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Popular Politics in a Philippine Municipality

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Popular Politics in a Philippine Municipality View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarBank@NUS POPULAR POLITICS IN A PHILIPPINE MUNICIPALITY SOON CHUAN YEAN B.Soc.Sci. Hons. (Science Malaysia University) M.Soc.Sci. (Uppsala University) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES PROGRAMME NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2008 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis could never have been possible without the assistance of numerous people. It gives me the utmost pleasure to mention them. I am especially indebted to Reynaldo C. Ileto for his supervision and commitment to guide me throughout the project. His constant support eased my difficult research journey. Without his guidance, advice and critical comments in the various stages of writing, this project would not have been completed. Goh Beng Lan has been helpful in constantly providing ideas and comments. Her lectures have tremendously helped to enlighten me in the field of Southeast Asian anthropology. Her time and willingness to read my work provided me with ideas to rethink and improve my project. I am also grateful to Priyambudi Sulistyanto for his willingness to sit in my committee and for his trust in my ability in making the project. Also, I would like to thank several institutions for making this dissertation possible. The Universiti Sains Malaysia provided generous support in funding my doctoral studies at the National University of Singapore/NUS. SEASREP supported me in my Tagalog language training. Thank you also to NUS for its general support during my stay in Singapore, especially during my last semester there. With my friends in Singapore, I had constant discussions, sharing, and friendship that made for worthwhile experiences and memories to bring along. I would like to thank in particular George Radics, for our “debates” and his time in reading my thesis. Gloria Cano, Henry Xu Ke, and Yoshinori Nishizaki shared their ideas and views that enriched my thesis in the process of writing. My gratitude extends to Trina Tinio for her kindness and willingness to read and edit my draft. Also, I would like to thank Lucy Tan for her constant advice and assistance in making my applications in NUS easier to manage. I would also like to thank my fellow scholars in the Philippines: Francisco Magno for accommodating me in the La Salle Institute of Governance, Tesa Tadem for always welcoming me at the Philippine Political Science Association conferences, which helped me develop my ideas, and Atoy Navarro for the fruitful exchange of ideas and his generous effort in making my stay in Manila comfortable. I would like to thank Jaime Polo, Antonio Contreras, Francis Gealogo, and Zeus Salazar for their guidance and giving time to listen to my ideas. Many friends in Tanauan City welcomed me into their communities and openly shared their views and lives with me. The Carandang family, including Ben and Rey, helped me to establish my initial network in Barangay Gonzales. Without them, my pakisama in Gonzales would not have been established in such a short period of time. The Gonzales family shared with me their views of Tanauan local politics. Their hospitality and warm welcome made me feel at home during my stay in Barangay 1. Nick Chavez of the Knights of Columbus/KC introduced me to his colleagues and other members of the KC. Also, I appreciate his effort to share with me his experiences on Tanauan local politics. Mom Shirley and Tatay Toni involved me in i their community events. Elmer Perez provided generous guidance and help; and Ate Servie, Ate Zeny, and Kuya Ome welcomed me in their social circle. I would like to give particular thanks to my family and friends in Barangay Gonzales. The warm hospitality of Ate Liza and her family allowed me, the Intsik-cum-dayuhan, to become part of their family. Kuya Fabian, Badette, and their family, as well as Ate Gina and family made my stay in Gonzales a relaxing one. Kuya Kano, Ate Irene, and Kuya Toni shared ideas about their life stories. I also thank Ate Emmy, Lanie, and Edgar for their friendship. I would like to thank the staff of the Tanauan Library and Tanauan City Hall, especially the Office of City Planning and Development for their generous help and support in providing information and data about Tanauan City. My dearest friend, Charmaine, gave her unconditional help, assistance, sacrifices, and patience in making the fieldwork smooth. Without her help, this thesis could never have been written. My family’s patience, understanding, and support made my studies fruitful and meaningful. I thank you all. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Popular Politics in a Philippine Municipality ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..............................................................................................i TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................. iii SUMMARY...................................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................vii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1: Introduction ............................................................................................1 Tanauan’s Local Politics and Traditional Approaches ..............................................4 Understanding Tanauan Local Politics ....................................................................17 Politics of Culture: Reading “Culture” as “Political”.......................................22 Politics from “Below:” Writing “Lives,” Everyday Meanings, Languages .......29 CHAPTER 2: The Research Setting............................................................................33 Physical Landscape of Barangay Gonzales .............................................................34 A Malaysian Researcher in the Barangay................................................................44 Peasants’ Struggles for Everyday Subsistence ........................................................52 CHAPTER 3: Reaching the Popular............................................................................60 Localization of Tulong and Pera: Perceptions from “Above” or “Below”?............61 Chavez..................................................................................................................62 Benedicto..............................................................................................................70 Developmentalism Discourse: Official Projections of Tulong................................85 The Language of Tulong and Pera ......................................................................86 The Portrait of Tulong and Pera .........................................................................93 Unofficial Projections of Tulong and Pera ..............................................................97 Funerals ...............................................................................................................97 Paghahandog (Gift-Giving) and the Localization of Pera ................................103 Food: Pagkain and Meryenda ...........................................................................104 Medical Supplies and Goods .............................................................................105 Job Opportunities or Trabaho ...........................................................................107 Public Meetings and Speeches...........................................................................109 Concluding Remarks: A Blurring of the Boundaries of Politics ...........................117 CHAPTER 4: Locating a Language of Emotion in Popular Politics.........................125 The Bases of Judging Politicians ...........................................................................127 iii Pagkikilatis/Kalkulasyon Through Gawa/Pangako...........................................127 Pagkikilatis/Kalkulasyon Through Feeling and Loob .......................................131 Utang and Loob vis-à-vis Utang na Loob..............................................................136 The Moral Sentiment of Malapit (Closeness) and Malayo (Aloofness).............141 The Bases for Scrutiny of Self: the Lakaran and Sarili .........................................153 Lakaran..............................................................................................................153 Sariling Sikap (Self-help or Independence) .......................................................155 The Interpretation of Pulitika.................................................................................158 Concluding Remarks: Politics of Emotion in Everyday Lives ..............................165 CHAPTER 5: Religious Ideas in the Politics of Moral Order...................................170 Rosaryo: Religiosity, Spirituality and Morality.....................................................171 The “Sorrowful Mysteries” in Everyday Struggles ...............................................175 Kaligtasan (Salvation) and Tulong....................................................................176 Malasakit (Compassion, Sacrifice) and Tulong.................................................181 Mga Pagsubok (Trials), Lakaran, and the Sarili...............................................185 Recognizing the “Elites:” Popular Interpretation of Sainthood.............................190 Matuwid (Righteous)..........................................................................................191
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