163 ocou2n,od 7o1J1711,-11.', i. 1.1,1117;T Ci1; :UT.1011 o aoLleonion (1,7,1(1,

e; ti() 1,11 G 6,10 z 7,D .6.0e0 ic167, %331(.. 1-t11.3- t ;10411/1. VO, L;(11.1,. 020i 11';1?,;3;11.01110 '1;1:4 :J1, 1.14 ":.;):,01 ',1,6110 FLall pro,:idc,1 1,1(1;,r.1.,,,vmenL 19t.°,7/6& In -Pro wo.(113 .".::V001..'02 op oq tino.

IA1411011 1-, !, 2 acre , 1) ,v 2 211i111, ' C oc J3.1 71;22 r).117., 'oho

i 7, i'01, 1 :At 2;reoztu% LPD1221;(3 ,.),...q.:C11C2oD t%lati".0;0(1t):?. ldu,11 cZ "rho 0

C ("71.6:1 ',On. v" 'L,L P71 Frozic,0 T1r.17.a o2i,en tau l7 "1Acmilcc hYL: 1:to 70

r'310 r cL-.7 LiscL C cl t.3 20003A:1(0c rrsteopeeri 77:Ai,C33. ;1;),-11 tzTO al' n

!

>11)^-,,n CIA). 'a,,1.7.,tjf 0.7'114:. Li.C ^,-120;2 "r PCI;.3. ,) 0 0 L, 1. 5)C, i) u rJ ) `,0.1Z.I.,2,

3.2.Selecto

11,:y C 720 ..Lv, GT. 2Cr(Lrid.Y.

"yLLL,,' :;Yr0 79,10 !30 0.0.1201110 11,-, LI0 11113,,Ijch.ra7 '1`.'"Ci. '2 32,A /r*,

The (.47/.; e11,10 r V(71t 4k. E 1. 1 ,v3,1 IF, 'J ir, ',I j j 000 c ' 1(1( it t1)7: " ,7111"111)1u:."1 LY(.1"1"r "71, I ik1111-3 4) V1(10d 'XL,' ;,,f1 ,;z.-1 o'?" , 7.7 "1":1 1'),y ."613.0 Ltu 1)1101'e,

'04 > R),,,2 .1-,V) . y L i.A.) " ,..,11.3 ^,;(:,. oro, j.; LL, i or, ;.' u.;:.7?1, 1012,1.X:1:t.:::0.1".6:0:11.11";A-01.1 i-u;.h)) ;,"he

fjijj c4;(.:('OlCl'Lrf,1L r C 4r ,KY.N1W4 it; on:,1 U1.3.',J,,uni hiL,111,v cow) "to-it".; u10.1,171:. IN3C14 "11. 7ft. :11'7. 11101.0 65

on01 6°Q.12dc;)Y,Top,:tc7. hechIts u col:: lao 0,06 i Lo r.,ve

iho plui,o3.0 iOi,113s unn L1K, ;;aun as ihem) in no p°I.a)0, w0k1Jvr.:,aohml,61-u, ,.1f)o 7,,nd6hc, vtlae22 c)op06;,-).1.r TQU:w thods

oolw Lrw nu Ll tu LeJ n1958;:y,Lhroll'oooihn wtdL ,i11,1P0 01rroP a nauro 1Ccalol L170e tro ).tntilci o 3 mptLE; h.)!gh , cr,v, m0 L cy plon: el-noLandL lo oa::Imilm di sobargo, calo,ula Lod aosordin Lu,I)SQn ro ti 1,W uhollcno r.,P013 (QM:canl ; a Str,i on nf jnin .6-r';1!o 1171:1.ga O. o i Lo

111.52 (.1 .00 N No.1_ i13m3/6. rQoordor lnntr12.0(q by thr,2 wo!.o a,n6 a 7-0.n :%:wo)7.6,,).7, 500 n °ha? oZ °,117J .1.3;c1 kn0 Lvume.0; ww:.o oban3.00. wooklj. da."(,o nLCA 0 L:yolluc '6bc, no tJo.00 locloa 1 o eat Ion cd' flan L 11!)Lna,rx,mo 1:71 n: lii of L12 7,2.(1;., f:7/ ) 0 kicoolOoP;, ion

shows the results obtained both from previouinvestigations and under the project.

Table 2 ?_.! and 7.v ib 9

np.,..:1:2,-,u , innio....e Roma,-.1fn , , z,o.2.15z70.1.1L;C: Pa .."., n ca,ugo nu r, 1,':, he ox Ras el % T,:, J -.° He km a

In3 days

2 Tioacn,,-omcnc 1007 0.0 1 i;ahen by SaInh 32.3 5 8110211: aud Ab(Jol Dmid tiTady

,.,o,. 1I30 I 2

24,5 ,:ko poi* ,30 RoOonno 5 1 SVT1,o7 o: 15.3 1 H.U. Goao;,d 0.0 SOOREAH

; 000 17.7 floaauvomoutp ;,,60 3,o 13.8 1 ;,c,h.70 1!nd, 000 0.0 5,8 66

following poin boy,

711.1Ao.CEtv° ucown volv low ln o no 3., 65.3 will\Kw.). 1-10 cul0,83.8 inIn 1/,,.o ul Th:ri lu prohnb4 '61.1u yuoul )JUì.ialpOrO1(111Of w,,Anfln In ;,ho cohwin arcc u.nd tho bich .01G acIlui;h1P o2 Ulo

79.!. %,cri ).0ooveto,a on 30-310i2..59 Ai-10'ot blinu 30001'4oe1 JLL ;710 'Colo lo (0,o0w:0000(1.2o: bìhpOio?)03201° of 131fo.:U.n

The Isuuo:L*1" 7.1.60 in low in 7J2JopoptIco to the7o)3yhictt.h auoun-; o): cJi..rec, rear thrD th( ()RUE,of Or2029ih oould ulso bo --,:rIvirtoa by thodiorortAon o2 :unoff ,yt recorded of damage to reoorder. Rainfall/runo rrelat

'11]-,tooalui; abol.o-mou'41oa -1.buori,w1 canes and oonuldo32:tP5.; the (11001,.Y0,J17 r000r.hd onlr ln th,3, cr14:0 nonx the weir, 4T6a oou lo tabulnoue. oho7721 lu TeLblo 22.%

Table 22 ;32,1uo ou ri o2.11 and duration vrJ:71.1 urjal

11

Ata0U1 kk.CPU, '6101 k I! (h) (T) I (Y)I Ill Ikl

,t°1 ra1,1 al:,.yg

...:.:. : ..,.(.' ',, 30n105! :2 u4'i: io i , 5 657 35.r: 5 4r, ..71 til 6 0 J!) i 6,) 1 6,,VA 000 7.2 1 600 orA) 1

-;no 6.0 no46 ho cj 4 rqount 1,o.in'Cz,J1jolV.11,) 0:.,,tchmontrrbOCCA330 )2%.di 1iw4).')1Tioa ,f(IlloTer:, a rc.infv.1Vrodlo.4:ou.,2roiation on oo 1-41e.du 11.7.; LICr0.1AsQ': ..11nr,:vr b)i.:ocA c1.16. o2 ;AL,'folvi) R b1 + + b T (1) , wilount - omovv:, - dura;,)on of rvAllí.!.,:r.i. 67

re b.),b2, b3 can be cal by the analystical method the fo ulas

b2E(Ax.2)2+ b3W, E(ALILAX2)

b2E(Ax28x3) + b3 (Ax-; - (8x (2)

bi xi - b2x2 1)3:-z3

With theart.of Tablo 22 and thc calculationo phown in the Appendix 3 he followTicvaluto o; tho paYamoarn worc

. 3922 b1 b2 800 b3 . 1923

Thus, the.formula (1) can be written

R = 800h - 1923T - 3922 (3)

°Panneinto concide?atJ.on ho oi of the catchment area (4.25 km-),wo can genorallso formula0)as follows

1 a .19 (h - 69) - 0.5T 1000 0 (4) Where R = runG.: in m3 h racl rain fallen in the catchment area in mm T . duration of rainfall Jn dayo S pi.so of cacc-331.meWc p lon2

Again i. is to bo noticed that formy)a (,) is only a 171.-oc co)proaell c):2 ontativo octimato of tho correlation betwoon rainail and runoU. A mor" iaoeurrA,.. corrolatton could only be arrLved at c.fter cono yearn of m=euromonts0 rdoroo7or, formula con beappliudon1;.7 in ladi Kilo 9 or04t1617uadia presenting Ilho Liamo characteristics i.o. small cachmont oree. (il-511112)p.nd relatively stoop cicT:: (0.035)0 of annual runoff

It ie alzo pronatur malo)anyassumption cencorning 'oho froquoncy ol' the annual .Puuoff of the ;adi,Lho only available do Le boing tho Tfollowing

Table 23, Annual Runoff in Wadi Kilo 9 -

_Minya) 17a1.-afc^,

Yoar Notruh flci 4101Z11 El Daba (airport)

1.711.a

1953-59 143.9 105.i 1959-60 79,9 1967-60 83.5 7i,6

(1) Annual run92J- fornlisyear wait takon ao Gho total moacured runoff (1 600 m ) plus 550 m-). This le the ruuol7f,, calcula1;od by fo:.-mula (4) corroeponding to Lha rainFall of 68

ILo be noted 01(1 Tho three yon26 .?uh-12+,11 dlti 11' u.n6 in bp,u:,ol' h ICic,hboulA:Ag (211ollo h.m:o7.;, uu annuJ1 Yakin,; ac:count r,o0mo.to ot' amteu1. r:Jd ty,w.,.(1JD - ..unoff

(v 1) u(A, m3 - 0.70 10 000 m 3.2.2. teral deecri

71:1.01i 1:11c.fiJn1,2 LlvH 0.v)D.-Au.(11101 Pe; or:di dc,opis,11°,001c,11.16.)onYt' cLCclii ,711.:3.ch nhrtvpir 70M05hu pY6oro 1:b.(

ThL, caLohrilout t'.111;_c. (.1u'uOXMIIA0Co. 1;i0 WO :.,opoo-vo.ohiet.1.1 nup9 lu 6 !.ont; aDd hv,o ulow, On0010,, 11, orotiu..1.0, by the7%.-T..P-:,;1-,yJIlI) h 1.0]-2.1a0,y --Fir tvuh .co EL(1., ol) taist iCbCutt. pro o.di nE,,r Lb° runoLC opm boa.of613,-)c.Qo aryfit,ruo Lrj,c1. EGDDO in 1.-1; u ou Lchwnoil., up' tresim ia.ad doi:ns I,rrJ am from .thn :coadr, 'he:. %irt-touou iu oW.chwoor.PO:L Ot ho tho n. j]. o.nia 6..yhen parallel :.1.) eoutomr huu on ;.,",lor,r4off of. ;AL7.1 ojc]. i ci InIu.i.lii o t toILI?noibAlity", On 030 hanci oeow3 lou vainio.11 (/1:

1.x1olluho uudi. oc.-rinj -147C;(,P'0110.0ot,hcj.' id L i o thc' (,2autO. ation methods

Tho pruoiplo 07:127.tiO% WO:VO of Daa! rno o. I.oir 3.00 .r.Mo anl. i.50 m hiGh rlau 0001iLiTo0. ZP0111 Z", na'imra1 2c,)1 dini,anco Jf leco fl'om Tkt(JV 1osordc):2 wau inc0.1ea 0_10[36 tho weir anO, reoor6ol: acmf Tho Tho cnv.:17 boi,11 Soiftombri!-7)07,

,o.1-)c dryness carLii 71,)cx )!.;67f..07 0.10 -.ron no oi,snif).on.0 L :esulLo cit cuuofi: leLra olAdinod, l'unoZT 100 fa3 wco th6 only one ;;:ILt oosurrod ,ow:oppen0 :MA 1.ocoOcitl lv '611c, recorder (,;,.7 ;6)

3.2.3. Wadi Ramla

Geno

Wad i.1.1:1mla 9 10 u 1ihrp,-.o.° tan L E .¡7:1i J.de /p.1) 011,D; ¿,101):f and V. (100pru t bu 'i Llout;7k 0,71"00112,n11

.1. 3.1".( pcti 1;1 1.;.1 1. ,iLb();ALI. 1,(1 ( JO 1P1 -s,.,,e;urc,1r c,p.ffil)cmoLG,oin,C(1oho .)ouAdrl.ao nm 6E1,3 diC-Lioz/1.6 Tlio wadi lc IO.5 km lonL; and 1;a1 olcoo iu 0.0047 Cirn UzIoliltoonL hi 000uiLi tIC, 101,1 t(.),m...4-Lo:71mr5'fboi'v; thri

After a oouree of 12 km in the plc..oza, ¡andLb() ;.110 ritt t Pohuu the plain, pLoP- out. A dyPc., G(Alo',,rv.e.O. by )GODO p.lvivc.ntc1116»,o,7 oi' runir Lothti 1rnh, Tior.!unF., Vir ti1C (1. t,101)!Arc,e 1,0IX' 69

vati ,thods

/ ha-co 6..00 m 11 ta.r 2.00 lo1iì oonclta:.nof;-.0 tbc.',F0.6.1.5 '5 '7111 ;:rom rad a uak)1), lovol r000rao,2 IraLl Iqstalloa close o J.L, no mo.::Irata orJ?al of t37r:,wo15- Io 27 wise°.Bocauaa of shovnze ooquipmoo: 1»:!0,1,i'arr:n 7,-)77o \nc,t:-Ilod In ih cc. i,cLnoi to.-on., ono 6,75 km from '6ho c:11.0 ba o hc 5 .1-111 ï:P010 Olo acr r. tbho junctioD a7.7a 7,:o..1. AI,12:an-SaMum tno olsE. of Olo aaimeu tar(747, o tua uaal aua al.spJrnion oi' Ooacix,l cieGlon, r000rdaw aro Gal '601n1N InsloU:..00ni. mc.aorro 1,117 tu"6.ho (Job.moni; con>Obr:?r-,,-aloo on 01,7. ..,-unoiT of tho ln 1.96C Yhon 01 ola ;Ta. ea.i ovaleoc,rdoE uao in9ballod. Obaoi'va, tJ.au on -:an otaY,qed cuilj Ig Febluo77 1967 tilo afrIwol -411c- vooc,?dorc Z.77.0m

7,10.7:8

tti.ir3ro::crvphcol.) ta. tnocl,(mac:, Ta.1)162', irr, niov.o.u(3. clu.21-or; ;-,11(.1 yoan-3 o ;'(11)(7 o 1 lo-(7),.1,c_r, 'hi)

7 7 tho ,:loTls °cowered lu Nadj. egly uajç1 ocç moam/r3a. '60X03P.:1. ¡C2,7 cxatl .1,1,1967 vc77 smv,11.

DariuL: '1,howo.:',a 1967-6U olr: rio rocooloC.,'o ca 0;: 3J71.:,0A Tho flovo of H.i,6F ;And 1T12,3 Table 24Runoff and Rainfall measurements la

Total.mmro

Wad:. Roiz 1r, UacU.11ov-a lc, tir.:11,q31.; R/.1.70oU Prti:1 record riacui u ruco,(7.,

Wn, 7 a Won 2

1

mm 7 NO 49 000 375 000 Ii

Toi;r1,1966-67 A-i1 900 26,0

2. .11, 67 32 000 15 01 1 47, 900 1711.67 25 000 '17, 11,61 2 000 i aSO 24,1.6B --n7 ". 4.4 Totv:1 i967-0 102 900

Apnlying Thlossen's prIncrple, vain r000rripr No 1 shown vu.;,uf0.1 coro ;7 WOC-On and l'ain r000rder No2 over 83 popoentr o;' UPD oRtohwont croo nip c.,7o°Aaw; W70 apparoili, di.ocreprImoiec in Lbo 70

Rainfall

the tab7. ,1- the 7 15.11.67 ,), ;'; 0 67 , (1.cctJv iìL L1i1,71.1...1fr..1/...71.1.110.;:;' tX.1"14 t can the zinc ur..ed

R b1 + b2h + b3T (i) The date "f Table 25 below were used

ble 25 m tL4./1171rtu.L o n"LL1t !C13.

%.trat-Itti; 1 '11 ' I ,;:,1.1 I .0.33."...33.3.di 3 ;`,D. 1,11 ' ,h1,1.3 I . "..t.1.140-1 :!,.'(11) Id 3 - . ,..1" ii do ki,,, trii 0, _, ,, Iii0,,,05,,,,3 ,y.t,,t,id"..3:i(T39iti:..id3...31...Vddi.d..3.;,..;;;;,,S3,333 d;'1 3 iffr,,, i d i , Id ill II

,I 3 3 3 P, 3 id la:: "idlin 0, did d i CI. 131"3.1.3.i..":' . . 3.0112 33 id; 3.1i,,,v3rD.d Ill ,,,,3 3 3 , i

, , .,;,,,,, :: "r d d di. 1. o t')Id ., ! '4500') ,i

", <,,i 1 , i

t:ü -oxito At. its duratior pa:flO j -11c1-1 tl--

°alin,' .,"bi :il'at%.1.11",y1..1 before and dur.

Oit'611 -ciorAc:).; the calculation shown

R 7110h - 7930 1520T(2) t:rLfl,Tiiii171.1),,,t; it,o

0 , ,i ;* *) (3)

.ì1UIí "ds r,i

1,,'1 Odd 3Ldidd"..".31 ddd n mm

r.13 d3 kd d.3 i...`,1"d'd.J.

7.dd 133. ;dd.3.d m0333 d7,, 1.:

ro, utzt int O ) : t "OD,' d 'd 3d.i.,.3.3 3.1

03.31.1.3.; d3,3"d C,1,1 ?+, 1/ c,,:,10

-.7013i)ttCttìV311.1 o " , "d-d3d,d do:11,3,

;...; opol. 3,3; ,i,), (diddid dd" 7:0_11 o i. likto ro ',AI., 71

Frequency of annual puno7f

There were only two years of observationon which to estimate nnual

Table 26 Observation of Runoff in Wadi Ramla

Annual ratutof.;:'

iIeC11:1"DC1 Trxtimatc'd To%al

48 100 .:60 000 37 100 :10 00)

Tito onnuo,1 non Or, avol.'t-5,:, anrolo,t in aiici no V,E.1.truh 031 grtsr o4)..tiono, Tho7C1C,'X i967.-687ral; 6:r7yNorz, WU33.CO)(:)2 probabiliLy ;.ts vainfail boinc omoecaod Totkno face;12'6o ocon1 '6ho annual ruiloff anci 11,ao 2orc,111.7ocC61.mea or:T2C).,.)0V,C F

Frectu annual runoff Specific r

avn2aGo) 500 000m3 ?.!7.0 -.:13/1:1R2 0.60 0.70 275000m3 300n)/icni

3.2.4. lab

General des

Pli. I 'lab, 1.ce Trat Zthr,ka, RLA tho dM u0135 Q

Ituno 1.1.n vory 1:Or 2 loll In 'ohoplRi-,c,p.0+u bed and, after c, ',MPS 0'6001) C.rorMO'20 aw.11 30 no 7?oachoo no pic, oZ Thin plain vccoiveo no' Av.koi! o!-15 The oatcbmon Groo;, o,7 utiola in;.11 no pla,uau.in n, nvi:,vo;;. strip 16.0 km lo nG and 18.2 km.? :u aroa ona h ari on P7707UCO n ioro f 0,f)038 (Firs. 5)o It bolonas to tho Tortio.vy MioocAL,0

r7,tion me

A -woir 3.00 m widn and 1.50 m blob,cith a ma::imrm cap-.0ii.,y of cyppro:AmaLc114 8 m3 WaEl conestruet,oci jun, repe.6.0eam from LIL3 fail B.ad. a \Tato-,' Lyvv0. :voco:Ydor. cloo,-, to i i. A rocordok. 1ms /nett-0_10d 2 17.vil non '611 of i,ho Obse=ovati-,n co tho runo2f 17.nci vainia)1 bogr.nJ In 3optombol2 1967.

0 shows the hydro obtain the runoff and measured in 1967/68. 72

Pablo 27 Runoff and Rainf ! in Wpd.°.

.74An.t70.Y

1.7.a-Amum Date 1,unoff i. t-Ioharo 41moun+.. Dni:ution 3/

2,11,,67 80 15,11067 63 400 728 21, '6012.67 2 000 00233 i468 ?

Total Tor th Toar i967-6S

Ao the to.blo nhouo, on1,7" woo importan% flow occurrod lu 167/66. Ta()irl mothod uood in oaceo Uadi KU() 9 and Nadi Ramla -to doLo:smIno annu9A luuoZ2 onuno co- oppliod Locauoo oi tho cre&.t in runolT moaonra6., and ii Ao o Lou ':oy diTfionit to cotimatc th3 f1'oeueno7; of tho annual runof OAdc. . froin onl:" uno o obeervation. RollovGr somo i.ndLcciioi01' tho turaual ruuofis u_nd l'oquo22 00.A

obtaine0. on the folloEanc ?

tllo total yuin.Tall in %ho croo of wadi Mahlah .1-.)1967/GOuro.L392,; conadoralasl000i;hun tho av1.7au rainfal1 tct 0jq,l!oì UiMatruh (138,2) end in Sid: DarPau:, (14705)

ho roinZ1J, 15.,v:Ay (366WT1 duration li ?lours), 08 ,100 m' oorroepondo, Gould bG couoldrod au uno2cooptiolm,..1 whiohr acordinz to oi3ootal otudy on iho flatrnh, roctu-; ever,y 02,/(.1.LZ'O- Thum th,J1.1./noi::ofMG wIdi '1967 63Irt.,.0 a7OPW o2 o. BtO70oì M-Oh inteuoiF, wbio"Al occurs onoo ;rov,ro, and Jo;7 unnuaA

Thus annual runoff and ruency can be stimated. as follows

Free:. Total an runoff 6.rocj21p7:ulto2,.. 0.50 (average) 55.000 m3 000 .,,:/k1,12

0.60 - 0.70 35 000 m3 2 (:).¡ 3.2.5.

General descri.1

Tawila, Alioh inu.t inth-.) WoGoila o,-uc kmclAitoT 31 WecolTc. village, lo ono o(' hc mQdium oisoañiu whio4 ì20Mcou%h LouoJUk and T.Ih000tunoff in oproad on ko nnyrrn; alluvivl aoll near .tho coaut.ii ocAchm,,,nt area 1r 3J,.02 1:m2 and Loshapi-a narrou !itr°1 hm )oug and 1q,5 1:m MON;, thio area bolongo io1,1io Tartlary W.ocono; eaaorno-v 003-12C --oun0 onlJ non.' the estuary of '%hr.,wadi Fig 73

r.Cor voac;.e slop, of tl,o °Iatchmonaroa is 0.0042.The Tro1J-doAned bod e Lt.ho utafE;0e1'°6h oï ;;11c. rm.)6, `,) km from ;,hoE)03,, Tbe mil) 1)cano1Jso poinG 600 m from Lhe ohore.Fo7 hvdroloGical ohservafLopmi1r,ìo otin1 .AJGb bac; a ortchmn, aroa o29)2 km2? uos ucecl. Observation methods A 73eir :00 ;Ticlo and i.so m bib wit'a o. mazimun ovraojtw of O Mr-V,17 oonstluoLed upctroem oT a iltural Fcr i2.5 km Cros Lbs sovot.A -,Taer 1e7e1 -000raor -To,r3 imstaijod. O] o: Lo4.t and a rero7do7,'I 5 tm oouLh of J. a new meo:sorslocioal vo,n erewtod in September5(1 L 21 tlogaila iii1aovol7 tbe U:atruh- Sal)um road.5 dota Crow Lhiß cLaLom wero to be used for theroavfalt ia Lh. aachmont oreabuL unforWaately L.br- eLation (Cid noi'; operate veulorly jr 1967-63and no became ovailoblo. '611(.)rofero

Obsor77,,.-"Ann of th,:, (iN:2',7,11.c, wadi began in September 1966;observation of the ainCci,L in Sr"))7;M1/11-0C t: (.N.-;'( Results Tju. 22 shows idlo ,IxotsImplaz obM.,quocl. bio 28 the runOff arr moasvood durlag Lo y:+arc c Table -xd Rainfall cements in Wad '4,

To ';c.2. - Rvimo dosir:).ra.,:. Try,cll Trmr e, 4DE:oi. i.ruh

A11011E1 i; Dtnoa'Lioa r

M3 7.1o1wc SM11

i':!'113 ino C 0.97n rH 1::H11o I b -! '11P 15 400 0,1)9.21 20,,1,67 1 6 500 0L705

o,7: 'oho :TO 00 1066-67

, 10 o 7 2000 4 ! 15,1'4,67 .7,4 700 12 1 161.100't 500 0i7 1 21O1 ; nj7 500 oor41,00 4 5 300 1.08 5.0 29, -'6 50 700 2.0 0.3 000 650e

'uhe 15t57-6C-0 132 700 74

I) 3 )(.3 3.32%-titIL; 13 0 .1.03))1)).11) 1-'9'13 01.33 :.)))))1' t'Lo q)))91 1.1 )1., 3)).? ) (tt-1 .ou ut;;100 4.4.J

)3)))3CAIn thr, ;;Ileit)12)9 n° 1)7. 3; .57 1. 33117 C .3).9, 6): of)); ho oat() hme 3,3 1:).01)33 .3 31_ )3).)(1)33,11,

",,11,3 170±5.-,- ;- 1i C.' '1 Li,l(111 1'011, ).';':;:. 3131:o.i.../.:!. u)'..) Jig 27; D3 11)33 o r 1.) D.,

'Lc-Z.ho 1))0.1..))31 J:COr.):Cd9 re.11/Runc.f-P relation

, ; ( ,,L.0117 is,4.4' 29.3.68 (mbilorran :Jac: ono C..)GV.1-`).:1i),7).));)1 can bo bit 1..locl Table ion -2,;. i

B23-3,3,0 13»):36,,3 janio 1,11 rf k'') ; 9 01

`.°0,011t*:'

' 0:117 0.to

3., °,,I!..,.-0), (.1 "L,:+

the F n,il , FfP, ltt ;,32',:! Q:

331 )3313 330',r+ Llusul, ;: other .tivx-1.'1. o L-Clevt ¿I '1', ; 4(11 5,cui uiu,1,,;; 'fora4111:2:.d.',

R 1907h 3765 - 2230T

tI3V1:3°. °'31, (29.2`'317.2:'Thi on,,31 'An ALI, lu,_

R C0.065

.3'33

1))) )1.1):1 111 ) 1,,9,

' ) 31:2311 ;333 3 2tft. '3,23/.2611D. 2, 7,3 IC A"

14;"u.%. RCA

2.

3 d' uju'oy'41,

n ; u. ".u.!2 u i

) t 3 )))3 ' )3))' i I '1966

) 96't (s. po 75

Annual rainfall data has to be taken from Sidi Darran,sud. 14a1-mh obationo, bhorc loDOr,a1ion r-,(El iloceila. The years 1966-67 andL67 -t33oou ho .ponoidornU :101111.70.yora sialP.774Prani9 the blo annual ralul'ailo bcAncj on1;;, d1P1'crontfrOM the c7arsEe annual rvInfoll,Iu Matruh,z.be 1967-,S8 upc loue tbao bbe avrIcage (61 peroont probability of boinG oacc,odad)and tho youi. i967-60 was a Cry year (2.2 percoub probability of beiuG eTroonei.od). Thue thr:, ;aelry pniliCalls which occurred ->n 29 olld 30-31 ;4arch 1965 1.n the 1-loudlerncroa ofgaUocoila, sauuinG tha two important runoffs o1hs clams datoc9maT bc coueidorod as unoommon Gosns Accordinoly) followt..7ough estimate of the annual runof» its froquoncy non bp &Lyon,

Frequency

0.50 ove:7ago (..)(`O

0.60 - 0,70 OC O

2.6. Wadi 4

Gene). iption

Wadi Yn, rhich :ated closeto thetown of 1ho 1,cuts deep into ti 7nmen'6, wh'Ioh is very to he ociart c1Lc1.roachen It has well develo :emifications. TOs catchmout urea of th in 31.25 lun- oud shopD is almost circular. It le km lonc cud has anaverEc copa of 0.0056. (IPiL;

ovation methods wolr 3.00 m lad° Rad i,50 m hicg ue.c construc.ted upsam ofnabu.ral fall, somo 1, km ZPOMbhe coas1:. j, monthly uator lool 1.-ocorder wats fnstalloC oloss bo thu neir.f:s a meooroloGina-1 ebabion, oquippod uith rain r000raor, io In El Sollum, no additional mill record0.717 wore 0111.:ovat1ovt El.tatod 131 5cp1;ombe.r i967. Results

`.767 ko,a1 :'ain.rall in El Sollos was only 70.6 mm muol .han the no sici-C.fican.; runoff ocourre0. 17o4.1. 3.3. olo data of the region IThilo estimatoo of annual runol:f for tho wbolo reciou cv,7o nooded tho acopo for dolrelorment, a:tvalpola-tioas of tho results obtained from tbe bydrolooical ilorostida Liono lo hazaPdors *11a. reglon uhoro tho5?o co munh 'rartabillty in tho factors influr_ulcinG vodl 1:unofr..This mne.; bo borne in wind for tho ver:,,' Pouch anblmabon malo bolu6- which, in additioahad Lo be based ontho rosulb of a mol.o yORP o..'.wo of hydroloGicrainvoDticationo and on some Ganoral Info3:mablov( cbou ,11() flan or 17adIFt ,3nd Lho climaband so .l condit,ohl; of aaoh aì'Oc 76

3.3.1.Es:timai,e o Cho avfnmal2M10 Lhc. lorAn Lho (..ca With all the reserves expressed in section 3.1 ap follows

Table 31 Recitclu.joa or tbc. obi;vdn,e, results from the .ALud:,.oz; o mnio

1 tl , `,,11.r,A.,.7.).:2 0 Lq,;q1211:q1,1-1,:awi'.,,q q riEtina.:11:'7;111'10:):"; , - Si,..!,oor I _, cc,4chmcn:'. co:oirclni,IOU ouone,:- '.i.17 ,..,:alqy q i, avec, 11 ,q, qq 3.1,,,Tq' 0,7,0

hm- 1:1Jo 9 Tzvo cl R=0.19 TiclaAa 7::11%vun Bacoush 1.50 Ur.).mla i (7!ccr *117.5e '=.12)-0.013T 4250 ,"A)U Nahlab Um ol 3000 200i, PLakhcon

'i1u La E] 22(.4 11=0.065(h-1.97)-0.08T 3000 000 Wcoiin Salim!

The following g i information is also to be taken int

L7'1"1 7C01"0'6hc, i.vr 07;2,, Rao ,J1 tlae,,,:x.,2 of Jo.J,lui on nqk, oi qLach1.-600T,D JO2F1 '6ho Coc,c.;

oUliLi qqq,d.:1 rm. .:.;"PD n".-0;7"V1-(3 0.ktn;:

20 Uu r103.:nq (170713;.`,1-JOilJ. 170 07.)'60 ;1'co") J rt0 L.":vjj I:3 i",'3110,-,,:101k.: Lt OCIV. Iitii..12"!(7):`... '3 '6V.I)3.76;101/0 :1';; Z;TA1'.1-Lt rocolvo olay perco-ot o2 the quo.Ycj..t: of ;x.0:2c.1.0c1(10 Acoovdinc *11;:cvloo."ioll iliou0.4 th000 Ire:at of :4z_i;v1C1(,B1 R.o.cr), Thif.A cq.uo )0(..)np,),:mo.,?,111( collc ,,;,chmc3A

Zqs.coPdtnc tO0 17:.1,0.ao w!2,din Un Limo,-.3oauq.,a2P0,3.;:ton TLio :;"3Ott,: .1.1/fac,i;'i;hc :voc:erdp6. 1.),Lhc n.qin1.ucorrlo.,.:' of :Tail'. 1:11art rq

cor.°6in poriod. cn .19 yovi. .:967-68 1,q,00 mm, ..6ho Jmo alq-rfaJ *11Iir.Ci,d'Ll'o.tr0.1.'56,4 01'» ;7,1710. Uu Prc Ii rlao,

On no b';.,.sico C 0,0 rLit Lit oC To,bb

::quuo2fcC ULa 1[1:1111 'OUCLiC in 'i,hoCoJLE,;;RI ;1.t.3 T:-.111c 77

Tabrl ion of the pAnuel runoff of the main wadiain the Coat3tal Region (,'r(quencz; 0.65)

Dumber Catchmen uadic of Botinatod Total Region a catch- orDociC;.0 t area FUlWa Total Araratp annual mole than per wadi W km

9 km2

14 328.11 °3,A4 1 300 26 000 3idADaD2r,7u.i. 24 932.59 33,66 1 000 932 000 Barrami Klart 14 227.74 16,27 a000 J7)5 000 EJ. Woge.1.1 22 534,70 2658 2 000 000 Un iaakham 12 53.572. A.e! 2 000 i0'0 000 B107,.ur 7 /119.00 59.88 2 300 (.:;97.02 14 e!?79 000 (:7:(01g Dzioqueb. 7 i55.22 I 1 300 201 000 9 )00 000

To). 123 327,30 .v 35.i3 6 Md. 000 Toq,:-%1 fo Tad.iB ea;,ohmelt aro as o i oss thau 626 000 C.F!.U.D TOTU, 7:500 000 (RAM) T0Tk7.,(frequency 0.65) 000 000

3.3.2, 'off of w

Po design hyaulic -Forks for the wadio of the 0.-)aJital Rocion Caoi mazImum dischargo mnot bc LnoJn. As the measurements of .i,ho dis,-tharuo takon in MCDMO uadl.s aro vovy Z'ow, Aloctossary.(.o have recourso toformul by whichth() m=imum dj.schago of o wad:. c,:tn bo calculated on the basis of i4s physio:Traehic oboractrlstics and tho me.T.imum o::pocted depLia c),precipitations durInr; Uìo tino of colicoutraldo

The cha-eactori.ctics O calìc (izo and lene6h of catchmen aroap :Iveroo cloro) con bodotorldned with a ceri;ain accuracyfrom .tho exiot,ing mapsnnd aorlal ehoos. Mieco charactoristics aro Ejvon the tbles of -11o,hydrooanhical ouri'sy of tho Coas'6a1 Region (see Ppponaiy:2). The maAmum dopth of 17)7,?ecipia:Aon-duoon curvo5 hoo been calculaied lu an interim ropor onhe bacis oC the rainfall data of i,ho Natruh metoorologiccl si,ati.ons) covering the period1951-1965.

1/P. Economidoe - T. Harhash : "Maximum Oerthsof prcipitation in accordance to the duration of rainfall and the recurrence interval" Alexandria, October1967. 78

Thuo. Cur o oht.,oloh,o, h :oocuPrortooi1o1-(7c.1 oLhtoo,

, To .(mo6 .!be

Where 'Po m, IMO 02s' 30 o ot,t!,;eilfil,COA *1.:1 S an ty;::CYO. c wi ).19 !c12

Inl CZ

b Maximum ex teddept reoL Atation during of ooncentratio

calotal_i.. Aitio

'i;4(1 ".610 turi .op1iìi i;;`:a () 10yOtti'Ll 0.01(7.1fiJjuL2».0:1.501)..:1)bj et o,...-e6t;;)onfir.;

he . 26.5 To (2)

where : 110 i d.rlo-0 2,',:ot000

.3rtin .

Lximum discharge

.,ollowing formula . can be used

(Imam (3) (

411-oul. loos.:11.11:,414"!onlit,ii,ch o

ukjj ca2] /,z1r *1 ,/' he . Tr . Oufvhdoo YL, ohon . To. LtT%bLI "tf.!,.,, ); ily,toolou Oe.J.61,10';&I).:0Y '6.on oh.ti SAME, RR) 1,' 'Loat4",1"?.(' '7 tilkJ d:cttutlIK,UOV2 79

Table33 Maxlmom diHoharge of vue 17E-die e, Cous,al RocArv: sc,lood ;:ur hc oJai iaveetir;a:io

. rhyoiographic .1:1 .7: Lravu Ila _I rn i.ua(.1.11....3liaa.y.xl t oy..ncotc,d ..... , ..... enaracteristice Timo 1

co2ic,ou0r17,- 1.11 CI' 130.1011tc.. wt'Co. t.icasnroc7. Ourint;

,1 1 i,ion To oreo:,P14-C1.-ocl7-orono,..:iu.--.1;110 -..,,c,,,vtre, of elopo length OV-72inG iN,7r77VaOf i0 ;tho hyal.clo630;23 ;.,ho i,tm,:i To 7c,'Ii?E 1..11voNt:;.gous uaal

hourri

;I:lo 9; 0003-7, JTharuu 13,50 6 ,0,00i 37 Pam1,7, 1;7.50 18.5 43 20.000 18.2 16.8 0row7,00,6 38 TaIiv 29.2 2fl000 41 Ehrab 34.25 o,0056 36

_

40

4. i. rogeological investigations

Thc Doentiai a6J2joulturni o,1 the pl-,)*:;;; ,722c,a J.1filu;k1 by i;he laoh o2 ucablo water, Notner sur.Cace 1O1 groundwater lc oa,10 vz16J,u1-;;u-ral dovelo9men pvojeets ewln o ouppoct iorL;o (omemAo

);11. T7ba thoro Is should be 1e ).pcL L onl Zornopiwposo "Pedooim i,rJbes o7111agos rely:_ng upou agricul'ol3n,

The hydrogeological under the urojes'i; oori0. not be oll c:',Listing knowledge of ;;he geological condJUonri, 'he The olleaaUo and runoff aud groundwa:Ger ovel a ion; ucriodo rAlico rr,ome geology and a .,i7erf long-erm preciofia.ion 5000rari? dataou th000mettoro do not0i2.G0 tions waeroocuiTence evailabiUt;%1 7.7coo therefoo very difacul.%. L)/DC,i.our- )"aco geologicalmappingin ne orojeci ave.isvcry dlfao-olt because the badrok Zormaions. are generall buri.od and individual beds liniestw,o2 olay an.6. iu appearance, mArZaL)o c;oclogical imvestigaacms and mappid6; T;ere nnOorteken N ay ho selected areas Et (-1svp Dabca,:. FUka2 Deg,z'iM, and 3.7,cigush The WZDF ,J1:1077 :.utoropm,s%rue,,pral feaiux:eo: geologic seoonsTU anerollodnd ga C'e,0:1,0(1.1.C. columnsw-f.h L.tholoy aud app3.07imc.to 11-Icknezto or untimc addtion af.ea sou:n7cm c'í'Sid!Barrani uas :InTosi;igc ,W,by the Coologica) Snrvoy o.íf Egypt, and CL' z'cuort mas on it submiC6ed orojec.i, as -pert 02 tho Coonimv cut4r: uvclnaa id i:ion.

A too:; drilling nrogrmmo to pro,'id:; Enbzurce geologic clea e,n0 additionl do, Lo. in i;ho detailed cLudy area') and In cer;,aia coleo4ed aroac uao undeT.taken by Covernmenl personnel win 6overument eouipmant f.n ,Doporaijon. with tho Uyd3:oge0l0gt0t, Drilltng was nupervised TiF Fgyp. n countorlp%,;: 2tc,fr, Tllanty_ )(lac 'leohoTerJ wore dug by 162.nd and "c,-.Tent--fo).u. holes ue ,:e dvillo+t by pcounstoar oquiumenL, Rocir and urter',a,mples were co:L:!ced from a.ch. hole. Blect7o:Ical o :CL oie Lft7J. 11sua..vvo were carried out .1:1 "i7C aras pu 0'6tomp% bo doLe04TLrou:eally perched groundya;,er bodlorlo An arco o2 about 250 U.9` ond ,trea abou-6 30 km' around Tuha 7;ere, choseA for Lud pu:7pose, 8o

tnnl VIlc uh Ld; a-Lao:1,c h rrio ttder- .2.,dttioto oclucleci c«15SSL3 ct;;«,tLsLontrace nat.; a« ; ; _ .°,;c o;d1; +tad «, o; SS Letrnihrs doestoo ;Ana dc«ddlcd..;c"thddono -« ondt-,heoho:n(3okt artLtd.;cl ,r; da.jdat.,d, ,-; , L;.V31nat Lac.- ;co s ,710LL.,Ihk dtrt ced-ocectal eettre«an. -Lb e

;;%;.r, "; L dea dtd./etWat,Th c, e1«.;t.; e.):1<,"i C, dh« ;4 *1'4,-',,; c'or o t... d'h ltd at(tae. dtv.:;« si,v;.;/ L., .1" dh 11,2 inetLe3oncild Li on d; nor; L ddr L in,...111t,72 4 4 2 '1.'..'4, (.2,2' 4: ;12.2".(r,firl',..,;A h i

echich.%ha« ac.uctadvit «1«.« Lodd;;Lento. ',ha H.-a ;cod, . .de a:Lc:vice(JAI,. 311 .5 "111,114°A4 coal bc oteca:«41 eLetclew tot tcd;;;;;;;;; n, cdo, tr: ;;.) .;;;; .4.1111C44

;240 i.41',1 1. amoun Lo.ao. Lou La' r; ;;;;;? ; «c;;;,et;; te. «no. 4, ./ ; nod! «.«.!;;;;,, vat r; h.; nev;;;;;; ',jai ;ore-3ad-14 idte nuo lode/. lid 4 enc ;;« add,. acid is td-« oco ,no«t

iii Lo dforonco bcveoofroccen tooe a 1 .t; I; .

Li '4:11 °"41,2' .1,.1144 1.,f. ;4; 11,1141424

"1-30111ae14,4) "44 t'11./V14",13'224 '40. 2122'1 ' '41 I 111.4..' :42; .1".t"; ".' 1,j41,.."1'14

1.S j,th6 ;;:, ;;«_.o. s 1; d; ;; L c ;el ate i« ;411 2 "4." 2'12°, CI". "24' 11'2'1 ill: 0 ;II 411C, Lt1.11C,t22, (.1.111°,1 °. 41 V 42',24. i.' 3L Lt.,,t411.2.:21 114.2 %S.'4.4 ' ;. "...:12,"; 444k;',`4;.`;' L. ql,k4;,4, nor 1.01.; (-11cdiddlitu.cildo: e1

k," .;.;nd.:21deiat, ILL' u a-Le:afc...defdp In e; ; ntmt ie.;1,3,1 4J; 4 ; 4.4'4(4 ' 1.;.; 3:47101..)21:Cli IC Ldhoca. va-Lacdt L ;, ; ;eniii 4.2:1,4"4,4212 f12212rt i,;',4 0,02;4

der the tacd3c., r eL:1.1)1c '("C 2.,21.';',,f4.4.." f°2422° tt°4"t4°"4",2.1.,- '4. 414 t't '44,2,11.1211111.'21,-.4 11.142,1"11. '4 4, .Lktrt" L 77,21ten'14..1"t",,,141, ,,u1C1 oho itt;« e«ori.n idro3t. ;;d;,.L7 ss «od:

.1.,'1°C41,.;2H1').1.14'.21242"29'Cit°1.11143 it.1.214,21,1 "21 :1C°' «.1 «,;; cc.d ate td«.«Snt11"4 4'4C2 41'4'. 2'Jr; ( 1.0.4.4`..",k2

.4 1',11".4 0 hice Ore Lt, :11c c)o Lunn, ,e;dan do a ttt11' ' :41 "°' t.4- 44111 .4,t 1"°"4"',",t;.14L

-Linn coucro.n Lce. a Lee; 7dEctoc; d rad -;;.() °. 4'tt ; 4.."42')"1.1.2421"1'"ft , 41:

4.2.Main i

r..24'4.14 I'»L,, ;;;;,C; .;;!:;;;« It!ro;;;;;cLc;

coetid ono ii«,1-1.«.:;;;;ade t, dive, v, « art, ;e;« ,3 da,:. «n-;« t«7,; .t,o« coo ..1

(.1(.01120111f.'' '''21 t;;:i.tdc 1 « Lc; -««;« ae« cat,' "o «, - -3 d '3,' ' ' .)',,Ç' L,"21t12°'t° .4111.1,t'ad'ic da ;olicth Len c«n; ; ace;Coulpet an,diciertIll. ".."/ ed,c, 41' 4 4,1 11, '1C-rr: -;;;,«

t «J';Lilo 7;n L;2;0tO «dtddleal -I« L; tta jn .0 elna a «0 ner ,a;a, ;;; dl ;Li;« «t joa;

'14.)q.P2 «.- ; , t.;«, «,, 1° 011° Mtt-2'tz.12:4 ;1,1 11' 1.:42 ; ft. 1 4,14 °", `..° an- La; ,, ««

Id;Ivntractdoeccat. doh:"21,3; cav; ; 'St ;di: ch./ ;«- ; t; co) e;«.lede '

1:1:1 S pd.; L e_c I «cd; ..;« ;« « Od..1 ,-;;;;;.i. chute,, 'dio ,t: ;;,:;,;,;; slat; t Lk ( r 1 Uil,

cd);:lvdnctaadtacc r4;2A2k4I;, ;;;;ndv a, -.Lac,. « ;lc tc;«,./el-,«...,;;; 'Ltd

1°°1,111,12 '1144 t441.41:2°.1.3 01:.1/egad:in...LI; 12);'(. 44".2" L' 4."44, 4'444'2' j ; ''2;

°;;;occia-,/;;, rod n. t, l«; ft; Lloo «ca,t«./.01 ; a.«; ?L1 cv o;di« -dad L -Jet.;

;CIO:Lac« 1-hc cono;Laritlitaco«, ;cc- ;e« ac cd. ce, dd cccd.1cd "vet«. al2,, 'Lc :do :;0 edt'd 1):nolnot;;;« t131.14 :11.°23.144.4 ff,")

2.111,2,24.17,14.it4Dy.442,14;1214:fl. 1°12 4,,,1", 2°2 104. J1111.. " 24:4" .1,2', "1,2°11.'111 21 '1 t.11,7t t42+, "' -4 t,".--

14,11.,47°4)14,,,' rqr «12'11.7 13.04 "...41'," 21. 1.1; 22'4.11 . 4, ' 4°44.11 °14t '2: Lt,1(-1oft.114212,4 `..dherietqua.«dc C; ,.. rthetcca o. '« lt «do; «;tat ;ca.:

;v11, / tt'13,121,0 12.4"J "t art 2, , «; ,...'4, ton ;.; Led L lio rIti"L`..1',.t,, tin t

od o13CAtIt"." 121)20",,t , 0..101) I ,, , ,

) "oc ". 1 , 7 ' s s ht..)

1)"4"24, it",tt.42.' tul4." o t? 1)01,1 401 ".,1 4,,,,t, ,).; ° 81

3

GEOLOGYC 7CF-.".LLTIONS AND `1.4-1B. GUII.R.LCTERISTICS, ITORTH 7ESTER:1T GOSTL EEGICI7. MY (Lp7...73D FROM EL (1.96 TrRoLIuM ELPLORLTTOIT CIT OP 1:13-:71__(.1964)LMDC7777.

olc- ToPographic ot &ppr or_im Stratisranhic Gon,c-ral Uwbolci.c 'cTater-Bearing Properties Pe ri cd Epoch Uni-c

es

Coastal Dunes 0-30 irmna aro composed of white.- aterlense floe.ts on top of sorte.d.; limestone gra se,ltwater with the thicloness of the wonloDse to semi - fresh water zone 7:zing controlled. b- -places 'aighly ad and its height a.bove ra level, and by b,7-a 1-1 in case' the qua:itity of :e which enters mantle. the d.une th.rou.gh ,:-.treot infiltration of .!.'ainfall or fr. om surfa.ce-water Chera2:.calouality ,1:00d but deterioraren rapidly iff-.3.fewithar.awal re. r,e asem-ceedecl, a-Ids from zal "e-ri re-oorted to be as much as 1, 9 c,,b, me.7.7.2es perdayper metre of owever the average eld ;:he galleries is probably abouG 0,5 f...ubf_c metre Derdarper.- mere of 7.ecent ga,11.err, length,

Lac:oonal deD 0 0-10 !!!ear she coas,alsPreous - san'-'1y Li cl-le,o no -i-a-cor eocce-cr!, lagoonali 7,j-3 ,2.111.rViliM daposi cc, arid an allaoaar,'Valr fresh! fil1ins- abcro-ci sea larel and ,:-.1-!,zh aho7e saline -7asor -rhsre! !!!!,!,."1 odao:o.- -c.hrfse de-Losits are aloo-Too ora and hdhlon, saohjo:osio innunda-cionb,,,7sea Marar clualio;gr braclash good! bu;!, 7a-cer, Tolland::7! hclblo;-7.1sands doo'csriosa-Les res.:id:17 if caía 7d-,oh -fill de -ore szo!, on a; 5--ind noci. 72,-cso: a7Talrato ca e7c ti. , f3.:2)11031 0/1a1lu°ial 7-dso,-a7-z7 for rand.rifl :-/oorfnc.,,go in nas_g; n 1,113 s La arras as Cris o aro racy nrar asean--.dd:.1,? (Oa o -lost eclioc rea1.7al5-cho-,:-aceo. is noo.-aly Lora; ?r'ro? to7 es:

nt:' co-cosoo ;ra!!!!..!`..n. a7,-si):),72.-ccoori! 82

Tabla --n

Go1oLe css L.-1-o:soct-stma--cs

cs: s ;C 4 Sts-nss Ga-c-LorLY.1 Water-Be a::ru-_; Ptassl soch Cra t

:tsccras

31F.-22--- st-tssolit-la EitclLses cor.a.00-tse,S: tot'rctd.ossinesa--clys.t Ift=7 ace s source of ;Tots-ad.actZ-s-oFj

tocane Sure s 4,YYS F.: i-,ons ErrairLs, o-..11-scY.:f3sad °Don-Lase, isstIsurr, 7.C1UfCre,TS- tsszcso-scs---ct arTs11 F LotiEt-tal-Sr.a.b ' -;72 r t-xssitaccst -s-a CtraS.ocsr Shttz rLIaJ3. hastt ; o oassa.-1,rszt-1.?-ssi-ta oas-;7--Irts-cir! paarskass:oisisy fOLzat--a r1-..-`ce.,3.-coc. oli- 3 Cat '7` a `c- t scaltid: stissiOt.ss-,L1ssg-certtc 2esss--set;4c0111.200 5%7)00 TICM- coans-c.r;:Lct-s's2="c.44244C;CLIS 114ce -t!t_ssiclfs- Stsys-t.

'6,44h1. - 1:attos. 1-csc 704..I

;?..;;- 'Cr.:. Oil ;4 tc'-'ssris Lo a tar.' Ls ssitlattclzt-iss:

1.17,742,y CCY_-4:C° stsoast_:s ct.acts--t;:c1 b:s.cSaa., Da's! -ssi:1 Llhi- ac r1a-cc. s1 YY) '',-.cas;Itlat.ft tswo-32.-,-;-s-ts,;s- So%slat diost. _ , _,,, t '71 Sicts cts-cs stsss -..,sasattsT-Fts'ttsas s

14_4441C°C 44_11cy C _ :as2.= con'can'cass''c;ha . 1 ()1jS °Jar-)

;ass, 'csts.sSts_cs-s-assisS-t- -7- ..tft-Ic 1-,2t ;1;s'7 s -a_sts-1.:azsfss ;o1:--sasIss_

.st ; :_sltstasistah:t2t:t-

tcent- aicts-tcs 41, »Lc:y44-4,__ 414__ - _41.4 s-

-4.4:;_,--1-Y4r, --hi'cc-, oasaKs° aitftt tt: 44L4.4-4.4-C-274 hZ.,1:14.Z.1.4:Cc:Cc s sst.cl_ 83

))1e 3,cont.)

Topocraohic or pia ;e airaviaoh.io Thickmess Ganare cgic Character WaterBearing Properties

I Pero. 1 E-oce:,h UMi.s

Lres.

4 1-1)1e0 ZEna Shale This unit ropos)",;etl a waterbearinE7, c2.-no turaiTh,a Coastal ',ono, tut,4t maj- to ps3ii nsaa some oea3<4

130 ! ChnTh, liroz4:ons and clay

Taro- al slusle Haat is 1,4s:o

n 700 shalc ao,1

Lon,r Equi-lalons Lioo+ sandstone and. dolomitT ',"41111 Cre- souha.,'h ano. oen-Gral )-)ar6 of --Laceon v.:undo-cone of ';:asts--sh -..aassrs hut tansah Coastal -she ',:este7:n Regioa jield,LE-sass and Trass' ic Daser4+: 14n, 84

Lt, 8.L.td tet). io" ;JO 1? 71. j7, 1 t jtj'j

1.3t.".4.,!, an(1 hhi. j pion ate 't,off Oat& ,J011/1/10 tt j.". tho ochnoJ.ttiie chit 9 Inic

dddddt. dr, ,"r,tk "%I:199 veil:19,9"

t o Tron.-,eh ca:L and Zaire ',a:IA3112":291,,..,d3 tktd Off , ,pd:1 Jk'îl,d ,..t1", ..1";"o":2 46):"'" , dd.did 9:dr.Zd a7:1'n 7001,10.11"f01'171 . o L.J. Jr trim

1i ,L y ddd,kd id)Vd?.. 1," dd.t,,' 19.'...t.thtittietti; 9 ..."1.1d :1( t.t1J1J2j.tirtf h

There ...1n ra.ki ,k 'el n'.' -cot/ outc ihk, bo.1,10 'oorneor il,z,cony; akhi, j ",`,9911`1,idk., (3.'3 ld ' y,.ltn111"ot:txj, -¡.,0 tn.) (101 ttet:1:11.:21"j'; t):i rti "9.1t. 1,1:d.' tal d: iT,9 ;;.;.; 07,1 o ,aolktalue koltntc j la ,... Ohil it n -i1

C110 t?.;-': 0I1C.01.1:a.... *j. d'idd.9 "der r :',u9'dddt., 9:,;dhA,c;dd

litdra'iT,thkriatap.i.6incrit emr-T3 "%k, Id '4:090,"tt'd t't 0'00 4'101) itt e aava. t oTI.j.t.j.

d), tndt:C.P",""1111(1 'd ir.;khar k ti a a.)r','h o 'ill 'DV:0'. 2'1 .1 ft..'t 0'it.. C7' 11 111+7' °';',;11.n .017-1e ce r.;" k stk, ear ochic. r k ".1°: ' la, a In) .t. krJ;.':LT :;1u a srasoc o i :Laic

o ii ti o didC d, i;291 1.1"t,°). nrirtrr taartitall(*th,aArttiet tl tu t'' 'Jr :Lryt107:Jeri111/ tie-% el:ea: be roar.,o toe aarfoctr Le iv: 12. 1 Lf t'ri-J.tt-t07.3XL ou 'ial v.41..r10 Lc ni' ellaa 1.11I.`j i.,atcsf..1 0 re "*.r2jt, ee,jr,,,!"tf

,, JO j "itti rirti ":h ;t.t."." Je; t1' ^1

ilaTILU. 2-Lt. 't,t3.1t2: 7,1't? ":11.1`1a,'( d 'dd,da d.11,.."":' 9' Of.t.25di.(9di99,:".",1-02d°;;,1 9%1 iinTo 1..'"IO 14 :OOt:k O. /h. ' c". ..YO:y cc 02.7 ;,;.''.3.)

d'. 4.0 ' ' . Z'OO O ;01..1S. 0,10 eo t-',0 ntaaer atoo khitriatian-,:,ncsjoh.,--teht El.,r11....arr.iii jo'l I. fsa t-b.o,o ;Jr t ;Jr, tlrI:a.r. out:A ^ «.i'02'',L.

z to17:(.1.arti.I.1.0":t* are 07'2'0701: »tt :211 Cs% î" c', t Li_c1erc,l02G9,1 aldtd d',9 ldid4 o C iidrd" dd.": r:99( i"dr'Tdd;kft'l 171A:tell ,k,. ... u' Id d tY9,.t."1,,"; h Lk o, k Fj.j.ela.11,re ;Lit : v.."-a :he ::+h°

id 0i1:!,"' d..""ddk ; d`.. 0.1").j. s,"( ;;'t '1'.7.1.1.J.4.1..2

0,t ''" ;,.? ": `1. e tj,Ltj.'

lib re '444. 1 d*C/1).' n° 1,' t '1%9'79' d'd 9 :.; iLS,21.acias ;.".jat.'h t.,vane

J, o. -.toot Ja.sitit s 01:it/a, L ,-k

Lirtrnoni jn. :JO 02 :htt,j'h°jjj. j "2 d,d .,drd:r dd,9, %d, 171).",9', d. '6:he ,,fi 'c ,I.chska II jot. 'no01321eikti. rk,fk I k 41.1,11 ;I'd 9 OA ": te

'Th.,IT,)t.s.! trir:j,n.karr. "!..110:.! 011°.1IL,:". ",' ;;,"..',,'aac :°',el 0:."1.. ;tor, itiaktla, a a a , !an, kr, 'oh.) , Ti,- t,car j-berh Jo:Th."4,, karc 4.A1 tclj" 7t. n . cbc. 0,," ,,o et,v,"at '"t',,'t,' akt'ortjtArGdac.,c'"9 s, Kr; ks '',11 ';', l'a7 " . ":" '0 'i'4 'etttli! lljet 'Ot"t'. it 07 "ttt t.'"77.0 le. 'Oh t, :t h. 1..1" h1 ",,be11-.2.r.,i)ct:, nntle '7 ":0t".":11"i. ;1+:-'1.11H, 4.6.) t' te- 1. Co)°,1C1,1,TIc u:

aLt ».111-7,e0 'tiO L. 'a...1 tre° el. 41 t ' t. tC1

'erY "'"' it, j,k htt ;,;- ; - ;

:r.1 ;1rrr rrro ' 2

IOC; ", 111110'6'

cl

I / +_ I" i+ *01.1 ,t "). j .5 ;:;1:1,,, 3. 3. 1,`

- qr. , q 1"°110 ';',11°,2,12c2 r,r' , ". ;;:1,d d I d:d

.1-++.10f1.111 L:tt't "c"'

r 3.1":"- ";y3,11

! ;7+ 7 *++ ''+;"" (.7,L1

-411 r, '",' h

1.1114 ;.2; r". ;'';'°"

'"''' ' 1fIr -1611 r; -r rr , ÇrLtJ ,lIrr , t,, .` 'Dor Irr, " 1+,1 - , ,

typj,t», g q1 q q 1 H1, 4; + " d d' dd

,-0° ;oo. °°-rr

-

"1.) , ;";.". ° s'co . , v., . 'f"" t" .1.16 '01'1

; , ":. q `"1, d

(7? Er%r:ro ..ou" " ".,

q qq,d

t-.F , o o, '1'2o ` -

". .rr , t u, '

OA) r"" ' 3,,, ,

: "cr , ". tC "AN,'

,

tr,;,-7?+7'17)1.1,..7 '

1-TC '60 ;;z:'1')!, : ' L t'- *. ."" *L.

'

r ,

,

. , . . acial C'D.°32'r.., 7,?rro "2 r 1, e I "t-,cyt,o1-, s9 o (-1 ,- -2; ," o"o-, , r; r, °, o U' :)0.s! winter rains, and70.7 te au.;,umn before the'oci:3:±1.11*IkL;'oF Water from the main leiiii3.tar y e 201.100;Una %() L di-solved solids or :1H 1 000 DI-,%k,

In '6he 6,3dimen'L,rneav cos:: qe.ter ol,alty is more uniform and the'60;:al dissoledecl Je eJC cc,mmon1:: han 3 Ok_V

1.0 the coas-tal 0:unc,:*, the water eT-Len iou i, c su ;dia:A 090 pprci tcoQit: the structiroal basin ay niferL:, oomaluvjruooa,hu.:; the ?..e0t1.11 perch()a.Loy:_fe. ucais coamonly oontai0 h; c;h in te)taT (Li.s9olve0 jao,

The available water resources in the region are:

(i Th iui Lace tau (c L(;;heo .runc4,:.2) , (ii The Tune: of 7Taals. iii The Yile wor Jr e;,ined ZOP'jrlLA-1, of%II-I 1ri at Projct, (iv) Mc carvfLed out..)q ',he pio?line - llersa Matruh

The water carriod pipollqeArl Vn,'»Tiao concernc only l;ho ar?rco:tho11:xiutEtonion Irooct 1ini,iiuiac,6 fOr aCri013.1t1.11:01.0 ;lif-1 011 R.1.0";,:/6012.V:a CIO IraC1109bOtil o17111021,7,1C U; rafOri:01:1 ,7,1.1(1 )00»'..t Li1,10

:111;111C,1dio 7o. ?A:7,

5.1.1. Natural wintel ring

Natural watering land in winter takes place in

..L;1j,,! duro ssIna ,%,here Li) Zavw..0 3oc:limo:1a tl on o 6i s tho hicher-1:;12: a.,:LJ,.1

ul.wooriL; rhere kho %4v2eol follovi:qi; Lí,ìo clope awd. ccumui alanr_;. "!)ohLorl, obsLacle 1.e.ont.'N

LO .U10two .erooe.r2.,leo T,*,cifi iftou't.aU w.L.-;x1H the aeore col ana thn 1:7 goc»

Y.n the areas L,J (117,,,1'a :o '1 .:2no 0.11.,4j wi barlc,y rceelveLAai Li 07.)al -ez,i;or cuxfac,L 3.1kev a.Keas. o: Tor 1,110 10.36;;I.c713 ,1.01 l,ho se 3.ocattons a rotlho firr t -:,,lovhe fe%. , O.2.;fit(' hana the '..anof..7 of :r',i_, i. na .;ho vilerno ou Llo1 o the rea, c°,-.As Poo t of1,,;Ioe(The ace ;7 ;t1,111.v ;1POOJ or -1,c[JetoJdo;,,

)31,1,; adi.111,11,11)20.1 el:111C; ILI "`.».'1, 1.7.1 y 1,12he low f3at are as, nritiroo.? ohrAe.C.eu, muoh

be re talvic,c1 by ;;1]...? ;q.,1.1. 9,110. .

.:1.c.;'60L/10i Y72(2_,17.1 ¡AO i;e1 ».1.1.11E», 1.11)

opreadd: nie o :Iry L-3.1.)17. (.1.e I.) cl' 'oho cc.,14)6 lam? foe out Li lia Jein II.' 67

5.1.

b. 7,7',171 7-7';71 7: I..",:177,7 77: 7:7'721,7 7.77-1.-C77777," '7,111(7; '7., 47-7 .7'71170 .7'77: )7,'9 7,1 t 01.1-J r ;' r tt?c, ; ;;.; '6',Y ';.1/k; ; , .7 r.1).. ,.;(.111

:;,7 7 ,.;., , 7,7", r't ',,"7,12( d )).;"'t r ; ; I Q'H7 ill 4° CT, '3'11o

do , to -th.

;try-) u tI!,t; o.,-)."6/.0?an.1 , 7,7 r 777(7.2,7.7 17'4OP')112 ,77,07' I c. 11(2 771,

0217,}11f 73 7,:7 0f7,' 77,1273 -0, '1,17,"'C." rTh,4,1 01.77.1:11.7'77o,C 1°,k,t+,"7 -;;I:tociï (1,7,07,:).; , ; ,; ; t. lx11,_; ,,,S.111111,.q.1.1L4C,0 "" tiltror..1.111 i'rem rt.:v.1; ri ° ; ;:h. '; Ïu ;n ).-;11.tracyci. r-,;;;o't) %v..» .;.c to). .!;.0 ooi.I.'u,;; );() ,r tt-t: ).1).;1,-; too r; j,cvre i:1)01-r ;; 'Hr. (,01, ()Cied

-; Fícuq.,)(IMO, - , i".+ I): -1-)

os1-;. ".. 121110 ; ; 2' 7 0./t of J..

rorro '',7; ; t,; 't-K-7,r1r01:(.., F.;

.1.1.;,-; 1)a. (.1 ));;;.! ,

(1,q)C 00110 rq # !^,.," ,,,11;P TR 7°6110 ";;110 I'0,`,Is-43 41,- r 11,7 117. c.,,.1 ;7;1

,.'770Y 7:7 LrUC.'ir3110 tql t'e ,

".,:f)t );t r'; tg;::°F.1:I;I; 1%

+'7+;77k:' C77,7f77,77'77

211 d.1 11: 1-)c, '11,7 to

01 12 ,-ereee lerie,erf

FoL.: 4 tve er to ti

27 1-1;, ,)

01.1- Le,- 11 11 Ono 88

Table

Nu mi,;O:.-7-7 `00-1,71,:L J.1»:ro.,.11Ps, ;1,

oru rtCì _Jo 11 000

1.!c,:er.vla 000 a of f

Isnqq,1.13h 12 400 o the sea 7 7(

19 60oc

I!' O '? A L 6

5.1. rn

2 L',Lac 1)...ok 1 flcn ,-JoItioof°,11:141(C1po:1atiJ30) erg o ECIDD(' uncl, c,710 Ith:.: Ci 1:y17_1:Ac 5;11e 540. 0,11d r.;

Th.) 01 17)C'en otrin,, WO. 0,1I:t. '40Ì11..nj:).: Lt.H.7 100 1. C.3') 000 1,4-'4 Cl 017 Ch1à0,7,aq ¿sill° YVAS ,i,ouc'il h riuoif lio uis i',h in 1),y uapz,01,:::v;

- ab'

,

- 1-1L,innittol A.L)i -

Tifur

138 89

A:601:.,C It-'''',"1.i11"-_-:1'n eir, d. (..1 nr,.., ...4...j,0-) c',.. ro. ,I 1 e '3.3 c pin,".1.11,::)131.1k. .i.:i mo s i;o1).3-) o.quiL'o1'a i337ulzo o.,' J.:', 1: 3,, 13. 1-3), ').3re 3-,-) Dr.:3 rzinn.1/3:- ,11.,..1 :Lona Ct.li-X '61..1. :3u...1-1Ine-21:m1)s1)1 :1.11 ?l :3 r oh 1 9 (-Sri onl.,,r.i.,1-re e oe.).' i., h , 3 j'.3.e...13n)3,-.3 l'T',.."1" 2' ,-.) pc -.3 °a ;31 'in , Me -o umpr3r.,37 7, c.) .-.):00.1):1,37,3 (-4,'.23-rno..11,-,:el,r:arb3:31,1 .-)r ,_ )id- / 1.) Ola?: :,1)11 i,u-mere:1 -.1.:,'n3 )p,.),r, . °C3-in-i- 3.31).373 -;., 4,-: o), .!;e11.1. FIo 1:-Q, 1isl7.01.°1C"1".,t; '7'...,s'CLC's-Cs o ov.L1,1 ,:,- und 1.311,?, se a 1)(r,, el.-.-on-0,-:.-3,3 O 3-0 id e re ;;;.1.373 ).: .Zonr 1/,!3nre ,.-13.7 el-, (1.y 20 C',;:-.1(:113 o 01.1.1S'i,10i''. he O C'il' ".1. 's.' ,s'l rS'C'.'i;; ()1.f. C2Ci'JC-1C411.,, ):,:,11}.... :gel]) oal...ecri,-.11-,a,-.c,ok.1 mot.1)...1.et-iso u ,11'?',1 M'O y rzitipplY WO. .Cei....ir V1.1.1",? '7..1.1- 1. o.,,-;,.- '..,211.,e ',.3 0 i.a.LL''.!MlIn I-,'I-L.clici.vc.vra.J. L'!!).ol,) ',-,114.-., dJ!)-'3.. ..1.1e d. e33.,!JI e le 0 n-;-, I in,,..3.;;c3 (1..',-, o',-,3,-,n l'Ion ',-, 3.1:-..:3 n ( t O .03 ,: 1 ",31.) 3-31.1,711 :+.1-3 ,--13:3-0a1 ,r-oe.Ì..,f, "3:,'..,te Duran n.f.:0-1..;MI' Oh r;' 'S'OO. ;:',C.; r 4

r:,:i :)! Mere are 'll'i.l...1.A",?..77+-1.-1.' 't;;', 11-.7:..:10Wn 11.'"1,,F.,-7." ille -O:1-1aCit.'," bSi-ril-vrii.i.,-0 t.cored)3-::1.'4. 3,1 I, Tn.-e `..(:-...;,. ine;:3.3--,Ife 1 I. ,-.3 ,3)-0-,,,,,)11,-.,,,ed, :.!, dixr-..1 ng Ikrt.-1_c. ',33u1)12:1 emen ,3 '3,1)o13-in ,..,-,n.I fa ;;:rvi h. 1111.1S/2 1. ,SS1:1 J)C.:1J. water rj y H ',y-, ip, .,-,.' o -t.+. ;,-.A.,,,aj. yc :1".C.L 3, L'1".; L1.:'., 0.s.7..!'",;;''';1°17:°1 asea 1:.)..,-;.Der, aben ',.;,i,k2e, The u o 1...:1:); Z.11-Ci; 011;:, CA 1... (1p01'1'. %.3.,(s1 ii'lecn,'1,1'Cl'E'O r: .12.11.71.1..",`,""01.Thrf."1,11 4-`,.12,0. -94,10"," -"J";7,.'1*.C,2,.' ovr2,71.:;;Ws.

Jaeci),y-Zeur dr i 1 . c ONTT/F wojacwere and 6.yd1o1eci,:% aaq,cL, are no :oppY.J,

W61:1 o :7ere in fr,:zily urna 7u n :'.i:eept for the wells a.;;PlIka and )1a,7)cro, -on('%16-2.;.7t1:enci zr 1.12.ak.,410-

Thn nombn,: L esile L hi iU.c1L% 0(3*u! J".not nre r3,,60ni!j. NO (1.1tc -M1r. 7,to&1131,:: mq= BOMC 1q0 °bel arlerliria Cor 7 a1u;,'"M 1,11,au.0.0.1 .A1.1ra0.:11'illAN. 7j IAV%17,0 and

;,:e7 ',-;110 1?13,CDS'e ;111e42(3 '526 '--inclim.1 *.1.1 r. # o 3: 20(uf 1...1,,L; a w,La OpOWIA.I 01.1 rOl'e 1",'Sr".;;'`/. .11c1 drid .. 903f )00 ';' ¿11. ";j-1,^0 (TILO 1.1F1cinC.;.-,"1,0 1.r., 2", E,1 (.71.c.3 1;h.6 arz br);. 11 (I

C.,r all.c1.T'O-00 1,1n,'-o-.)1. n 11. -3r-1 cot'e,,A)d i.3he ata cTo? OCH'. 11'1.1ore :1:30 (luc EeTM 7.7.i..udH.1.111..r',L7:6 .di:,11.n'a C';'21';.J.MO:c.0d. 12.1Y11.1.1C1s5I er0 r.,.0 2:i dar Lici U:3.,0;3. %tu1, n ,13,11 F,'",a ,., ti) on;;;;Oq.,:i Ain ;,t,c;,uciinJ,F1 e Lc;c. 1,0-0:,), Ot";1 , L'e di:(2; welj -u! 1.,1) ;] 1C.'1 11.,'C,5.ì tY. klUe.130lae]...uI' ma3.11. ar,»(!..0 '33,11E3 or .n s 0 1,.(1.1, tul' 1",:l c'enud.,,);;;,,nr '6r cl L1 re r).J n :le Cj.:4;1:11j.0 -24; d1.1:: oindm,e1..1 n).16. re).) Toknped t rlivati or *71. Ir!? 3.!unF.1 j) ' O cron1.16. hrl.r r.wo.,3 Vs?.. el)hor arc--!nz ;jiu)3:en,s I,u I r_°,o-ac- 32re`-`1,011.-;; 215 1.s et-l't uci1.1.11c1VC:Vol,01-10C'0.1.1I/lb 0,7 ol.1t0.1)0.3.:31;ua "bn cl; .*6L, and. C1,,),) zer,.), o o ;;(-3(i n luye, ,.1)3:1,*),!;-!!..i3..,3. 02 -3,,ra Ja 715 A rough estimate of gran developed fro- ]le 7.7.777.--,'7.y is 275 000 [113.

;.

The olor, Le:: ;.3 ;°, e a Q!),er :.,:'tere are 30(1.1 1,3 1-51, en L, alloric r, cc .1;1) r), I ole.: 31. 'Al o1,o ;;,!!).:1. annua 7' LO 0.3,'ira ;.;,-3, f' /rkt (.-3 1.31- rEJ. Qa O'Cr." 250 000 2,00 000 310 ",7 (), 07 I. )31,-:' Gc3e)-De icte.) Urn ef 1.-).,,-;,3):yo ,7 33 90

n cave 0_;r ^7;J:co e". 61 6.1 .1"f. 1,,ao d. U C!» ovor pirop:1 L IJ"L,11)10. 1;120 ::',tt 7a5.0 s' 't,° ty;,it,

1 cc., ; °L,i1c,Olt ly l:';'),'t;,,n ;1'011 Th 11121. t Tt_. t 1 J, , 03- 011g,310

ttlo,-so11oct:.1ia ',111.,-1-..--0 L,tL,C !., ,, a,t ngyo, Kt°, lo !,6Elto:,1 T:L c, -,-%,, t, clo e i;royo 5.2.2 is of liftinof water .J.mille

1,1,0 t""1".j" too -,72.11lo '01,2 (i t.H.r.do r;2,-, .04 alld '41111E; :flavour '411,? Inttt j.,.1r. *,;:0;

E3,o. E311_it,, t:tLit ';:..1.(t.. Z240 ';1.1.( ; +1.), OVA '00

t 1tc, o ,tt,::t :..»T'r°1 Li.uii2.01311.3:3 o iIti.tt. T.,)?11, ,TVT,ttt). Cr) t:- Dltti `i,'t Ott1Vhj .1:0110V °D1'tt,:00011 12.1 r.,11). o :I .17,2.2,1.) L..1 thrc oE;.1.011Yrritt".3a lyrort 0:, Eitaz,1)0hie chail:I.00, i.i t,11,1,11 ltty tat-1.11.,;32 Oi A0-.2 ih ,,101.11)0.°

t;011' Tt, 0 ',T,L, t". Lt, UI :" ,.:,.,. ,, . ;.t . elOSO 'WO ir.1.1312110 1,:r! fi"el: 8, t, '4110: ".,,..t'f (.0"tit7)-1 C10,;,t !lot% to,rtna t 4,

i scliox,r_; ,.°S 0::"./4, )) 32 12, ooL kleurailic ,t3i)ora1:1 illtt'4:`,./",11,11:011101.tt Ittad.1 1). t. ", .,..t: $ t, : ,

i;C) 113.'kr ;71. t V '2 :OF.I.E;L) ,,d,3,

, the

WINDL'...

tar ."1,^,' :t, e of 71 ¡LI , t '.. ,;,-, 0;1, t'tt..3."',- , "C (, ).2 11.). il ai Ì).).,.%; °

' (.

a.; L r Ts, J , t ¡l

IL !

t* 2Itl:t"Ft:4111%!/22111,.. y1 61; ' ,0,t TO:

::;ft.,1.3., ':ATI.V.ii r :sAg,1 rl ' 1- , , , 91

ven

tleolitm:;.00 lly dri.vor pumps p.re u nod.Coi.'1J.fliii ro.-,72 from I-lica1Iccien or El. o..n.L31'an() Crom the drj.1.1 od.¡To 1 lc oL Vulza, ri C011 pump r 1.you by diesel 1,101-,arnof. 6-1.2 hp .2i.enuot3.1lu1; he- dr.1.1 1 e d 770 111,', to:bi no pump n driven by electric:2J rao::,o-ca one v no d o Di.;.n. i:quapsJ. o sboun :1u Tabl

Table 38

, .SED FOR IRRIGATION IN THE COASTAL REGION

Loonja.;;y Impl.ngTro I-I o )-0 Go 1u.m13.,D orco

e o D' clio p.m nun I, - 1110 tor Co..eme o n Ifece- o

4 plamped tho 161C.112

cl y , w I) -o -T5,7Y1 ra:1 feci dam:

El Qatar _La 1 8 25 100 --

I? 10 30 raelli; al 5 5 10

_ o 3 II 12 30 20

It To 4 10 30 J.20 30 20. 50

No 5 10 30 120 20 40 60

No 6 Il 10 30 120 2J. 20 33 .53

11 /07 10 30 3 35 35

10 No 8 10 30 23 35 75 110 II No 9 ti 20 6 24 30

II 10 11 6 15 7 1 10 11

6 25 1 18 (5) 18

Bagqush 16 16

Puke. No 1 Elc:o;,ri 5 cat No 2 20 38 2 40 ou No3 20

11e4 20

5 20

01 II 5

Burg el LIC."00. no E:cpur 14 14 Ar ab nani

To 19 353 37 203 92

1,,.71.)1(1r11,:...1.1.2 5.; [;L.LLJo.c; ;',;; q't-; p,j "r7 c: 11)2 C.,

1 '..C1.10.11,,y L1,1)1).1, 1.;oi umoun ;,05'I,,,er-;)e;:c e !At ' ' ,..,3t1 j'iC.1 15 r,r, ) 1:4 ;

cl-LrFi-immail 17.0-150 el; fs.);7bir.-;,7,1 `.. dayii. Dist: ';Ialtion A sal,, e -stun rf 60 wells in the project area eciL th

In 51 7)91'0011i; t") i.s.+10: F20 "..t eU. ;.C. 00'j by buo,1,....3 ob,ar..;.%*(..c 11;1; ilzijal.. ; ,roo, ;1.U. 0011.;..%1,r, Li:1.1,r.;of(..) arth kt:1 tilo.7,1200,J by oc.,41.11.7 ;35_ ;.,-;otl.c.o,-.

-Ja 'St

CIA LI 011.1:C1 G(1(1 1ier7a I .; PlVidLti._;;', .12 Ld ;

-'613.c;all') 01111 :1CS:: We. '60 r ueeL1 1: iddLd.' fl Cttl11.c'i-s' c. ritecr,a1 ;amount oi' rja )i,A 1,1d oh

Lj L.3,yro r;.h;;!..;.; ,1 2,1; ;°;.!,' : - ro;

(15.-bc; 11.111;; d »..)f++. ++ 9,1,,,C.00:0(1:1.116'';;00 bk.te oor-;1,1c,C;;;:, h 1.;Bn.,;.,Er,1. idAddl 0"Adido o t,liociO,tcon!rayanco; r,lo.e.!;;!.;'h Or.7

ho 'L':3;72nbL''.-` 2 2143.11°:1 113L' kid111',1 abe '61; ;,;;,Lee,fyy,: '4611t..3 'î)ee: i,LULhan(.1 L11+1:s et),»":'.1)31.:902' '6;1 ° k0.1 7. 11

%),LL1.22 iiOii,L,1 f (11 2 1 02. ,

7A.; 7A0; 7 ;:;.;

°a:rc,;(1. 911..;(;)r, 7.1". ,r) ;

5.3,Other s 3.1

011

;To ,.;;;;;!;,; ;. aa..F.!,;[/ :i')ji,i CL,L,, .; o;%-..,;" oq;..

Da2n.,13,o7.1 r;-..¡,,r'I, or: o ),) 11010) )71;d7, ' 1,,,1 dLjf d"1,, "o2

Ls.; .7 The 1,1o.,!... 1obfko,.;,1,5:r: 1:of ;1 .17; o r,..t;p11,";.,!!. ; '4. " 10 .111), d'd 1j. cz,,,!In 71 ".! o ,7° , r, 1:0 Lle ao re, ; 0:7;.7 iTeet.c,:; f" V.( ;CY': 1,1 wro:1L. :;1. ,, 1 ;IG'.1,1.7,,,Lyç", Of 1, 1,26, t1U,C 11,1(1 d) * ,

Ther: anal he `710 o o; dista.nce ±,-1 z.re ,:dxhil 1 a,dy, d, C1. i . 1C'tdd1' 0, 150 93

With very few excep1ion:3 ell these are open earth canL,ao ('Z;7,1)em sou.6 h.j6h(Jp ,thRr the surrounding nature.]1:..hd. 'ON? î.C'r (7./±1-: rl hu o fn jajuntoli- opo cated contro:!. structurc den .°.,!°.! 1,, en c,2 open ooh raino,a:opro,drih:t ;0:1 deep 7runs paro.1 1cl.;e thc criai s, .,A10.[,) PICATa:)iY 7.1.3167+.'

The di ; of the plot units are 150 x 75 m, or 2.7 Levlii,' hos generally been applied, involving an average volume of 250 m3 feddan of ::'h per

Jun t. c X u oycì,Thc 7,,E-o,c,°;11 5 Laauk) ;Av.. admj Alum coc,) 10. 01);-:' jJJaevL Thrf oT irrigatior va°--i ou C.rom1;1) c 100 ;To,r,./2co.1.'dLnu r cop

The nu bor sor 1,j Hie uicpo bace 1.1:1 ted r, 000 :c L'oacla,n Y00,,Ay0 The -.:,:oric;aion amovqt ootp. p,ppiied in 01.e 'Lo Mie pmoun'r, o;",Ja*r.ey a;;'6hc bead_ nt7 1").6U. .)aa ion DT'S cb

IF, leDab:3,0 ;i ;Du pr ;71 jo o (_>17. 01,1 r..) .10.0 h t 13 (2,oncorn2.,:-'Gbe reclama 1°,1 ou '6h-1'01101 7,a.tar ûail earac,' Co01:1,0,no in °i;he pvc)jec 'ua ,70V, 11.1)c.- of El Al-,230.0.3.0 paci ila:uo:,2 7;1.11 he ma:, y. :,bA 2.10 01)0 reqdr.w.,--: ai;he 51)./.1,2..N:U...., Joe ",°,,, ci 111.0 '6ocl ;-)f Dal)? -,.p.)i° un d.ez.. eons Tbo main ,7,n:.70 project; 1;hich w:111 be 00 f,Jart fom pumpiitc, 2tatioc! oC "Jubaria, .-p).,Djec a.lo°;, o isrSLSX(.-mc). a1 ivy ,77.q

mount 0-C water.°);.1 pvojec L s. 1.42, milli ° oriCC 21 nu/s rhich °,` 0,71 ilepth 17, (71;-t.7; i I 5. 3 2 .'

TY1.-0171.ne used for carry::. ash (1:1-i)1',.idics "hs;ci.lofflaMu',,y13.11 and 1; o irivt.E; cn 1.-Kt road between .1 ae1. r¡roll 95. oar:3 0 r.;r,Oa V,ers 7.1,:,/t1: to v. cond world war, andi',.410170 e'levEa tunoupplsi 1,1).)... lithoc:''r ocrna 'cle.vonuliJsIpiïi siaLaons 5'oechly the proosore coIwe7,iiou

tanks -,7,;(7::.jr.1.0Gfr, 4 000 01.:al ro,pn,o1 1T.:w ;4(1 71,3 the pnoming io enouoe the i,u-cgOnì doma(..w;(1 D.11)0.1.3.1?,),

r bljr.11:;. '0.:0)2; ')`00 2.0 1..-3(°) da, ly. YY.es'n ;110 u,a,Uee fol a ,m",-,7,%0 nec,rjo:1 .1.).,v nys s*Z oh. T10,3 c.rit Jun. I; 11,7 ',.e.se ha rdly ou!":::i re o ;;11C) ITC a CI.F.1 .7,7 ajeu cannior nere;- 2.7roril shorta,g3 os' waer to

Tho ttiQ routp:Ixtc,'rY'co:L:1 zx 'rian. ;,;.(:),, yo arc, of continuous operotH.ou, L avca,:amme of l'ocio.77o,1 aua (IX no asbe::;;;ori oZ'L,hecaw:, qtamr.;371:., The w:', ir supply of ir, is F, %%IT oe-eionl -oroblcm2 oolon which, while ollLz1,10 L11,.:, scope of orojcoi;, mlousussic,opeo-;.,a.1r.'47,Alon Irocl capita]. investment. 94

6. The Availo 6.1.Surfac 6.1.1. radio

, ;;,;;. ) ;,,t)) t.t.) 'tz))),,";L)

1..)titil, 11101)t.t *71' ;) iz );),

..)).16.:). k °;.)))))0311;10`)'fitt.l.a.)" .;..).0 ; !Id,/ :)01;,), ) tI.V))1,: )," S t-,L'roquoikt,, t t i,.4,, 41.,,07, t))),)1):,,o°;:o 7o °:, o t'°,:°¡;,1^ ztt.L1:11°A.02f (Y)0004.

of ft.).;7 ;.t z.z*), "). i s. Crt):t)t)ad:1Jc ; ,; 2t) ; ';")), ;; ;;°;.. unc,;(1 uor .1,oloo t) t)..;)))..), '))) %;

110 tzrai t);pro t),(1,Lat, ;;;;:o I , on11 1%. r,".;°:( 'o,f..".° .7.2.,"o`o I7O'ÎDIzU070.6.zi:ì'oi'iftzzz

.kreto,,* in , t )3) r:z tts za' 2 i;

:maje on d

t:.t) 'SY; C!iLt),It :),z z t, t,,))...2u;;)' ).z01 zt, ; ;0'7z.O°oo o ; ;;;;A, jjuiï Lb;;;r0i2.uul1;; Jzt ; Ll.;;)

;sod a hi. (»ICI ))) '670 0'0131; tt):.' ' ';`). (ft.) J.? * '',70.1)) `. tit . MtV76

) .."2`,")..),12 ) s.. )1:7,0°,, ; )

' ).).1to°7' .t CO there must

) eAu zz.ti 0). -1)))). , )t z,.; ");

%"4 rt,',11t ,'', ,

oo hi,Lh, :Ok r!o , oDo.., 1 74.O31.0 001113 4; )t,;3) ))t *); 4)) ;it; I))z t;,) ;. t ; e:, t1r2o,Th '")L; 11°, ))... )t," t. LI)1C1.01. 1.t"Vt) ) on.)1.{, 11,11),.°)°,'t: qj 3.t0000 , °; ,

;;;;..t" ;.; ;.= ;; , °, ";» ..")

?,o0,o1 , o o".o.!, po,71471 ;;Coto i ,ov°,,,o,°:.; ,o, ; , ,

Lho -if.... )0,0 z )); t uti . .1 t'*; .7;

.11).1,t7,1 7170 'o LOt'o:o:. °°,17 oo`k1(72,1.7...1 ,

lic.004-e1::.'.;¡lac, 7vir, 411:- '1.:11.r.;!.;: 1-;, tt1.1 **0), ; ').!,'":.00t. tu.t. ; "D» z"»

; i» tu c.ol-inj ; ..»

4:11;,..t7 )) C.) (.1 tut 6),),tit,6) ; ;) 1.7). , " 11 ift ti 9!),')* t.A. CO,t lt."-o 1.7:( .k,,,7pint "(7-) oi Cloyo, t°os 7,dt, o

'"):14,..! (":12i.; ti )7, Cri,,"*. `). ,),` .4.,

tvoo °,7,,CtoN °Iroo o ' i °o°1 io?.°1.oo7;i11, of a. 1)f., .117) :k°,0 o °v,,;,1,0",1 ,

(a) 11:i../.:;°,11 1,;; °;, 41i 0.11r11:1. 't+!1C. t :t i t7z tiri

)7!,,

(Thry-,a,oloot no 1.;

0). **) )))4.; " 95

(b)hc 1h diflib 1 i of'obe uo to C agree z 01.od11:1)1.1:14)/h T6Ari ot( ;J. ty Of . ha reno -:;ing the ion of ver; erency

oui j sl, i, i 11P7' ;°i 07,1 U. a o i a(I_ r,iooZr ,2011.13 5..Tt .re E, e Lho NilI ;:17,...7. , i' 4', 'ph r co 1 o oo.112 .7,,se i;lio lannt

St orage in 4

wadi. oorld. d.:11.1 rte)-1.70f,..r LI )

pp_rpo < ?.°,2 r.le; T. 1110C11C1 haor.). Lod 1,7 Giri1c:1°.? 01:,!..1);: 1,0

C. al; apo3'ct Liao. cinci, 11.11:11 )11 34'' 011:!..(1:; 1; C1/ 0:1

tr 1;:1 1.1. C11. '1' .:1..1.)-112 Ma.5, ny hT C,1212.11° 1;;.111,,acc, 57 2 anmy)..1. 1,3. 011'; 112,0 na?,:r of 5 ,peroon.:-.,.)0 1P, l'T11011 .C; j1;; nOC'Ìi and.5.12edi,spo7,..{lai. .0 o i'.1::;2..L' ir, ;3';', (') 1,r; Ph.1.21 PhoPoc. 71)7 o '00 bcon CO)), 'ay Er, DJ-it) 7,. r',1. Rn.1.1.11-11 5°,0 *;;11. (13:1.1. .11"» ua 3,rerw,L.) pose (1.;; 0 1)0 imo; 1;1) 6 000)

aoL:6t economical 1111,10r;-:, dad- 'l;ocabq :;_10 Roo1,5-21opinc cloor1101.7.r., 0,,t7,1 1,(Y:, 0.H ;S. 7.j.D.r1 cl. rcr.n.clor 5,','i; he pi e.) ;; 1;'oe ma7 L71.10. acylyJr--,20 Pla1.1,n ..?oo.5; urf): ,-.113v() rulc. N117 o %I.1,.) s 1,02

r.i.:bt;"3 C1,1" 5 '4 ,gn. I: 67.1.7;,CYr: : the )riO. be based oenol:al

SinQe [1:0, 00,1a,7,) s rvrivo,a0 (11, ( 1,4o 1.hortur3 tV 170:.'1,:. 1 1.11011:LC"hr; '1.7:;00,11,;1420 sxcluded;

vv:(10!::: of ,bal.Joxl.Y11 'oo;lb;

fol.- (Ohl 1,3r3. C.7 .oOril o114 CIA ;-.110 L1.70

( o )since the time of wadi e nnot be 6.1.1311V.i . 011 13 ,?:,',11,3 1'0 11:.; i; 17. i':0111r1 172 S rl 111111. s:1111, ' 1' Ahodo of winter

on, :TA 11'3 71) 1111K i. O3`11-1111. ./") 1-10 'oc' 'LinOS' 1,14e ."1.2'1'7 C1C f 3 i op ogr(,1)11 r.p.I.o ad 71.1)g a us, :..7) Sho amol Li o o rl :,110 r' ',]rlci i; ij jk1 ,211(.1 r vc L.,ovtd;f1. The .5.1-1 111 (1C'r 1 b,$) .1 017' FC1PC, 1.1 eLe C 1.1 era!: ;:oli rao -;; a r c e1 96

)1c,. e, Dn."L ': t JLt '11k ,Ir ' e Jo 'k' Le o 3):3Leon,. te2 ;A' te ht tat i-Jet !2.3eg.te e":1) 2;:t eoee;L:L Ate

J!..h' Irk -,:)t)L e.rol LALAhe, 'e k i 4,.C1ece-31'.1e,¡tee, -,.. L 1,1 :3L+.1101..".1f,!.k A k LL t I 0).11 t Eet,:e1-;;LL ee L -2 111,,.: "U:. 01,3 ItiLkl ;,11,' h.^:"

L--26 kk .'11^"^ ;d^ ^3: ,^ ^y'ff, A, 72, :q/1 W.- ,t".;.7^',"h°3 13 I..*,.'- Te L),,,:eule J.A.. .J " '311, t" 61,01* 1".*Ook " , ' "

;1 ootLh , k'.»331"i

1/.."3, .2, +1,.1,-;.3t n 4..213 " ,

k ;;;IPT^:^ 1-toci.) :32e y ).L.ro 22-121 ) e Le:Taus) -te 1111. k,k, k LI-tree et. 1] :Leeld ;3:1;3.,"?.. ¡2), r;<... ';I'k:J rl3;"", :Let -3,1ALL, L Le-.3) 3Cht"L rk !. 3AL, o), ' LA0/ , e jLL-3.,LIA I oz.-ILI-ye). tILL.f: an)0e),11. Le À.' eL)33...:. re3h.3-24,A4.

:30C' e ',re',Le." ej L.Lett-1 LI%;-", "11 -,eeaot,twe L.,ej -e;o, ',Alt TO-22 eht3

", k k Y k, k k. ° kJk3j C eJ ott4.L...-A Tee 'Le.L'oe,ec L3)- «k' Le-233),-',A3ettt'ot iiI',jet k "Qe,*1(k)2," ) 2.3) 311.e

-,),..°;:e:'-'/),3. reetA 71'0'113 111:111,y r3t.../.A.3L' " 1. '3 9

' 21. .,).La:.1. ". ,ri ;:b 4 ,7,

'k; ;1:1A-; 1;', /00 L" 0.1 Y. k' . jot th : ;.;,%;;-,.).:TA ) Le- Yee:» / ' -,Lethre, keLte , h L. k /, 'CAL, ,,e331 /k L.a ,

L k e le,- )t-eLito d in -the,) ;

'1' ALA- ;13 ).. re.)'et `J :^ ": "

, ..teet t3, :re tee J. ^". Y,2.

I'' y kLe, ,` ,;L\ :L" ¡L 112 I 3,32,23 e l33e,Le..311 Le .,L3 ...V:: ":;

,"Lo 110,3 t I I3 ,31.rl * k ^"'", ."^J h0.1

39 - :stimatod total area 97

E;r.PTILITTFTh3S.C...1.1T, TERN CO :

V On' 411.1o0 i°1171ol°cwed 111(1 -c ;(; Tot,11 i:e6421 -o ' 2,-.(4.1J:dr!

Flooding 7000 6 rmn 6 000 00n Oty-1 aang 8000 J. 500 000 'rracin 1500 2 000 000 2 000

. 6500 1,0 000 9 500 0 50

2pc]ILELLati_sl

..fo,7% clO Y",' L'XI00CPT T .301:1CIC CI0E (:;01./ItLC.-TCL";1. Lre piimpach Is 1,..;lecox? al3 OC

lio.K..f,h oro oauc;or,t-t "(3-3:73."..tY 17' 1%10 C, 1.11 G a C "S. O.Cir t 33:7v 1 j o.11v10.C:.' of vh.12C vIll Ìro:10'rcad- Tho be.6.;:oBLE0;,110(1, . .:CJOITI_072:o. OfD.c,11.11;,7.,,o2c...4 oo i02 c04L v4,' Tho ro '';:be 0,9111..0 n,oeo,Lco of of LoonCo' jf,Ki, by 6:Az.) OT: ba.ks i 1 I1D' t Th12,-1-.,vo.0 1: and C, LI?'11C-r OC 010 Otteil 'OVA C1.1110 0'1)11.0:: , fli i,1:),1de ox.pac:-.;* 0.;." abet' tejo..I, or oftor our.,:act, 71)).:Tacc 1..m.pv07o Co:.'

As there 1 o 1-;(0...V.,:0irG.3.16000i:11,17)17u.: of the r whi oh can be used *rCO: :0 kM2..Lf.1 nr..; -or> ch,I..rc,51-4-:,'Jar, pE.-.1,7;; the winter trj, i!1 V.! tcri,-.'saonn ;.1 im c-ao-ogl.1 Co o11.1114o o C-Co7,.!' ,111.1],e-r,7I_d.:. 0410..v5.J.I. 110C11 di7,vvIrvAg 01:10. hy TO. te?:.' 6 lr:D 1_011 ) ht:

C. iss 'CO O7, "co an(3-Jr..or;11.1,rc» aquifers. 17r,o1.1.arce 6.1 .2.

c,r. ;.10? JI C.11101 "t: on co: 1r.:',ac i7o 2.1.-c..o11ce 1;.H, Lid ;;;,, c, 12 .7,, t,hr 10 -121 I ) V( ;,1;;;,," '0,10 1 !!1111.!--. .71 0; :,:ivos -"c!i10, o¡AI a

1`10-' 111,,, 1)1', Ca,1).21. (.,"1

.. c,1-3rnents of sheer 'LPIJ',-.:'-..our.2,7- 1968 i), '1,11(., :,7't.-1-.-, 1...c.c,i,-,71,'-;.,1%ot lo ad. :.;,`,c-.' 'ay "0(2,-Jul -',,1.)!:!(:!?1_1.-4,,n°:, a :I.L-,311t7p.JJ000111.1,/(..;hL.,.n.::n;..;.0-,yF,...1),11,.cx- Thus on onl», a.,,,o-fd-,:.).11,-,711 o,; Gl no,', t, ,Y.: %hi:. In.,-2. 7,Lco runoff co,-r,'fi r.tion.;.,oou'i 1-11 r1,1r0-1.0 ,b....; ;rj o 40-:,0,,.. *11.C.!-,r( y:!--.1._,-10 1,1), 001-1.- ,...,,,,,.:,7, n.,. I.obi-Jo .r-,' ,-1. ;.a o,--i s iii G .1.7' r!..i..: _' CT For sh or :-.c,ovr 20 c,.,1'

tia!0,11111»1.3 0"V 1!!,(LI:r'!7,P7.- !.'1i_ :ssl.,.:.;';,(-1-lationship 1..).--.11,Yzi.,..o.khu.r.33V.-.:;:",i01).,0(1. »nraTnk 98

ii '-sca (.= pod latstits o r. t L G 4 ca;

r, Lull/ r trr I 1 rirri Cri joriD.j,L1',r, L,

.2Li. r rrrrr1,r i? 3 u (",r-; r ..ak.e",a) a'a eet° t;,?cl 11.1jr.) ;a; t't-a, °A.°. ,11, ;jot° all e t

,1;/ -sts c s. s U; ;iL11: :Itsfir ;tcri.)11-trct; 1 ts ;at.' Lii;'-uc ;; r" r,; a.; ,rr-.-

Lttcti.;_a;. t; -;21;c:t ta,-; D,D ra..1.10 "tt:Ittet qt.: ist'aat /;:nt..;;-;

...s .< s=.-- ca, I .s-;s-1 ritOV:e. 'Cr.*.11! °Dre,'Llq";

ate w,

, t;,,, uto ;-.; sta.; r; t o o : tom,: c/s1 n; "; t43t I-'44*rrr' 1,1*1 vrr, 4*/rt. a J.; t) stc1; err, cc; L-1;Ut...ct; =4.; 1.Ito "st, ; ts a tcctwas =-; s ; at:1; as:-; , ; .01 1° .

"'rr J it() 4,..11;11Lt3 t 414 4 " '' jr t.r1Z '4 ,* rrOr ;r4 :**/ L , athj,L, r, euj,'rr r trl ct"itsse -;11-1D ;2.1; 11', s 4, r,1 ° -eve a, a '.111±.. L, e tar J.:;,=`:-; stitl/cf .1.n.1,1, ea' 1;11.

" " 1 r, r'r ;*.(9) 4701,,"1rr.V12°'°-°11.:1 1...'jrarre.e 41' t, a`;°1 e've

°..°)1.,a L.-sae `'..rt1121irre; j Jjka, ;7, Oi Jzsa; r1 0t,,.(1"..l 1;1'110 ; !I() q;,:ts.' 0 '17. 'S 02 1,1 11 'ix_ ep t .0 ' t r C.°)(7.11110.12,';I:ie",:u 0:1e2 the,' hr rt; .-1.11; 0_21' s..". 0 0 s212,.. s

;r --t,t;ct o'st .71;ta ;u LcL cada `,L J r rt or lacItclic-J-;.-.; '.1roct;nit?L)tal

tt-L ss =,;-tt; ". 1-;r "Lt. r'r'trr1 /Ay:, =An cr=u,d.tt=o-s/..pts :str; 1 a -=; fni r tt::1;;..;:t2.; :t cs =-.11

L.s.;i i 'ts --.1" -;.:1 r;:ts-r i 1.a. utrort,-;21. .1.1.1°..o.r.; -.toe ;=1,' ict rs,t.tstrU st/t.1-it';

) ; ..tul I. sti . ; ,. /s--; "1; :a I =1;

444; , *'.4 t .441,4*, :1 414,4t, r *L-70 h.= /11u tttaatd.,ri',Liria. -°,17.; / 1,:r°

.;13a-. e°' á..° .1.;1J 1st= t.ttiti; st= c's ..); 01=s'n'at:t 13 1:1 a) ..ois; -21.1110;..6 ;stourtiltst.-":1; tots ; t.13, ;,;",:, 1 ;;),,,11')°°°°;',G ; == ;Al.' 0,*.eje.: tasr(;(- , 0;1 =,/1

L, L;;;;;.Jr,-, ts, = ctc. ¡Arc J.;// i;i.-.;";;;Lso t -:=Ij anas.:12.at.% Lt ontar I < si": s.2" 2, 0 '10 11' 1', "..21 s' " 11,3 '01 r rny `,tvcri, alit%

, o o ' :1,2 r" j°"°.° ;R. alr° st'Lt ;

' ri,. ,r° "°.°,1 1.,1.1 1.-.1.130-,eatt ors, c,r Ir iis cto Liott t-oat. at-tinstr Lc/ t,c; ialt.;-st "i: pti,lir nbC n ; =lop

L r r "./ cj. s tt -t ; t:;.; "I, "2"2.. r.11:1 O CPC, eijr1ifia-J".",";,

, ° . ; ;r11. ":114(.L,I, 1.°1. .301°. 0;1 ; ' '°.°

Ir .° ), 'a e reral`..` 1- L i;r tssus.;:a.. as-tc:s ;./-.=; :ca.") :s

-t_ - a :ail rrtt1.-- as, hcsr i,1It.- ; cat,sots; tittc-o- /

tt otato; c C=.!/, tt.;:t; 1 P441r. r-r ` t

,1);,:, ;,; ;co (.1-111 I ." i,1 «'r' r-.1r+ .91.'61-0! re,1 oil. ,r, , ri;icts ta' cs /cit.; '-- C.1u, ; //= :;:=ts' ct, t-; 1:11.1.";;Pr, "el 0 cL: i ere,:1C11:1

11 , ;:ss .-;;.;;;;. 1 stn.)", .1 IN": "1.-L-tcf,c. .-t so t..;,-_at ti-; "."; =

1cas ' ; si s I r .tc =, ; ;; ot; Cs :7; 'nu ;1-11 99

Son e rme;J ear th work dyke s or e : ry to loo.d the sheet 121.1.eoCL into the c i a:

:iorerioLlen ,;isreo"Is4Er:POO,1Jie.oes"): W 1,he oi ;.; ;,f3i:Par; i°3 r Il a. 70 pL,:- 'ucf .ur E*Ie ,,,and 0.6%he11,-,q3.3 e E,,,;',,;7;; o EldEP'OC tO 1:11 ;121 CI tiCti t *(,0 0: 00 Oc, , to' oniCl-f k yrtcri. "i1.1 ',1,1,ff.'u I:11C ufr. f,13;if -:: ;"n n p."02."-EY ;10 *). t rt.; P. ;",;',1 ô. iietef wilt lieL 0,100 Thj.e, ix' 1R?Lh loaen"c, eYt-a.illptleet,o-eceee;, in'cal? UomtePa Ce&mc,a"i. ele.eed T,111 P 2, 'Oto c.N"`MATIC nticC Cur; moalx:f eff on 1)173 D"7.' P':".0:1?0 +.1 P.Pf. ,-1001lac. tr,?, .Co. "61.1Z hoiucuu ancC 011.1..fKA p 091.; 10, , ,;-xtC;),,cc r''.Caco' 7,r0/1:, )1: r.; he c .3 cu-.,°Q(71111: ¡ACCh "11" y ff,vord),j2,.., ;,e-nifu Vo.,1 vzip3.03.1. 1f?.3.,i,fvci:13 ni`pcf.nntpn C 5,`)C1 ircuco3. 3 111,1,"; L.') LILINAC f., :::;) f7f.? 3°°,7o. *;. 13C,Plas 'Cr p02.13::3 cite CAL r.41(o-f.:0: ;7, Cy' :;',,),70:17.' 3 '::1 off. tc: %cif...L-013f ).° r.t '*-"; 0110 0. r',1 (Mt 6.2.

;A-1,7 j: .(?"(1. Ay.v0;;;,_L;p::", C co cflifae'o'c° _Oda L i t L;.0..)11110.;, E, ()Ur Go ;313.0.1,11 ;;-...1.. oil CI, "7)1:; 0,-110 1.fe-13°°3 tV-C2 ;:;r7.111 011:i rj 'olio r

t riso.mi 11,1.2-1,1,44;;.;,;;? t, )71, 211,1.01).a rn:;. i; C. :Co a.° ci cT10.-'0-; a a r; 1.111LE ":1).71.1t) clhf:fil 0 ,Tzulk 01:1 !,41111,r FIC` 7' 7.11111i10 rieV1C3 Mat:1,C Q. -t r4011., 62. 0,1C/1 ;1111G OZ.) r; f3f.-31"t;;fectotrorcu ,n,ocl "-t.' 11%.66-PrIP c,..PP CfP. pro-I:03:3m 7 ".(.:*.j 1 P, Ild de cOpm,co Cn ¿.I? . °Irk (IX, I C1,:,co;'; .5,;.;11nlzfic1°or, ,71,D) Jur*,r?, 117,,o s:a c.,,AL, E.1 i rrp.- inic;c1. °,1°;°°,:3c;o 3.3 e.oe , , ;3,2; :1 CE.; C L1! P-1), ;1; ft Et' ,i27,';, 2' tr, OthC7 7;:7-2-,17;'ting services.

3infill (332 Icfc° ;22 4,-.; -,7;) s° r3f7'.1,1.1_ 011.0 ;;? % a.vari J.0 On P.:E: t-t:t.' T1',5,17)1S:P .1 P,'31nl CI); tl (.1 6E1 3.',.°(.,_ f, P, .1-.%;, :;11.3.3 3.tf fc.l.s.°633.1 .13,3 3.3-fe, , -11 -; 113 T.° ;Et:P.0,00 ;,"1 E,:°..-P1P.111-'6,.":».611 Cl 3.1E.7r,F, 7111(i ;,11:;.,L; c°3- 11;,,, 30 3'i il. ;..31..1:,11.0.A. i).1:0,1,,C1 Louai! ;:flacruf .1.,c1, ; ;111r: :r 72.5' T. '.;n,rOn7, 10,111,;) 1.m yy°,3f3- ;;;E,Zt 'tLt.;,1C ;, h r,.. ?L'1' APE- Cl.t3 Pt" f73 poi,.3.13..1:1:31:qs..; "'i ,o C 2 01' VOIA.: °::fr El 01. (If.114 f7;;:°;c. n',, ;!'oR j rox, 11. C.+ '.-10 1): t 1.0,7 ;7.; r, or). -, ;, 16, P;Ek) 31 /3 f:f hoo:17313 0. tile -

CPA:17 1,. ; 12 6.:3 0.11t; 11011.1d. /

Vg,C,1 2, P. 0.'3.1 t" 0E1'2. ,-1,,T1 1.;

P1.0i1,11E. 100

Chapt4

CONCLUSIONS AND RFIC.,77-TIONS

1. rby and Geolo

,,,Jrthweetern Con.stal Reclon ,7',0 definediAthir, roporL o:sLends 'rOM 35 kilomeiros westofiliemnaria to Lhe Li17an borao oZ ,)00 Lllomotros. The aroa is boundDnLdio no:2th by 14eajtolTun:,2S. an0 on fwel.h by the Libyan Plteala and vrioo vi.dth foi'. 5

Active sand dunes occur moro or less contInuossi:f a(onL; iba ccnoi land r,Lcuiva aunc:3 Lhere ¿encrc] Çv a larotT2 flaL,:11Ler&vnL,.1plaln ultosoodoC 'oy oneofmoro oidef .)rjilso11n. Ln clun .id(7os c'.scosi,aLd1T*. SolGh of tho concolidated :oiaces Lhorc lo cii al)uial in i.twh.iob clon6a Gradux upirara to the Libjci Piatcau, In somo aroas a pronouloo6. csco,-rmoi occurn botwou Lbe nlin and the ana in oLhor orori 'oho tanciLlcox is L;radual,. Tho plaLcall Is gono:eally fiat but olo-.s uinard Lo Lhe south, addt7Lon to thc, main topoaphio featuros 'chore aro aras of toreruIj alof CormIic hills i1c Wurocoioae o," difforent orienLation.Th,3 ..resLcrnhalf of iba ocas 'cal f:one Is aissooea by nomJvouf: wadis whic. ,rAly are oriente sou

Rocks o;:posocl. at iii: surfo.co in Lbe In o,,-ss 72elo,Y1:, codjmonts alonc; the coasL -Lo :ç noLi.m,,,c-,, nes inhe Fv)(1.on Roconi, and Ploiotoccn:, sodlmooto consis)u Io:i.mar1)4 k).0 fTindblon nand s!)6 ond alluvlan material Qrodod, rr.onol-)oreC: and deposed 1 urfacc aeLivo ooastai dunes arc 6;cn7,rally !oose Lo somio,r,noollaatod33unoti-LonD Sn,I1Ao olys sna oil Lo aro 0,7*.on deposit,id by ;,omporarN ',711!Qi!ism Isbt.cl. Lho dznos OPconsolidated r:lac;oc after 1eary rains Uharo'611seOcpolLs are ciguiAcz-Ln show) sea iivak tiv, salts have been le,I.oh-id leavluc; coo soo'.1s. Jia PLAsL,os,n.,:' consoli,j1,71-Lod riagos0011E181,of TrInd depcsiLd 12(mor2.too ri,roins nhAoh Lo: moro co,lsolidatod. LhanrLhL oc LLo Qopotal dunes.Soutll 02 ooK4E,olidd r'Idgos Lui Pliocono and fliouono 011;,05,0D. Thej conciLi Loble213' oZ int,rb,.adz,d Jimestonoo, ruano nit clay -iiLh o(mo Eiondstone and sb7J:6». coL(..1.0 of '6110f).Toc. in0,11.0WAInif,aL'i

'rhorool-..:3il1;ho eons a 1. !.011O ".1.1i a c,Lsdoral u as Lyi,î on and gently LoL he 110r Lb a 4'1'0 thew bu' on di:. tri %rue: ",,LirCi

2,

aLo olimato ifi,]:(I/'7,0Au i0 c1.12.W.V:60°.:L2.0a of r L bo,:L ';50 mmor J linons o nL ho ccoo L,ana rap1d1;11.002eas11, oT Lb, In auLumn e.nd winto, wiLh nborL, 7f. -pe0on6 of IL 1,11')1,D7.°1.0 Uo 1.ain fallo In sumno. Th:L thc ro.z.nfr-L1,?from ,OCWr, yoar I r;11/2h, alLbovc,.h somewhaL lowcA! than :la wont simlIav aroas,Summers a:o morlaca n.oc. ma::imum ion JoLy '729°C),t;hIlD maJ (moonminImum janur,vg p°O. Froi-Ac ncvor o,:cus sJont7,:Lho coas t, Tho o7lon hao a hiL:h rAa01,6 Jur,Lln of sunohLn; (30 pero(nt fOL tho 1,hoLL, yoY) cnd 1L3 suOjk,sL Lo;_11,2:11 ( 1100rîticor u,1Muip ITU lì);110ccii inL D OD /no el.a7+ cil.CJ mca:Jurd h 'chslou cavofall and ;,1.1 bi6a facilltjoA, *.i ondLJ,c LIrasolAullha.cLcmpor_,a ",),yLh3 marILIme,,111.senco, aet1 oyl;,ho ';Lloicr,u and -Lem-viv.Atuo. 101

Good. ;30 11'7 CF.7 .+0 n r.11r.:12I :;,1° H.1 -1'I 0 W-1-0,20%; :-I 0114,2t, cl t 7. re T fl1V59701111C1.'in:. r òr h 1",c;OP ;;"i, -1.011 #. "1,C .),""` -C'` ,,;)".PC:n1).S. C1(,,t;"I;'01.1411. ./ :101t1,1 1:7 ,

T11,0 ,o;71.16. on 0 .1 Ji! I OD , oyt:' 0.'1..1011 u ,72' 3 k7Y0 tC 0110kr. ;.). ey..! r;i7,7q1111-1(,'

of the p suitabl ."C

en E]. !..abaa a -wee3 t of Si d'. ;,o5km from .t, o .,7(q)el

9 1)1,7, I ./ 01 ;1. o a value

Special r.,.c be Lir 4110 poi), rn I

nm co rr;,orJ n 1;2, 'L *t: :11:tr"..T.;33. 0'1 011 1.V" ,11.0 C (.17c, tclfc. ;.,ho,,1-)To', o r2,1;( 'L-0 o r r, :Loy, J, ;h"o,tr,t O ,";),,')1"J

rntr Co.c o '1'1.F.!7.7C7),'I' '-%[ T. '7a 1^11.0 1.J2Gov1 17

,10)) 1:,;"; '1;112, J1, .1,;'" r 004_1 r s. 'to si; s 'Ph, 1.1 1/0 r .',, QC:, C.,,.h t t-71 ;711, 1 hort r',;e0.01/3, ;-4

The

10 oh oil fortir, a view to providing vt i on.

2, r,,D0,7,,.=.',11, ' ,;; .t;.;!", ;, SO i )ose

"..;) "..,^ ,ts ;, ro)? .

. ;, CL'> r, ,

'kJ: o ,olt cs---3:(;0 :4011r'

1,1; 7$ .(,7( 1'2)3'7

-I.1- -)ho 7 f 41.f lloc ; ik°.ts-y: 1,k-7,116, loy 7 7It: cc,'',» i741,7+rtalt "/Ci L.0Eart'(/ i) ;; r.;C; t 0,

. i r, r: P1).,rs ,711(.1120 f';! (kw,.Lo"tr'hit ;ur, , 102

4. er

Presh einAcc,rf,c1,1:o '; 'On

0011(11 t`.1./1 ". Sr, , P.J.1 1.1ipb3rbco_,forni,D1. eru:11.r' \f"..K° kill171.6,0 V(.1.b 01, t

.1 iUtl1Ci11-1 ",'. " 1 1)o3i 1,u9 ri r,kf in-Gila, 11LLoOt1 vPrl j DE4 d. JAL- " '1_1 ly ob .1?o 7. a ,j/ ' H .J.(1 (fL

3. r.1, , 0.11.6 ai )7' water can be 44 44,.:44, 'D ..141 1.4

4 , )11,h Got, -2, u.1. , pni, -'1.1,7,t.ltect,,, (He horo1;11.`J 001.113.1(1 1-no r.r3 f 1, 0 `01. ir (10,010.0:Jc1 cpr_t<.. ;'; ueo..e1,.. ThC17C '',10 ,7..,11,1 ;113"..1.1.1:1, the ,200,,, r.i-v olo , 1;7-iJJ,..'r J. 1.7' 14.1,44 I P.I.V.4 2. L`:Llitc..",;.`. ..1;'; °Jo 4.1.1(.1.. IT111.011 'LUC 11.1d.(1üJ U131-'.1 :0 1J, j. 4' wL

5 oa Imo nut -:Alkon plac) aori of riJ.C 1,a%o7,f,,'; c ic; 1oop:Ji!.50d,

31.1 'i L' 3,7" t. .; ciioIin:r;rct 1rouGh z, 44'42,1 444 44.4 V 4'.SLL,

11.11).6.041.4' '4.43.14.4f.4.444.44.411-to 11V4.4.4.'4.4.4.'44.0(4.4.4..:10 .44.1 0 4 4 4.4.; n f'.?'07,, 1 I ".".. t. ;; ''î, IC cf2.,,, t to ;p.b.),... and c;..1.1 j;:.».)1.11 L. r 7.In general, the of c,1.?01.10.0.00 dril:. :Aldioates that -;.11,. excel

In i.,he ,IF,. o o1 7. peno 11 :31.:c

b)Where ao wells d. °J2.-, r, ,;;:teCilïcsai rcocc

0 (.100ific.11 g?,-ii , "

,'.011C'id.$)"12 't,1034 ,

GO 0 Ph,yLlc":0 1..,1,) nt. '41.14 44444.4.4.44 L 4.4 44.44 44."44 44 .

11(,Ltncifittl t)0 (LI 1., "". co,..":'oo11,,v 0.1,y for ',Icy 10,

Photoo:',01.." 14? 44 4446 VV., C.4 Or, s. oDu O 0,,ii.:41)tIT Lc.,(14(0 r.,Lci,131101210 6.1 ij,1 -Lifed t ;, :7;2 J, ,Tt

co of c4 , "a,c, JLe1.;10 t11.1.101 5 "'T. sCs 031' a PljPie.W. of 1'03

1ff h7)71*S ItIGAT IONS

h Climate

The o"..7;.;,,-,-root''t,th. Ldirrion;)

t..th ..kr-dtr.) rh't, ) oho ithhit.tothth thhh;tm, wo 1. htrh)h."'.; auttf)tc, o ;') ;;Es, 01.-;;;; :;; ,-;

2.

)0 0 .:tn o...0 e, o0 0 1;;;)(1,;,-. .%114.,"pC,D r;I34 ;tir yythatpo.::t.r.h"t., r,frru1,11,-1;7' . "+.3 ri' t.r p Ur.;tr; h2 ;;11.<.. 1,j 1-tyrtrhaf-:.tnouni cldt,hrthdchhhipl ht211onde r..r. ,lvd.^.:monc, nil ct h.nn:t°).htachotz)ictrtchc, t:cht.r.nr;!,73 dctrthr ir r i m r r,e L.1117,...r"catz r.110 1-0:;70 62'611rcv U clir cl iisici;Llounah-ohNoh ,).ctorch.1ahhi.; itandid.'oh shtht.tt,;to;th.tt ",,FIE; '7;" :DJ 'Plc,nthi i rtrtrotphry.:.:r.rL1;r r; rt.) h To: f. o ctc 120chht t. hhhh17t,h t.:toct htt dh .2,7; 71 o ;"^ ).--chtT .t.hc ;:thrth.uth).1ht "hit ;.;r t'th .:rurr (tict.d otr.h, hoo,;,:hoh, development 1.tinnh . "d;th.;.h.,1 hotoor.hK o r

;

,foc...:6,,, "0-h,'clr.1 -%° (b) %,01r-cC, 0:1 '''' 7,70,;»-e,-. , ' 'MI? ka..r.r., .C.1: "I: ,mor ' ' ""'( '" ''''rl'''''T)ittirtbict ,., 't' ':'''-"'-'' ' i-"o; "- `I, ,. .,,.',. "... IC,''..'.-l.'.. f `,,'", ir r. , J.11) :._ le'''),"- ''''¡r. ,e -,..,' .01..i I k.' ../"..eli l:' :a I''' " " '''''Dr ,-; 1 - ''' "'St'litf't;t";1,1'1,; ,,

:,,,,, , tly. kit ''',,,h '. " ",'7, ;,. 7 holding ,),..-,1);e 1. ";°.'; '''' 3-k:".;,"" " '',';' 1,',', -; t ;";11':.IX; I f: '''r'..

'AM L ',,r';'it'Y'-' '1,i''*"; .,'..; ''..; lik,'...e; Ilie,:)(-:'h- iloth.-'t,h.hroh rh n't, °Ph thhhtiodtth hhh:t hot ttlthd

t '1'" 0y:0_1,110(1 ! "ir r'.'1,..:1 %II', 1 C-t.:.ht,)h.,rt:h...t o.hto ,,st t,-,.,,,st .2-.oh", :1,-00111h.;r c

( th view lity for

e ) 07: 1.1'' 1,1rfl, -11.* ".;"" ;;:tht,2 hor ,t).11;r. 77,hhchtt, v, ihr '61", e^.^;;;'' 1"1.77, ;

:hh :t1t, ho, .t.th o ti" o)ht.rth --ytdt. 1i. ' ihr tq,b"; 1.;': ''ophr", 7 I i.rlc. )1z., ;,3(kr. t31;"."`1,..N."" C172 1,1..;Vn:',21"6,

1.1;: tL. *LL 104

3. WaterFes times 3.1Surface water Further workand investigation nbould consist of:

Continuation of tit,: ir tovoG!, h ;, aai tJo dc t t.t c.J:a-yr'haiD 1,11;; :01L110 ;..e0to L nl,1i vh o;l01.1%0 ,111"n", ;,,7!1;"iT,,1 (0,11tI7j3 'ma .;71:shou:IIJ colt turclfo.;,cc;,. (-Ja ;

in of ,11.1J n toi ur ou';, :110 mnuo.1 oh(:Jo J,..1 (1)0 IACts.13 i] lo i;Jo.t"n'o., ) CI 11 bu : ',..hort Lc,1.),,; fo o races u,.em ;in toy. bc alnII O ici f1 r.otuat4oh 11,7.1; co. ,,Poorcl(1, j;:(1, rtutorinirucrLicr:'or' '; I)

impl'mocal; a',.; ion oi" cuco [Jolt J5P cur-J'Ae;rauuoc..;:tOloiAlleThL-03 ;2; of tho foc-:, 'Oh: r:;1,aCt j1c,,727 011C o'1107jfkv ;;L:q1 -,70:,17A;;c1,1 tltoiuflp)'cvlrflruìc ut J:A! *JAI o ,..,Q11611;0,1r) ,-,1.17 '047 o. .11

humidity ij k rol tr.../ ut rro-; Jlexj.o()..c "(.` po 'sal) ol obsovveflons oa cinc

(d) Elaboration of aL,J-1_¡,,:,l e. r wat er

llE) .2 1,11 1.,: p Lap JJ:°J.to'o r,:1(.1 'Colo liuci u u

e) o tiIvlI,LICOC,O; ;Jut'y o 9,:;:rt;; '1st; "J, ors r; de.r.J.J iturfa 1'01, i,11 C+,',1 CO," pou u

131)(,11.1 ea L0110, Co: 01(.).:,,,,u ", *"- n,L",

f tt0, 0 .i!c;;;;ati 1"; I 1). ati: kiLk: L0`,.1D'J e-nt Orr. oao '(:oerneaa(1.1,-];J. 11,nol4.,;1:-"yr t.; C14 Part leuiar J;Itor..1( biJ "f tiocra

r.Of, -1,(1L L2' ?*.° 3.2Urotwat The following aoi;ivities are recomm nded Loo' st udi

Cont inns (9.),;;;:,N74.1].e.,t "; law,.;1;1,1 JA, Jac a jN,°, pn)31:artIffics Inc I u(t)s-Johk, "1";arlQat.;,..; j, 1.0roec, ',1" virO I .1 or.;."JZ :r_or.,-(;;;ls and trr'..; r!,'

S12,1)p) uniorl i,tf:1 -tAL: :;13k. 7°.$

"-4.1,..1v t o ',I161. ,1,1 i;11 , L >LIL 001:100 Lod.

(o) ; C. water reo adi en in than those selected under ro oe t;

(d) nt ;,<:;."oir;;;,1; in t least one area, ommen( ; ons of

i66L t, 1, e f. î,,.1,1lt .4111", r.),L$ 11c. s, d 1:".9ICUL " L0.2::07' fl.13 n',,1,:, o -,-,:fk$;31n 105

(f) a-cooa ea level; ;oc

-r] Ah mo7,%,cìcr in v : n of the gr . possibilities NOV.;;TIWOUL D: Si 0J

(h)Dwr,lo'o the Ple e consolidated o '8M 107

ARpendi

SOILS: KORKING METHODS AND -IONS

1 phot 0--MOSEti.C8

111, r:Pc1 'Ink.11',111(1fif1C,13! t",4004 nc r n:- raapr, Qi1 Evian ",1.ypc-p..11):;.:';;L;C; J, n 1: ?no t ,rj tLorol..oci H. :;1;;Ail.;;;11e1,11", 11 1- el boon leap:, cro :1-11; 11111 0;1;";11.,: (1,11; 1:1%1 000uaj ni,",t) ru: orXI 1IlZl:lo"

In a semi-detailed I1.1;;;;1; ,--,1,11 1:11111 ,.1.1190(i Ja?.1:f I`CH 10; /1;10.1 FJU;9,1(1.16 CoY I j nor.; c3;01.:-H

;-oo Xotr: o i01,_) ,S110ffir.:, .05,110 1.0[,7 %).)c.1 ;7:Tr:O. ¡417,'O, non. l; a nle;r. ; i :thn oi E- 11-311(1:1111.1 0.31F/C1 "..11;"1: .:10;.101.11%; 0.1,1011,11;11.,;\ 1.,o ;11,-:i J.0:0,3 E;01.1. ffIEV1;1:111-11.E71.:7; 1,/ 1.I. ;10 N.n.b n iiox;7,11ep,i

, ;, oc. 11).1.1 ; "J.) r1.1.») lxich on;; 14,-1;110er-T-61) _I:. o.rì 1ii ..q.1(.1. 011.01:.nccmr k;11,:Y'CL; .51."! 1, in.( "I. ,!r (_10:;.1 A1'. 'lo 1,cUnC n.o I inn) n ,

-hjs y11;,,,^1;111 :N .;1111;;;1.1 -;s1" 11; -1-a ;pr. ;-1.0;:ql; 130111:1 of riAc-)

; r r nono07 o F".-0:-..,1 io O i "6"-^ "",? "1", "n '" 1""",i o yt;n/c"),,/,

1111.9 ",,,,n7",0","21 "4.1".1

;;;;; .;;;;; 1)110 rf',2f1, r,11, E.:41..yen ¡ale. 0011 pt cpret ,t7.1";1 v ,""D.D.1110,13 i; " in 401.,,:n' -.ono ",,110p1,10 %or nr1,211s, (1-.n "Novo 0,, ioonc..". , orni 0.17,0 1:1-13/;1,T,o fr';;;11:: ccroo,3,.:,.:-/

The 100,111.-11.,`: 'ed iv, the field as field io.:,pc Thr, - et) 1, 111: o 1):,1)1'C; ;'.1;,11`n C., roro'L. c y1:011 coo ",w, on no ,Tpr r co 6,0

. 41:1; .;11.1):I.F1.0 l;:lo ; - oz, f int , ometimos after e. ;WI lidr of'OA 'J.n- II 1t.R.);.or:i'lli)',1:.;vuicllor 1,1) 111. ' 411,711AP....1.3; C. IT; 1701:1;16-71:111Cr; y ; mn ; n't;-o, ;7.1' Cc.; 12,71- l'Or1111111-tC;

roku.i'o.-,r.;-:-.,-" J Lt-r "col; oo.c1 o J iii 0(10

1." 'oh-t )1, I"' i-nu n.11.:11-0.;;PIL 1.C; CI1.11, ni', D1.1 01:11,E1'11-1

"1'1111'3 1.; 1;011.'1 r1.7.^ -1_1 I) PA ,-,z11:1 1111:Th V.1112.1.1.?`1;1,,[no pc] ;11:11

, iutrt, P. on -;,l1 ;;1111;', 11./.. C1. L.01;11L 1.;11. :1 lin, 11(a;

E- 1%7 :., 108

0r

11 cc .l cemploc 1.?bovory. . The following methods were unod in diCCow:

al alysis

ulinat ion a ion Pero

ert ain

ruhount with die volume c tdded

0 F21; 1.11`a. 1,

(1oll.11110. .)11,

.w0or Ch; Ll

Field capacity imatelyS.P.

...ho of waterwhichpasees through a certain size of disturbed soil in a cortnin into

Calculations:

Permeability ( 'hour) 'Vhuviof k L "a7ti1al.l. x iTno (,y0 lc soil

130 0jiLflCICc'',Itne-1, ,71,

let t ions

(11:1,0,,,ro!cortoul,W.1.(xa_ The :11TL '-'7,1d111J of''602! 41LI.-x;0116.TLo TI:gUî. hOUP LI,do clay, Tb vQ.aclivico 1.)

(20°C ) '1.110 /uo ,7!:1 or2, ;.ab°) Cc-3 n7Jo ;4.1 (17:1070

Calciv 3arbonate percentage determinat ion

1.2_ LagCRJ (;A:. P.F1 ,t1kAd 7.1[2," I1106111inlilc :nioluii ,."07* 1-1711,:',.; ciL 12

n o i 1iL o icoi ) vo-.1 two o 1C1C:' WOJ11.11,1'.% 61).(71 -03111Docotu-p,:), ooui;o11-:,,c

Salinity

;oiotLID011,1 nuM.7,utlinc oonduc by1,11,11..iu(; ic' Li"i,Lç'i] L"c'?iici i',rL,', i ic uoil ;14r.L111.1ohor7fom3. 109

Cationsdotrinlnationa

and Magnesium

Ds' Vorsinabo tiLrotion, usinc; rImmoul:1 ydrof_do anJ nium chlori coliltion)0 and orinchrome b11z T, indicato?).

By nroineco titration using Na0H, as a buffer solution, d ammoniu

Sodium and Potasnium

Direct reading by Flame Photometer apparatus.

Aìiiona dot erminations

Chl

By -tii,aU.on withsilver nitrate 0.005 N., using Potass fuldicator,

By itra,Lioa oulTmqo acid (0.01.N), using phenolpht d mothyl oranu17o1'11003,

r and abbrev:

A 'k,o72minolouy used in tho 1.tsoad, %ho soi) deooripLiol.; acordvnco with ihai, rocommendod ?(:) ..111,eructional oso in L.lic "2013 da C. Book No. 18, CM DapL. of2\zric0). Unh. rospoc Lo :11,,D changos have been ' ced.

- Soil dentY.. -^,------Vory shallow o:, Ltrnitod deop Moderroly doop (1(" c,on 'kV) a

This romonclauro ii noi; cmpletoly In accol-danoc wi-LU thoArTr. An mlap',,ed io '6he clo.nsificabion uonoral.1:T ucod by 70DN *1.1 t1):7: o,oLicadi,nct he nomonclai;w:o doscribes the ti' tolnoso of aco5:17,,11 nolum, no i,only ()vol.-.17nckbuL also over ruy o'6her coil ;ocori.al pose!bilitios of plax%c uolicho horisco),

2 mal ositio

Every eoil ia composed e ;:des of different size; they separates. 110

The following size limits of the various soil separates can be distinguished:.

Abbrcxio.'dolt

4:1 .se eogf cr,ivel -e,Gr

Col:LAJ coarse sand e.c.s. Send very sand y 0,A) medium 3.nd 1-117,Qou 00z10 0,2(0

. fir m.f.s. u0 Or ''°) riAo %JCoso 0. 5+,,.-1 0:1.C.4

o,rio3moly ,',102Cono 0..10 '647 1),(0:4', 4

coarse silt coal 0,J05 to 0.u2 fine silt f.si 0.02.6ou,00,!

clay ' 0.002

Notw Tho sopaiT,Los of onalycod soil uamples of thì.i projooi; del,erminod uithou 5emovin&th3 C.A003, RemD-voi of CcC071 boCovc do:; w11..il;the uopa-,m.qeu p]N4Jubly7',7JEJ11:6,.tPloon olcy9 1os7 mov,?

The of L) soil io de?iaaC'. by"GlIo ..o.'610of thodi iut soparRtge, Man,/3oilprop.31.-tir.n (0.6. .:ra. ea. holdiag ippaoityQ Liten oorrelatodulih1,110 to::turo aael. '61ioraforo ir one of :611Gunos charaeLorastics oP

The texture classification and nomenclature are derived from the Pilovi,:mi i,riongla, boned n ho pomant,,,.,;:k--v of clay (smaller 0,002,m0, 7:;n 0,,e5 mm) oald san61 (10.0'; mm), Srf.o 17') i Ofi,11A.C, appona-1, - 111

Appendix 1

FIGURE 1

l!. S. Deparfinent (if Agrictilture, liureau iif and Agricultura! Engineering GUIDE FOR TEXTURAL CLASSIFICATION

May 1, 1(150 100

80 e 4,4

y y y y c) 'VVYYr'o'o*o S r', r o r'io',7, o o',. clay *.'"o7,7,,Yr'a; oo Y 4VY\4' YTV4,.y VVT'A4 Tr y , o o o'. Y V .7,7;,,',',Yr\:+7;,,YoVy'v'o\o'; .' o o a a A"..?,:o r,-.. , SO /471.%24 SI4Y.4:-;-44 1.:44.441;-,24Z4',Y,' N1,,,,I: 47,..' '' '''''' . ' '' '(:''' ' '-- SVVIV, ''7..:4 10 r';',4 VIV 1..\74,%'; i\T"I'''''; Ì %.,'; .;,.., 4/,,V,7 ,,,,,,, ,5 .4r; o .o O o r i \N

o r fio .. o o .4 oVo'rY.'oVr\ o''ovr't,' 'vs.,'s r.:,',,V, \ "' ":?..... o y o r ., v ..,, 1,--1; ,,e rr ,....,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,....,,,,,,...... V*7 ,,, ...... \ ;;; 4,' r; r 1 ,° , .4,,, oorr"o.o.rrro, e ,...t / ,0,1lk.,:,:,,,,%",:,:,,,y7" '' ,.\" ",..%...,,,,, ' " ' ''',,,,,,,,' si,,yi ; ,t,:e,r ' ivie,..,,,,,.,.:/o sandy .",,..,,,,Y. :.Y ."/..°:.\°,% Y',/,.",`,',,Ty "y" " ''",.`, \ c I ay Y o y o ' 1;v,',clav ,',/,' ;Y,'\"';'.',',:.;%.:',.".',.,';'"%.',?:,A ./:::i 0 Z.,4;1:.4....",","-;at:,Z,11,7j.,,S.:.;,...',1;5'.'.;-:.,; y r:t,,r,t,J,Y -4/"..'y': . X y '1,1, ro,o\o .\ror 171: 1 ,-..ro ; .. r5111V '-lary,,v,\ ,y, e /3Y rn ioam \ ,.".`.."4,..Zy. , , " ,,, , orr'" sandy clay loarn ,^ 4,1 ,\o

..4 A t YY, T t'l 4.*:4V \VNr 7.. 20

10

and sand

ca t5" ca 6) -O O percent sand 113

A subdivision of the names used in this classifcT.tice7 is mo.dc respect:to the size of the sand where this is 50 percent or more o il mate.::!i to

'3J!olo,Lo-,:tural class Subdivision GollePci terma

Spud r:ocTnou-lud GoarJc :idc coil .-wmy sand TOFMS 00a76r,; Sria6.

Solicly 1 coorse ,7cild1; modownl: coarse -k7ioe 3e,nayloam 1c)::-'61rod

Lsom mcdmo Lc,-cmy :1111; loam un1 no 1

Clo.y lcam moclevo Le nrle Scucly r) -:r(05) cc. i. olc,y loom

c.11a;" 00:.1

ontent iJ coito in qlie Nel!1;h Wcs-6'cru Coastal high age of CaCO3 ore 'hain i0 Lo 20 percr16) 7,u0. liorooZore int 4)Salinity 'es of salinity are '-7:_ed according to the foil criteria:

o /11 (7. o1ass EoCo mmhon/em (25G) NrL .L19 0 - il 1,1,7 - - ,Le.ry eta ofookro 15 114

5) Soil permeabilitx

Soil permeability was determined in disturbed in the laboratory al be clessir:led by the following criteria:

Classoc Rates In cm/hom?

Very slow lose than 0,15 2) 05 o (7),

Moderate

3) Modevatoly slow 0,5 to Moderate 1.0 Lo6,5 /'5 Modore.tely rapid 6.5 Lo '2.2Q5

napid 12.5 to 25 1,ory vapid over 25

6) Field capacity

Field capacity ia thp moisture content of a coil tha, al6v uomploto has been dvained froel,y for some days, In tha fiold this fiiliation ii bo :7ua,,JhorL aomo dayo of oxceoslvo Irrigation. The fisld capaoit5- ioo, 0.aod appro::imati,Ja uppol. TWA:, of the amount of moisture that is orosont in a soil and that can 1.3oolwmo0 by alantu, The louev.limit of this amount io the uilting point, Thu diZfovonou fie/d capacity and villtin1/42: poin, in tho amount or uatoz, that 'ts voall.y avadablo A: crop. It io therefore importan'6 to knou n'tonly the :lold ..mpaci%y of t!. colt, evf tho viltinv point, especially ao there lc clal-te a variaidcm oao 115

Appendix 2

HYDROGRAPHICAI, liURVEY

BASIC DATA OF WAD'S 117

SALLUM - SIDI BARRANI

Win Ce,,cbmeul; Area .Yo-ox,!ge (Yi Region Total LengLh I Gaolom Wadi area Quaternary Tertiary d1opo 1 P]ioceno ,

km' km Sallum 2.69 3.30 0.40 2.29 2 .49 5.5 0.49 4.00 3 .1Ikrab 35.35 7.9 35.35 0.0056 4 0.70 1.4 0.70 5 Eazeyat P.29 12.0 39.29 (1,0603 6 0.74 0.74

7 1.5 0.54 0.60 1.1 0.60

9 37.05 13.0 37.05 000086 10 1.08 2.2 0.60 11 2.36 4.0 2.00 12 0.75 1.3 0.75 13 26.19 14.5 26.19 14 1.77 2.8 1.27 15 19.41 14.0 19.41 0.0011

16 0.86 1.8 0.86 17 4.64 6.5 4.64 18 3.50 7.0 3.50

19 ;7alaaba _0e84 12.2 10.84 0.0480 20(1)' 26.47 14.5 25.00 0.0227 21 1.72 3.7 1.20

22 5.32 14.6 15.32 0.0011

23 II 6.67 3.5 5.00

24 15.2 12.79 0.0016 25 12.55 14.9 13.55 0.0010 118

T b e icon t,

Catchmea.Area io.Fame _ of of Region Total (-3g12r.:.77 aroa n,uatoY.nor;y P.1.1COC11,3 .) 07'1 a)

km2

26 14.50 14.7 0 1,00 27 11.79 14.5 1.00 28 29.99 14.4 1.99 28. 29 35.57 14.0 1.00 30 Si 2.19 2.5 0.69 1.50 27rru.ai

31 25.50 14.5 1.50 24.00

32 1.67 3.1 1.10

33 1.62 3.0 0.81

34 10. 11.5 0.92

35 01 1.67 2.3 0.40 36 It 1.77 1.9 0.70

37.11 19.89 13.1 7.70 38 6.35 13.5 0.80 391/ 17.31 14.3 2.00 4011 19.29 14.3 1.29 41 17.01 15.6 1.01

42 II 56.10 15.8

43 20.97 13.0 0.97

44 10.7 0.60 45 10.7 9.6 0.74 46 0.90 1. 0.20

47 111 1.87 z),fle 0.67

48 12.87

49 3.81 0.51

50 16.54 007 1.00

51 14.50 10,1 1.00 119

Table 1(cont.)

7fooName Catchment /ixon Avoroo or of Total LengthL_-- - Gooloay eloPn Wadi:2 Wadi area 1 Qua%ornaryTertiary TeriAary 1 Plioceno Mloccne )

km tre

Sidi- 52 .¡:;.rrani 10.0 0.64 7.00

53 10.0 6.75

54 9.5 7.49

55 2.5 0.30 0.90

56 2.0 0.30 1.35

57 10.0 1.24 35.00 0,0183

58 2.0 1.05

59 6.5 1.00 11.25 0.0122

60 6.0 0.35 2.00

61 5.8 0.30 1.85

62 0,60 2.49

63 6.1 3.19

64 13.0 1.95 41.84

65 7.0 0.47 8.40

66 6.5 0.25 3.00

67 5.5 3.37

68 2.0 0.37 1.00

69 5.0 5.85

70 5.4 6.00

71 'lrad 6.7 11.45 0.0574

72 6.0 1.75 5.75

73 8.o 2.45 15.42 0.0288

74 3.6 7.25 2.00

75 5.5 1.32 5.00

76 1.22 4.40

77 5.4 1.10 4.70 120

uij e

Ca t kr o a ft). 7rn n o 16-) ri on _Ge cl oroy naio n en-ary Tr 1S.1 C On') I 1,1,) ri*,

o 1:m 1:171-*

70 0abaya 1 H 3.80 *I 0-) ') P )

"f9 Niroica 8.62 J1..0 4.02 "

RO 1,abda 52 16.0 7.70

8) nur 2 25 3.0 89.25 11-,5-1 82 navuba P:.2. 60 13.5 42.60

83 d 26.1 6

Group of wadis Sanab Panbun t.1,n

Lab t 121

AREA BETWEEN SI D.: JARRANI AND MERSA ASI

1 0 , frf', !r,ffilf0 ;:(31..,hic.

frf r (rir Reoion 17e1-1.0,1; - - 0Jo.1,)m.r :radir. 'f"911i '72,:,ii - V1.1-,;-7 1, 0- -1-.'i)177.-- Fir. e-i7EL-ri-1:37 --2 r 4 i ( i -'11.oceneI': oconc f

1 , km 1:u, 1:w2 8.¡. di-12.7 7.3 12.29 0 . 0 0 03

ff 3.54 4.5 3.54 16.65 7.4 16.65 000,!8 67 8.11 8.o 8.11 88/ 4.10 7.8 4.10 89/ It 0.n7 1.3 0.45 0.50

O tt 1.1.! 8.4 0.44 17. 50 00(.7

91 03 13.21 8.5 1.21 92 2.77 6.0 0.77 )3 10.13 8.1 0.53 9.60 0.0053

94 11 6.72 8.4 0.42 6.30

3 0.61 5.00 8.5 0.48 3.40

97 '1., 17. 5 2.25 9.34 It 1.72 9.60 i. 1.7 0.30 1.10 100 Mat- 15.21 1.01 14.20 0.0047 ! i 101 20.25 9.0 0.80 19.45 0.0055

102 03 6.47 9.0 0.47 6.00 103 2.01 4.0. 2.01

104 flz-Jfla 13 9.37 9.0 0.81 8.50

105 17-..(t 9.0 0.59 9.00

106 1/ 9,0 1 3.95 6.15 0,1.)058

107 It 110 8,8 2.75 1.15 122

Tab 2 (cont.)

Cato mont Aro'. of Region Total Len h Coolorw Nadis aren uaternarw TeridaryTa,'Llrz! P110conoillocono

2 2 km km 371".t

108 Ea Sidi - 3.95 8.7 1.50 2.45 ani

109 29, 8.71 8.8 3.10 5.61

110 91 6.92 8.9 1.20' 5.72 111 2/ 1.01 8.7 5.80 5.21 112 1.35 3.2 1.35

113 99 3.04 5.3 0.30 2.74 114 6.00 8.5 1.15 4.85

115 92 6.05 8.4 6.05 116 8.82 8.5 8.82 117 11.04 8.o 11.04 0.0066 118 4.94 7.8 4.94 119 1.25 2.5 1.25

120 9.46 8.0 121 It 1.06 2.0 1.06 122 6.25 8.0 6.25

123 6.87 8.5 6.87 124 6.32 8.6 8.32 125 2.91 5.0 0.40 2.51 126 1.17 2.0 1.17 127 28.54 16.4 28.54 0.0050

.128 5.82 6.0 5.82

1.29 0.62 1.4 0.62 130 44.46 15.8 44.46 131 15.12 15.5 0.62 15.50 0.00(/ 132 15.80 16.5 15.0 0.0047 133 7.65 7.5 0.65 7.00 123

d l t (-1r) t ,

r,'17; ,r L1-, !, 7,1,:.,1. ,Ì ' ," !1 yjj 3V' J Pa o

1

1 m'!! km I;

i 31 iTogeila 0.41 4.70

135 -,o ^C0j)0',01 0

136 ro727,-tak 36.37 15.8 1(),!

137 11.31 3.0 1

138 19.37 16.9 19.37

18.0 20.00 , or)s/ '39 1 , 21.37 1.37 75.35

11 »0.00 (170n0!.4 jiLra

ft 1.86 51.00 22.06 10,00,!0 ft

,71./ occort Nege ila 1.96 ^"-J^i7

1%b,t 0,40

1.67

1.56 51.30 147 L 1)., c-;a

. 62 33.00 148 Yaw 19.30 149 lLL Ltl .74 49.30 150 L1,11c, iy 1.55 -.11)1 i 1.64 1.75 6.46

to 13.5 1.54 13.50 ^ 1.53 15.04

17.71 7. 0 1.71 16.00

to 2.87 46.27 0.]4- 24.2 J

2') 23.7 29.52 124

Table3

UM -EL -RAKHAM - MATRUH

Catchment areo. No. Nome of of qc,[jon ' Geolocy Wadis Wadi re o. 1-.ornt.,ry Ter ioi PLicoon6 illosen()

157 Um-el- 2.27 1.00 1.27 Rakham 158 nab ft 52.69 3.00 46.69 0,u044 159 Thimayed :26.77 1.00 25.77 ),01'3 El Asi 160 Taniya 3.56 4.3 0.56 3.00 161 Dab ft C1.01 21.3 1.75 79.26 162 Konuda 76.89 20.5 76.89 10-02 Abdiya

163 Halazin 1.39 19.5 1.00 30.39 164 ft 2.87 3.5 1.67 1.20 165 Mahlab 29,29 19.5 1.00 28.29 166 Mahkin 1975 19.0 1.75 18.00 167 x2.46 20.5 4.46 38.00

168 . sacwah 30.74 4.7 5.79 24.95 169 1113 22.7 56.60 170 3..37 5.7 8.37 171 48.00 20.7 48.00 0,0:)32 172 1.40 3.4 1.40 173 -el- 40,14 20.0 40.14 Rakham

174 liable .5.4Y 6.7 5.47 1751/ 4.52 3.6 4.52 176A Ash an El Ciasr 38.93 19.8 88.93 0.jG47 176131/ tt 10.41 3.1 4.21 6.20 0.103 177 8,:mab 21.50 19.3 21.50 178 Washka 8.94 5.5 8.94

179 65.30 19.5 65.30 U. 125

Table 3 (cont.)

Catchment Area Ave re No, Name of of Tota S lope Nadirs Wadi area Tertiar:f Miocono

km2 km km 180 Nadu/1r or48.56 20.0 3.75 44.01 0.0053 181 RmJa 124.35 22.0 2.35 1.0 121.00 0.0047 102 Kharruba 60.15 16.0 60.15 0.0044 183 1 10.90 1.20 9.70 0.0129

.1./Group of Wadio 126

Table 4

'::2W2EEN NATRUE AND HAS-EL-

Catohmont Arca AWQ'PT:' :Name of ter,7,ion Total Lenct Geolou clopo

Wadi area uaterlivry Yer:Tiory ' T'orLinr:' Plhooene Mocone

2 km km km2

184 Tawaudya 25.30 9.5 25.30 0.0077 185 Elleir 5,36 14-5 4.36 31.00 0.0072 136 2/ 2A.2A5 7.5 24.36 0.0090 187 .n./-,hamish It 116.66 23.5 4.75 111.91 0.0048 188 (.;aawla it 77.80 22.0 9.63 68.17 0.0051

18) Zarca 125,62 20.7 9.12 116.70 0.0051 190 Eu nica 101,72 21.0 11.72 0.00 0.0098

191 rarsaba 87.16 20.3 3.16 - 00 0.0061 192 10.36 5.3 5.76 4.60 0.0172 193 33.29 17.0 2.00 31.29 0.0048 194 22.97 15.0 0.70 1.70 20.57 0-0049 1951/ 2.08 2.8 1.08 1.00 196 10.00 14.8 1.00 1.00 8.00 A005 197 1.25 1.9 0.83 0.42 198 15.32 13.8 1.09 1.09 13.14 00213 199 Daggush27.74 12.2 1.14 1.14 25.46 0.0479 200 4-39 5.3 0.60 1.89 1.90 201 11.25 9.9 0.25 1.00 10.00 202 1/ 7.37 3.6 3.87 3.50 203 13.80 13.00 0.0047 204 12.42 1.60 10.82 0.0046 205 16.07 1.07 15.00 0.00114 206 '`..harina It 31.54 31.54 0.0018

AL [2.40 C.L10.1

" /nrcup of Wdin 127

_Table 5

AREA BETWEEN RAS-ELTM,q J.31-D FUKA

Catchment Area *verar,e. Total Lenutll GeoloT lo e

gpat.ernary + Tertiary TcrtLary Pliocene Piocene

km2 km km2

20.8 37.34 0.0039 1.9 0.97 14.5 1.0 20.37 0.0073 11.6 19.50 0.0066

10.8 13.97 0.0082 1.5 0.97 9.6 25.67 0.0044

12.5 22.97 0.0061 13.5 0.94 21.00 0.0050

15.9 2.67 146.00 ..)0053

21.1 3.56 132.00 0L304) 128

HYDROLOGY

1. Calculation JaAon,

The rainfall/roff correlation in the wadis has been calculated by the formula:

R bh (1) b3T where R amount of runoff

h - x2 amount of rainfall

T x3 =duration of rainfall For the calculatión of the parameters bi, b2, b3, the followi formulas could be u5eA:

b2 Z )3 I (A x2 x3) (LI x

b2 E (b, x2 Ax3) + b3 E ( .6 x3)2 - E (A x2 (2) - b1 . b2 x2 - b3 x3

2 - 2 where E ( x2 - N x2 - 2 E (iA.,1Y -E x32 - N x3

Z x1 "2) x1x2 N 3"172

E(A 6, x_O E x1x3 - N x1x2

N x3) Ex2x3 -N

(N number of obserw 129

2. /1»,1 correlation 'n Wadi Kil

a, hasic data

o

' -17! 1-3

31 196.0 628 2;3.0 355 59.3 2 355 7.7 600 36.0 3 600 600 6.0 1 000 51.8 200 1 000 7.2 2 041 114.5 339 2 041 10.7 6 619 231.0 100 609 6 619 15.2

15Li',7 5 1 260.3 323 73 235 177 5

12 1 30 ' 567 s 34 69(11 2C0 523 p,,, e oor .-n- ^-1-y ------a-a--- tlf,o- tn, - -^ 73 1.)-76 1.71 N.7

b.Calculationofparameters _19 - 3.76)2.1 948.9 - 1325.4 - E (Ax2Ax3) 52.3 -7 x 13.76 x 1.71 . 252.3- 16,7 z , 696 200 7 3 798 x 13.76. 696 200 365 82,3 E 20.47 - E 0 7.,L): 7 x 1.71 =89 528- 45462.

T,-4:110 lic,11.1c in (2)

(3) 13.76b , - 1.71b3 ch we obtain: b1 bo b3 + 1

Thuo the ;7,D: (1) canbe written:

1 923T - 130

3.

22L20 ! 43.68

10000 86.40

1 000 0.75

(5.7)2- 124.65 - 97.47 -

130.83 - 3 x 5.7 x 5.9 .

551 760 - 3 x 23 630 x 5. 551 7..

z (5.9)2- 171.29 - 104.

23 630 x 5.9 52- H8 250 111 030

in th. (2)

2 9 t2 66.60u

m 23 630 - 5.7b2 b1

z-Inbe jiten 131

1-2

`,.! 000 7.7 16 15 400 Ft r'00 30.8 i3 700 15.0 5 25 205 500 ,,0 500 75.6

500 3.4 i 'Too 500 7.4. j '16°,!0(..; - 0 000 , R. 3 33 , ------,

b. Calcu1.: (ti: (8.7) - 109.2 - (6 x2 x 8.7 x ,.j

(6, - 3 x 5 0 x 8.7

(A x3)'''' -- .33) - 33.33

E = 77 000 - 3 x 5 3.33 - 77 000 - 54 000 - o

(2)

. 23 0 (3) b/ . 5 400 - 8.71)2 - 3.33b3

from which we obtain b= -3 7('5

Thu6 the formula (1) can t

. 1 907h - 2 2)0T - 765 132

5. -ainfF1 a.

_

1 , 1 4

, . Lff,TAT 'J'En ,TiEr OT ! NOV EF/1 JAil 1 F111.1' 1T AIT, MA-1f JUN 'JUL AU( i - i

0.0 0.014.0 10.01k0,01 1/.10 3.0 ^.0 ',),,Or0.0 Q.0 " 0.0 1(.0 1u16-17 0.0 0.021.0 1!;.0166.0;394113,', i.0 0.0'0.0 i 0,0 o.o 1,3.7 917-N1 0.0 04.0,26.? 31.11 6.0 0.0 0.010.0 ° o.o 0.0i ilU.r.) !1':111?-1',74 0.0 dq.7131:7,.6 -,,71 (-). 0.o 0,00.0 0.o 0.o,!42.0 Wr19-'20 1 0.0 1;',..1.5 2,z1,(rd,1,,,..3 i.. 0.00.0 0.o 0.o 27I.(/ 1120-2. 0.0 6.4:Th'i22.9 20.2 o..(-,! 0.0 3.,.6 0.0 0.2, 0.0153, 1921-22 0.0 0.122.od2.'62:7i ,-..d ,,..1,0 6,0 e,o1 0,,o 0.0 o.e1J5.-_,,, 1n22-'3 0.0 1C1',, lu-31P,3 1.51 c1,0 u.oj e.o o.o o.0..,5,-:,.,-» ;123-2d 0.0 0.0Jï.sJ W.3.g,.,1 0.,9 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 o.eP70,..2 19:4-25 0.0 70.1! 100.210.3 13.51 4.), 0-c.fl0,0 0,,0 o.0,276.2 1n25-2b ,,19.s 2c).51 16,o 2F.1.3 16.7t 0.- ,,, n,o,6.o 0.o 0.0 -1 - 0.0i2).6 ! 1)26-27 0.0 7.i00.1 71.0 l',,-,j (1.0 0,0;o.0 0.0 0.0200.' 1S'2(-23 0.0 0.0 6i.').0 L9.1 17.230.3 7,5 0.H 0.0 0.0 0.0 252.5

192L1-:?9 0.0 n.o23.3 16,./1 70.023,0, 2.011:-.0 0,00.0 1 0.0 0.0166.7 0.0 15.4(303'c12.3 0.-°, 0.00.0 i 0.0 0,0239.3 1fl,7)-.31 0.0 25.0-,5 3.8 1,.0; ..1.0 0,00.0 ; 0.0 0.0 9d.."-, 1F31-32 0.0 0,0 1.1.] 00.7,1,(2,..fl 0-00,0 ::5.0 0.0 1 0.C1 0.1)i1:, 4 0.0 68.391-1 11.1 " 1..3 2.20.0 1 0.0 0.0153.7 0.7 0.057.9 2-1-2 52-4 0,1! 10.0 0.01 0.0- wolo e 153. 0.0 0. 00.9 31.01 0.3 0.01 0.e 0,0 0.0 ' 0.0il.71 o.o 0.0 0.0 0. 20.11 07.3r.1.9 o.0 9.0 o.o1 o.o o,o c I-- 0.0 25.427.061.039,6 13.,31 (1, O. 0 1 0 0.01,05. I; 0.1.1 0.0 28,52,1.5 16.6 12.010.6 1.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 175-1 o 0.0 7., i3.074.2430 6.0) 0.0 0.0 I 0.0, )47.0 1 0.0 5.0 .15.7 5.',9 20.621.3 0.2 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 H12.3 c)4 0.0 5.403.:i1.1 10.5 7..7 0,0 '2..3! 0.0 0.0 ! 0.6 129.2, r7ML:-.5j 0.0 25.2 24.0 2.0 1.0; 0.0 0.0 0.0 190. C).1 0.0 14.: 10. 0,61 4,5 2.0i 0.0 I16.

15.2 0.0, 0.750-123.1 0,0 5-1' 0.0 0.0 ; 0.010,2 1 alci/-15 -16 0.0 0.2' 65.025.7 17.1 907 0.0 5, 0-0 0,0 0.0lo3.7 0946-211 2.7 2.7 t.1,1 0 0 510.0 0.30.1 0.0 0010.0 0.0 26.0 4.7 51.8, (3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0177.2 I16,18 0.0 ^ ,.0108 u7.0 10.6 001 0.0 000 0.0»7,1..1 190 9. 0.0 0.010.0,159.5g7.2 11.0f).0 YO; 0,0 0.0 5.11 0.2, 0.6 1,5,',2 )0.2;0.0 ox 0.0 r.0 11,5)51-52 3.0 5. 13.963.7 LU 36.0 9.3;().0 0.0 ' 0.0 1 0.o 172.ì C1C- I 0.0 1.%.5 1,3.1 JJJ 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lo23.757.3 4.9 0.1 2.010.0 n00 0.0 ; 0.0 3.71121.'t97.1, 1.0 1,1.7 6.7i 0.01 0.0 ' ' r 0.0 257.0 67.3. 73.1 * ! ¡ :26,3 0.0 0,00.0 0.0 Co'277.1 7'1 6.7 o.J07, 1 76.527.04().',,' 4.1 ono ono o,o

0.0 20.7! 1 0.2 c.w 0.0 0.0 J 0.01215.6 o.o 4.71 22.625.1,03..970.3 0,0 n,00.0 0.0 1 0.01100.1

2J»,:d 4.7 -2.7.1 1 0.0 I 03 0.0 1 0.0 0.0172, 1;c:100-4A F)J.!--) 0.0 0.2; t.,4.1 1,7 03,7 1.5 0.01 0.0 ! 0.0 " "00 15,-) , 0.0 ,3.01 1-00,-).045.0 0.: 0.115.2,, 0.0 0.0 "001134. ,) L.' 0.0 (-41.; 6 lf.-t 1U.01 1W),: 1 . 1.0! 0.0 0.0 0.0 'X., 0.0 56.J1 7.-)1 0.0 2.61 0.0 1 0.0 ' 0.0

60.1 1:0:5 100. ,;.11 0.00.0 1 0.0 ; 0.0

0.0 1,.'H 01101,1,L..0 8.81 00G 000 1 0.01101.1 0.0 4(.7 0.0 3.01 1 33

r

-PI., Il'1.11P.. P PI, 1 rr PC.", P ';.Ptit.,IIP ITC"t I t '' tìttt ;in), qi TOTAL

ktr. jt , Is's0 f

, t tsr Cr

("Psi (III:, ,i.,":/ trt , 0 Ì PÌP ,PÌ in(P.

u

,uu ut*, ,,:, ;

11 II ;

r . t it t I 1

i i p , i 1, ÌÌ ,,,, f p 1,;',..1,. ,':);,', Ì PP' r p CI ,C,' Cl r 1

l 'Pr i tr-2, 7 r, , r, r 'f, t. r rI.r ,tit g, t '' I.,'"..5 II,;(If , " ,P.':,It' t

csscs.cP;ti Pfr PP;

r.sss,;os t, 1

I P

r IIP s, ss sss, 'r i ''L) I

1

I a ct.)""u'u .

u'u u

,-1. uu-'.. t u, E ,, ,-., u: I '(-.) .1, u ' u (", lu ' ..'

1 Ì , H:,g, . 'S ;

g u u f; ; lu ; . 'o

r

; il u u-u :,-, g ; cu t , i c`u i' u) 0:. ! i CC, 4 ' '' i 1

t ; t r . ' iI e'r;Pt".":.' 11'1 ,, II I. ,' 134

El Dabaa 3 t() -.7010)7, ., ... _ _

1,;,,re I YEA1Z 2,EP) u11T DL_ Jio;; :,)j ,)I Jill') I :110 T0',1; I I

(110-11 0.0 22.020,022.0 $°'OCH 112.0 1)11-12 0.0 1,0 22.3'22.5 6.0 0.0 0-0 0 IQ»; r; 1,1 .ti -13 ' 0.0 0.0 116.0' 7.020.0 0.0 0.c. 1 0.0 6.0 0.0 I 11.0 i 0.0 ?7.7 1.1.01 2.0 ; 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 . (,) .1: . 0 1914-15 0.0 0.0 1.,* 27. ; I 1915-13 0.3 0.0 16.023, , 0(si /1)1 1916-17 0.0 (). 3.0j0.1 Nor:, 10;-, n 0.0 0.0 0,0 I ) f;) 1917-18 0.0 _ 0.025.0' 10,-1. 0, C ,; i'o o o

iqIP-19 0.0 0.2 , 0.01.5 1 0.3' 0.0 0,0 191U ._2C1 0.0 0.C; i;.1. 0 22,037.0 .0 0.0 0.0 I 0.0 0 0.c., 21'101 2,,,,,, .., 020-21 0.0 0.0 5.1.0 J /3. (-II 2." , 0.0 1 0.0 0.0 0,0

1 o110,,, 1921-22 0.0 J.5 4I .5 / I'7' '2 ".00 0:0 0.; 0.0

)' 1, I' c,*2 1922-23 0.0 12 . :: -,,:-., 1721.7 10.1 ,o 0 I , 0 . 1923-21 0.0 1.7 I , c; 21.9 ;1,-,.-(' n 0,0 0,0

192L';-25 0.0 :, 170.0 ,11,.;; CJ I -0 , 0,n 161:

1925-26 0.0 n.0 2.0 41 ; ;i 1 (1.0 0.n10,0 '11,-""<0 1926-27 0.0 0.0 ."_s . 0 0 . e 000 o.,7; 0 , 0 0 0 0107.5 1927-28 0.0 91.0 .i. l) 0.6 .71 o (; '; ;7, , ;; 1 00 o 0. i,1 0.0 '11'01,-.

192L' -29 0.0 0.06,1.0 5.032.0 0.1) 1 0.0 41. 0.0 0 0 ;Md.( n , 1920-30 2.0 i''.',. 5 ,02,0 126,10-, 1.O I n.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 r.).°!:jH 0.0 0.0 3..r.',.0i!77 0 17-C' 0 OJI Ili'', 0 ' 1911-32 0.0 C.C. ; o (1 1 5.1_i ci e ,0 . I. 1.0 ;1,. C, C.,. 0 0,0 ' .1932-33 0.0 0.001.0 1',72.0 16,0 (*). I ,.-1 0 0.0 0.0 ,s, ::.0,7, 5 , o' r,t n1i, 0.0 (-J.() 0,015io,i0; °, f 1, ' r.4.1 t , 0.0 0,0 , 0, :1 ; , CI IS 1:-)36-37 0.0 0.0 0.0 .112.0 50.0 ; 0 Ii ;;) , ; O 16J 0

,, 0.0 36.0 1,1 e 0 15» 1;) _t. C' ' 1,),Y 0,0 °,fl HA,H

; o , 0 1 O,,;) HQ:10-30 0.0 0.0 32.0 0 t.; 0.0 c, I 6b.0

'1(n9 -40 0.0 0 0 3, . 0 '.. i . 0 :0>5 I ),C) 0,0 0,0 06/ 0.0 000 »9,1'7)-50 0.0 - I- 000 0.0 1.;:o c),0 0.0 CL 16.6 u 0 0.0 o 1

I ' 1 'f; 1501-5;2 5.0 , CI 'U, t)7f , o 952--)3 0.0 6.7 1;1.. 1 1 0,0 r I 11953-51; 0.0 , 0,0 '6.2 0.0 10'

, j 1 I I 1195/1-55 0.0 o 0 0 , 9 19?)-- 56 0.0 0.0 0,0 u 105c...57 0.0 ;_b.1 2i),0 0 .1 I ; 6.. 0,0 :Les1 , , I95 7.-5$ 0,0 0 , , , o 0.0 5». 0 0

, , /

11911962,A) 1, , 1(.60-U1 1 0.0 ;i5r,5 19c, 1-30? () 0 11J? 6 1/ 0 0,0 It iii,7 0 , , Cr ; .;;),11 C' ,; i' 9' t 0.0 1, 74 1 tO.5 iTst I 11, 0.0 f:1,I/ P;e1 or, 0.0 0,0 .615' .I 0.0 n / 0.0 -06 0.0 41,1, .13 0.; 0.0 0,C+ 1 - 1.4 1.1 . , O., i 0.00,0 1)1 10(1,7 -;e4 .0 2.0 1-1 135

Irekma

SEP( 01.:111 NOV uE01I I Ns F11111 i441R 1PT' 1,1A111 ' oU11 1; JUL, 1 A1j0 rOOTA1,

1 - 1s-'504-L.57 6. o L. 24.0 0,0 1, 1.141.0

r.;7-..-7,6 o , 21,, Cs 111, :1 0,0 0.121 U. 0

195d-59 0.0 7 19.5 41(1.2 n',11 0,0 0.0

1959-60 G. 0,0 41 C, 5.9 n,u

(f.) rs , 0.0 0.0 0,0

)2 41i 0.0 0.0 n. 0,0

0,3 oil'. 0.3 0.0 0,0 70.4

1 1 012441.,; 22.3 0 0,0

1

3, ,;c$ 10P. 3 - I; o lo.3 12.2 0,0 C,.

.41 1174-41.; 7 . 0,n 0.0

1 1

4;4 5 .3 1° 0.0 0.0 000 8 7.044.1 12.2 136

e. hruh Ai 7'1 don

YEAR Ma' l.''.'"f' 1.10;! 1 4)EIQ ' ..T;\11 '" F 'Tip.i 1.'0..rì !!' 11 0:1., ,r0.11 I .1 !WC: . . . 1 s , I 1C)21-2,2 0.0 .7.0; (1.7,o.o i -',.8) o . o L'...:.,,i (",,,or , 0.0 o .o 0..1 rd. ,..;lo..» LeWl --',(' 6.0 0.01 )(-) 1 1922,-2» 0.076.51 0.(._ "1. 1.)0.,,,-.1 2,,,`1'H 0..1', ,:,.0 0.0 (-2 0.0 I 0.01..,'»10.1 I.(I,C.1j0.0 21.72.5 (.0i0,7, 0.0 0 01 33.2.,. 1925-26 d.5 i3.2111.,5 2.7 .72,0....2 k.6d icl.''Qc..!?» 0:0! 0.0 0.0 11.0! 'II .5 0 o 0 0.0 0 .[_!, 2,.:!!!. 2 C, . 0 i 4 LI . /.1 0s,, 11`. . 0 ':, o . 0 0.0 0 0.1) 1927- 0.0 1.292.')li.r, I.H:10.1 17.- 1.».7d 0.01 0."

' '..--. 1 0.0 I . . 2,2.7 ;.0 7C.3 116.7 c..11 1.1.0 0.0 0,01 0 -0;171., , 929- 0.0 j. fl, 29 . ,`-.I 1-- ". -i I!I I .5 ; 7 .,.;;;,,i 1 ..;-, 1 . -;Cu.!0.0 . -t1I .0

(,) I ¡¡.L', I _', I:.; 1.6 1 0 .-, I .1 5 , n. (., ''H 1 . _ ". ",-2 0.0 0.01:11,1

0.0 ' :3 , 13.0 h5 L..,5 . 3 7'L ¡0.0 ;0 .0; CI , ID I 0.0 0.0 '5,.,..(,) ,II.1 . 1.1 i.J.), L1..,1' 0.0 , ., .c..),,,-); :!,I ' 30 ; " c+ 0.0 I . 2 6.8,o.,- 0.0 I i o 0 13.3 0.0 i. 0 0 ,0 0.0 1»..023.110.9 7....1, 11.7 ?2.,1 0 7:1 0 I'. 0.0i0.0iPp7,2 0.0 11.1 23 . 1. r1 3.0 k 1. 1, 1. 0 I f.: ' '7' 0 . 0 0.0 0.61/16.1 163,;., 37 0.0 :I,', .01I 0.0 .151 . 3 2I.7 ! I',. ; ! 0 .0 r,.. '? i (i 0 0,1,1 0,0'17y07,

0.0 ...I. I 1. 2 !,', ',0-). 1155.7j; c,'.''. 1.51 0.0 O. 0 0.0! . ; 2.d ,1.5 '.5.15 d 'LO . 5 -27, 6 H.' ,1 133 0-0; 0 . u I' , I u.0

92)9-.10 0.0 0.0 _16, .6 33.0i2. 0i 17.1 J. .IL' 3.0 0.1:

194-3 -1/1 I2-.1'11 0.012.0 1,0 0.0 ,-,., 0 , 0 0,0 :)/.1,i--(15 i1.6 U.5 37.5 7.0lo.7. 3133'. ..1,33 °.:_o -35 0.610.0 166.0

-. ,-.1,,-.)!, 01 0.0 0.0 ..!6.1 25.5 0 ,,..1! 1.1 ,J .; 2.? ? L . ù 0.0 lulL n,, - .,_ 11. 2 1 .1 . 1.,-, 4.1 1 .H , i' , .1 d . J C . 0 I u.U' I r.T:!7...d.", 0.0 2 !. f)101.2 ...... ',.e-.1"- -C:).'7' CI 4 ; 0.0!n,c*,271, ;1. r, f_, 5 ¡ .0 .r!, 5,1. 1 i ¡ :1,0 1 1.1¡ 1, ,!.., ! -,i,.,L",:; :-!!',:. ,:1)1 ';;,; 0.0 _ , 1 - 212,».-+

1194q -5C 0 . 0 1-).) 3 . u 77 . -.:!, `-.I.1. L! ! Q . 0 L.'...`.., 1. ::!.. ! , f `-. 0.u) I .2 1 i950 -51 0.0 1 '.2,o 5 .i 0.6 1...;_; -;.u d.2 ..;' '-.5 1 0.0 ('.., 0 n 01 0.0(211., ., t".7 -),,c_;.1- ="', , -1 I 95 1-52 0. 0 ».» 5.2 541-0 C.» "- - r 1 ' ." '-, ,'..,a -' -. ; 1 1952-5 I t...~II, - , .-- 4 2, .!-, 1 _!, ,.,; ¡ , 0 C . i. 1 c),CI! 0.0 -!!. 1 0.H J7-2 ,_-, (_, 0.0 O.') 5 ,. 2 33.') 1.7 ! i .2 1 i ",:. 3.0'

I '!' `...: ! 1 0.0 . 0 ¡ . !.; .: 0 . O. (-i , 2 1 .3 ! '.,.,.kr:', I 1.1,. 0 0 . 0 I 95 0.0 I.'I 16 ..1 741..!i 1'1.2 10.0 9..1 , 0 - . o U. u 0.0 '177, 0

0.0.4].7i lu.1 Th.»! -W.,.1 5c"',11,', -,_,,J.C,1 1f,.¡ 0.0 0.0 I 0 0

I 95',7-5;:i i . ,.'. 1 ..'. -,.1 ; i 9 . U d 60 .."2i ._; ;; 5 / 0./ / 'L'' 0 . D. 0 i 0 0 0,0

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g.Sidi Barrani Meteorolmical Station

1

' JUN JUL +WC iE1111 SEP OCT 40V DF0 t1 TUV't., 1921-22 0.0 2.0 4.0 2.017.0 2.022.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.040.0 1922-23 0.0 0.015.060.0 8.034.0 3.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1923-24 0.0 1.517.0 0.017.055.035.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 125.5 1924-25 0.0 18.057.097.0 3.014.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 197.2 1925-26 0.0 5(:.. A7.0 9.017.0 5.535.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 168.5 1926-27 0.0 18.057.0 4.062.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1,19 0 1927-26 0.0 8.0 6.0 3.051.0 3.0 ,.¡.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.098.0 r26-2? 0.0 17.8 9.055.935.7 5.0 9.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 i33.9 1929-30 1.537.014.2 21,.1 31.3 6.713.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1930-31 0.0 0.022.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1931-32 0.0 0.025. 0.677.811.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1932-33 0.0 2.541.( 29.010.7 3.5 0.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 103.7 0.0 0.011.0 6.324.088.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 18,!3

193,1-35 0.5 5.530.'68.0 4.515.744.0 6.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 171. 'r* 1935-36 0.5 1.012.0 4.316.012.0 5.0 0.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.067.8 1936-37 5.0 0.025.594.549.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 17I.0 1937-3:J 0.0 0.015.0 0.018.861.219.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11/1.0 1936-1)9 0.0 0.048.1 31.015.526.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0126.o 1939-40 0.0 0.070.0 9.025.50.0 22.0 0.0 1947-48 6.368.699.616.1 2.3 0.0 0.0 1948-49 1.023.758.974.965.726.637.6 5.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ic;49-50 0.0 1.0 2.099.573.016.011.0 2.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1950-51 18.7 1.7 9.8 5.7 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 ri51-52 0.0 4-310.545.740.8 5 Cr 3.8 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1952-53 0.0 3.9 1.6 i9.610.0 5.5 5.0 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0,006,J, 1953-54 0.0 0.068.92,1.7 5.3 6.2 6.6 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 o.0 122.5 1754-55 0.010.0 61.0 0.0 0.6 1.8 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1955-56 0.0 0.134.857.619.9 5.5 0.2 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.029.6 9.6 106.164.6 8.9 3.5 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 2)0,0 0.0 1.1 6.740-378.8 4.3 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 )22.4 0.038.5 2.9 2.826.821.0 0.3 5.2 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1959-66 0.04P.1 2.025.828.5 4.0 0.028.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 100.ri '960-6] 0.8 36.622.2 125.211.2 6.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ici61-6? 0.0 0.145.640.032.1 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 129.5 0.2 0.023.822.0 28.5 0.3 2,0 0.0 0.0 0 097.7 1.82L,5 7.1 3.773.921-7 5.3 0.7 1.2 0.4 0.0 . 0 230.3 196,1-65 0.0 0.023.2 115.364.0 7.0 1.Q 0.0 2.7 0.0 (t.0 . 1 1965-06 0.079.0 2.7 8.231.518.1 16.4 0,( 0.5 0.0 0.0 1).0 1966-T7 18.5 7. 18.833.647.913.2 4.1 i.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 125 1967-68 0.039.041.019.320 :L0.4 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 39 1 40

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