The Forgotten Diaspora: Jewish Communities in West Africa and the Making of the Atlantic World Peter Mark and Jose Da Silva Horta Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19286-6 - The Forgotten Diaspora: Jewish Communities in West Africa and the Making of the Atlantic World Peter Mark and Jose da Silva Horta Index More information

Index

A Fonseca, 73–74, 79 Morocco, 16, 18, 84–85, 106, 109–110, A Soares, 73–74, 78–79 117–118, 124–127, 129, 131–134, Abraham (prophet), 199 175, 181, 204, 206–207, 209 Abrantes, 49, 56 Sine, 3, 89, 100, 102 Abreu, Francisco Pinhão de, 164 Songhai, 106, 110, 129–130, 133–134 abstinence, see also Jewish communities, African religions, 100, 146, see also Islam, 45 Christianity, 17, 59, 202, 207 Açores (Azores), 10, 163 adult status in, 91 adagas, 104, 115, 148 amulets in, 202 adargas (shields), 111, 119 circumcision in, 91 adoration of images, see also idolatry, 18 fanados, 90 Afonso V (king), 108 local religions, 91, 202, 207 Afonso, Luís, 212 Supreme Being/Deity in, 201–202 African agents, see also traders, 3 African resistance, 2 African ancestry, 53 African rulers, see also African polities, 4, African elite, 18, 103, 138 18, 61, 82, 107, 137, 152, 161 African kings. see African rulers African warfare, 111, 119, 140 African mariners. see grumetes archers, 119 African polities, 2 cavalry, 104, 107, 109, 111, 113–114, Baol (Kingdom), 3, 83, 89, 118–119, 123, 130–131, 134, 136, 100, 222 148, 150, 152, 176 Biguba (Biafada Port), 53 horsemen, 119, 123, 148, 150 Bussis (Kingdom), 60, 128–129, infantry, 104, 113, 118, 148 137–139, 147, 173–175, 212, soldiers, 104, 109, 118–119, 130, 136, 216–217 148, 150, 152 Sebastião (king of), 26, 60, 137 warriors, 119, 142 Cayor, 3, 89, 114, 118, 175–176 African women, 4, 50, 52, 56, 62, 66–68, Futa Jalon, 106 196, 198 Grão Fulo, see African polities Afro-Portuguese. see Luso-African Fuuta Toro, 67 Aguilar, Jacob d’, 188 Guinala, 25, 66 Aiala, Gonçalo de Gamboa de, 12, 224 Kaabu, 3, 205 Akan, 68 Mali, 118 Albrecht V of Bavaria (king), 142

245

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19286-6 - The Forgotten Diaspora: Jewish Communities in West Africa and the Making of the Atlantic World Peter Mark and Jose da Silva Horta Index More information

246 INDEX

Albreda, 101 horses, 114, 176 Alcácer Quibir, see also Al-Kasr-Quibir, 117 anti-Christian behavior, 37 Alenquer, 94 Antunes, Ana, 91 alfanges, 106, 111, 113–114, 116 Antunes, Luís, 73 algalias, see trade commodities Antwerp, 9, 18, 22, 26, 33, 71, 127, 215, civet, 111 217, 224 Algarve, 73, 211 Anvers, 180, 213 Algarve, Sara d’, 70 apostasy, references to, 40 Al-Kasr-Quibir, see also Alcácer Quibir, Arabic, 117, 176 110, 125, 129–130 arabeck, 132 Almada, André Álvares de, 9, 67, 89, 100, arábio, 176 114, 116–120, 137, 176, 184, 205 Araújo, Diogo Leitão de, 104, 121, 219 Almansa, Diogo d’, 180, 212 archival sources, 103 Al-Mansour, Mulay Ahmed, 106, 110, 117, Arguim, 2, 4, 131, 174 125–126, 129–132, 134, 175 Arguin, 174 Alsace, 154 Arma, 131 altar, 94–96 armaments industry, see also weapons, Álvares, Father Manuel, 137, 142, 145, blade weapons, african warfare, 106, 157, 170, 172, 176–177 130 Álvares, Francisco, 105 armas brancas, see blade weapons, Alvito, 22 103–104, 106, 108–110, 112–113, amber/ambergris, 111, 167 119, 123, 127–131, 133, 148 America, 8, 28, 39–40, 51, 88, 99–100, armies 112, 122, 169–171, 206–207 Luso-African in Angola, 121 Amerindians, 112 Moroccan, 106, 117 Amstel, 31–32, 81, 181, 187, 192 Turkish, 117 Amsterdam, 9–10, 13, 16–17, 19, 22–23, armies, see also African warfare, artillery, 25–27, 29–30, 32–40, 45, 47, weapons, 142 50–51, 56–58, 60–65, 67, 70–72, arrests (and possibility of), 8, 59–60, 76, 74–82, 90, 92, 96, 98–99, 105–106, 90, 93, 166, 224, see also Inquisition, 110, 126–128, 134, 146–148, 152, Church, Governor, African rulers, 154–155, 157, 159–163, 171, 173, 23, 76 176, 178–197, 206–208, 211–215, art, 18, 135–136, 139–140, 143–144, 148, 217–219, 221 152, 154 Andalusian, 28 African artists, 135–136, 140, 144–146, Andrade, António Nunes de, 122, 212 152, 155 Andrade, António Rodrigues, 98 sculptors, 135, 140 Andrade, Francisco de, 50 artillery, see also weapons, 110, 125, 130 Andrade, Manuel de, see Duarte, Luís Ascensão, D. Frei Sebastião da, 221, 223 Fernandes, 216 Ashkenaz, 98 Anglo-Saxon historiography, 1 Asia, 8, 78, 123, 138 Angola, 4, 14, 22, 48–50, 60, 67, 79, Atlantic world, 1, 3, 9, 15–17, 204–206, 92–94, 98, 103, 113, 127–128, 162, 209 164, 172, 205, 213 history, 11, 209 Angolan wars, 121 routes, 10 Kingdom of Angola, 2 slave trade, 11, 18, 55, 69, 133, 159, Angualla, João, 168 169, 172, 191, 207 Anguiano, Mateo de, 179 trade, 2–4, 55, 129, 131, 134, 162, 175 animals, 146, 152, 157, 162 Austria, 56, 157 bees, 102 authority, see also Inquisition, 85, 88, 192 birds, 146, 153, 157 Church, 88, 221 chickens, 45 of captain Diogo Gomes, 108

INDEX 247

of D. Frei Sebastião da Ascenção, 221 Beth Haim, 32, 34, 70, 81, 181–182, of Eurafrican jews, 191 192, 214 Wolof, 3 Bezeguiche, see also Gorée Island, 111 Auto da Fé, see also Inquisition, 91, 93, 165 Biafada, 3, 25 auto de informação, 24, 211 Bible, 178 Aveiro, 29, 211 bíblias hebraicas, see also books, 48 Ávila, Francisco, 69 Bidan, 54, 85 Avis dynasty, 1 Bini, 140, 150 Axim, 2 Bini-Portuguese, 150 azagais, 119 Biqqur Holim society, 188 Bishop of Cape Verde, 22–24, 36, 47, Bagas, 3 67, 84, 87, 110, 137, 165, 167, 180, Bagnun, 54 221–223 Bainunk, 3, 54 Bissau, 3, 10, 37, 53–54, 60, 62, 66, 84, Balanta, 133 102, 106, 108, 133, 137, 160, 198, Bandiagara Escarpment, 118 205 Banyuns, 108 Black Christians, 91, 128 Baola, 216 Black Death, 165 Baol-Lambaya, 177 Blacks, see also negros, 2, 20, 39, 56, Barbary\Barbery, 126, 132 70–71, 75, 90, 113–115, 117, 121, Barbosa, João, 115 128, 173, 187, 189, 192–193, 199 Barbosa, Manuel de Sousa, see Baru, Jacob, blacksmiths, see also barbeiros de espadas, 36, 213, 216 blade weapons, 115–116, 118, 123 Barbot, Jean, 200 barbeiros de espadas (sword makers), Barreira, Baltasar, 9, 12, 21 see espadeiros (sword makers) Barreiro, Álvaro Velho do, 95 104–105, 219 barretes, see caps, 116–117 blade weapons, 18, 52, 55, 103, 106, 113, Barreto, Canon Francisco Gonçalves, 36, 114, 117, 119, 123, 127, 131, 133, 166, 223 134, 145, 148, 207 Barreto, Francisco Gonçalves, blades, 18, 52, 55, 103–104, 105, 106, 36, 44, 223 113, 114, 116, 117, 119, 123, 124, Baru, Jacob, 36–37, 213, 216, see also 126, 127, 131, 132, 133, 134, 145, Barbosa, Manuel de Sousa, 36 148, 150, 207, 219 Bassani, Ezio, 139–140, 142–144, 152 blanc, 66, 195 Batista, João, 173 blasphemies, 87–88, 185 Battle of Tondibi, 110, 130 blasphemous words, 87 Baum, Robert, 202 blood, references to, 79–80 Belmonte, 76, 104, 122, 185–186, 188, Bodian, Miriam, 32, 63, 181–182 219 Boilat, Abbé P. David, 197, 200 Daniel, 184–185 Bolões, see Bullom, 141 Diogo Nunes, see Belmonte, Jacob Israel, Bom Dia, 29, 212 75, 184–185, 212 Diogo Martins, see Bondia, 166 Jacob Israel, 75, 212 Bondia Lea, 188 Diogo Martins, see Bom Dia Bemoym, D. João, see Buumi Jeleen, 77, 107 Diogo Martins, 29, 90, 179–180, Benin (Ancient kingdom and region of), 183–184, 186, 212, 218 136, 140, 142–143, 145–146, 148 books, 45–47, 98 Ben-Ur, Aviva, 62–63, 83, 198 prayer books, 35, 37, 47 Berbecin, see Bûr Síín, 89–90 Bordeaux, 111 Berbers, 55, 174, 204 Bosis, see also African polities, Bussis Bet Israel, 30, 154–155, 157, 187 Bussis (Kingdom), 60, 139, 174 Bet Jacob, 30, 35, 75, 155, 181, 187, 212 Botello, Francisco, 28

248 INDEX

Boulègue, Jean, 9–12, 89, 194–196, 198, Campos, Manuel de, 164 200, 214 Canary Islands, 1, 45, 65, 163, 166, 168, Brandam, Ferdinando Esteban, 34 184, 195 Brandão, D. Frei Pedro, 109–110 Cansuel, João, 34, 49–50, 162–163 Brandão, Mendes, 216 Cansuel, João, of Antwerp, 49, 162, 224 Brás, Aleixo, 105 Cape Bojador, 2 Brásio, António (ed.), 9, 12, 21–22, Cape Roxo, see Cabo Roxo, 163 74–75, 101, 192 Cape Verde Islands, see also Cape Verde, brass bracelets, 132 Cabo Verde, 2–3, 11, 24, 28, 31, Brazil, 2, 17, 28–29, 63, 73, 79, 37–38, 52–53, 56–57, 66–67, 84, 93–94, 98, 106, 163, 165, 89, 109, 137, 159, 170, 194, 171, 176, 179, 184, 198, 205–206, 221, 224 204, 206–207 Cape Verde, see Cabo Verde, see also Cape Brazilian, 176 Verde Islands, 2–5, 10–14, 17, 22, British Museum, 150 24–25, 28, 31, 36–38, 48–49, 52–54, Brooks, George E., 9–10, 38, 54, 59, 62, 56–57, 66–67, 84, 89, 109, 128, 137, 194, 198, 200 159, 161, 163, 168, 170, 172, 194, Buba, 53 205–206, 221, 223–224 Buckor Sano, 132 capitão-mor, 4, 12, 141, 167, 224 Buguba, see Biguba, Buba, 25 caps, see barretes, 116–117 Buguendo, 37, 79 captain, 4, 108, 143, 215 Bühnen, Stephan, 170, 175 Captain of Infantry, 171 Bujok, 139, 142, 144 captives, 76, 102, 125, 133, 169–170, 172, Bullom, see Bolões, 95, 140–141 174–175 Bûr Saalum, 101 Capuchines, 56, 179, 196 Bûr Síín, 68, 70, 72, 89, 96, 101–102, 119, caravan routes, 118 165, 177, 213 Cardenas, John de, 132 Buramo people, 119 Cardoso, Gaspar, 104–105 Buumi Jeleen, see Bemoym, D. João, 77, 107 Cardoso, Heitor, 215 Carneiro, Gaspar, 27, 88, 215 Cabeço de Vida (portuguese town), 69, 73, Carneiro, Jorge Fernandes, 67, 185, 215 217–218 carnes (meat), see also food, 42 cabin boys, 5 carrack, 25, 38, 45 Cabo Roxo, see Cape Roxo, 49 Carreira da Índia (India Run), 2 Cabo Verde, see Cape Verde, see also Cape Carreira, António, 25, 38, 194 Verde Islands, 4, 8, 10–14, 21–22, 24, Cartagena, 122, 169, 219 27, 35, 37, 45, 49, 56–57, 68, 87–88, Carvalho, 92–94 163–164, 166, 168–169, 172, 184, Manuel Homem de, 60, 92 203–205, 207, 223 Simão, 105 Cação, Sebastião Fernandes, 20–22, 48, 83, carving, 136, 141, 143, 145, 100–101, 221, 223 150, 156–157 Cacheu, 3–4, 12, 21, 23–25, 27–28, 33, carved ivory, 142, 153 38–41, 46, 53, 65, 76, 84, 86–90, 100, carvers, 135 113, 119–123, 127–129, 137–139, Casamance, 3, 54, 59, 89, 101–102, 106, 147, 158, 166–168, 171, 173–174, 119, 196, 202 177, 198, 200–201, 211–212, Cassangas, 108, 119 214–215, 217, 222, 224 Cassão (Kassan), 115 Rivers of Cacheu, 128 caste, 78–80 cafres, 117 Castel Branco, see Castelo Branco, 123, Cairo, Estevão del, 34 167, 110–111 Calvinism, 99–100 Castelo Branco, Baltasar Pereira de, 123, Camelo, Nuno, 105 167

INDEX 249

Castelo Branco, Manuel de Andrada de, commerce, 2–3, 12, 18–19, 21, 33, 36, 110–111 38–40, 48–49, 55, 76, 82, 89, 101, Castilho, Jorge de, 12, 14, 224 103, 108–109, 113, 120, 126–127, Castilian (language), 21, 46–47, 63, 94, 132–133, 136, 146–148, 152, 159, 125 162–163, 171–173, 176, 186, 200, Castille, 2, 39, 73 205, 207–208, 221, 224 Castro, D. Francisco de, 97 commercial activities, 13, 30 Castro, David Henriques de, 187 commercial alliances, 12 Catamsa, see also mulata, 182 commercial connections, 16, 26, 37–38, Catholicism, 100, 199 110, 163 Catholics, 40, 43, 77, 83, 87–88, 90–91, commercial diaspora, 51, 155, 183, 207 93, 109, 164, 177, 185, 196, 206, commercial networks, 38, 50, 106, 133, 213 183–184, 207 censorship, 47 common-law wives, 70 chief trader, 29 communication, 16, 43, 69, 127, 189, 201 children, 48, 62, 64–65, 68, 70–72, 74, 77, Communion, 61, 96 91, 126, 165, 174, 179, 182 Companhia de Jesus, see also Jesuits, 22, Chosen People, 80 74, 221 Christ, 79, 87–88, 92, 96–97, 132 Confession, 61, 92, 96 Christian merchants, 16, 27, 58, 166 Congo, see also Kongo, 14, 49, 77, 93–94, Christian Portuguese, 1, 11 162, 164 Christianity, 6, 8, 13, 16–17, 27, 59–60, congregants, 64, 94, 96 77, 97, 107, 137, 187–188, 200–202, congregations, 30, 35, 181 206 Conselho de Estado, 50 references to baptism, 77 contraband, 121, 169–171 Christians, 6, 8, 15, 17, 24–25, 27, 31, contract, 4, 27, 167–168, 170–171 33–34, 37–41, 43, 54, 58–59, 61, contractors, 103–104, 109, 152 64–65, 67, 74, 76–78, 80, 82–84, contratador, 27, 36, 122, 165–169, 171, 86–87, 89–91, 94, 97, 101, 103, 109, 174, 212, 215, 221, 223 113, 128, 132, 139, 152, 156, 163–165, contratadores, see contratador, 4, 120 190–194, 197, 200, 206, 221, 223 contrato de Cabo Verde, 27 Church, 28–29, 39, 44–45, 61, 76–77, 88, conversion, 17, 27, 38, 40, 62, 70, 72–77, 94–96, 156, 196, 208, 222 79, 84, 92, 107, 178, 192, 194, 198, circumcision, references to, 23, 29, 35–36, 201, 206 39, 61–62, 69, 71–72, 74, 81, 90–91, forced conversions, 8, 27, 51, 79, 83, 100, 196 100, 125, 133 clothing, 46, 52, 119, 137–138, 144, 150, conversos, 9, see also Cristãos Novos, 14 174 Copenhagen, 106, 150–151 coastal societies, 3, 19, 133 corofis,146 , 157 coastal states, 3 Coronel, Simão Rodrigues, 173, 218 Coelho, António Borges, 73, 99 Correa, Father Duarte, 94–96 Coelho, Francisco de Lemos, 12, 95, 136, Correia, Rafael, 99 184 Costa, António Nunes da, 122, 212 Cohen, Julie-Marthe, 154–155, 187 Costa, Diogo Gomes da, 104, 122, 219 colonization, 2 Costa, Duarte Nunes da, 183 color, 55–57, 64, 81, 116–117, 173, 178, Costa, João Lopes da, see Lourenço, 188, 191, 194 Francisco, 122, 166–167, 212, 215 color-based social hierarchy, 64, 191 Costa, José Pereira da, 116, 141 prejudices regarding, 56, 77, 190 Cota, António da Silva, 21, 34, 36, 42, skin color, 18, 54–55, 57–58, 62–63, 216, 224 65–66, 71, 78, 81, 173, 188–190, Counter Reformation, 94–96 194–195 Couto, Jerónimo do, 94

250 INDEX

Crato, D. António Prior do, 22, 155 Duarte, Luís Fernandes, see Israel, creeses, see blade weapons, 111, 123 Joshua/Jesú, 26–27, 29, 47, 60, 67, Creole, 6, 10, 57–58, 62, 136, 198, 73, 87, 90, 122, 138, 161, 166, 173, 205–206 213–218 creolisation, 64 Dutch, 4, 12, 14, 22–24, 26–27, 30, criada, 73 33–34, 37–41, 48–49, 56–57, 59, 62, criado, 47, 73 64, 66–69, 75–77, 83–84, 86, Crioulo, 6, 52, 77 89, 99–100, 108–109, 112, 115, Cristãos Novos, see New Christians, 125–128, 131, 146–147, 155, 11, 24, 31, 48–49, 69, 80, 121, 160–164, 166–167, 172, 174–175, 147, 164, 215 180–181, 185, 189–191, 198, Cristãos Velhos, see Old Christians, 91 200, 221 Cross, 85, 94 merchants, 12, 41, 109, 175 Crown, 2, 4, 27–28, 33, 163, 167, 171 Dutch Gold Coast, 69 crucifix, 88, 93, 95 crypto-judaism, 14 Edict of Nantes, 109 crypto-jewish trading networks, 9 Edo peoples, 150 crypto-jews, 8–9, 15, 35, 58, 62, 73, 79, Egipto, Rabi de Mouzes de, 97 83–84, 88, 93, 99, 152, 157, 181, Elkins, 170 198, 206 Elmina, 2, 4, 68, 140–141 Cultru, Pierre, 66, 138, 197 Eltis, 10, 18, 169–171, 207 cultural identities, 55, 57, 204 emigration, 9, 29, 33, 62 cultural interaction, 16, 203–204 emigrants, 22, 26, 52 Cunha, Jerónimo da, Canon, 46, 120–121, empire, 3, 9, 16, 33, 56–57, 83, 91, 222–223 111–112, 126–127, 131, 138, 152, Curiel, Jacob, 183 155–156, 181, 205 Curnow, Kathy, 139–141, 143–144 endogamy, 197–198 cutlasses, see blade weapons, 111–112 England, 38, 81, 109, 133, 167 English, 4, 12, 25, 40–41, 49, 84, 104, D. André, 60 108–109, 111–112, 115, 120, 126, daggers, see blade weapons, 18, 103–104, 129–132, 138, 143, 145, 168, 189, 111–119, 123–124, 129, 131, 138, 221, 223 141, 144, 148, 150, 152 Enlightenment, 189–191 Dakar, 9, 54 enslavement, 18, 173 De Bry collection, 100 escopetas, see also weapons, 125, 130 de Swarte Beer (ship), see The Black Bear Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis, see also Pereira, (ship), 161 Duarte Pacheco, 141 Dechafur, 177 espadas (swords) demography, 17, 48, 58 espadas curtas, see also blade weapons, dhimmi, 84–85 109, 114, 119, 126, 148, 150 Dias, António, 147 espadeiros (sword makers), see blade diaspora, 1, 8, 15–17, 51, 63, 96, 100, 126, weapons, 105, 219 131, 157, 208–209 espingardas, see weapons, 125 Dinis, Álvaro, 76 Espinosa, Belchior, 104–105 diplomacy, 127 Esther (queen), 47 discrimination, 55, 57, 82, 194 Esúlálú, 202 distrito, 20–21, 24 Ethiopia Menor, 60, 212 Dittmer, 140 Ethiopia Minor, see Ethiopia Menor, 138, doctrine, 28, 88, 90, 97, 99 170 Doortmont, Michel, 68–69 ethnicity, 53 dowry societies, 63 Etiópia Menor, see Ethiopia Menor, 49, dual identity, 31–32, 58 129, 145–146, 157, 176

INDEX 251

Eurafricans, 1–2, 10, 17–18, 31, 52–54, Filipe, Maria, 73 56, 58, 62–65, 67–68, 70–74, 77, 79, Flanders, 20, 22, 24–25, 27–28, 34, 36, 81–82, 120, 122, 137, 159–160, 38–41, 44–45, 47, 90, 105, 147, 178–179, 183, 188, 190–195, 161, 164, 166–167, 172, 180, 215, 197–198, 204–208 222–223 Eurafrican agency, 1 Flemish, 24, 40–41, 45, 112, 130, 164, 219 Eurafrican traders, 31 Fonseca, Diogo Nunes da, 26, 216 Everts, Natalie, 68 Fonseca, Manuel da, 26, 216 Évora, 73, 94–95, 99, 218 food, 45 Évora, Simão Rodrigues de, 42, 218 diet, 45 excommunication, 108, 223 rice, 10, 140, 162 Exodus, 92 forbidden merchandise, 4, 120 exports, 17, 19, 108, 147, 169, 171–172, 174 fortified settlements, 4 expulsion, 8, 36, 83–84, 100, 125, 133 France, 96, 111, 133, 167, 197 Francisco, Lourenço, see Costa, João Lopes facas (knives), see blade weapons, 114, da, 122, 166–167, 212, 215 116, 119 Freire, Jerónimo Rodrigues, see Peregrino, Factors (chief traders), 29, 90, 112, 120, 29, 34, 212 122, 128, 166–168, 173, 215 Freire, Jerónimo, see Freire, Jerónimo Fagg, William, 139 Rodrigues, 90, 92 faith, 14, 22, 28, 45, 53, 60, 74, 79, 84, 88, Freire, Rodrigo, 40 93, 95, 111, 176, 193, 197, 200, 204, French, 4, 9, 12, 25, 34, 40–41, 66, 77, 222 84, 106, 108–109, 111–112, 115, family, 14, 26–27, 33, 37–39, 60, 68, 70, 119–120, 130–131, 138, 147, 168, 73, 76, 78, 125–127, 133, 157, 161, 175, 177–178, 189, 197, 217, 221 178–179, 181, 183, 185, 187–188, Fulani, 67 196, 203, 208, 213–217 Faria, Francisco Leite de, 115 Gama, Vasco da, 2 Farinha, António Dias, 125, 130 Gambia River, 3, 12, 41, 53, 59, 65, Faro, 69, 73, 211, 213–215, 218 84–85, 88–89, 102, 108, 112, Faro, Israel, 181 115–116, 119, 131–133, 138, Farque, Abraham, 29, 211 142, 196–197, 208 Farrar, Abraham, 187 Gao, 117, 131 Febos, Esther, 188 García-Arenal, Mercedes, 126–127, 130, Fernandes (Veiga), Gabriel, 217 133, 175 Fernandes, Aires, 93–94 gender, 10, 175–176 Fernandes, António, 105, 167, 217 gente da Nação, 8, 11, 15, 24, 38–41, Fernandes, Domingues, 104, 121 63–64, 67, 74, 79, 97–98, 110, 120, Fernandes, Duarte, 126, 147, 172, 179, 127, 162–163, 195, 224 184, 217 Gentiles, see also gentios, 57, 87, 91 Fernandes, Gaspar, see also Veiga, Gaspar gentios, see also Gentiles, 74–75, 87–88, Fernandes, 29, 105, 147, 161, 90–91, 109, 113, 120–121, 128, 147 172–173, 179–180, 183–184, 214, Geregia, 101, 138, 197 217–218 German, 22, 112, 141–142, 144 Fernandes, Rafael, 217 Germany, 15, 76, 143, 190 Fernandes, Valentim, 95, 116, 141, 144 gilt belts, 106 Ferreira, Diogo Dias, 91 gilt swords, 123 Ferreira, João, o Ganagoga, 67 God, 35, 45, 74, 86, 95, 99, 167, 196, fetiches, 199, 201–202 201, 222 Feuchtwanger-Sarig, Naomi, 154–155 Gold Coast, 2, 68–69, 77, 140 Fez, 106, 124–127, 130, 132 Golden Calf, 92 filhos da terra,5 , 120 goldsmith, 94

252 INDEX

Gomes, Dr. Jerónimo, see Silva, Jerónimo hereditary stain, 79 Gomes da, 180 Heywood, Linda, 205–206 Gomes, Florença, 213 hilts, see also blade weapons, 104–106, Gomes, Jerónimo, 180, 214 114, 124, 150 Gomes, Sebastião, Father, 22, 28 Holanda, see also Holland, 49, 162, 164 Gonsalves, Martin, 184 Holland, see also Holanda, Gorée Island, see also Bezeguiche, 12, 32, 29, 33, 47, 49, 83, 110, 133, 147, 62, 111, 162, 196, 224 162–164, 167, 186 governor of Angola, see Mendonça, João holster, 118 Furtado de, 121, 219 Holy Office, see also Santo Ofício; governor of the Cape Verde Islands, Holy Tribunal, 111, 165–166, see Castilho, Jorge de, 224 221–222 Gramaxo, Luís Fernandes, 122 Holy Tribunal, see also Santo Ofício; Holy Grasia, 182 Office, 8–9, 51, 99 Greater Senegambia, see also Senegambia, Holy Virgin, 96 2–3, 196, 203–205, 207 Hondius, Dienke, 70–71, 75–76, 192 Green, Tobias, 10, 13, 34, 36–37, 57–58, 67, Horton, Robin, 201 73, 147, 174, 183–186, 189, 204–206 hospitality, 86, 102 Grottanelli, Luigi, 139–140 houses, see also Jewish communities, grumetes, 5, 54, 74, 76–77, 194, 199–200, 43–44, 47, 49–50, 52, 137–139, 162, 203 183, 196, 219 Gruzinski, Serge, 16, 56, 95, 203 Huguenot, 109 Guiné do Cabo Verde/Guinea of Cape Verde, 2–4, 6, 11, 13, 19–21, 25, 27–28, 31, Iberia, 8, 57, 76, 78, 84, 127, 156, 165, 38, 41, 47, 54, 56, 59, 68, 74, 78, 86, 181, 207 101, 110, 112, 115, 119, 137, 141, 146, Iberian Peninsula, 1, 8 156, 159, 166, 170–171, 173, 194–195, iconoclasm, 88, 92, 94, 100 198, 200, 204–207, 209 iconoclastic, 99 Guinea-Bissau, 3, 10, 25, 59–60, 62, 68, iconolatric, 88, 94 84, 89, 106, 118–119, 133, 137 iconolatry, 86, 91, 94, 99 Guinea-Conakry, 3, 18, 136 idolatry (references to), 86–88, 90–92, Gulf of Guinea, 2, 50 94–100, 109, 196 gunpowder, 125 Ilhas Terceiras, see also Açores (Azores), 163 illegal trade, 4, 108, 112, 166, 174 Habsburgs, 29, 142 image Hagoort, Lydia, 32, 81, 180, 192 image worship, 99 Hair, P. E. H., 6, 9, 49, 101, 111–112, images, 55, 86–88, 92–96, 98–100, 145, 115–117, 119, 129, 137–138, 145, 148, 152–153 170, 200 imagined Christians allies, 1 half New Christian, 69, 213, 217 immigrants, 23, 50, 62, 80, 181, 184 Hamburg, 26, 34, 71, 76, 79, 127, In Coena Domini (Papal bull), 108 183–184, 191, 194, 213 India, 2, 29, 116, 123, 152, 163 hatan Torah, 187 India Run, see also Carreira da Índia (India Hawthorne, Walter, 10, 60, 62, 68, 116, Run), 2, 117 133, 206 Indian Ocean, 2, 123, 179 Hebrew, 8, 29–30, 35, 40, 42, 88, 97–98, Indias, 39, 122 154–155, 180 Indo-Portuguese, 135, 152 Hebrew names, 29, 181 infidels, 167 Nation, 8, 97 informants, see also Inquisition/Inquisição, Hecquard, Hyacinthe, 106–107 29, 35, 38–39, 42, 44, 69, 86, 93, 106, Heimann-Jelinek, 157 113, 122, 127, 165, 167–168, 172, Henry, Prince, The Navigator, 1, 108 177

INDEX 253

inquiries about jews, 23, 93, 221–223 Jesuits, see also Companhia de Jesus, 12, Inquisition/Inquisição, see also Santo 21–22, 28, 56, 60, 74, 91, 128, 137, Ofício; Holy Office, 8, 13–14, 17, 142, 145, 156, 176–177 22–24, 26–29, 31–38, 42–51, 57–60, jewish communities, 13, 16, 21, 25, 29, 67, 69, 72–74, 76, 78–80, 82–95, 33, 35–39, 57, 62–64, 68, 70, 72, 76, 97–100, 103–106, 110–111, 113–114, 79, 81–82, 90, 92, 98, 126–127, 155, 116, 118, 121–123, 125–126, 128, 161, 166, 176, 178, 180–181, 186, 131, 139, 146, 152, 156, 160–173, 188–191, 194, 196–198, 208 177–178, 180, 185–186, 208, burials, 42, 70, 182, 190, 193 211–218, 221–224 cemeteries, 30, 70–71, 81, 181, 187, Inquisidor Geral, 97, 221, 223 192–193, 217 Inquisidores, 47, 75, 103 ceremonies, 20, 24, 42–43, 45–46, 48 intermarriage, 66, 69, 188, 208 conversions, 25, 27–28, 37, 40, 57, 72, intermediaries, 4, 31, 77, 108, 117, 74–75, 77, 81, 92, 107, 137, 178, 120–121, 152 182, 192, 196, 199–200 investigation, 28, 45, 165–166, 223 jewish identity, 9, 13–14, 23, 27, 31–32, Isaac (prophet), 188, 199–201 44, 62, 64, 66, 68–69, 71, 74, 77, Isaac, Solomon ben, 98 82, 100, 160, 178, 196, 206, 208 Isaiah (prophet), 87 Jewish merchants, 16–17, 28, 31, 59, Islam, 3, 91, 98–100, 200–201, 203–204, 65–66, 76–77, 83, 88, 90, 96, 100, 206 102–103, 110, 120, 125–126, Island of Palma, 45, 161, 166, 172 133–134, 136, 146–147, 152, 159, island of Santiago, 11, 216 165, 171–172, 177, 179, 195, 198, Israel, Jesú (Joshua), 29 200, 224 Israel, Jonathan, 8–9, 15, 32, 39, 84, jewish women, 50, 63 96–98, 181, 183 jewishness, 29, 31–32, 61, 166 Israel, Joshua/Jesú, 26, 46, 60, 67, rituals, 45 82, 87, 122, 138–139, 147, slaughter of chickens, 45 173–175, 216 theological conversations and Italians, 56, 105 discussions, 42, 82, 86, 99 Italy, 18, 55, 76, 96, 105, 126–127, 133, Jewish descent, 78, 191, 197 154 Joal, 12–13, 16, 19, 21–24, 26–29, 32–33, ivories, 18, 52, 135–136, 138–145, 148, 35–41, 43–46, 48, 51, 57, 61–62, 152–153, 157 64–65, 68–70, 72, 77, 81–82, 89, 102, ivory carvings, 18, 111, 139–141, 128, 138, 146, 155, 158–162, 143–144, 148, 153 164–165, 172–180, 182, 184–188, carvers, 144, 148, 152 195, 197–198, 211–214, 218, 221–224 ivory spoons, 139–141, 143, King of Joal, 89, 128, 222 145–146, 157 Joala, see Joal, 21, 24, 33, 39, 43, 48, 58, 90, 147 Jacob (prophet), 199 João II (king of Portugal), 77 Jacobsen/Jacobz, Philips, 105, 219 Jobson, Richard, 132–133 Jacome, Filipe, see also Jacobsen/Jacobz, Jodensavanne, 198 Philips, 105, 219 John II (king), 2 Jacques-Meunié, D., 126, 131 Jola, 54, 102, 202 Jagarefe, 60 Jolof (kingdom), 3, 77, 107, 114, 185 Jahanké, 132 Jones, Adam, 141–143, 200 Jalofo (polity/region), see also Wolof, Jorge, Domingos, 105 39–40, 67, 114 judaizantes, 12, 224 Kingdom of Jaloffo, 111 judaization, 23 Jaudar, 117 Judea, 20 Jenne-Jeno, 118 Juula, 52, 200

254 INDEX

Kaabu, 3, 205 Livro de Bet Haim, 180, 187 Kaplan, Yosef, 32, 56, 58, 60, 80, 82, 96, local rulers, 22, 39, 53, 85, 89–90, 181, 187–188 100–101, 128, 137 kinship, 15, 68, 204 London, 8, 10, 16, 22, 26, 32, 39, 48, 62, knives, see blade weapons, 112, 114, 67, 84, 97, 128, 132–133, 140, 143, 116, 118–119 152, 163, 172, 181, 189, 200 Koen, E. M., 13, 105, 126, 172, 181, 193, Lopes, Beatriz, 215 215, 217 Lopes, Diogo, see Diego Lopez, 141 Kongo (kingdom), see also Congo, 2, 56, Lopez, António, see also Mesquita, 93, 205 António Lopes de, 72, 158 Koran, 200 Lopez, Diego, see Diogo Lopes, 140 Kosher, 45 Lopez, Gaspar, 94 Low Countries, see also United Provinces, La Courbe, Jajolet de, 65–66, 102, 138, 197 23, 126, 133 La Fleur, 22, 48, 67, 128, 172 Luanda, 93, 206 La Rochelle, 111 Luso-Africans, 2–6, 9–14, 17–19, 24, 31, Lambaya, 179 38, 48, 50, 52–55, 57–58, 62, 65, 74, lançados, 4, 17, 24, 26, 37–38, 52, 64–68, 77–79, 81, 84, 86–87, 102, 109, 121, 73, 84, 87, 108–109, 112, 115, 120, 135–136, 139, 142, 144–145, 149, 129, 132, 147, 152, 156–157, 195, 152, 173, 194, 196–198, 200, 203, 200, 202–204, 207 205–206, 208 lanchas, 41, 75, 167, 222 Lutherans, 110–111, 121, 128 language, 6, 52, 57, 64, 75, 90, 101, 115, 145, 183, 206 Mação, 222 large wooden bowls, 146 Madrid, 13, 20–21, 31, 33, 36, 39, 62, 147, Lavanha, João Baptista, 115 179, 221 law of Moses, 20–21, 24, 223 Magalhães, António Marques de, 33 Le Grand Jolof, see also Jolof, 3 Maghreb, 8 Le Maire, Jacques, 65, 195, 197 Mahamad, 64, 191, 193 lei de Moisés, see also law of Moses, 24, 61 Mahomet, 111 Leiria, 91 Maimonides, 97–98, 109 Leitão, Diogo Taborda, 215 malaria, 165 Lestringa, Martim de, 74 Mande, 3, 89, 102, 114–115, 117, Levy, Simon, 187 131–132, 141–142 libraries, 47 traders, 3, 117 Lima, 122–123, 172 Manding, 52–54, 115–117, 200 limpeza de sangue, see also race, Mandinka, 6, 142 57, 79–80, 191, 194, 197 Manes, 3, 119, 141–142 Lisboa, Diogo Rodrigues de, 104, manumission, references to, 69, 75 122–123, 219 maritime blockade, 33 Lisbon, i, 2, 8–11, 13–14, 16, 18, 20, markets, 3, 21, 41, 101, 105, 109, 112, 22–27, 29, 32–34, 37–40, 44, 46, 133–134, 139, 143–144, 175–176 48–49, 51, 56–57, 67, 69, 73–78, Marques, António, 211 80, 84, 87, 89–91, 93–94, 98, 101, Marrakesh, 106, 110, 125–127, 130–131, 103–111, 114–117, 120–121, 123, 133, 175 125–131, 133–135, 137, 140–141, marranos, 14, 58–59, 88, 96, 99 145, 148–150, 152, 159, 162–164, marriage, 17, 54, 57, 62–63, 66, 68–69, 74, 168, 173, 180, 192, 194, 205, 207, 181, 185, 188, 192, 198 211–216, 218–219, 222–224 Marrocos, see also Morocco, 84, 125, 130 Lisbon Inquisition, 13, 22–24, 48–49, Mary, 92, 96, 189 84, 87, 90–91, 103, 109, 120–121, material culture, 6, 52, 135, 137–138, 156 159, 180, 212, 216, 222, 224 matrimonial practices, see also marriage, 66

INDEX 255

Maure, 54, 199 Mohammed, 176 Mauritania, 2, 54, 85, 114, 131 mohel, 42, 216 Mbundu, 56 Montalto, Eliau, 96, 98 Medici, 142 Moors, 108, 113–114, 125, 128, 132, 176 Médici, Marie de, 97 moradores, 4, 86, 90, 141, 160, 222 Medina, João, 100 Moraes, Nize Isabel de, 9, 11–12, 32, 42, Meditation of a Believer, 47 162, 172 megillah, 155 moral community, 15 Megillat Ester, 155 Moroccan, see also African polities mellah, 124–125 Morocco, 106, 110, 117–118, 124, Mendes, António de Almeida, 10, 13, 25, 126–127, 129–131, 133–134, 175 36–37, 42, 89, 100, 170, 174 Morteira, Saul Levi, 98 Mendes, Inês, 99 Moslem, see Muslims, 200 Mendes, João, 42, 46–48, 218, 222 Mota, Avelino Teixeira da, 9, 21, 77, 115, Mendes, Luís, 216 119, 137–138, 140, 145 Mendonça, João Furtado de, 121 mothers, 51, 63–64, 66, 68–70, 74, Mercado, Simão de, 218 213–214, 217 merchandises, 110, 114, 120, 126, 129, Moura, D. Francisco de, 12, 224 163, 168, 174, 200, 216 Mourão, José, 94 merchants, 3, 15–16, 18–19, 26–27, 29, mulata, see also mulattos, 70, 73, 78, 31, 36, 39–40, 59–60, 65–67, 69–70, 182–183 72, 75–76, 82, 84, 86, 89, 101–102, mulattos, 27, 47, 57–58, 67, 69–73, 77, 82, 106, 108–109, 113–117, 120–122, 158, 166, 183, 188, 191, 193, 211, 213 125–128, 131–134, 136–138, 142, multiple identities, 32, 52–54, 57–59, 61 147–148, 152, 158–159, 161, Munich, 141–143 163–165, 168, 172–173, 175–176, muskets, see weapons, 129, 138 178–180, 183–184, 186, 193, Muslims, 8, 18, 31, 45, 52, 59, 83–86, 88, 196–198, 200, 202–203, 205, 90–92, 96–97, 99–102, 104, 108, 111, 207, 215, 218 113–114, 117, 121, 125, 127–128, Mértola, 212 131, 142, 176–177, 196, 202, 204, 206 Mesa da Consciência e Ordens, 74, 215 Mesquita, António Lopes de, Nantes (Bretagne), 214 see also Mesquita, Moisés de, 29, 183, naus, 25, 27 211 de registo, 27 Mesquita, Dr. Antão de, 74 navigation guides, 5 Mesquita, Fulano de, 180 negreiro, 12, 224 Mesquita, Moisés de, see also Mesquita, negros, 20, 39, 55, 65, 75, 88, 90, 113, António Lopes de, 90, 183, 128, 139, 147, 168, 173, 214 187–188, 211 neighbors, 20, 43, 81, 102, 129, 206 Messiah, 94, 178 Netherlands, see also United Provinces, 22, mestiços/mestizos, 22, 48, 50, 56, 67–69, 26, 29, 32–33, 60, 70–72, 75, 79, 81, 73–74, 77, 179, 197, 211 106, 127, 134, 159–160, 163–164, 166, métissage, 102, 194, 196, 203 168, 172, 178, 181–185, 193, 208–209 Mexico, 28, 99 New Christians, 8–9, 11–14, 16–17, 21–24, migrations, 8, 54, 73, 133, 142, 146 26–30, 32–33, 35–41, 49, 52, 58–59, minyan, 48, 58 61, 63–73, 76–80, 82, 88–89, 91–94, Mishne Torah, 97 97, 99–100, 103–104, 109, 120–122, mission, 12, 36, 106, 137, 156, 124–125, 127, 129, 133–134, 136, see also missionaries, 21 147, 152, 156–157, 163–164, 166, missionaries, 88, 91, 137 172, 195, 198, 200–204, 206–207, Mitombo, 145 211, 215, 219, 221, 223 mixing, 58, 192, 195–196, 203 New Spain, 28

256 INDEX

Newson, Linda, 11, 122, 212, 219 Paramaribo, 198 Niger, 106, 110, 117–118, 129, 131, 133 Pardo, Joseph, 35 River, 106, 110, 118, 129 Parese, 66 Nigeria, 136, 140, 145, 148 Parese, Signor Patrisio, 66 Nobre, António Nunes, 93–94, 104, parnas, 187–188, 193 121–122, 129, 161, 166–167, 212, Parnas de la sedaca, 35 215, 219 passadiço, 43 North Africa, 1, 85, 117–118, 127, 133, Passover, 45, 165, 216 184, 207 Paul III (pope), 8 northern Europe, 8, 19, 26, 38–40, 55, 57, Peace of Westphalia, 22, 29 64, 71, 76, 80, 110, 126–127, 129, Pecixe island, see also Bussis, 60 133, 159–162, 164, 177, 183, 188, peitar, 85 191, 194, 205–208, 213 Pelegino, Diogo, see Freire, Jerónimo Northern Senegambia, Rodrigues; Peregrino, Jacob, 34, 49 see also Senegambia, 4, 40, 123 Pelegrim, see Peregrino, 34 Nunes, Gaspar, 72, 147, 161, 166, 173, Pelegrin, Jaque, 34, 49 214, 218 Pelengrina, Ana (Hana), 34, 214 Nunes, Jerónimo, 166, 214, 218 Pelengrino, see Peregrino, 34, 214 Pellegrino, see Peregrino, 34 Old Christians, 8, 11, 31, 41–42, 74, Pellingrino, see Peregrino, 34 78–79, 87, 89, 92, 97, 121, 125, Penso, Estevão Rodrigues, 72, 160, 173, 164–165, 198, 222 185, 213, 218 Old Law, 94 Pentateuch, 188 Old Testament, 88, 91–92, 99 People of the Book, 84 Olinda, 73, 78, 98 People of the Nation, 11 Olival, Fernanda, 80, 215 Peregrino, 33–36, 42, 67, 92, 126, 178, Oliveira, Manuel Pinto de, 46, 122, 173, 186, 192, 196 216–217 Fulano, 12 Oporto, 12–13, 16, 19–24, 26, 28–29, Jacob, 23, 29, 33–36, 38, 40, 42, 48, 32, 35, 37–38, 41–43, 45–46, 48–51, 50, 66–67, 72, 92, 126, 155, 166, 57–58, 61–62, 64–65, 68–69, 72, 77, 176, 183, 185–186, 212, 214, 216, 81–83, 89, 101–102, 105, 108, 218, see also Peregrimo, Jacob, 115–116, 119, 122, 128, 146, 23, 29, 33–36, 38, 40, 42, 48, 50, 158–162, 164–165, 167, 172–178, 66–67, 72, 92, 126, 155, 166, 176, 180, 182, 184–186, 188, 192, 195, 183, 185–186, 212, 214, 216, 218 198, 200, 211–214, 216, 218, Jaques, 34 221–224 Manuel, 34, 42, 45, 67, 180–181, 183, oppression, 16 185, 187, 214, 216, 218 oral traditions, 59, 102, 142–143 Peregrino, Jaques, 34 Order of Christ, 215 Pereira, D. Manuel, 94 Ottoman Empire, 8, 84–85 Pereira, Duarte Pacheco, Ouderkerk (cemetery), 30, 32, 70–71, 81, see also Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis, 141 181, 187, 192–193 Peres, Damião (ed.), 12, 95, 196 Peres, João Baptista, 172 pagans, 67, 74, 87, 90, 113, 120, 128 Peres, João Bautista/Juan Bautista Perez, Pallache, Joseph, 126, 133–134 122, 173 Pallache, Samuel, 106, 126–127, Peres, Manuel Baptista, 122, 172–173, 133, 175 183, 212, 219 Pallaches, 127, 133 Perez, Juan Bautista, 173 Papal Bull, 103, 106, 108–109, 121, 128 Pernambuco, 60, 215 Papel, 3, 26 persecutions, 8 Papel king of Bussis, 26 Peru, 122, 170

INDEX 257

Peulh, 106–107 power, 60, 106, 119, 129, 152, 161 Philip I (king of Spain), 8, 22, 36, 111, 221, practicing Jews, 11, 14, 35, 42, 86, 197 223 prayers, 43, 45, 47, 202 Philip II (king of Spain and Portugal), 8, priests, 16, 88 22, 36, 111, 221, 223 printing houses, 47 pidgin, 6 private entrepreneurs, 2 Piloto, António Vaz, 86 Promised Land, 178 Pinhel, Sebastião, 163 propaganda, 94–95, 100 Pinhel, Simão Rodrigues, 38, 163, 166, 218 Protestants, 77, 100, 109, 126–127, 133, pirates, 39, 111, 120–121, 177 175, 177 plural identities, 54, 58 Provincial, 74 pointers, 154–156 Prussin, Labelle, 84, 125, 204 poisonous crabs, references to, 164–165 public Jews, 12, 14, 23, 28–29, 34, 37, 46, political elite, 77, 114, 176, 204 61, 69, 88, 121, 147, 164, 179–180, ponteiros, 153–156 212, 214–215, 218, 221–222 Portalegre, 213–214 Pulido Serrano, Juan Ignacio, 62 Portalegre, Jacob, 181 punhais (daggers), see blade weapons, 104, Portimão, 40 148 Porto d’Ale, 12–13, 16, 19–22, 24, 26, purity of blood, 56–57, 77–79 28–29, 32, 35, 37–38, 41, 43, 45–46, 48–51, 57, 61–62, 64–65, 68–69, Querido, Diogo Dias, 75, 91, 163, 185, 72, 77, 81–83, 89, 101–102, 116, 188, 192, 212 122, 128, 146, 158–162, 164–165, Querido, David, see Querido, Diogo Dias, 172–178, 180, 182, 184–186, 188, 75, 212 192, 195, 198, 200, 211, 213–214, Quitehoa, 117 216, 218, 221–224 Portugal, 4–5, 8, 10, 12, 16, 22, 24–27, 29, rabbi, 23, 34–36, 38, 42, 49, 67, 72, 92, 33–34, 36–40, 47, 49, 51–52, 55–57, 185–186, 197, 214, 216 66–70, 72–74, 76, 79–80, 82, 91–97, Rabi Lemuen, 98 99–100, 103–104, 107–109, 111, Rabi Salamão, 98 117, 124–125, 127, 133–135, 141, race, 10, 55, 57, 63, 75, 78–81, 160, 143, 148, 152, 156, 160, 163–164, 190–192, 194, 205–206 166–167, 173–175, 184, 193, 195, racial categories, 55, 191 206, 208–209, 211, 215, 217, 221 racial consciousness, 18, 57, 190 Portuguese, 1–6, 8–9, 11–14, 16–34, 36–42, racism, 55, 189–190 44–45, 47–59, 61–87, 89–91, 93, rapiers, see blade weapons, 128 95, 97–98, 100–105, 107–118, 120, Rashi, 98 122–123, 125–129, 131–133, 135–148, Recife, 12, 26, 161, 167–168 150, 152, 154–157, 159–169, 171–177, reconverts, 23 179–181, 183–185, 188, 190–200, Reformation, 70, 76, 87, 192 203–206, 208, 211, 217, 221 rei de Jagáo Berbecim, 177 archives, 9, 11, 135, 147–148 réis (currency), 123 authorities, 38, 41, 109, 156, 164 religion, 6, 14, 17, 26, 32, 37, 39, 52, 57, community, 17, 32, 36, 51, 57, 82, 66, 68, 82, 84, 91, 95, 101, 120, 142, 127–128, 154, 157, 160–161, 182, 165, 179, 186, 196–197, 199–205 188, 193–194 imagery, 86, 100 Crown, 2, 4, 8, 77 religiosity, 58, 99 Jews, 1, 8, 16, 18, 26–27, 30–31, 36, 38, religious education, 29, 34, 214 41, 49–51, 69, 74, 77, 81, 84–86, religious identity, 8, 18, 23, 31, 41, 44, 93, 101, 120, 126, 162–163, 166, 61, 66, 79, 86, 186, 197–198, 203 181, 191, 193–194 religious interaction, 12, 135, 206–207 ships, 1–2, 115 religious life, 17, 27, 193

258 INDEX

returnees, 69 Sacrament, 96, 99 reverence, 96 sacred images, 94–96 Ribatejo, 49 Sahara, 1, 3, 8, 18, 55, 84–85, 106, 114, Ribeira Grande, 4, 168, 221 117–118, 124–127, 129, 131–134, Ribeiro, Fernão Soares, see Ribeiro, 153, 174–176, 189, 204, 207 Fernando Soares, 104, 121–122, 219 Sahel, 55, 84–85, 114, 117, 175 Rio de Gallinas, 147 saints, 88, 94–95, 99 Rio de Janeiro, 213 Saldanha, António de, 125–126, 130 Rio de S. Domingos, 25, 28–29, 37, 39, saleiros, 136, 140 41, 170 Sali Portudal, 20 Rio-Fresca, see Rufisque, 196 Salomon, Herman Prins, 98, 217 Rio Fresco, 27 Saloum, 102 Rio Grande, 3, 21, 25, 28, 37, 41, 50, 118, salt cellars, 136, 140, 143–146, 148, 150, 216 152 Rio Nunez, 174 Sanaga, 25, 41 Rio Sereno, 89 Sanches, Gaspar, 72, 173, 214, 217 rituals, 20, 24, 33, 35–37, 45–46, 59, 65, Santarém, 215 69, 71, 76, 86–87, 90, 96, 99–100, Santiago Island, 3–4, 24, 37–38, 46–47, 53, 154–157, 181, 190, 193, 196–197, 58, 120, 168, 171, 184, 223 200, 202–203 Santo Ofício, see also Inquisition/ riverine commerce, 3 Inquisição; Holy Office, 13, 14, 25 Rivers of Guinea, 3–4, 59, 101, 103, 113, São Jorge da Mina, 2 116, 127, 137, 166, 169, 184, 205 São Tomé e Principe Islands, 2 Robalo, Gaspar Dias, 37, 178, 214 Sapes, 3, 52, 119, 136, 140–148, 150, Rodney, Walter, 9–10, 38, 112–113, 141, 152–153, 157 169 Sardinha, Francisco Gomes, 104, 121, 219 Rodrigues Gregório, 104 savannah, 3, 123 Rodrigues, Bernardo, 125 scabbards, 105–106, 123 Rodrigues, Isabel, 69 Schorsch, Jonathan, 56, 70, 75, 79–81, Rodrigues, Diogo, see Freire, Jerónimo 187, 189–194 Rodrigues; Peregrino, Jacob; Pelegino, sea monsters, 155 Diogo, 34, 104, 122, 123, 214, 219 Second Temple, 70 Rodriguez, Pedro, see Veiga, Pedro secret Jews, 8, 27, 44–45, 58, 216 Rodrigues, 29, 44 secret religious assemblies, 73 Rome, 21, 45, 154 sedar, 46, 165 Rotterdam, 9, 22, 26, 40, 45, 72, 90, 160, Sefer Ha-mada, 97 173, 176, 180–181, 184, 207, 217 segregation, 192 Rowland, Robert, 14, 58–59 Senegal River, 2, 24, 40–41, 115, 176, Royal Company of Adventurers, 133 204–205 Rufisque, 12, 16, 27, 32, 65, 89, 139, 161, Senegalese coast, 12, 26, 50, 101, 161 167–168, 174–175, 178–179, 196, Senegambia, 2–3, 9–11, 13–14, 17, 25–26, 214, 224 36–38, 40–41, 49, 51–54, 56–59, Arecife, 168 61–64, 66, 77, 84–86, 88–89, 91, Arecipo, 161 101–102, 104, 106, 108, 111–113, Aricipo, 161 116–118, 120, 123, 126, 129, 132–133, 136, 146–147, 173–174, 179, 183, S. Pedro, 94 194–197, 200, 202–205, 207–208, 211 S. Tomé (island), 2, 13–14, 24, 87, Senegambian coast, 21, 38–39, 45, 108, 163–164, 184 131, 206 Saadian dynasty, 126, 131 Senhoras, 62 Saalum, 101 Sephardic Jews, 18, 22, 56, 76, 83, 85, 160, sabres, see blade weapons, 113, 119 181, 194

INDEX 259

Sephardim, 8–10, 13–14, 17, 32, 34, 70, Solingen, 112 78, 99–100, 147, 174, 183, 189–190, Songhai Empire, 106 200, 204 Soninké, 142 Sequeira, D. Francisco de, 221 Sousa, Diogo de, 27, 73, 211, 213, 218 Sequeira, Ventura de, 53 Sousa, Diogo Vaz de, 25, 27, 33, 36, 38, Serer, 3, 37, 70, 83, 85, 89, 102, 108, 177, 40, 43, 46, 90, 158, 160–161, 166, 204, 207 180, 213–214, 216, 218 Serra Leoa, see also Sierra Leone, 18, o Moço, 27, 38, 40, 90, 161, 166, 21, 25, 41, 49, 55, 95, 115, 119, 180–181, 213, 218 129, 135–137, 140, 145–147, 152, o Velho, 27, 33, 36, 42, 181, 187, 213 156–157, 176, 200–201, 205 Sousa, Filipe de, o Corcovado, 25, 27, 38, servants, 57, 65, 70–72, 75–77, 81, 179, 40, 47, 90, 161, 166, 180, 213–214, 182–183, 188, 192 218 settlers, 15–17, 21, 26, 37, 41, 57–58, Sousa, Jacob de, 181, 183 62–63, 65–66, 68, 70, 77, 84–85, 87, Sousa, Thomé Dias de, 219 102, 137, 159, 164, 172, 179–180, South America, 2, 11, 63–64, 122, 171, 182, 185, 187, 189, 197, 203 205, 207 Setúbal, Baltasar Lopes de, 166–168, 215 Spain, 33, 55, 80, 96, 111, 133, 165–166, Seville, 168, 171, 219 181, 193 Shabbat, 46 Spanish, 8–11, 22, 26, 29, 33, 36, 39–40, Shalom, Neveh, 30, 126, 155, 181 51, 56, 63, 76, 79, 111, 117, 122, 124, Sharif, 130 133, 138, 169–171, 179, 189, 196, sheaths, 115–116 206–207, 219 ships, 4, 24, 26–27, 39–40, 45, 75, 108, Spanish Netherlands, 22 120, 122, 137, 140, 163–164, spoons, 140–142, 144–146, 153 166–172, 174, 212, 215, 223 St. Lô, Alexis de, 178, 214 shrines, 157, 202 sticks and stones, 83, 86–87, 92, 95 Sierra Leone, see also Serra Leoa, 3, 8, 18, Strasbourg, 165 41, 53, 111, 118–119, 136, 138–146, Studemund-Halevy, Michael, 76, 79–80, 149–150, 154, 170, 199–200, 202 183, 191, 194, 213 Síín, 89–90, 222 sugar mills, 163, 217 Silva, Filipa Ribeiro da, 13–14, 24, 42, 48, 87 Sultan of Fez, 125–126, 129–130 Silva, Jerónimo Gomes da, see Gomes, Dr. sun, 43, 46 Jerónimo, 214 Suriname, 62–64, 66, 71–72, Silva, Marco Antônio Nunes da, 93–94, 99 82, 198, 206 Simhat, 187 Susus, 119 Sine-Saloum, 102 Sweet, James, 204, 206 Sintra, Diogo Gomes de, 108 sword blades, see blade weapons, 52, 132 slave trade, 2, 11, 17, 19, 55, 60, 76, synagogues, 27, 33–34, 36, 42–44, 49, 109, 121–123, 128–129, 168–171, 75, 126, 154–155, 157, 162–163, 173–176, 206, 212, 215–216, 219 181–182, 187, 190, 193, 213, slavery, 56, 71, 75, 78, 81, 198 218, 224 social hierarchy, 55, 64, 190, 194 syncretism, 17, 196, 207 social status, 53, 57, 66, 71, 78, 81, 173, syncretic religious forms, 17, 200, 202 188–189, 195, 203 Soeiro, 27, 37, 122, 166–172, 215–216 tagarra, 145–146 Diogo Lopes, 168, 215 Tagus river, 49 João, 27, 36, 165–169, 173, 181, 212, Talmud, 97, 180, 187, 214 215, 221, 223 Tancos, 34, 214 Leonor Lopes, 215 tangomaos, 4, 25, 52, 115–116 Luís Fernandes, 216 tapestries, 138 Manuel, 215 tassels, 123

260 INDEX

Tavares, Bartolomeu Rebelo (Vicar of couros (hides), 17, 108, 111, 120, Cacheu), 23, 29, 86, 121, 222 146–147, 162, 167–168, 172, Tavares, Manuel, 47 178–179, 207 Tavim, José Alberto, 8, 32–33, 35, 84, 125, gold, 1–2, 41, 95, 111, 117, 137–138, 204 162, 167, 174 Tawny Moore, 132 gum Arabic, 40 Teeñ, see Teigne, 68, 83 horses, 108, 114, 123, 130–131, 134, tefilá,47 139, 148, 152, 174, 176 Teigne, 68, 83, 89, 101–102, 177 indigo, 200 Teixeira, Manuel, 104–105 iron, 37, 41, 105, 108, 112–113, Temne, 3, 53, 95, 145 115–116, 119, 121, 125, 128, terçados, see also blade weapons, 104–105, 133, 139, 167, 173–174, 109, 111, 114, 121, 123, 129, 150 176, 216 Terceira (island), see also Azores (Açores), iron bars, 37, 173–174, 176, 216 60, 184 ivory, 17–18, 40–41, 108, 111, 120, terra cotta figures, 118 136, 138, 140–141, 143–148, 150, terres de liberté (lands of freedom), 60 152–157, 162, 167–168, 172, 174, testaments, 30 179, 186, 200, 207 testemunhas, see also witnesses, 24, 168 silk, 137–138, 174 textiles, 108, 139 silver, 95, 123–124, 137–138, 154–155, Thornton, John, 59, 113, 121, 123, 205–206 167 Timbuktu, 117 skins, 40, 146, 174 tin, 105 slaves, 1–2, 10–11, 17–19, 25, Tomar, 45, 97 54–56, 60, 64, 68–69, 71–73, Torah, 33, 35–36, 99, 109, 154–156, 158, 76, 81, 103, 108–109, 121–123, 180, 187–188, 214 128–129, 133, 137–138, 146, Toro, Juda, see Veiga, Gaspar Fernandes, 162, 168–176, 179, 190, 193, 182, 214 204, 206, 212, 214–217, 219 Toro/Touro, Abraham, see also Pero wax, 41, 102, 108, 120, 146–147, 162, Rodrigues Veiga, 29, 166, 180, 214, 167–168, 172, 174 217–218 wood, 87, 94–95, 124, 145–146 Toro/Touro, Juda, see Veiga, Gaspar translators, 5, 54, 75–76 Fernandes, 182–183, 214, 217 travel narratives, 62, 103, 135, 148 Torrão, Maria Manuel, 4, 10–11, 27–28, trials, 28, 45, 76, 94 35, 37, 45, 122, 167–168, 171, 215, Tribunal, see also Inquisition, 23–24, 172, 219, 224 221 Torre de Moncorvo, 214 Tuaregs, 55 Torres, Simão de, 90 Turks, 116–117, 125 Torres, Simon de, see also Torres, Simão turquinas, 116–117 de, 44 Twelve Years Truce, 8, 181 torture, references to, typhoid, 165 see also Inquisition, 92, 108 toubab, 195 Ulm, 142 traçados, see terçados, 129 Union of Utrecht, 29 trade commodities, 49, 109, 122, 139 United Provinces, see also Low Countries, calfskin, 47 8, 16–17, 22, 26, 29, 30, 34, 38, 40, civet, 111 41, 48, 81, 109, 110, 126, 172, 181, cloth, 173–174, 200, 216 183, 195, 211, 213 cola, 200 Upper Guinea, 3, 9–12, 16–19, 26, 31, coral, 155 38–39, 53, 58, 60, 65, 68, 77, 86–87, cotton, 174, 200 102–103, 106, 109, 112–113, 129,

INDEX 261

131, 134, 136, 141, 148, 165, African weapons 169–171, 183, 195, 198, 200–201, dardos, 116 203, 205–207 arms, 92, 103, 109–110, 116, 118–119, 121, 125–127, Vai, 142 129, 132 Van den Boogaart, Ernst, 39, 56, 77, 147, arrows, 116, 119 189–190 bows, 119 Van den Broecke, Pieter, 22, 48, 67–68, demand for weapons, 106, 127, 129, 128, 172, 175 131, 133 Vargas, David, see Vargas, Duarte Álvares, firearms, 104, 113, 130 213 guns, 125 Vargas, Duarte Álvares, hand weapons, 103 see Vargas, David, 213 lances, 111, 125 Vargas, Garcia Álvares de, 213 manufacturers, 125 Vargas, Inês de, 213–214 munitions producers, 125 Vas, Davi, 182 shields, 111, 115, 119 Vaz, Gaspar, 31 short swords, see also blade weapons, Veiga, Duarte Fernandes, 184, 217 104, 109–111, 114, 116, Veiga, Gaspar Fernandes, see Toro, Juda, 118–119, 121, 126, 130, 134, 148, 183, 214, 217 152, 176 Veiga, Graça Fernandes, 217 spears, 113, 116, 119 Veiga, Graça Rodrigues, 217 steel weapons, see blade weapons, 125, Veiga, Manuel Rodrigues, 214, 217 131 Veiga, Pedro Rodrigues, see Toro/Touro, swords, see also blade weapons, 18, Abraham, 29, 105, 166, 176, 180, 52, 103–106, 108–109, 112–123, 214, 217–218 127–129, 131–132, 138, 148, 150, Veneza, see also Venice, 105 212, 219 Venice, 34, 38, 63, 126, 164, 214 technology, 125 Veracruz, 169 Webb, James, 55, 123, 175 verandahs, 53 West Central Africa, 2, 162, 171, vessels, 25–26, 36, 39–41, 50, 75, 89, 205–206 111, 123, 126, 136, 139–140, West Indies, 175 143, 146, 150, 156, 161–163, 166, Western Africa, 2, 10, 54, 78, 85, 168–169, 171–174, 199, 222 194, 198 vicar, 4, 24, 86–87, 211 Western Europe, 32–33, 156 Vicar of S. Domingos, 23–24, 27 Western Sudan, 175 Viceroy, 116 Wheat, David, 40, 169 Vieira, Francisco, 104 White identity, 12, 18, 39–40, 50, 54, Vienna, 153, 155 58, 64, 66, 68–69, 78, 81, 101, Villault, Nicolas, Sieur de Bellefond, 147, 103, 106, 147, 190–192, 196, 199–200, 202–203 195–196 Vintang, 101, 197 wines, 45, 78, 161, 172 virtue, 95, 98 witnesses, 14, 23–24, 34–36, 42–47, 50, visitador, 22–24, 84, 92, 94, 222 75, 85–88, 90, 93–94, 104, 113, vizinhos, 20, 48 121, 125, 128, 160, 162, 164, Wachtel, Nathan, 28, 45, 58, 76, 79, 99, 166, 168, 171, 211, 216, 219, 165, 183 222, 224 war, 21, 89, 91, 111, 123, 163, 175 wives, 50, 65, 70, 126, 132, 194 weapons, 17–18, 103–116, 118–119, Wolof, 3, 37, 48, 54, 67, 70, 77–78, 121, 123–134, 136, 138, 144, 146, 83, 89, 107–108, 114, 118–119, 148, 150, 152, 176, 207 176–177, 204, 207

262 INDEX

Wolof (cont.) yad, see ponteiros, 153–155, 157 Wolofs, 85, 111–112, 114–115, 118, 129, 176 Zaidan, Moulay, 126 wooden statues, 86 Zaouni, André, 98 worshipped images, 87 Zeeland, 29, 49, 74, 164 wounds, 104 Ziguinchor, 65, 198

xarife, 125, 130