Nation Branding in Spain

CEU eTD Collection   Nation branding in Spain: Andalusia’s search for search Andalusia’s inSpain: branding Nation In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Nationalism Studies Program Central European University European Central Advisor: András Pap Budapest, Hungary recognition Denise Nijhuis Denise Master of Arts Master Submitted to: Submitted 2013  CEU eTD Collection  andpassion. Andalusian culture the emphasizes latter the while nation, this for symbols of establishment the and nation Andalusian investorsone aimed andat the in this thesis, Andalusian arethen brands examined different Two by regions. these enjoyed autonomy tourists. population Spain (Galicia, Catalonia andthe Basque Country) and obtaining thus same the amount of itself, The and of nationalities in historic copy so-called the an to attempt oneregional government Andalusian the by up taken atbeen former, has all branding nation crisis, outsiders,economic current the and regions Spanish specifically it isbetween imbalances of from passed acombination proposes resulting that, Spain. It Southern potentialargued, focusesA primarily on the creation of the BSTRACT This thesis analyses the development of in of practices nationAndalusia, developmentbranding the analyses This thesis  i CEU eTD Collection found their without help. havenot Iwouldme directions and stay in into me pointing a place to providing with Seville, general during yearssupport our two atCEU. have during and and my that class for outside of strengthened subject, theirthe knowledge goes goes to mention A special program. the of course the throughout had we discussions thesis many the throughout. insights relevant Stewart Michael Nationalism Studies program as a whole. Special thanks should be given to  A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS Finally, I should thank should I Finally, Many alsogoes thanks to my in for department, colleagues the providinginfeedback This thesis not havewould been accomplished support the without and guidance of the Szilard IstvanPap for closely my supervising research and writing and process, providing and Alfonso MoraAlfonso Sena  Wietske Nijman ii , for the many arguments we had both and Ana Maria Romero Marquez András Pap and for CEU eTD Collection Chapter 6 – ExternalChapter6 – identification ...... 68 Internal– Chapter5 identification...... 55 ChapterA 4– theoretical frameworkfornation branding ...... 42 Catalystsregionalisationfor– 3 Chapter ...... 34 AsymmetricChapter2 – federalism in Spain ...... 26 Chapter 1 – Spanish nationalism and regionalism ...... 9 Introduction ...... 1 Listof Figures ...... v Tableof contents ...... iii Acknowledgements ...... ii Abstract i ......  T ABLE 6.2 Andalusian6.2 passiondiversity: and PromotingAndalusia ...... 71 Analysing6.1 Andalusianthe image ...... 68 Branding5.4 AndalusiaAndalusians for ...... 66 5.3 Blas Infante:The father Andalusian of nationalism ...... 64 5.2 National spiritandnational body:Andalusian banal nationalism ...... 62 A presentation5.1 Andalusianof the Autonomy ...... 56 4.4 Aframeworkforunderstanding nation branding...... 51 Nation4.3 brandingliterature inthe ...... 47 Recognition4.2 ...... 45 Collective4.1 identity, nationhood andregionalism ...... 42 3.2 Economic crisisa catalyst as fornational identity talk ...... 38 Modelling3.1 “Historicthe Nationalities” ...... 36 Fiscal2.3 decentralization inSpain ...... 30 FederalismSpainin 2.2 ...... 28 Federalismtheory in 2.1 ...... 26 Sub-statenationalism1.4 Andalusia in ...... 22 SpanishTheConstitution 1.3 1978 of ...... 19 Extreme1.2 nationalization: TheFrancoRegime ...... 15 1.1 The problems ofSpanish nationalism (until 1938) ...... 9 Selection of primary sources ...... 7 Methodologicalapproach ...... 4  OF  CONTENTS  iii CEU eTD Collection   References ...... 81 Conclusion...... 76 6.2.3 Diversity 6.2.3 ...... 74 6.2.2prominence The landscapesof ruralandurban ...... 74 6.2.1importance The ofpassionjoy: and Religion andFlamenco ...... 72 iv CEU eTD Collection Figure Figure  L IST    2: 1: OF   Cruzcampo Six  F  aspects IGURES   to advertisement  the   nation’s  image……………………………………………………………………………53  2011  campaign…………………………………………………………….64 v  CEU eTD Collection nationalism. 4 change. 3 world city networks. city world 2 London: p. 134-163.Fontana, 1  and by ascreated promoted its regional of developmentthe a newAndalusianidentification, fourteen regions will be the core of this study: Andalusia (Southern Spain). other The of those One own region. of infavour their become more outspoken thesisto started have follows asymmetrical distribution of rights for the different sub-state governments that other regions  hand one the on organizations transnational studying on emphasis stronger a to context, global in as actor a main the political focus onthe nation-state a primary hasfrom shifted attention literature academic  I document than the other, ‘new’, autonomous regions did regions autonomous ‘new’, other, the than document from more thatthey gainedthe argued have scholars new with the constitution, satisfied all not were that regime, Franco’s general before hadlevel of enjoyedautonomy a that regions Basque countries, andthe Catalonia Galicia, nationalities, historic three While the regions. leftout. they are completely most, in while mentioned, merely in studies some are of Spain regions yetmuch be less is Galicia, in autonomous research done fourteen this other The region. focusprimary lies on regions:two Catalonia and the Basque country. A focussecondary may case study. the figures asaprominentsuch In often case studies, Spain identification, and Brassloff, A. (1989). Spain: The state of the autonomies. In M. Forsyth (ed): Keating,(1998). M. Taylor,P.J. (2005). New political geographies: Global civil society and global governance through Hutchinson,(1994). J. The end of the European nation-state? In J. Hutchinson: NTRODUCTION 2 , and sub-state forms of government on the other the on government of forms sub-state and , Discussions on the possible death of the nation-state have become prominent in have become prominent of nation-state possible on death the the Discussions The Spanish constitution of into1978 brought existence seventeen autonomous Northampton: Edward ElgarPublishing. Leicester: Leicester University Press, p. 24-50. p. Press, University Leicester Leicester: 1 Political geography, 24 The new regionalism in Western Europe: Territorial restructuring and political . While it is debatable whether the nation-state is,in dying,scholarly fact, nation-state the . Whileis whether itdebatable    (1), 703-730. 1  3 . For the study of sub-state governance sub-state of study the For . 4 . It is primarily based on this Federalism and Modern nationalism. CEU eTD Collection Núñez, X.M. (2001). 6 5  Spanish Empire,It follows loss the of keep the together. kingdom mighthavethe to necessary while it been and the failure of ofthe the18 end the at firststarts argument historical The history. throughout Spanish sentiments regional of flowering Republic toin unified mayas itnation-states Spain have established European beenin other establish an image as been or as strong, hasnot rhetoric nationalist that thebasic with argument begins chapter of The theconstitution. 1978 the before long started regions the between inequities that argument factors. cultural on primarily based identification  nationalism banal of forms and markers economic socio- on primarily based identification, internal an hand, one On the promoted: being are lines identification of separate isthat two proposed It nation branding. of practice the itis through will be established focus, reasoned, focus region.This on renewed the heightened in a specifically region, hastriggered caseof the the between which, Andalusia, differences the furthered economic crisisit has the is that argued situation. Additionally, current the into insights further provide will constitution new the of process drafting the of discussion a However, Spain. of parts other than rights, more therewith and autonomy, more had 1978constitution.the isin It arguedthat, theBasqueparticular andCountry Catalonia, have long wascreated before regional the governments between animbalance Spanish kingdom, identification entails, as well as of the ways in which it has been promoted. new the what of analysis an provides it Moreover, identification. asub-state of creation in the was sparked interest a renewed such why answer question seeks to the It government. See Payne, S.G. (1991), Smith, A. &Mar-Molinero, C. (1996), Muro, D. &Quiroga, A. (2005), Billig,(1995). M. In thefirst adescriptionchapter isleading history of Spanish given, political tothe The argument presented in this thesis is that because of the historic realities of of the realities historic of because is the in that thesis this presented The argument th , beginning of 19 the Banal nationalism.  th century, arguing that little nationalist rhetoric was in rhetoric nationalist was little century,place, that arguing London: Sage. 2  5 , and on the other hand, an external an hand, other the on and , 6 . This led to a CEU eTD Collection closed economy. closed 7  autarky aviolent, centralizing created Spain, nationalize to attempt its in which, regime, Franco the of analysis an to devoted then non-existing nationalizingthe to dedicated be will section short A changing. truly effortswas nothing surface the under ofstate, the Second Republic. A significant nation- a‘real’ create to attempted government the thesurface while on that, arguing part century, of the chapter is Spanish nation at that time. It continues with the liberal project at the beginning of the 20  yet itwill be argued with nation-state, the deals fieldprimarily newly emerging This theories. provides a theoretical framework for nation branding, based mostly on national identity region. in the initiated been have efforts branding nation arisescomegovernment to upwith its funding.own isit Arguably, because of this need that aneed for the While retracted, regional is being are funds hardest. hitthe national Catalonia, financial incrisis and SpainEurope, itisspecifically, presented thatAndalusia, along with adiscussion recent of the Second, followthrough to asimilarcourse. for Andalusia incentive a strengtheningin of argues that historic the Spain nation-talk of nationalities provides it Andalusia, and Catalonia both of constitution regional in the made changes of example by illustrated the First, in renewedinterest for regional identification. an Andalusian catalysts in place. financial decentralization system the of andanalyses in status Spanishstate, the for obtainingan autonomous theprocess presents Spanishcase.It the provides detail about autonomous regions, will finally be taken up for discussion in chapter. this for the newConstitution of the consequences The direct was adelicate 1978one. the of drafting the process nation-state, of the with therhetoric adisillusionment which created Autarky is understood as asystem aimed obtainingat full economic independence through a rigidly The fourth chapter then outlines the main debates in nation branding theory, and theory, branding nation in debates main the outlines then chapter fourth The as twofactors suggests thirdchapter federalism, the asymmetric of Based on theories and federalism asymmetric of of theories anoverview provides The secondchapter  7 . It is argued that in the wake of the Franco regime, 3 th CEU eTD Collection nation building in new states. While the Andalusian case does not refer to the creation of not of creation a the refer to case does Andalusian While the innew building states. nation  M as they interesting for future questions research. provide ithere, madeto isthus reference some of thesis, the scope the laybeyond campaign branding of real the the effects While by local population. attempts branding the regional government’s discusses madeonthe someit comments Additionally, (NacionAndaluza). independence inits effects Andalusia. a introduces for Itbriefly grass root Andalusianorganization for discussing provide pointers some aims to chapter concluding the per se, practices branding the Andalusian additionally anditsage historicgolden underlining diversity. whileflamenco, and on language, religion combinesdiscussions more several cultural latter The Andalusia. with have Spaniards connotations negative with away doing at aims former The borders. national outside and within from both tourists and investors potential on focuses it other, on the asa target, theSpanishpopulation itOn hand one the takes outsiders. towards aimed discourse identification the discusses sixth chapter symbols. The important most aims ateducating population Andalusian the about regional the its institutions,autonomy, and the legacyit around while narrative here The Blas revolves Infante, population. of Andalusian aimed atthe discourse theidentification dealsfifth with chapter The campaign. branding nation in their government Andalusian by the promoted been have that identification of which is to be applied to the Andalusian case study. for nation-branding, framework willprovide a chapter review, the a literature on well.Based that it may well apply to sub-state political units, even those without full sovereignty, as ETHODOLOGICAL In his Papua New workon Guinea,Foster Robert outlines amethodology for studying While nation branding theory theory itself does not of While nation effects necessarily branding the occupy with lines separate, somewhat the two, detail in analyse greater chapters following The two  APPROACH  4 CEU eTD Collection Meyer (Eds.), 9 Guinea. 8  thesis. They start from Stuart Hall’s understanding of the narration of the nation, which is thus inthis approach methodological the of basis the form will which CDA, through identity Moreover it seeks to explain how it influences social identity, relations and knowledge As such, the aim of CDA is social which through individualspractice, to areshapedaccording tocertainnorms and values. not only describe, butframework also explain of Critical how discourse Discoursea discursive is shaped. Analysis through with be dealt will is promoted, Andalusia of (CDA).identification new the in which ways the In analysisCDA it is proposed thatof of, and content The second the question, concerning sources. review of secondary literature discourseprimary is a sources. inwill beinterestidentification and with dealt renewed a through regional governance Accordingly, of the cause the with dealing question, The first answer. to itseeks question particular this thesis works increating acohesivenation. practices theemergencemainly of branding recognizes with indirectly describedindicating nationbuilding the histhe as processes work such, Foster  nowadays more are NewGuinea) (in citizens of hiscasePapua a nation that presentsanargument author seen as consumers as making nationto state making).nation in opposed mostly mass media The (commercial thanpresented nationalism, of asbanality the on hand, members other the on and, making) nation (state nation” of a “the of politicalconcept the of modularity the on hand one the on focuses and twofold, is book in the unit identification,work provides Foster’s useful for thispointers study. Theargumentpresented a unified governmentcreate to attempts a sub-state butof the rather to new state, Van Dijk, T.S. (2009). Critical discourse studies: asociocognitive approach. In R. Wodak& M. Foster,R.J. (2002). Ruth Wodak and her co-authors propose a model specifically for studying national studying for specifically model a propose co-authors her and Wodak Ruth on the is isthisdependent twofold, thesis taken methodological The approach Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. Materializing the nation: commodities, consumption and media in Papua New  5 London: SAGE . 8 . Thus, whilenot 9 . CEU eTD Collection University p. 24. Press, 10  ( of is spirit national that of characteristics these first The blocks. building on the work of Leszek Kolakowszi. be analysed through CDA. To solve this problem,they introduce a different framework, based Hall’s scheme, they claim this list is not fully covering the idea of a national identity national a of identitynotion that may continuity nation.the of Finally, concept the of a purefolkis introduced, to aidin the reifying As also emphasized nation. the narration of sanctioned become officially the a partof itto allowing mythicized, by the secondin time to such anaspect extent that is pushedback the of nation origin the it arguesthat Hall is of principle myth origin. fourth the inno longer Hall’s exists in thescheme, real in order a disorderly world. thereby world transforming agroup individualsof a community. into A Rather the it is mystifiedmyth mostly nature, may a ritual create traditions, of that Hall invention proposes of the tradition. andof origin createsthis way, an image ofa the nation as unbrokenis itneeds from in to bereinforced there, identity always time to time.Inpresenting national and unchangingwhile that identity, is original the presented.being as ispresented identity national such, As A thirdtimelessness. pointer is and rituals. Second, national identity discourse has a focus on origin, continuity and national bycreatingdestiny, betweenindividual connections life andnational stories symbols a life links everyday to media literature, narrative The form the every and of culture. day thenarrative of here.First, nation isthe summarized tobefoundshortly in in life, everyday  is it Rather object. an much so not is spirit national the that contends He behaviours. national itself collective in aswell as culture expresses spirit national Kolakowski, the to According Wodak, R, et al.(2009). This second framework holds that national identity is characterized by five is by different characterized identity holds thatnational framework This second  The discursive construction of national identity. 10  . While recognize the usefulness and Wodak her co-authors of 6 Edinburgh: Edinburgh volksgeist ). CEU eTD Collection  isandhere. eligible foranalysis therefore government Autonomy). the of exhibition The museum, the main concerns source calledThe upon. are minor sources while some additional analysed, opened inis main one source by government, the as branded identification internal the concerning 2006, falls materials.loop the fifth here chapter, For under the are government sources taken all primary underpractices, branding through government regional the by the proposed as identifications different responsibility of the regional 14 University p. 26. Press, S thesis. in this later case Andalusian the analyse to be used will that pointers five of framework is this 13 idea of the myth of origin as proposed by Hall, for it refers to the founding of the nation 12 Castelgandolfo-Gespräche 1995. 11 the state of sizethe national andlimitations metaphor inbody the of to refers addition, the argue that, They landscape. and territory national to identity national links body national the that propose inWodak and factor herco-authors asthefourth scheme. this is introduced body a national of notion The identity. in national is present orientation future a memory, collective for those provide for support national identification. Thirdly,itis for proposed that, similar reasons as back morethe memories go, they further these identity. The abasisfor national provide memories is these that what matters Rather, is such memory nottrue. or matter whether not Kolakowski focuses on the idea of historical or collective or historical ideaof focuses on the Kolakowski  may entity of that in be upon a metaphysical crisis especially called times Ibid,p. 25-26. Wodak, R,et al. (2009). Halbwachs, (1992). M. Kolakowski,(1995). ÜberkollektiveIdentität. L. In K. Michalski (ed): ELECTION Considering that the purpose of the second part of this thesis is to illustrate partis second two of the of thesisthe illustrate thepurpose this to that Considering 13 . The final element is a nameable beginning. This element may be compared to the  OF  PRIMARY Museo dela Museo autonomía de Andalucía On Collective Memory On Collective The discursive construction of national identity.  SOURCES  Vienna: Institutfürdie WiesenschafenvomMenschen,47-60. p.  . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 7 12 memory. He argues that it does it that memory.He argues (the Museum for Andalusian Identitätim Wandel: Edinburgh: Edinburgh 11 . Secondly, . 14 . It . CEU eTD Collection this section may also be drawn from the identity may bethis above. section also drawnfrom identity debate outlined the in 2013. Both videos were created videoof apromotional the for concerns plans second pastyears.The action the by the regional government. isthese the governmentwebsite for Andalusian tourism, includes which government the Finally, some conclusionsgovernment. in Additionally, two materials for tourism promotion regional are the analysed.of The department firstCultural the of of jurisdiction the under fall which Andalusia, in isformuseums of anumber material first The sources. a different promotional three from information draws any of foreign actor, type towards aimed brand The transformation. necessity a socio-economic perceivedthe of andcovered primarily and politicians identity. The conference was attended by numerous Andalusian social scientists, historians Andalusian studies) 2012 concerning inOctober transformationthe Andalusianthe of the material of material the debate the of organized by the is main source the in specific, Spaniards towards branding aimed the For differ peraudience.  In the sixth chapter, regarding the branding of Andalusia for external actors, sources actors, for external of branding Andalusia sixth the In the chapter, regarding 8 Centro deEstudiosAndaluces Semana Santa (Centre for (Centre CEU eTD Collection  change in wasslow,Spain up until approximately the First WorldWar. This in ensured turn structural and social that concludes Payne Finally, tendencies. nationalist of strengthening this reason, thereFor neutrality. retained but in rivalries,power Spain rather that involvedwas not great argues was noPayne Additionally, external field. playing international the on credibility creating for need a lesser threat to Spanishwas the first, and for along time the largest, European Empire.existence, According to Payne, this led to Themostof Spain important factthat which isthe in Spanish state. the lack ofnationalism which would have nationalism for of ageneral Spanish absence led to a 1.1 regions didregionalism manage. other where strong generate to failureAndalusia of the discusses chapter the Finally, constitution. 1978 the of articles important most the of analysis an by concluded is section This sentiments. regional growing influenced rhetoric nationalizing a consistent of absence the how showing detailed description from of Spanish history political late19 the argument for a general absence of a strong nationalizing an begins with chapter The state. Spanish the of theemergence since which hadculminated rhetoric in Spain. regions, It between continues differences of institutionalization withan as be seen a rather should constitution has been largely created by the constitution of 1978  nationalism. 16 15  C Payne, (1987). S.G. Brassloff, A. (1989). Spain: The state of the autonomies. In M. Forsyth (ed): HAPTER  T HE In outlining the origins of the Franco Regime, Stanley Payne produces an argument It has been argued that the current imbalance between autonomous regions in regions Spain autonomous has between imbalance beenarguedthat thecurrent It  PROBLEMS Leicester: Leicester University Press, p. 24-50. p. Press, University Leicester Leicester:  1  –  S The Franco Regime  OF PANISH  S PANISH   NATIONALISM  NATIONALISM , 1936-1975. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, p 9. 16 9 . He acknowledges a number of causes for the for of anumber causes He . acknowledges  ( UNTIL 15  AND . It is in . the new that argued this chapter  1938)  REGIONALISM  th century, particularly century, Federalism and  CEU eTD Collection  and conflicting identities. (Eds.), A. Smith Molinero& 20 19 contemporary history, 26 18 Ltd, p. 3. peninsula: Competing and conflicting identities. (Eds.), Smith A. Mar-Molinero& In C. peninsula. 17 liberal tradition, which had its power based in a small group of oligarchs is dominantthe of conservatism theextreme nationalizing project failure of Spanish the causing factor the forAn example,education). additional (through, communications of poor thecause which in was of Spanishstate, poverty failurebethe the for should this sought cause Smith and Mar-Molinero argue for a failed nationalizing project. They contend asmuch projects nationalizing any as powers. of European other the that the mainin involved been not has state Spanish the existence, its to threat internal and external both aswell as alackof position, geo-political its historic Insum, of because Spanish government. relatively little political mobilization, which may have called for nationalizing efforts by the and centralizing policies, followed by a strengthening of micro-nationalisms of astrengthening by followed policies, centralizing and for Payne acycle In fact, argues nationalizing of centuries. extreme twentieth and nineteenth such defining characteristics, he proposes to call to ethno-patriotic them heproposes such defining characteristics, proto-nationalism called be may claimed thatbeforein nationalistrhetoric Spain emerged Europe, something which showed review of this cycle is below.presented Some scholars investigating Spanishnationalism have  is second It the particularly askey tone of Spanishethno-patriotism. pitying elements this French and the English, a proposes blend of politics and religion, adeep-rooted xenophobia, especially the against a strong sense of Euro-centrism, and finally a defensive and self- Idem,481. p. Payne, S.G. (1991). Nationalism, regionalism and micronationalism in Spain. Smith, A.,& Mar-Molinero,(1996). C. The myths and realities of nation-building in the Iberian Alvarez Junco,C. (1996). The nation-building process in nineteenth-century Spain. InC.Mar- While they acknowledge that some efforts towards nationalizing Spain were made, Spain somewere nationalizing efforts towards that While theyacknowledge Nonetheless, some attempts at nationalizing Spain have been made throughout the throughout made been have Spain nationalizing at attempts some Nonetheless,  (3/4). Nationalism and the nation in the Iberian peninsula: Competing Oxford: Berg, Oxford International PublishersLtd, p. 90.  19 . While José Alvarez Junco. While the existence of acknowledges José 10 Nationalism and the nation in the Iberian Oxford: Berg, Oxford International Publishers 20 . At the same time he 17 Journal of . 18  . A historical CEU eTD Collection  p. 107. Competing and conflicting identities. (Eds.), Smith A. Mar-Molinero& In C. 24 23 22 and conflicting identities. (Eds.), A. Smith Molinero& 21  samethe time obtaining all wealth fromthe coming According endeavour.this Balfour, to the at its on based political dominance, religion, common goal aswell its while to spread the as Spain intoa “third-rate power” loss of the Spanish navy isand the important of most theThe American identification. Spanish part developed newly the of the promoting fully from Empire that followed, which turned nation of a Spanish existence the challenged seriously noone century, nineteenth the throughout that, argue to continues Junco Alvarez nation. aSpanish of existence the informing passion, and bravery Spain’s of example prime the became independence’ of ‘war identification. Through the emergence of Romanticism, those who had fought for Spain in this Independence’, a‘War ensuedwasskilfully Spain.dubbed The conflict of that entered political discourse in Europe. emerged politics nationalist when identification, item that would play a prominent part in the development of a first national Spanish national identification national Spanish rather, Empire,disasterthe of for1898, asthe turning or astable point Spanish identification. national Spanish of maintenance and further the development to authorities Spanish political the of reluctance to Aspoints Alvarezthe Junco a final for anynationalizing project. little sources obstacle, Balfour, S.(1996). ‘The lion and the pig’: Nationalism and national identity in Fin-de-Siècle Spain. Ibid,p. 98. Ibid,p. 95. Alvarez Junco,C. (1996). The nation-building process in nineteenth-century Spain. InC.Mar-  However, he identifies a number of issues that prevented the Spanish intellectual elites intellectual Spanish the prevented that issues of anumber heidentifies However, asa nationalism invasion that is theNapoleonic it AlvarezJunco through to According Like Alvarez Junco, Sebastian Balfour points to the loss of the American part of of the part to American the loss of the points Balfour Sebastian Alvarez Junco, Like 21 Spanish informed previously had that xenophobia the by fuelled 24 . He contends that, previously, the unity of the Spanish nation was Nationalism and the nation in the Iberian peninsula: Competing Oxford: Berg, Oxford International Publishers Ltd, p.92. Ltd, Publishers International Oxford Berg, Oxford:  23 . Moreover, Spain suffered from creating debts, from Spain sufferedenormous . Moreover, Nationalism and the nation the in Iberian peninsula: Oxford: Berg, Oxford Berg, Oxford: 11 International Publishers Ltd, Publishers International  22 . CEU eTD Collection 27  Competing and conflicting identities. (Eds.), Smith A. Mar-Molinero& In C. 1923. 26 Competing and conflicting identities. In C. Mar-Molinero & A. Smith (Eds.), 25  gap between the furthered events was ascam.such International neutrality that argued France they were surrounded wing emergedwell as right parties) by allies, professional the middle-class) and supporting those Germans the (privileged as social groups and opted intellectuals (mostly French the supporting those between split internal an war, forthe during a strictneutral remained Spain officially While demise. its signalled that neutralityWar World First the was in the War, thosefor allintentsdemocracy, an andpurposes, oligarchy supporting systems. Romero existing economic or pay either regionalism, it not to didattention any because mainly Salvado goes wereartificial,by reality, created In liberal changes male suffrage. the the universal state even further of introduction the aswell as education, through at nationalization made that areal attempt by claimingfirst wasprobably the state liberal the argues Salvadothat Spanish Romero afailure. such, that the systemlaunched nationalizingprojectthe in by as liberal the state 1874 shouldbe definitely seen as was, far from a Spainestablished nationalize was Regardless of the reason for such traditionalism, escapetaking place. exactly modernization in therapid to an attempt perhaps Spanish nation, a permanent divide in the in ideas interested weremodernising, final wasmorethe of the traditional discourses one, elites wishing to nationalist of these two While Spanish nation. ideas the for of different three developments in led in country,of turn the parts to certain modernisation with rapid combination loss of commonthis a disillusionmentgoal produced with everything Spanish.in This, Ibid,p. 124. Romero Salvado, (1996). F.J. The failure of the liberal project of the Spanish nation-state, 1909- Balfour, S.(1996). ‘The lion and the pig’: Nationalism and national identity in Fin-de-Siècle Spain. Despite these issues, the system system issues,managed these the toexistDespite in for stability awhile.relative It failure asrelative, should one see though contends that, SalvadóJ. Romero Francisco  25 Oxford: Berg, Oxford International Publishers Ltd, p. 119. p. Ltd, Publishers International Oxford Berg, Oxford: . 27 Nationalism and the nation in the Iberian peninsula: . While supporting Germany, that acknowledging those Oxford: Berg, Oxford International PublishersLtd, p.116. Nationalism and the nation in theIberian peninsula: 12 26 .  CEU eTD Collection  leadinglagged adownfall behind, to dictatorshipinthe of it, Spanish1930. With the Spain within nationalism positive a promote to they attempted manager.Furthermore, be ultimate the would Primode Rivera revival of historic Spanish ideology, as well as the image of Spain as a corporation, of which Patriótica regime. previous tothe alternative plausible only the as Catholicism presented searchPrimo In de Rivera him Spain, adictator. presented of unifying as that arguments 31 32 civic institution, for the regime was strictly opposed to the existence of any political party.  30 29 Competing and conflicting identities. 1923. In C. Mar-Molinero& A. Smith (Eds.), 28 liberal Mainly party., constitutionalprofessing to liberalism, liberal and centralist, in the early 1920s its control over the parts in Itbecamelost theliberal country.hadof more the that andmoreother party apparent state. This finally well as as inCatalonia, violence and with werecombined stronger, voices became separatist led to claims same. the At same rise, remained continuedthe to while wages prices Moreover, time, more. for a new government, visible once became debts country’s the hidden, somewhat had warthey remained the during preferably anti- arrived crisis of anda constitutional commenced period spark for the Spanish population to come intoagainst action ruling the party. Ageneral strike final the initiated it military in was end,that the the in areas In Spain. only certain occurred for industrialization cohesion liberal andof to affectthe the rapid the party, growth economic started economicimpacts sidesits decline.the liberal within causing Moreover, two the party, While technically a political party, the Payne, (1991). S.G. Payne, (1991). S.G. Ibid,p. 130. Romero Salvado, F.J.(1996). The failure of theliberal projectof the Spanish nation-state, 1909- In 1923Primo de Riveraofficially took fromover governing powers Spanishthe While, quickly. deteriorated of Spain situation andeconomic social war,the After the , the political party political , the The Franco Regime: 1936-1945. The Franco Regime: 1936-1945.  31 that represented the Primo de Rivera regime, propagated a propagated regime, Rivera de Primo the represented that Oxford: Berg, Oxford International Publishers Ltd, p. 127. p. Ltd, Publishers International Oxford Berg, Oxford: 32 . Despite efforts made efforts growth by . Despite economic regime, the Unión 29 . Nationalism andthenation in the Iberian peninsula: should, according to Payne, probably be seen more as a 13 Madison: University of Wisconsin Press,p. 25. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press,p. 19. 28 . 30 at first he dismissed any Unión CEU eTD Collection conflicting identities. (Eds.), Smith A. Molinero& 35  36 34 33  similar of aresult emergein Spain, as to fascism started regime, Republican the throughout that, He claims to emerge. yet was Regime which Franco basisthe the of illustrates tendencies. counter-government to lead ultimately would which established aninability create a stableto coalition governing within Republic Second the that revolution, of idea the countering those and revolution, favouring those between with as well as Itwas in split therestof the of Europe. revolution new emergenceof trends the radical borders, its within unemployment rising and depression agricultural with deal level superficial arather on only and parliament, of it talka Spanishwas existence of the nation Whenever nation. didmerely emerge, within presuppose the of to elites secondrepublicseemed Republican firstRepublic,the the the Helen Graham, such efforts were of fiveyearscourse not made. She claims that, political much toenormous the over leading support from polarization broad existence, relatively like their predecessors Spanish themost eraof mystified Republicis Second the in thatperhaps acknowledges While of in Second SpanishRepublic. the Payne start the Republicanism, rang which tonewelections regards with occurred hesitance parties, more of radical-right appearance the as well as dictatorship, seven yearsof Primothe de Rivera throughout the political of the parties disappearance a due to However, held. have might monarchy least the at de Rivera, fall of the Primo after if Payne down electionsalso. weretobeheld that explains monarchy shortly came relatively Payne, (1991). S.G. Payne, (1991). S.G. Ibid,p. 31. Graham, H.(1996). Community, nation and state in Republican Spain, 1931-1938. In C. Mar- In discussing the nationalist opposition to the Republican government, Payne government, Republican the to opposition nationalist the discussing In When elections finally did take place, the outcome expressed a wish to return to 34 Oxford: Berg, Oxford International PublishersLtd, p.135-136. The Franco Regime: 1936-1945. The Franco Regime: 1936-1945. , some comments may be made on its nationalizing efforts. According, some may made to comments be efforts. itson nationalizing 33 . Nationalism and the nation in the Iberian peninsula: Competing and  14 35 Madison: University of Wisconsin Press,p. 25. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press,p. 34. . At the same time, the government had to  36 , CEU eTD Collection members of the Army) the of members and Church, Catholic the of adherents (mostly Nationalists and Conservatives the and government) of Republican divide andthe the Liberals (supporters between the Republicans it Republic.managed Second was the tocreate coup successful. The only partially However, yearslast of inthe of group Conservatives of d’état a acoup full swing after into War came regime. by the implemented of Franco and his dictatorial regime, before moving on to the political campaigns led that establishment the surface the of to events merely scratches section this reasons, these war. However, the war is too complex to be fully covered within the scope of this chapter. For the emergeafter directly wasto Regime, which Franco of the specificities the understanding  large they Republicans, to obtain organizedthe than a were able of Spanishnational the part War. Civil cultural and historical reader 39 1.2 uprising against regime the laterthe years of Republican the Spainregime, groups were plotting small throughout an  38 37 military action tobe seemed alternative only plausible longer forAs victory thusnosupressed political Falange, the Falange. an the option the was tookupviolenceas thegood, highest Republican as well. 1936,the officially government In dictatorshipnationalism, and extremeperhaps whichpromoted existence. This organisation, into called was Falange the development, this with line In Europe. of rest in the tendencies Garrioch, D. (1993). The historical background. In A. Kenwood (Ed.), Kenwood A. In background. historical The (1993). D. Garrioch, Payne, (1991). S.G. Ibid,p. 66.  E XTREME For as far as we can speak of a definite start of any violent conflict, the Spanish Civil It should be here noted that Spanishthe Civil War is (1936-1939) keyin It may be proposed that because the Nationalists, now under Franco’s lead, were better lead,were under Franco’s now because Nationalists, the that It may be proposed  NATIONALIZATION The Franco Regime: 1936-1945. 39 . The two sides of the divide would become opposing parties in the 38 . Oxford: Berg Publishers Inc. p.3-17. .  :  T HE  F RANCO 15  Madison: University of Wisconsin Press,p. 84. R EGIME 37 . Payne then contends that, throughout that, contends then Payne .  The Spanish Civil War: A CEU eTD Collection 44 149. peninsula: Competing and conflicting identities. (Eds.), Smith A. Mar-Molinero& In C. years. Franco 43 42 University Press. 41  in shouldbe reflected social promoted, relations economic and is unity by the theidea Afinal outlined Richards Spanishstate. that on the characteristic had to be ironed out, leading to a highly tendencies historicregionalist unity, to order create In nationalism. Franco’s of characteristic centralized government, putting an important became image, enormous asaresult unity. of historic this Catholicism social Second, and emphasis asa understood living Franco, this organism. to According livingspiritual, organism reflected nation of the conception was basedon a particular terror, and repression mostly economic on based Spain, autarky ‘new’ of the the that argues of earlyyearsthe an FrancoRegime provides of he when the understanding Michael Richards war. civil in of the wake the established was that regime the understanding for core the form decline These promises hadlost the of overseasempire. after field,whichit its playing international in the Spain for popularity regain to promised he Moreover, in Spain. cohesion hecreate again, would, once that population Spanish He assuredthe regime. preceding promises ofimproving the living conditions of Spaniardsandthe turning upside downthe  40 Madrid national the capital over finally take for the Nationalists,contributed to this. However, it was not until April when1, 1939, that full victory couldFranco, be claimed Germany and Italy, aswell as internal insidetheRepublican government quarrels with the territory by 1939 cooperation of factions inside the city, could Ibid, p.150. Richards, M. (1996). Constructing the nationalist state: Self-sufficiency and regeneration in the early Ibid. Payne, (2004). S.G. Ellwood, (1991). S.M.   Throughout thewar,FrancoThroughout had gained popularity making primarily through grand  40 . Other factors, like international backing for the Nationalists from from both Nationalists forthe backing like international factors, . Other The Spanish civil war, Soviet the Union and communism. The Spanish Civil War.  42 Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd. Blackwell Basil Oxford: Oxford: Berg, Oxford International PublishersLtd, p. . 16 43 . First, the Nationalism and the nation in the Iberian Patria, 44 orfatherland, was to be . In presenting these presenting In . New Haven: Yale 41 , CEU eTD Collection  la repression franquista y la guerra civil. 49 48 151-152. peninsula: Competing and conflicting identities. Franco years. In C. Mar-Molinero& A. Smith (Eds.), 47 46 London: Quartet Books Limited,17. p. 45 rule, sanctioned by invictory civil the war, and byan extended unusually long life-span” apersonal more than regime was“little theFranco that He argues economy. the and business that the regimetimes contradicting and at incoherent rather tried toit should convert be noted that seeing all as the regimeattention took its ideas from here. Allareshortly considered industrialization. ideology, and violence Franco the regime: many differentaway sources, from it inform that currents core outlines three Richards nation, new forthe Spanish ischaracteristics politics, by focusing on sports, resurgence basedon historical ‘myths’,Spanish andabove all unity Spanish violencemilitarism,a spiritual as both regenerationism, potentially purifying, material and national virtues, as of all embodiment the idea regime Spanish of peasantry the the was the by whatwasemphasized that meant this Inpractice, other. on the arguments fascist European hand, one on the in andgeneral idea wastobefound blend of regime a the ‘Spanishness’ of Franco of the basis ideological the claims that Richards Forexample, by regime. forward the  the ideology executionsand centralizingof the Franco regime. They lookimportantmore at to claim working psychological the argumentfor proposed the campsand that doing politicsso leads to a better understandingOn the other hand, some authors have ofclaimed, rather than taking a quantitative approach,theofit is regime Reig Tapia, A. (1986). La sublevación yla represión. In A. Reig Tapia, Ibid,p. 157. Richards, M. (1996). Constructing the nationalist state: Self-sufficiency and regeneration in the early Ibid,p. 18. Gilmour,D. (1985). Before providing any detail on the ideology that lays at the core of the Franco regime, Franco of laysthe core the at that ideology the on any detail providing Before Nonetheless, some core ideas some core may Nonetheless, if beis outlined one to look into ideology the as put Franco’s politics have of politics muchFranco’s mostly terror been studies in discussed, quantitative The transformation monarchy.of Spain: From Franco to the constitutional  Madrid: Ediciones Akal. Ediciones Madrid: Oxford: Berg, Oxford International PublishersLtd, p. 45 17 . David Gilmour even goes as far as to claim Nationalism and the nation in the Iberian 49 . Below,. is this argument discussed, Ideologia e historia: Sobre 47 . 46 . 48 . CEU eTD Collection   52 51 158. peninsula: Competing and conflicting identities. Franco years. In C. Mar-Molinero& A. Smith (Eds.), 50 stay the regimemanaged tolongin for exercised so byFranco, food place This, in the end, led to substantialtime, littleforeign trade place,took nor didmuch investment go to productionthe of food. food shortages. Richard furthered by enormousthe amounts of claimsfunding pumpedinto industrialization. Atthesame that, due to the control of could be provided for thefatherland,was Franco’s hardonly redemption It through work logic that introduced. whowere sick and incapable loving of thefatherland, camps and working were executions regime, and those who did not, and were thus enemies of lesscamps, whowas moresupported the or FrancoSpanish population into two divided those Spain. In order to heal these people ideas, ill. wicked the this Additionally,period, separatist and wereseen asdeviant, during had voiced that in Catalonia, and The regions, particular to theideaSpain that was ‘sick’. combination of the ideal of Spanish unity and the idea of Spain as a living organism, that led regime. Franco focusing onthe two different forms of repression, political and economic, utilized by the regime to goin thepopulation lower of classes to the backs regime over the as itthe willingnessof initself,the showed ensure both needs simultaneously,repressive was labour Richardobtain andproducts. cheap that argued system the of autarky, put in to place to for states other become notSpain place the aswell would toensurethat states, as other Spain inargued that modernize, needed toindustrialize and order to beable compete with to atitwas thesame Yet, time, satisfied. hard thelandowning elites to keep worked The regime Ibid,p. 161. Ibid, p.160. Richards, M. (1996). Constructing the nationalist state: Self-sufficiency and regeneration in the early One type of terror used by the Franco regime was primarily political. It was the The other type of type putinThe other ofeconomic of place repression. by wasthat terror regime the 50 .  Oxford: Berg, Oxford International PublishersLtd, p. 18 Nationalism and the nation in the Iberian 51 . This willingness was only 52 . CEU eTD Collection  be arather to out turned this inplace, regime of Franco’s remnants the be With written. to Franco existwithout to continue bewould able to by Franco employed regimeas whetherthe however, existed, Doubts  55 London: Quartet Books Limited,125. p. 54 162. peninsula: Competing and conflicting identities. Franco years. In C. Mar-Molinero& A. Smith (Eds.), 53 1.3 death. for Spain Franco’s after constitution takingit place, as would greatly the influence surrounding debates draftingthe of a new it should it be that was noted in nonetheless, Catalonia, Such revival was mostly occurring Spanish Republic had been taken away by cultural Franco, linguisticand revival occur did Second the throughout granted been had that rights autonomous political their all Though were nationalistmovements on predominantly sub-state 1960sand risethe the 1970s, again. for itdid as Franco nothaveasmuch hadregions separation, proposing hoped effect different the regime. with the dissatisfaction lowerbetween the and upper classes of Spanish society leadingwidened, toevergrowing gap social and economic the same in Atthe time, thecamps. hardwork redeemed through good Spanish population during civil the sick,war were and they could be only healedand inand civilthe defeated The argumentput forwardwar. was thosewhomurderedthat the core provided the of regime. a the ideals propagated These discourse of through were victors Ibid,p. 33. Gilmour,D. (1985). Richards, M. (1996). Constructing the nationalist state: Self-sufficiency and regeneration in the early 53  T . David Gilmour continues this argument by claiming that in the later years of the regime, HE After General Franco deceased in 1975, Juan Carlos was appointed as was his follower.in appointed Juan Carlos AfterFranco deceased General 1975, In sum, it was the ideal of Spanish unity, as well as economic self-sufficiency that Richard argues that, although may Richard argues regimethat, havethe hadsome ledbyFranco impacton  S PANISH  C The transformation of Spain: From Franco tothe constitutional monarchy. ONSTITUTION  55 . Therefore, it seemed inevitable that a new constitution was a newconstitution it that seemedinevitable . Therefore,  OF  1978 Oxford: Berg, Oxford International PublishersLtd, p.  19 Nationalism and the nation in the Iberian 54 . CEU eTD Collection  58 contemporary history, 26 57 Political Economy, 2 56  uniqueness Spanish the of system.political uniquenessin The is reflected preambleof the the led sides thesetwo between tothe The tensions claims the regionalization. for opposed pretorianism of the of asaresult tradition military,which, was hand,there the theother On autonomies. autonomy they enjoyed previously. Following this logic,itseemed only fair toreturn these away regime hadtaken Francothe the that claimed nationalities, historic the primarily claims, these of proponents The regions. the for autonomy more for demand the was there hand, one the On consideration. into be taken to thus had opinions diverging rather two process, powerful institution in Spain. a nationalist remained rhetoric, favorable towards beenmore hadtraditionally which military, to move away from any form of nationalist rhetoric enough Spanishwas glad his after population the death, Therefore, centralization. dictatorial a practiced Franco connectedness, of of a sense creation the and of tradition invention the through building nation of path traditional the for opting of Instead afterwards. happened theway Franco’s attempt, in which he is what for problem the informative approached minds of internationalinSpain backput the to thistrend, Francohadpromised counter community. To international players in eyesof lostimportance the the prestige and its colonies, losingover control Spain, interest. as a strongis of of regime the characteristic particular here,one presented theargument For regime. and unified state. Regardless by areferendum population through the of the and by both parliament it accepted endwasfinally at the 1978 of However, difficultprocess. success of Payne, (1991). S.G. Payne, S.G. (1991). Nationalism, regionalism and micronationalism in Spain. Brennan, G. &Casas Pardo,(1991). J. A reading of the Spanish constitution (1978). It is on this basis that the Spanish constitution was written. During the drafting itsFranco’s of an in facets, is,outcome all constitution Spanish The newly drafted 58 , hadremained aforce directly tobereckonedwith.military leadership The (1), 53-79. The Franco Regime: 1936-1945. (3/4),p. 487. (3/4),p.  56 . 20 Madison: University of Wisconsin Press,p. 14. 57 . At the same time, however, the however, . Atthesame time, Journal of Constitutional CEU eTD Collection 62 http://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/normas/constitucion/index.html 61 60 http://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/normas/constitucion/index.html  59 regional language promotion of education the finally, whereapplicable, and andassistance, social health monumentsprovidingfacilities culture, ofinterest, tourism andsports, care museums, environmental protection, the promotion of local fairs, economic development, handicrafts, and upkeep the ports fishery airports, of managementagriculture, of forestry, and of railways, ofinterest, the planning, maintenanceorganization the public works of roads, organization of self-government institutions, the maintenance of local boundaries, town for regionscompetences all aredefined autonomous inarticlethe 148.Theyincludethe self-government accede to to characteristics economic and cultural similar historic, state. rolein Spanish animportant the serve in constitution) the were established which seventeen conceives of itself as unitary, thus not as a federation. However, the self-governing regions (of composed is it which and of regions and thenationalities the of solidarityself-government to right the guarantees and amongrecognizes it Spaniards; all of themhomeland indivisible and common the all” Nation, Spanish the of final text of the constitution which reads: “The constitution is based on the indissoluble unity  forclause provides future inequalities regions. between autonomous may to“all any be referred powers or legislative andlegislation is of readsthat text transferacts possible addressed. The anddelegation 150,wherethe in article vaguer becomes of constitution the The text culture. regional regions, as they all obtain the same competences, related mostly to the promotion of the Ibid, (1978) Ibid, (1978) Article 150. article 143. Article 143 of constitutionthe acknowledgesright for the bordering provinces with Spanish Constitution: Article 148. Spanish Constitution: preamble. 61 . The article indicates the equality equality article indicates for. The the all of constitution the autonomous  Retrieved from: Retrieved Retrieved from: Retrieved 21 59 . This sentence shows that the Spanish state Spanish the that shows This sentence . 62 ” of the self-governing communities. This communities. self-governing the ” of 60 . The . CEU eTD Collection  nationalism cultural to asGerman can beto what referred adhered all century, nineteenth of half second the well. as Andalusia this chapter a revival interest regional of is how and and politics nationalizing centralized, extreme of between change wasanongoing cycle there to what extend such revivals of regional interest took place in 1.4 sum is available for regional usage Basque Country areobligedandsend Navarre of to Madrid, part such to taxes remaining the While the taxes. tolevy their own whichareallowed regions two Navarre, and Country Basque the caseof the they present argument, their exemplify To rights. financial and powers in specifically between areasof regions, the the political influenced imbalances system emphasis how BrennanandCasas made Pardo this bargaining by national the government. of the regulation drawn up for obtaining regional autonomy. All final decisions were to be  Publishers Ltd, p. 7. peninsula: Competing and conflicting identities. (Eds.), Smith A. Mar-Molinero& In C. peninsula. 66 contemporary history, 26 65 Political Economy, 2 64 contemporary history, 26 63 government national the and regions the between system bargaining of emergence the a political acknowledges Payne visible. became regions the Smith, A.,& Mar-Molinero,(1996). C. The myths and realities of nation-building in the Iberian Payne, S.G. (1991). Nationalism, regionalism and micronationalism in Spain. Payne, S.G. (1991). Nationalism, regionalism and micronationalism in Spain. Brennan, G.&Casas Pardo,(1991). J. Areading of the Spanish constitution (1978).  S UB According to Mar-Molinero and Smith the regional nationalist movements in the movements nationalist regional the Smith and Mar-Molinero to According As Payne argued,andis confirmed by above historical the analysis of politics, Spain’s It was only after the full implementation of the constitution that imbalances between - STATE  NATIONALISM  (1), p. 74. 66 . They markers afocus was aslanguagehold that on race such and (3/4). (3/4). 65 . The question that remains to be answered in the final section in final beof remains section answered . The the to question that   IN  A 64 NDALUSIA . 22  Nationalism and the nation in the Iberian xod eg xod International Oxford: Berg, Oxford 63 . Such a system asystem asaresult . Such emerged Journal of Journal of Constitutional CEU eTD Collection were successful, most historiography notably were successful, Catalanist the Reconquista.Oncethe moreis it proposed only that historiographies some regionalist of the areknown as is invasions in here,for in restof Castillian Spain,constructed the place these  70 69 Publishers Ltd, p. 8. peninsula: Competing and conflicting identities. (Eds.), A. Smith & Mar-Molinero C. In peninsula. 68 Madrid: CUPSA Planeta, p. 237. Bernal (Ed.), In A.M. 67 neighbors Spanish their race than different wereacompletely Andalusia people of it the was believed that reason, theory that Andalusians were a mixturein Andalusia, the nationalism, of German cultural with tradition In the accordance statist. of Christian and Arab blood was developed.inevitable, for theregional weremovements fornationalist all andintents anti- purposes For this  encountered difficulty in gaining supportboth from landed the elites as well the as peasantry. they hand, theone On for reasons. two weakest among the was Andalucistas the time, at the movements regionalist all of out that, claim Smith and Mar-Molinero developed. Andalucistas the named movement Andalusian an Infante, Blas of leadership the Under in strength. gaining come to an end as a result of Castillian, barbaric, invasions andconquest invasions barbaric, an Castillian, end of come asaresult to agehad golden Andalusian narrative, the In constructed trade. the of Spanish center at the it had hadflourished. been arts andliterature Moreover, culture, Andalusia’s during this time times. InAndalusia thegolden aged referred towas of that Moorish domination. Arguably, shifted movementto historiography, attention payingspecificto passedglorious attention caseof Basquecountry. the the race werenotin convincingcases. most Indeed, they it that was conclude successful in only Ibid, p.9. Ibid,p. 8. Smith, A.,& Mar-Molinero,(1996). C. The myths and realities of nation-building in the Iberian Moreno Navarro, I.(1981).Primerdescubrimientoconsciente delaidentidadandaluza, 1868-1890. In the beginning of the twentieth century, regionalist movements were once more wereonce movements regionalist century, twentieth the of In thebeginning Hence, instead of focusing merely on racial features, the sub-state nationalist sub-state the features, racial on merely focusing of instead Hence, Historia deAndalucia, vol VIII, la Andalucía contemporánea, 1868-1981. 67 . Mar-Molinero and Smith claim that nationalisms based solely on  68 23 Nationalism and the nation in the Iberian xod eg xod International Oxford: Berg, Oxford 70 . 69 . The term . The CEU eTD Collection 73  contemporary history, 26 74 conflicting identities. A. Smith (Eds.), 72 Ltd, p.15. peninsula: Competing and conflicting identities. peninsula. In C. Mar-Molinero & A. Smith (Eds.), 71  Partido RacialDemocrático deAndalucia, mostincluding the withof time, parties, that, these Payneemerged concludes more. once race, Spanish from the different race, Andalusian ideathe of party,an of this establishment political organizations” emergence“grotesque the of areneglected identifications such identity, cultural Spanish national the than identification cultural different a have may that stereotypesandmiddle these incorporated classes urban According Mar-Molineroand upper Smith, the to as exemplifyingSpanishnational character. hand, Andalucistasfacing thefact were Spanish the had toAndalusia nationalists that pointed On the was in rhetoric. interested other regionalist group thus Neither anarchists. the backed thepeasantry formed elite amajor while regime, The landholding of the Restoration pillar emerging in Andalusia as well: The well: as in Andalusia emerging phonology Andalusia,language. overaparticulardebates In thishas sparkedlocal provision lexicon and regional own their define to right the regions autonomous grants 1978 of constitution the Presently, not. does hand, other the on Andalusia, Spanish. Castilian national from different eachhad alanguage rather some theGalicians, and extend Catalonians, to the Basques, the inSpain, movements regional strongest the past, the In linguistics. of form the in itself Ibid,p. 85. Mar-Molinero, C. (1996). The role of Language in Spanish nation-building. In C. Mar-Molinero & Mar-Molinero C. In nation-building. Spanish in Language of role The (1996). C. Mar-Molinero, Smith, A., & Mar-Molinero, C.(1996). The myths and realities of nation-building in the Iberian Payne, (1991). S.G. Nationalism, regionalism micronationalismand in Spain. Besides sparking linguistic debates, Paynelinguistic 1978constitution debates, initiated the Besides sparking arguesthat An additional difficulty in creating a strong regional movement in Andalusia, presents in Andalusia, movement regional strong a creating in difficulty additional An 72 . Mar-Molinero contends that it is precisely because Castilian is spoken in isspoken regions Castilian itbecause is that contends precisely . Mar-Molinero Nationalism and and the nation in the Competing Iberian peninsula: Oxford: Berg, Oxford International Publishers Ltd, p. 83. p. Ltd, Publishers International Oxford Berg, Oxford: (3/4), p.488.  73 . Partido RacialDemocrático deAndalucia. disappeared again. 24 Nationalism and the nation in the Iberian Oxford: Berg, Oxford International Publishers 74 71 . He recognizes one of such such parties one of . Herecognizes .  Journal of With the With CEU eTD Collection  Social Forces, 77 75  past in the tendencies regionalizing showed have that those specifically country, the of parts other most in than is stronger government national the study performed by Bollen and Medrang in itis1992, foundin that Andalusia, attachment to in a Accordingly, in Andalusia. strength full to come not did efforts such language, distinctive lack to primarily However, madethe of due in they regions.a like were Andalusia, other Bollen, K. &Medrang, J.D. (1998). Who are the Spaniards? Nationalism and identification in Spain identification and Nationalism Spaniards? the Who are (1998). J.D. &Medrang, K. Bollen, This short review shows that efforts for a regional identification were made in forwere a efforts that regional identification reviewshows This short (2), 587- 623.  25 75 . . CEU eTD Collection  pilarized political are such all equal Dutch size, as the of where a somewhatsocieties groups and state, is equal thusguaranteed representation proposed the consociational model of government, where multiple groups co-govern in a in has diverse these have groups astate Lijphart risen. Arend accommodate institutionally states emerge to started multicultural, or multinational, first the result, a As minorities. of accommodation From rather strong occurred. minority rights other indigenous,populations, andlater recognition the of towards assimilationist previously itwas believed that no specialpolicies shouldrights be provided for minorities, ashift emerged state policies based on recognition and 2.1 finance in of Spain. decentralization the it the itsNext, case of emphasizing issues. introduces specifically Spain, federalism and federation of a that for and is, all purposes, intents document, of the after the implementation beenhas created that system financial centre-region the as afederation, system political Spanish the recognize nowadays known as the autonomous regions of Spain. Whilethe not1978 constitution does   78 13-107.Press, (eds.), Opalski Magda and Kymlicka 77 http://www-sre.wu-wien.ac.at/ersa/ersaconfs/ersa06/papers/478.pdf. länder (Chair). Dehwurst 76 C Lijphart, A. (1984). Kymlicka, W. (2001). Western political theory and ethnic relations in Eastern Europe. In: Will De los Ríos Berjillos, A, López Martín, C, & Pérez Hernandéz, P. P. (2006, August). In John HAPTER  F EDERALISM . 46th congressof the European Regional Science Association, Volos, Greece. Retrieved from Since 1980, the issue of minority Since issue While 1980,the has minority rapidly. inimportance of gained rights The preceding chapter outlined the historic imbalance between Spanishregions, imbalance between historic outlined the chapter The preceding  2  – Regional financing: Spanish autonomous communities versus German  IN 77  A Democracies . With a growing number of multinational states, questions of how to  THEORY 76 SYMMETRIC . This chapter commences with a literature review onasymmetric review literature with a commences . This chapter   . New-Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. Can liberal pluralism be exported?  FEDERALISM 26 78 . This model is mostly applicable to applicable ismostly model This .  IN  S PAIN Oxford: Oxford University  CEU eTD Collection 83 Science, 81 82 80 Science,  79 for multinational states hasaccommodating solution most emerged asthe federalism that system the consociational model is based on. Ronald Watts proposes that it is the notion of  thereby division, such aconstitutional mostly with at time, dealt the authors and other outlined in the constitution of a state be to was division such this, to According other. the to subordinate is them of none that way holds between thatpowers general andthe regional shouldgovernments be insuchdivided a for example the argued through Wheate’s Wheate federal the of approach. which principle, inTarlton 1965.Hepresents key the approach to federalism federations at and the time governments regional with together works in a general which government finally, federation, One forms is the these of then, Second, the notion of federal political systems, which represents the group of political forms. different instead. terms federalism, First, which in isunderstood way the Kingit. proposed is one of federation which the organizations, forms political of is agroup of different federalism where beas descriptive, seen type of institutionalan relationship for federalwhereas is afederation of philosophy thedescription arguing a certain principles, was firstfederation made King by inPreston Heargued thatfederalism1982. is a normative federalism and between of federalism,A here. is one key of distinction the addressed debates forms andasymmetric of on moving notions symmetric to the Before definitional debates. the Wheare, (1963). K.C. Elazar, D.J. (1987). Watts, R.L. (1998). Federalism, federal political systems, and federations. King, (1982). P. Watts, R.L. (1998). Federalism, federal political systems, and federations. Watts notes a rise in the academic interest in theories of federalism and therewith in therewith and in federalism of theories interest notes a rise intheacademic Watts The concepts of symmetry and asymmetry in federations were introduced by in were introduced Charles of symmetry The concepts federations asymmetry and (1), p.120-121. (1), p.118. Federalism and federation.  Exploring federalism. Federal government.  80 82 . Other scholars have argued that both should both terms these that argued have Other scholars . 83 . . According to Tarlton, the approach byWheate, approach taken the toTarlton, . According Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. London: Oxford University Press. London: Croom Helm. 27 81 . Watts proposes a differentiation ofthree adifferentiation proposes . Watts  Annual Review of Political Annual Review of Political  79 . CEU eTD Collection  were of autonomy concessions developed, system was fully before the Beyme Von argues, key make invited the to were scholars of of suggestions, which wasthat one Yet, federalism. German was tobedrafted, when constitution new that, the Spanish byexplaining stance work, the state is often recognized as aquasi-federation as recognized is often thestate work, 88 Science, 87 86 85 2.2 units constituent full-fledged between asymmetry is the thesis, this in discussion the for relevant is second,which more The colonizer. former the than has lessautonomy former colony island. This type of asymmetryasymmetry between isa small mostly unit, and a causedlargevarying constituent unit, parts. Constitutional byin asymmetrywhichformer may take twothe different smaller forms. First, colonialthe unitto the federation, of the notion tothe core so seems which in theconstitution, isare assigned often timesrelations, an in rights in which which different asymmetry, constitutional more to attention shifted Later, federation. the of the parts constituent of the in wealth population from and the differences arose differences lessfederal more system as awhole” or the to common concerns the thereby and conditions the in share states component which to extent “the to referring is as defined Symmetry andasymmetry. of symmetry twin concepts the introduces Tarlton  Journal of Politics, 27 84 do features” common notsharethese states component “the towhich extent defined as federations different between variances the overlooking Ibid,p. 118. Watts, R.L. (1998). Federalism, federal political systems, and federations. Ibid, p.861 Ibid, p.861. Tarlton, C.D. (1965). Symmetry and asymmetry as elements of federalism: a theoretical speculation. theoretical a federalism: of elements as asymmetry and Symmetry (1965). C.D. Tarlton,  F 87 EDERALISM . According to its own constitution, Spain is not a federation. Nonetheless, in scholarly Nonetheless, a federation. is not Spain constitution, own its to According Watts proposes that asymmetry was studied first in political terms. He argues that Heargues in terms. first political asymmetry wasstudied proposes that Watts (1), p.123.  IN (4), 861-874.  S PAIN    28 88 . Von Beyme also acknowledges this 84 . In an attempt to fill this gap, 85 . Similarly, asymmetry is asymmetry Similarly, . Annual Review of Political 86 . CEU eTD Collection under nocircumstance a federation of the autonomous regions shall be allowed. 92 91 p.386.  90 of European Public Policy, 12 89  periphery may federalization that becontends seenas an way for centre- accommodating effective relations He welfare state. modern a and democracy to regime) Franco’s (like from a dictatorship while providing transition the is with federalization highly compatible that proposes Agranofffurther state. in Spanish fiscal the in comes backto pointchapter of discussion this the decentralization supportThe come. to years in rights further obtain to communities autonomous fordifferent the for ways the unity of a state. He concludes that of regulations a“patchwork clearly.This created formost it regions asking tothose given Spain. While the text of the constitution underlines the unity Spanish unity of the the state underlines of While text constitution Spain. the the may be federal evolutionary well compacting that acknowledgement is of his scheme regime. Thesecondthe step Franco in the after happened Spain directly thisiswhat that Heproposes form afederation. and reasons for efficiency decentralize to state itis inafederation strengths units confederation, combining or for alsoan aunitary option multiple thatratherthan heproposes First, about. came Spanishfederation the how explain federation postmodern federation. be a in areoutlined Spain should considered constitution, regional the governments Nonetheless,if one accepts the notion that, in a federation, right and duties for the general and it Spanishstate. the theacknowledges inherentunity of inRather, constitution. federalism the it did to feardecentralization, full that adopt leadingnot national the suchstrong government Article 2 refers to the indissoluble unity of the Spanish State. Additionally, Article 145 claimsIbid,p. 389. that Von Beyme, K.(2005). Asymmetric federalism between globalization and regionalization. Agranoff, R.(1996). Federal evolution in Spain.  Robert Agranoff proposes that the Spanish federation can be referred to as a to be referred can federation Spanish thatthe Agranoff proposes Robert 90 . According Agranoff,understanding tothis of helps federation the to (3), p.433.  29 International Political Science Review, 17 91 . Again, this occurred in 92 , itprovides Journal 89 (4), ”, CEU eTD Collection  forenough for an the asymmetric opting wereprominent regions between thedifferences that of autonomy, were to be taken into serious consideration into betaken to were of autonomy, to be peaceful, the demands of the regions, particularly of those previously holding some form democracy aliberal to autarky from Franco’s transition in political the for order that, proposes Vinuela constitution. 1978 the of implementation and drafting the during autonomy (restored) in claims for Franco during wereabolished the stronger Regime, resulting concessions All such Republic. Second the made during were concessions populations, their respective enough. However, in the Spanish case causes for decentralization were primarily political were primarily decentralization for causes in Spanish case the However, enough. of been in couldfiscal have asimplepowers Spain, importance primary de-concentration itcan be Spain, wereof highly argued if centralized that historically considerations economic government for reasons of efficiency of level local most smallest, the by handled be should matters (fiscal) subsidiarity, of principle tothe According Alcalde. Herrero by and Reinopresented Gomez argument for subsidiarity example, the as, such fiscalmade which for decentralization, are arguments is it Insuchcases powers. normally economic andadministrative financial of decentralization 96 95 case ofSpain. case 94 398. 2.3  93 more is andmore showing signs which of federation, afederation being form is of traditional the anincomplete Spain scheme, evolutionary this to according Ibid,p. 2. Vinuela,J. (2001). Gomez Reino, J.L. &HerreroAlcalde, A. (2011). Political determinants of regional financing: The Agranoff, R. (1996). Federal evolution in Spain.  F ISCAL Others have taken this heterogeneous legacy of the Spanish state further in legacy state arguing the Spanish thisof havetaken heterogeneous Others In an attempt to deter regional identifications from gaining ever more resonance with more resonance ever from gaining identifications deter regional In an to attempt The establishment of regions of The establishment autonomous in Spain ensured acertain for need  DECENTRALIZATION Environment andPlanning C: Government and Planning, 29 Fiscal decentralization in Spain   IN  S 94 PAIN . While such considerations may have played arole. While may have played in suchconsiderations  30 International Political Science Review, 17 . Washington: International Monetary Fund, p. 1. p. Fund, Monetary International . Washington: 96 . (5), p. 805. 93 . (4), p. 95 . CEU eTD Collection 99 (USA): Edward Elgar. intergovernmental relations in maintaining an effective state. to democracy. In R.M. Bird & R. Ebel (Eds.), 98 University p. 289. Press,  of practice The (Ed.), 97 consideration can suchvariances manner, into in be taken By an asymmetric decentralizing administration. different local Second,they that regions forlevels government. havevaryingpropose capacity rather than by forms of central localized bymorethe government represented are better regions for may publicanddifferent have tastes goods Suchdiverging different values. tastes that they contend argument, subsidiarity much likethe First, decentralization. asymmetric decentralization administration, which was to be taken into consideration for decentralization consideration into be was taken which to administration, several result, wereconsideredhave amoreregions to extendedknowledge of public administration previous to the official establishment of Spanish autonomous regions. As a at form madesome asimilarin of regional regional Galicia attempt autonomy 1932. to according fiscally organized were politically and most notably also during the Franco Regime, the regions along For time, in Spain. transitional were present administration public with experience of Navarra and the Basque Country Additionally, degrees subjects. varying of languageuse,education concerning and similar andBasque country, Catalonia hadadministrative strong issues Galicia, opinions about previously in thesis,strong this regional identifications existedin Spain. Specifically the efficiency may claims be made Spain for during transition the As period. was argued  two different ofitshas types Whilethesystem guaranteed beenchangedsince asymmetry. Ibid. transition asymmetric An Spain: in decentralization Fiscal (2005). T.J. &McGuire, T. Garcia-Milà, López-Laborda, J. Martínez-Vázquez, J. &Monasterio, C. (2007). Kingdom of Spain. In A. Shah Continuing their lineContinuing their of argument, Garcia-Milà and acknowledge McGuire both that In accordance with the argument presented above, the Spanish constitution initially above,the Spanish withpresented constitution argumentIn accordance the 98 ¿ . scal federalism: comparative perspectives comparative federalism: scal 97 . Garcia-Milà and McGuire present two efficiency arguments for efficiency arguments present two andMcGuire . Garcia-Milà  Subsidiarity and solidarity: The role of 31 fueros. . Montreal and Kingston:McGill-Queen’s and Montreal . Cheltenham (UK) and Northampton and (UK) Cheltenham Moreover, Catalonia established Moreover, 99 . CEU eTD Collection  itto move theSpanish for from is away asymmetry state reasonable now state, decentralized 20 for years easingin after process of experience a the indeed required of decentralization, system. inthe asymmetry second this eliminating thereby autonomy, of level same the had to Common risen regime all under the five passed.In2001, yearshas of regions period regions in the slow track may eventually catch up with those in the fast track, but itis regions. those Here not that specified in their facilities respective health and education before a for likewise responsible are fasttrack of theregions the in track, slow the of andthose duties The main difference hereis in spending rights and duties. In addition allto spending rights track. aslow on regions those and autonomy, towards track fast the on regions those between 1978 constitution is one within Common the Withinsystem. this system, is adifference made under the Common system, those on the so-called fast track, which this chapter turns to now. spending rights, the two regions of the Foral system have similar rights to five of the regions administer the levying of taxes, without the possibility of setting the rates merely regions these in that sense the are restricted, system Common underthe opportunities At same region.tax within raise taxes the time, in are allowedtheir system to Foral the system Common the under fall fall under the Foral system, namely Navarra and the Basque Country. All other fifteen regions  101 (USA): Edward Elgar. intergovernmental relations in maintaining an effective state. to democracy. In R.M. Bird & R. Ebel (Eds.), 100 the and hand, one the on system the is between asymmetry first The system. fiscal the of set-up initial the understand andsomeithas of asymmetry is time,the implementation, been over removed to important Ibid. transition asymmetric An Spain: in decentralization Fiscal (2005). T.J. &McGuire, T. Garcia-Milà, Garcia-Milà and McGuire propose that, while asymmetries in the initial system insystem initial whilewere the asymmetries that, and McGuirepropose Garcia-Milà in up the set fiscal system in be decentralized the discovered to The secondasymmetry  100 Common . The main difference between the two schemes is that those schemes is that two the between main difference . The system system on the Only other. autonomous regionstwo Subsidiarity and solidarity: The role of 32 Cheltenham (UK) and Northampton and (UK) Cheltenham 101 . In terms of Foral CEU eTD Collection  103 (USA): Edward Elgar. intergovernmental relations in maintaining an effective state. to democracy. In R.M. Bird & R. Ebel (Eds.), 102  some autonomous regions, particularly Andalusia. following chapter identifiesunlikely two catalystssystems remains. Itisargued thatany madebeingchange in foreseeable futurethe seems for a Common and growing Foral the between difference the system, Common the within options different dissatisfactiontowards a morewith simplified the andsystem transparent systemin Ibid,p. 10. transition An asymmetric Spain: in decentralization Fiscal (2005). T.J. McGuire, & T. Garcia-Milà, Taking into consideration the asymmetry inherent in the Spanish political system, the system, political Spanish in the inherent asymmetry the consideration into Taking 103 .  Subsidiarity and solidarity: The role of 33 102 .While it has done so with regard tothe hasregard it.While sowith done Cheltenham (UK) and Northampton and (UK) Cheltenham CEU eTD Collection  governmentin Madrid it asakey has Barcelona large amount topay access point, national of tax a Spanish to the of Catalonia (Spain). As the regions is amongst the is case example the Acurrent of argumentation such an regions. best vis-à-vis other governments off regions of Spain, with the port of regions, and,in lesscases, receives from than other national government some the national the to more pay to has region the that means usually This level. national the at isan discrepancy in isthatthere economic proposed cases such argument The one. economic is an case.possible first Andalusian identification regional The the causeforstronger in here,before of moving specificities All to the are shortly presented explanations. general regional identification astronger create attempting to forces, combined have tribes the inthe region, violence is inhabited by least13 differentat groups functioninga to large extentas tribes, with growing case mayexemplifying inbe found Chittagongthe Hill (Bangladesh). While the region Tracts level. An all national at at the any or representation balanced representation, a better obtain in to order onaregional regionmayfocus the In thisidentification, case, representation. Spanish borders. the within regions other the for pay to has it now for own, its on off better be may region from the national level as do other regions. This has caused for an argumentation that the Tracts, 105 demonstration-catalonia%E2%80%99s-independence. http://www.catalannewsagency.com/news/politics/reasons-behind-barcelona%E2%80%99s-massive- Catalonia´s independence.  104 C Bashar,I. (2011). Bangladesh’s forgotten Land, crisis: ethnicity violenceand in Chittagong Hill Pericay Coll, G(11 September2012). HAPTER Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis, 3 In looking for a justification for increased regional identification, one finds four A second cause is presented in the form of an argument for abalanced political in form argument of an the is cause A presented second  3  –  C ATALYSTS 105 104 . Such a regional identification is created, in order to be able to havebe ableto in to isorder created, identification a regional . Such . Meanwhile, the region does not receive as much organizational help organizational asmuch notreceive does region the . Meanwhile, CNA Online. Retrieved from:   FOR The reasons behind Barcelona´s massive demonstration for  REGIONALISATION (4), p. 4 (4), 34  CEU eTD Collection    rhetoric. nationalist strengthening Itunderstood. is arguedthat economicthe crisisof 2000sandthe 2010splays a rolein play it do is in way than a role, commonly considerations a different while economic that, is it proposed chapter this final section of the level. In national at the of representation that namely a role, plays as factors above outlined least explanatory of the one at Andalusia, in caseof the isarguedherethat It sametime. play atthe any a role other, or above, provided explanations play a role. other that isit conceivable identities, collective political, other vis-à-vis identities Likewise, it is possible that two or more explanations, state. restof from the the apart eitherit setting region, the of nature francophone those the emphasizing therefore autonomy, full obtain to wish does region the Canada, restof the Quebecand between from differences the resulting Nonetheless, state. region is as anindependent the itCurrently,unviable seems that (Canada). isthecase Quebec of such of an argument An example identity. collective political, other autonomy as possible. In order to do so, more emphasis is put on regional identity than on any much obtain as to wishes region the Nonetheless, reasons. by anumberof different be caused goes identification as follows: The isregion unable to fullobtain independence. This factmay In order tochangeexistent. this,is regional the identity strengthened. non- to small is level, national the at has region the representation political the government, to national large amounts the paysdisproportionately region while the In such cases, independence. national region Bangladeshi have that since ever the struck episodes in to the violent a solution level, possibly culminating at thenational a stronger representation While these four are emphasis on regional are astronger causing four While these mainthe explanations A final point that is sometimes put forwardcauses. of first isthe two acombination presented issometimes that A argument third as causing a strengthened regional 35  CEU eTD Collection Catalan population in of terms itpopulation in Catalan article a nation.firstis Already of statute the the stated the to refers autonomy of statute Catalan the in2006, adopted amendment an Since regions. respective of those of autonomy be may inthestatutes found example A striking Catalonia. of nationhood in a similar fashion as did the historic nationalities of the autonomy.Basque Country and levelhad a already regions that of obtained those for all focusaccommodating wasplacedon the drafting process of the new Spanish constitution, Andalusian autonomy was not a priority,during his regime, the process withabolishingdegree of Franco autonomy. form every absolutely However, autonomy of for Andalusian acertain obtain to autonomyborders Spanish the within region next the been have was would Andalusia interrupted. As a result, duringif the Spanish here tonote that, isimportant autonomy. rightIt deserve the to deemed were to and therefore civil war nation, from Castilian anation the different constituted even Spain,perhaps restof from the and different the significantly culturally were regions those that proposed was FrancoIt constitution. 1978 regime access tofull form the togain after some ones of were the autonomy,autonomy the easiest had not disturbed therights. course autonomous more had have traditionally which ofregions those model to awish by explained events,largely be can 5, in chapter upon be elaborated will which government, regional Andalusian federalism. Theparticular Spain’s nationasymmetric by taken branding course the identity is political in the sense thatin region’s for interest renewed the level, national cause at the the political representation it is about an imbalance in political in notfrom stem it adifference does Though directly in sphere. is located political the identity rights resulting from  3.1  M ODELLING In response to the situation, the Andalusian government started to adopt the language the adopt to started government Andalusian the situation, the to response In regionsAs has hadheld,prior to those which beenarguedbefore, Francoregime,the regional focus on Andalusian forthe thekey increased One may that reason argue  THE  “H ISTORIC  N ATIONALITIES 36 dz CEU eTD Collection government, and government, promoted as Spanish cultural markers national by the adopted were bullfighting, and Flamenco as such markers, cultural Andalusian regime, theFranco throughout proposed that, hasbeen regime. It Franco the reality of historic Thecreation level. external of was madean internalpath identification difficult more by the an nor an internal on neither surface, nationality as people a separate image of Andalusian the  been able to draw on the rhetoric of language rights in the same way as Catalonia and the population was named a historic much like nationality the Catalan and Basquenationality Andalusian the after amendment, somethe extent, peopleto asanationality Andalusian the hadto referred statute Andalusian the While previously made was definition. of one change Catalonia in Andalusia2006, amended its statute of autonomy in 2007.The significant most languagedistinct its its andparticularly population, of nationhood to the inrelation claims makes comparable statute The Basque people of Catalonia. bythe issues, enjoyed related tolanguage those  106 law” institutional its is basic which andEstatut, this with Constitution with the in accordance community as an autonomous constituted self-government its asa “Catalonia, that exercises nationality, 109 http://www.andaluciajunta.es/SP/AJ/CDA/Secciones/ServicioNoticias/Documentos/I30-10-2006.pdf 107 http://www.parlamentcat.net/porteso/estatut/estatut_angles_100506.pdf of Autonomy of Catalonia. quarterly, 67 108 /estatu_i.pdf. http://www.basques.euskadi.net/t32448/en/contenidos/informacion/estatuto_guernica/en_455/adjuntos Parlement de Catalunya (2006). Murphy, M.D. (1994). Class, community, and in costume an Andalusian pilgrimage. Parlamento Vasco (1979). Junta de Andalucía. (2007). Nonetheless, a mere adoption of nationalist rhetoric did not seem enough to make an (2), 49-61. 106 107 . The remainder of the statute focuses on the historic rights, primarily . Following these examples, most notably the changes adopted in Retrieved from: The statute of autonomy of the Basque Country Estatuto de autonomíapara Andalucía.  Organic Law 6/2006 of the 19th July, on the Reform of the Statute 37 109 . In addition, Andalusia has not Retrieved from: . Retrieved from: . Retrieved Anthropology 108 . CEU eTD Collection  accompanied bybankruptcy a numberof of largecompanies, and unemployment staggering the financial crisis in the casesince in late2004, 2008 and commenced. early Themain2009 recession playing into factors of Spain were the collapse aboom been had experiencing While the Spanish of economy debt crisis. well as the European the building market, which was be discussed. to ought in particular, andAndalusia in economicSpain, crisis the about facts some question, in relevant this answering talk Before Andalusia? identification national intensified has that is economic crisis the Whythen argue Andalusia. casefor the opposite state as than for the While Catalonia, isa part largeran independent of state. the this true better is itoff be the region wouldas for economically regionalization, because is presented argument whereaneconomic in cases holds that these Theargument was proposed. argument  (Eds.), A.Smith 110 3.2 in late Europe occurring throughout 2000sand the early 2010s. crisis influenceis of economic the be here:the discussed to of Andalusia, identification forms external of more to referring one catalyst, another so, doing before However, thesis. 5of be in this discussed chapter nationality areto bythe in taken elites creating political the road The nationality. a as Andalusians for self-identification a sound branding in government dialect a backwardCastilian just Basque Country have been able to do, as the Andalusian dialect has only been stereotyped as Mar-Molinero, C. (1996). The role of Language in Spanish nation-building. In C. Mar-Molinero& In C. nation-building. Spanish in Language of role The (1996). C. Mar-Molinero,  E CONOMIC The financial crisis in Spain started in 2008 as a part of the global financial crisis as crisis financial global the of part a as in 2008 started in Spain crisis financial The economic an for regionalization, causes of possible discussion theoretical In the conflicting identities. for the Andalusian to take adifficultroad combined havecreated These factors  CRISIS Nationalism and the nation in the Iberian peninsula: Competing and  AS  CATALYST  Oxford: Berg, Oxford International PublishersLtd, 69-88. 110 .  FOR  NATIONAL 38  IDENTITY  TALK   CEU eTD Collection noopportunities toregain strength combinedfactors ensured Andalusia that sufferedlosses thebiggest within itSpain, while had Andalusia’s industry is not as diverse as is the industry in other regions in Spain. These dropping,with incomerocketed andtourism rates Moreover, unemployment dropped. Again, tourism. of is that economy Andalusian the of factor contributing largest second The as aresult. in region the rocketed unemployment crisis, the during firstcollapsed that market is marketSeeing the construction a asthe to construction. very large on dependent extent regions for a combination of reasons. First of all, it is claimed that the Andalusian economy is argues than that (OECD) Spanish washitother Andalusia harder operation and Development in 2010 rates national Spanish the than higher cent reached in 8per awhole rates Andalusia unemployment the rates, to European compared in rates high Spain as awhole unemployment already are relatively While crisis. economic states. European moreother than Additionally, tourism droppedsignificantlyrates in as Europe a whole, again affecting Spain  is nationalism. theeconomy authors It whether this economy, or effects affects nationalism whether about togoquestion the on continue debates nationalism of economic field convergence region making it no longer eligible for structural European funding down andis predicted to geteven less 2013,whenafter Andalusia is nolonger defined as a  115 114 Retrieved from: http://www.oecd.org/edu/imhe/46572679.pdf, p. 2. 113 http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304811304577369253280172124.html. 112 http://www.economist.com/node/12725415 111 rates Ibid. Ibid,p. 3. OECD. (2011). House, J. &Román D. (2012). Spain jobless crisis deepens. N/A. (2008).Spain's property crash: Builders' nightmare. 111 Within the Spanish borders, it is Andalusia that has been hit the hardest by the Yet, how does one get from economic crisis to talk of national identification? In the reaching levels twice as high as the rest of the European states by 2012 by states European the of rest the as high as levels twice reaching Review of highereducation in regional and city development: Andalusia, Spain.  114 . Finally, external support for Andalusia has been going been has Andalusia for support external Finally, . 39 113 . The Organisation for Economic Co- The economist The wall street journal. . Retrieved from Retrieved from: 115 . 112 . CEU eTD Collection Chicago Press, p. 5. In: Harry G. Johnson (Ed.). 118 117 Hall, p.26.  Balaam. 116  talk. AndalusiaIn itis OECDreport identification on the of that proposed national increase in presume that in caseof thecrisis economic the a catalysing plays Andalusia role the to isit reasonable theory, this to According policies. its economic for ofjustification source strongly linkedare in place policies that with other types oreconomic nationalist a nation,it higherreal perceived, neo-mercantilist, the be the or of nationalism, for it needs economicmain as their security take concern the nationaliststrategies neo-mercantilist these policies before, ofmercantilist core the was which security, discourse thanmilitary that,rather scale. Heproposes a global on interdependence high economic as a of in times arose policies neo-mercantilist in that step nextproposing the takes Veseth regime. more extreme version of ineconomic nationalism pursuing his wish for autarky during his gainingeconomy may Itindependence. economic through be arguedthatFranco followed a and 19 national of concerns. centre national their security and independence” of to create nation-states: compulsions all wealth inand power andto preserve order protect of basic for one the accounts that perspective as “atheoretical mercantilism He presents mercantilism. form from of theory the to take starts nationalism economic that argues Veseth will in latter here.Michael this thesis,be the focussed upon a short theoretical discussion belief that both may be said to be true. However, for the sake of the argument presented in Johnson, H.G.(1967). A theoretical model of economic nationalism in new and developing states. Ibid,31-32. p. Veseth, M.(2001). Wealth and power: Mercantilism and economic nationalism. In: David N. th Veseth claims that mercantilism formmercantilism the late in 18 thattook claims Veseth of nationalism the economic Likewise, Harry Johnson proposes that the higher the economic international threat to threat international economic the higher the that proposes Johnson Harry Likewise, Introduction to international political economy (2 centuries. In this form, the focus is put on the development of a strong national astrong of development the on is put focus the form, this In centuries. Economic nationalism in old andnew states. 118  . Moreover, Johnson proposes that economic nationalism is 116 117 . Mercantilism thus puts national security at the at security national puts thus . Mercantilism 40 . nd Edition). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Chicago: University of th CEU eTD Collection  Retrieved from: http://www.oecd.org/edu/imhe/46572679.pdf, p. 4. 119  chapters. two final in the in Andalusia promoted being brands nation two the of details the into moving before chapter, next in the introduced is theory branding nation As such, branding. nation of theory the through paths identification both examines of remainder The thesis this identification. forfocus higher national on external catalyst asa in Spain place taking crisis economic the outlined has it Additionally, identification. for national internal asacatalystof notion modelling the hasintroduced In sum:chapter this in Andalusia. talk identification external for as functions primarily a catalyst crisis economic region in the investment foreign sufficient attract for tourism mayin itboost and rightway,a provide the If articulated advantage. its economic may be of region used to the cultural past aswell as the region, the location of geographic the OECD. (2011). Review of highereducation in regional and city development: Andalusia, Spain.  41 119 . As such, it is proposed here that the CEU eTD Collection  group belief. may membership.beconviction first The called definealso ideas that group of groups. He defines group in group-beliefs and formation as core the continuation hasunderstanding Bar-Tal proposed beliefs as the conviction a group group, in sourcesto understandorder the and of content identity.collective Daniel that there is a group, authors haveother acknowledgment, an worked makestowards understandingwhat of a as well as those is to be obtained through belonging to one or more social groups which self-image, a positive for desire his/her on based largely is self-identification person’s a He argues that identity. but also collective of social a so-called or aspects, individual BRANDING 4.1 is the itbasis for theories, understandingnation-branding is outlined herefirst. identity form of aspecific collective identity, national thenotion of Because regionalization. nation branding maytheory useful in provide insights situationthe in asitAndalusia, are techniquesthe of branding Nation identification. regional of history long-lasting a have not does Andalusia that seem someCatalonia and of Basque Country. Unlike the regions, such more established Spanish to be as much regions the moreforautonomy in example establishedautonomous as Spain, practiced in campaign aneffort toobtain a initiated regionalization has regions, autonomous seventeen by of in Spain’s aswell Spain, one economic country, recent crisis as the Andalusia, the Andalusian elite in their quest for  Human groups and social categories. 120 C HAPTER Tajfel, H. (1981). Social categorization, social identity and social comparison. In Henry Tajfel: In Henry comparison. social and identity social categorization, Social (1981). H. Tajfel,  C OLLECTIVE Henry Tajfel has recognized that an individual’s identity is composed not only of In the previous chapters it was argued that because of it of was arguedthatbecause political of the In theprevious chapters arrangement  4  The other beliefs may be a variety of different convictions (norms, values, (norms, convictions maybe beliefs The other avariety different of  –  IDENTITY  A  THEORETICAL ,  NATIONHOOD  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 254-267.   FRAMEWORK AND 42  REGIONALISM  FOR   NATION 120 . On the basis of this the fundamental  CEU eTD Collection 125 groups, 124  123 organisation of culture difference. critiqued asaproject group-making to think of becomes possible which it may do ofso groupness,shouldin terms think should one proposes be the Instead, such. as which groups of seen think not should one claims crystalizesas a category, in thisis He contends that some thecase,and not fixed entities. reality andbounded as somewhat rathercases, andthan does Additionally, warnsagainst Brubaker useofgroupism, the thebelief or groups exista that in notgroup. do so inIf others.one does The basisso, iton 122 of of practice andcategories between analysis) also categories agency (distinguishing ideawhich groupness), of aclearer give location and connectedness/ understanding/social self- (identification/categorization, terms other several itwith and supplement term, has been stretched to mean too many things at the same identity the arguesthat term Cooper, He, in time. Fredrick with ideacooperation the group. the of They suggest to go beyond the hasideaboth the identity, Brubaker critiqued aswell here aswell. of consideration as Rogers groups. deals with the andgroup constitute out-group, ethnic that a particular group in- the group, between boundaries of maintaining and creation is the it he argues, Rather, itgroup. may be enlighteningcontents, likealso Bar-Tal’s in the groupcase beliefs, of different which are forming types and ofcontinuing the existence of a  Social identity: International perspectives, 121 goals, ideology) Calhoun, C. (2003). ‘Belonging’ in the cosmopolitan imaginary. cosmopolitan the in ‘Belonging’ (2003). C. Calhoun, Brubaker,R. &Cooper, (2000). F. Beyond identity. Bar-Tal, D.Bar-Tal, (1998). Group beliefs asan expression of identity.social In Stephen Worchel(ed). Barth, F. (1969). Introduction. In F. Barth (Ed). Brubaker,R. (2004). Ethnicity without groups. In R. Brubaker, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Some critiques of the concepts of identity and group have to be taken into 125 , they will still be taken intoconsideration in this thesis. 121 . Fredrik Barth, on the other hand, has argued that it is not so much the much so isnot it that argued has hand, other the on Barth, Fredrik .  Little: Brown and Company. London: Sage Publications Ltd, 93-113. 43 Theory andSociety, 29 Ethnic groupsand boundaries: Thesocial 122 124 . While Barth’s theory theory . Whilespecifically Barth’s . While these ideas have also been Ethnicities, 3 (1),1-47. (4), 531-553. Ethnicity without  123 . CEU eTD Collection  nation of kind any of basis isthe identity national for identity, collective the of notion the of identities” with regional narratives concerned casewith alwaysthe the contested also be must this in and asense unique are processes These discourses. and practices cultural and economic ways governmental, in to political, different related processes, contingent historically are “Regions that argues AnssiPaasi identity. of notion regional the discussed also have authors Other identity. regional of that namely identity, collective of form another  276. Europe. Western of case The identity: regional 128 27 127 London: Verso. 126 asmini-nations see regions region is rather vague for the population. the of concept geographical as the here, identifies aproblem he Yet, region. of the population He concludes the with byresonate to has it saying as only, above from come that cannot region the of one shouldinstitutionalization be wary to any Antonsich form holds that From of than start, in hisapproach the Paasi. critical resurgence the region of the as a politicalacknowledges yet heisAntonsich actor, more have be state to asovereign goal would nation forof theultimate the sovereign, isit as Finally, imagined will nation. there bean never to Anderson, all-encompassing community the may nevermeetall is community other members.It the limited, as, according within individual an for isimagined, community The limited. and sovereign inherently is both which imagined community, beas apolitical, nation seen thatthe should Heclaims identity. of anational concept the understand imaginedto community term the hascoined Anderson Paasi, A. (2003). Region and place: Regional identity inquestion. Anderson, B.(1983). Antonsich,(2010). Exploring M. the correspondence between formsregional of governance and (4), 475-485.  What is taken fromis andWhat importance taken foremost the forthisisfirst theories thesis, these The previously discussed theories focused on national identity may to identity also apply well national focusedon theories The previously discussed One possible form of collective identity is identity Benedict form thatOne of national identity. of the collective possible  Imagined communities: Reflections on the origins and spread of nationalism. 128 .  European Urbanand Regional Studies, 17 44 Progress inHumanGeography, 126 . 127 (3), 261- . Marco . CEU eTD Collection as well, due to dialogical dimension dialogical to due well, as one recognize to others needs oneself,but from full recognition cannotonly receive one that which entails that our identity is link there that Heproposes for identity a supposed between and recognition. recognition, is partly shaped byindividuals andgroups recognition, or its absence. he In doingpositive recognized so, self-identification. from recognition a needfor other Taylor holds  such as national and regionalprimarily on the recognition collectives,of an individual’s identity, itmay very well be applied to groups, as well. This proposal is taken up in particular by  the politics of recognition. others. 131 of significant recognition the through mostly dialogue. 130 In theHuman groups and social categories. case of identity129 and recognition, he argues that an individual’s identity is created 4.2 chapter dealing with nation-branding theory and its limitations. branding theories. toregions.applicable In this question thesis,Antonsich’s specifically nation- addresses An answer to may based on nation the be directly question leadstothe whethertheories mini-nation the validity question to also regional the Finally, critique level. viewing concerning the as of Antonsich’s regions isbe applied then may which put anation, of identity collective the forward constitute may what into insight in the sectionidea nation of . Anderson’s as animagined community the at such provides crystallization of this crystallization of isgroupness considered, sincebranding areaimed nation techniques directly the Especially considered. be to are group and identity of notion the with concerns it be in asis Brubaker’s emphasized thesis, this nation provides. branding exactly what to are maintenance boundary of notion the as well as group-beliefs, of idea the Both branding. Taylor, (1994). C. The politics of recognition.In A. Gutmann (Ed.), such by guided is everything and dialogue, by guided is society contemporary Taylor, to According Tajfel, H. (1981). Social categorization, social identity and social comparison. In Henry Tajfel:  R ECOGNITION In theorizing the notion of collective identity, Tajfel already hintedat for needidentity,the Tajfel thenotion already In theorizing of collective  129 Princeton: Princeton University Press. . Charles Taylor provides further detail to Tajfel’s notion of the need  Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 254-267. 130 contemporaryof society 45  131 Multiculturalism: Examining . Whilefocuses Taylor CEU eTD Collection  agency andpower. (Ed.), Hobson In B. politics. 133  132  becomes in apparent. region the Andalusia focusing on for an necessity the Spain, approach comesidentity that outof status-subordination. this subordination may provide clarityissues inthis and mayof itself.bring along. Nonetheless, It Atthe it level. same into the consideration collective an individual time, whether on takes or argues inthat the inend the it case is a ofquestion Andalusia, self-identification, for positive for need the recognition acknowledges It other. the Fraser on of the argument for status- issuesthe aquestion identity causedbyseeingas of recognition distortion proposes to see misrecognition as a question of status-subordination, which may do away with she Instead, andreification. displacement of problems: that two creates this linkage her, linked is According to (mis)recognition toidentity literature, inherently academic distortion. in that contends Fraser conflicts. social political and of in discourse the redistribution, claims for to asopposed more prominent, havebecome claims recognition that acknowledges language for example, identity, of basics the constitute that components exactly those protect place to arein identity,rights assuch of group of recognition (minority) importance the acknowledges In group. arguingfor recognitionthe of rightsthe ofminority Kymlickagroups, indirectly to recognizeminority and specificallygroups, rights as their opposed to those majority of the is in Key this theory focus the on to his needmulticulturalism. Will Kymlicka, on the theory diversity. Fraser, N.(2003). Rethinking recognition: overcoming displacement and reification in cultural Kymlicka,W. (2007). In theneedcombining for recognition in in imbalances historic with the recognition This thesis adopts a middle ground between Taylor and Tajfel on the one hand, and She for of recognition. need the a more critical understanding proposes Nancy Fraser 132 Oxford: Oxford University Press. University Oxford Oxford: . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Multicultural Odysseys: Navigating the new international politics of Recognition struggles and social movements: Contested identities,   46 133 . CEU eTD Collection  called immediately be may they hidden, usually are forms these while that proposes He well. more as banal are formsare there by ofnationalism usually that forms studied academics, forms. it is While several nationalism takes morethat the proposes Billig extreme belonging. of they asense provide in that society, for novelties mechanism acoping is by creating norms of behaviour by repetition, which automatically implies continuity with the past” the with continuity implies automatically which repetition, by behaviour of norms and values inculcate certain seek to which nature, symbolic and rules or of a ritual accepted tacitly by normally or aredefinedgoverned traditions overtly as“asetof invented practices, a create in feeling in invented These of belonging a community. to are order traditions that argues Hobsbawm and of Billig. theideas Hobsbawm Michael Eric namely informative, nation inbranding. notions Two introduced may theories these be considered asespecially for the analysis sources. chapters of primary to beusedinlater is which is established, branding nation understanding for a framework review, this on based Second, upon. are touched theory branding nation of limitations the Moreover, presented. classification of nation brandingnation about branding.scholarly Kaneva’s Nadia and Following important debates works studies, some of the key arguments from different sides are  tradition. 134 4.3 identity. Andalusian of asense create to elites political byAndalusian areemployed branding nation the tools of that itis for now branding, argued 3. in of to the nation turns The chapter theory chapter discussed is crisis economic thecurrent namely regions, different for the recognition Madrid’s between is 2,andfor differences recognizing in thecatalystout worked This argument chapter Hobsbawm. E. (1992a). Introduction: Inventing traditions. In. E. Hobsbawm (Ed.), E. Hobsbawm In. traditions. Inventing Introduction: (1992a). E. Hobsbawm.  N ATION It should be recognized at first that national identity provides the basis for any form of The aim of the following section is twofold. First, it provides an overview of the most Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  BRANDING  IN  THE   LITERATURE  47 The invention of 134 . It . CEU eTD Collection national and cultural identity and place branding. place and identity cultural and national 140 London: The Foreign Policy Centre. 138  139 Macmillan. Pallgrave Basingstoke: 316 Foreign Affairs, 8 137 136  of Communication, 5 135 Kubacki andKrzysztof Skinner in events upon catalytic marketization of society society as globalization as well of marketization of because the is his occurring change that Heexplains roles. even changing at times influenced management for products and corporations, such images about nationthe can befavourably brand to assimilar of thought be may which nation-branding, through that, claims He influence behaviour. andfalse, true nation, both the ideas about in which, marketplace, as well as the region maya geographical brand, hisarea In be for seenashandicapped. view, this goes nation,the or even thePeter van Ham acknowledges the rise of citythe nation as a brand, and argues that, without agood identical assomewhat brand studies andnation these management see brand management that contends most Kaneva often. travelled road isthe which approach, economic-technical an in as first forapplied nation branding understanding this Sherecognizes thesis. framework which is used as a guideline both in reviewing existingliterature, as well as creating a primary arethe of nationalism such practices. while banal target forms of branding, nation of method main isthe tradition of invention the that is argued it in which Anholt,S. (2007). Olins, W.(1999). Van (2001). Ham, P. The rise of the brand state: postmodern The of politics image and reputation. research. critical for agenda and Toward branding: Nation (2009). N. Kaneva, Billig,(1995). M. Skinner,H. &Kubacki, K.(2007). Unravelling the complex relationship between nationhood, . Nadia Kaneva provides a categorization of different approaches to nation branding, to approaches of different acategorization provides Kaneva Nadia 138 . Similarly, Olins claims that countries and companies are becoming more alike, becoming are andcompanies countries that claims . Similarly,Olins (5), 2–6. Trading identities:Why countries and companies are taking on each other’s roles Banal nationalism. (2011), 117-141. Competitive identity: The new brand management for nations, cities and regions. 135  . Below, a framework for nation branding in practice is in proposed, forbranding practice nation . Below, a framework   140   , as well as Ying Fan London: Sage. 137 . Simon Anholt argues that the world today is world the argues that a Anholt today . Simon 48 Place branding andpublic diplomacy, 3 139  . To move from theory Heather practice, to movefrom theory . To 141 providemodels for how nation International Journal (4), 305- 136 . . CEU eTD Collection  much both fieldsin differ argumentvery basedon the goals that asoverlapping be considered even not should branding nation and diplomacy public that claims hand, other the on Gilboa, as each for well andweaknesses potential are proposed, strengths as relationships possible for models five review, this on Based dissimilar. and similar are they in which ways the and terms, both for definitions reviews He diplomacy. public and branding nation between be political approaches called thus may and branding, nation and diplomacy public between dissimilarities and similarities as such though it is not as simple to equate a nation brand with a product brand, it should that, they conclude Nonetheless, audiences. much forstill different too capture is it to trying be seen a brand. They point to a limitation of the nation image as opposed to brand image, namely that limits nation of as the seeing study JacksonO’Shaughnessy Nicholas and O’Shaughnessy Academy ofPolitical and Social Science, 616 146 Relations. International Discussion Papers in Diplomacy 145 144 issues. particular. in thesis this 143 in used understanding for framework a in combined 142 http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/1872/4/Key perspectives in nation image.pdf. branding.  of Communication, 5 141 theory management brand on primarily based works, branding Gilboa,E. (2008). Searching fora theory ofpublic diplomacy. Szondi, G.(2008).Public diplomacy and nation branding: Conceptual similarities anddifferences. Kaneva, N. (2009). Nation branding: Toward and agenda for critical research. O’Shaughnessy,& O’Shaughnessy, J. (2000). J.N. Treating nation the brand: as a Some neglected These models are discussed in greater detail towards the end of this chapter, where they are Fan, Y. (2008). 146 Journal of Macromarketing, 20 143 Kaneva introduces a second set of approaches. These take into consideration the into consideration take These setof asecond approaches. introduces Kaneva . Unpublished manuscript, Brunel University, Retrieved from . (2011), 117-141. Key perspectives innation image: A conceptual framework fornation . The Hague,Netherlands: Clingendael Netherlands Institute of 144 . GyorgySzondi attempts to identify the possible relations  (1), 56-64. (55), 55-77.  49 The Annalsof the American 142 International Journal . Finally, John 145 . Eytan  CEU eTD Collection  image. a nation’s and inthe brandingchange practices nation between renewed causal relationship image. Additionally, Stock nation the proposesimage, specifically any of controllability the concerning in argument the forward it is extremely hard toscholars undermine the field of providenation branding studies. Amore substantial critique is put scientific evidenceStock. for a First, by Felix areproposed general More critiques brand. the creating processes with the primarily he is concerned contends thesis this while branding, nation of outcomes the with deal they for thesis, that, by simply claimingnation. the to belong also may that aspects other many nation of national brandingcitizenship” does nation brandingchange moral similar vein, arguesthat projects Melissa Aronczyk basis “the not a In essentializing. highly are they exist,that fact in the lies practices branding nation with problem some  150  148 147 First World – Third World dichotomy may nation that branding beproposes seenasa form of as itreinforces the neo-colonialism set thisbe last nation of considers fairly to approaches branding. critical of branded isbeing that nation the on have may branding nation implications the diplomacy, 5 consultants. branding 149 & society, 29 of Communication, 5 Stock, F.(2009). Identity, image and brand: A conceptual framework. Roy, (2007). Worlds I.S. apart: Nation branding on the national geographic channel. Kaneva, N. (2009). Nation branding: Toward and agenda for critical research. Aronczyk, M.(2008). “Living the brand”: Nationality, globality and identity strategies of nation 150 The critiques provided by Kaneva’s last set of lastThe critiques by Kaneva’s setof laysbeyond provided of approaches scope the the Kaneva suggests a final set of approaches in studies of nation branding. These look at look These branding. of in nation afinalstudies approaches setof suggests Kaneva (2), 118-125. (4), 569-592. (2011), 117-141. International Journal of Communication, 2 149 . She claims that, in seeking the core of the nation, it leaves out to   148 . More importantly, she argues that the particular the that she argues More importantly, . 50 , p. 43. Place brandingand public International Journal Ishita Sinha Roy Media, culture 147 . She . CEU eTD Collection  attraction talent and tourism investment, foreign towards aimed those including brands, different several for brand umbrella an as brand nation of the consideration further his as well as brand, nation audiences” all for andits target relevance differentiation grounded culturally with nation the provide that elements of blend dimensional multi- unique, “the as brand nation the defines accordingly He nation. the being brand the to refers other, the on brand, nation The available. locally be only may that one to opposed as available, nationally is that a brand Dinnie, to according is, brand A national brand. nation and brand be madenational to between another differentiation proposes Dinnie definition, distinction in claiming itthat should equallybe applied tonations. Before providing a namethe andidentity in order to influence thereputation concernslatter identity whilethe and theof reputation, process andcommunicating planning itsa in service name, former combination with the ororganization product, Anholt refersto be definition discussed.are to issues of can some be considered, likewise. Before anyframework areconsidered branding nation to approaches setofpolitical from the someelements However, above. described isframework basedmainly in asby economic-technical the approaches presented Kaneva and thatisframework bein to usedin sources thisanalysing primary thesis. Theconstructed 153 Heinemann,p. 15. Elsevier,  152 4. p. Macmillan, Pallgrave Basingstoke: 151 4.4 Ibid,p. 200. Anholt,S. (2007). Dinnie,(2008). K.  A  FRAMEWORK Grounded on the reviewed material, the chapter now on material,turns toconstructing chapter Grounded the reviewed the a Simon Anholt proposes a difference between brand, and branding. According to According branding. and brand, between adifference proposes Anholt Simon 153 . Competitive identity: The new brand management for nations, cities and regions.  FOR Nation branding: Concepts, issues and practice.  UNDERSTANDING   NATION 152 51 . The thesis adopts Dinnie’s definition of the  BRANDING 151 . Keith acknowledgesDinnie this  Oxford: Butterworth Oxford: CEU eTD Collection  the five refersto in Number nation reality. byadifferent A isperceived nation actually how image,actual which is reputation, or the four image. signifies Number theconstrued belief as number refers to how nationnation. Such a view of a differentA nationbeliefs functions as a reference pointit for nationis another Aviews howembodies nation two A. Number is identity. national the basedon aspect The thirdconsidered by anotherwhich is closely toAnholt’srelated brandidentity. According toboth Anholtand Fan, this nation. Fan refers A, nation of self-perception the in represents NumberFigure 1. one represented schematically to this are six image. is to These realization nation’s aspects of the framework six aspects Fan’s proposes a model for understanding the workings of nation branding  154 identity,and image reputation between connection the concerning Whetten service itcovers organization product, or for the advantage itbecomes agreat reputation, a positive stable and that notion the covers which equity, brand proposes Anholt brand, the of aspect final As image. brand internal the as off thought be may purpose Brand purpose. brand the names Anholt is what brand reputation the brandedis the image product brand The identity. brand the with hasoverlap not may or in may which image, the eyes of the targetbrand the of is that audience. aspect second The identity. brand the as Theidentity national the thirdproposes aspect of the Anholt brand, nation the of case the In product. the of concept core the entails identity  http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/1872/4/Key perspectives in nation image.pdf. Unpublished manuscript, Brunel University, Retrieved from 156 34 Science, Marketing of Academy terminology. suggested and framework interdisciplinary An reputation: and image, 155 6. p. Macmillan, Pallgrave Basingstoke: Anholt,S. (2007). Fan, Y. (2008). Brown,T.J., Dacin, P.A., Pratt, M.G. &Whetten, D.A. (2006). Identity, intended image, construed Anholt recommends a distinction between four aspects of brand the of brand.the First, four aspects between adistinction recommends Anholt Based on Anholt’s four aspects of the brand, as well as an article by Brown, Pratt and Key perspectives innation image: A conceptual framework fornationbranding. Competitive identity: The new brand management for nations, cities and regions.  (2), 99-106. 154  . 52 156 . The initial stage of stage . Theinitial 155 Journal ofthe , Ying Fan CEU eTD Collection Foreign Affairs, 8 159 http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/1872/4/Key perspectives in nation image.pdf, p.9. Unpublished manuscript, Brunel University, Retrieved from  158 http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/1872/4/Key perspectives in nation image.pdf, p.12. Unpublished manuscript, Brunel University, Retrieved from 157 a nation future imageof aspect as last thedesired this nation. to refers Fan a different by be perceived to A wants nation how represents six number Finally, nation. another to itself promotes A presently nation in which manners all includes This image. promoted currently  image itHam,is contribute to both believedfuture desired economic that the and political aspects van with Peter accordance In inAndalusia. practices branding itanalyse nation to implement image external desiredthe maybealtered toobtain practices such branding analysis, gaps.Through these analyse and identify to branding nation of task is the it that holds Fan is proposed. nation imageFan. Finally, desired andthe currently future agapbetween the image promoted of a by identified is third the perception image external the and promoted currently the between andactual Agap The secondexternal construed perception. gapexistsbetween reputation). (or perception external and is self-perception between gap first above.that The as presented image aspects nation’s of the different between the four potential gaps out Hepoints analysis. Van (2001). Ham, P. The rise of the brand state: postmodern The of politics image and reputation. Fan, Y. (2008). Fan, Y. (2008). 159 The second stage of Fan’s framework for understanding nation branding is that of gap . 158 (5), 2–6. Key perspectives in nation image: A conceptual framework fornation branding. Key perspectives innation image: A conceptual framework fornationbranding. . The thesis adopts Fan’s model for understanding nation branding and will and branding nation understanding for model Fan’s adopts thesis The . Figure   1 ǣ Six  aspects  to  53 the  nation's  image  (Y.  Fan)  157 . CEU eTD Collection 161  Europe. Western of case The identity: regional 160 placebranding as practices, nation branding refer to to started has branding, nation term the introducing after who, Anholt Simon by presented is level. answer analyse The a regional on hesitation materials to without be implemented here  consideration. into is taken argument Antonsich’s 4, chapter in nation, a city, and thus likewise a region. Regardless, during the analysis of primary sources Anholt,S. (2010). Antonsich,(2010). Exploring M. the correspondence between formsregional of governance and 160 . In line with his argument, it should be asked whether a theory based on can itshould nation hisbased on the . Inline beaskedwhetheratheory argument, with Marco Antonsich’s objection to seeing regions as mini-nation should be addressed asmini-nation should seeing regions to objection Antonsich’s Marco Places: identity, image and reputation.  European Urban and Regional Studies,17 54 161 Bashingstoke: Pallgrave Macmillan. . In this case, the brand may be a be may brand the case, this In . (3), 261-276 CEU eTD Collection detail, before it moves intoa discussion of the building blocks as outlined by Kolakowski. in some of museum the exhibition of permanent parts the different describes the four first This chapter body, beginning. andanameable national future orientation, memory, collective national spirit, or historic five buildingcharacteristics: nation separate includes rhetoric practices. It is Kolakowski who focuses on branding its thein analysis rhetoric building of nation such a strong for rhetoric.opts government In his regional understanding,Andalusian the that is it understandable of as nations, may be they conceived that simple forreason the Andalusia like regions than rights more enjoyed previously have nationalities historic Since for may historic between Andalusians, the be reference regions. created madeto imbalances is understanding that applied asamethodological for theinternalapproach identification nation building for thepurpose of analysis. understand To why itis precisely this nuestra gente nuestras instituciones on of one autonomy, part aparticular the sections eachdeal with The three other region. consists of four major sections. The first deals with the particular history of the autonomous analysis is the permanent exhibition of the of exhibition permanent is the analysis regional)perhaps better brand forofAndalusia. primarily inhabitants the Themainfor source a national on focuses (or chapter partof core the current such,the As identification. external inon zooms chapter next the while practices, such through presented identification internal analyse branding practices as found inAndalusia. This chapter aims atproviding insightin the   C HAPTER As proposed in the introduction, this thesis uses Kolakowski’s understanding of understanding Kolakowski’s uses thesis this introduction, in the proposed As Based on the theory presented in the preceding chapters, the following two chapters two following the in chapters, preceding the presented theory Based on the (our people).  5  –  I NTERNAL (our institutions), one on  IDENTIFICATION 55 Museo delaautonomía Museo Andalucía, nuestros símbolos  (our symbols), and one on which CEU eTD Collection towards autonomy together, was signed. Moreover, intellectuals and artists that had been that artists and intellectuals was signed.Moreover, autonomy together, towards andthe was established, for the region. At the same time, the population went out on the streets duringdeals with from 1979.is transition the period It 1976 to presented here Andalusianthe that the transition to make claims for greater autonomy wereexpelled andin murdered. some and cases artists even intellectuals regimeAdditionally,Autonomy. the hindereddevelopment of the a cultural nationalism, as of Francothe dictatorship inlimiting allsocial politicaland opportunities for Andalusianthe role the emphasized period this with dealing section importantly, the More place. more grim becameaneven of Civil AsWar.the region atrocities aresult, already underdeveloped the dictadura (1936-1975)”. later. introduction emblemthe of for Andalusia,and banner which will be addressed inmore detail the of means by here highlighted is nationalism Andalusian of emergence the for Infante Blas of becamein Finally, more theimportance interested folklore. Andalusian social scientists other and anthropologists period, this during that is stated it Moreover, nation. Andalusian in 19 late the changes government constant with combined Andalusia, of oppression and underdevelopment significant here dueto covers the between period that, It isproposed 1868 and 1936. phase first here.The introduced which areshortly phases, different in six issubdivided presentation historical This has. presently it autonomy Andalucía  5.1  A  PRESENTATION The third phase, The second phase of the autonomy is referred to as the in Autonomy Andalusian the of presentation The commences with a historical overview of how the region obtained the level of th and early 20  OF Pacto deAntequera “Un puebloen la calle que llucha porla Autonomía”, It is emphasized here that Andalusia was particularly hitby particularly the Andalusia was hereIt is that emphasized  THE  A th NDALUSIAN centuries, promoted the emergence of a concept of the of a concept of emergence the promoted centuries, Junta de Andalucía , in which all political parties committed to strive to committed parties political all in which ,  A 56 UTONOMY “Los primeros hacialaAutonomía” pasos  (Andalusian regional government) regional (Andalusian “El letargo de la Guerra Civil y la Museo delaAutonomía specifically CEU eTD Collection  is made. election of are the example provided the The political decisions fundamental where centre asthe is presented government body of Andalusian the main legislative The arelocated, are outlined. seats wherethe building city andthe of the regional government. For all three institutions, core powers and constitution. mainSpanish the under tasks, as well as possible autonomy of level maximum the enjoys Andalusia changes, these after now, that is madein statute changes the of in to autonomy fact the this Emphasized presentation 2007. herearethe presented of Also Spain. more advanced regions of one hasbecome the Andalusia between 1982and 2007.It claimsnowadays, that working through as together one region, phase, fourth the In constitution. liberty. of ideal the on reflect more and more to began which identity, Andalusian the of creation in the part exiled during Francotocome started the dictatorship back to Andalusia. They large a played powers from the national to the regional level. regional the to national the from powers of transference the and government, first the elections, autonomous first the of discussion estatuto de los Andaluces” in 151 fifth phase, as outlined Constitution.article of The the nationalities historic as outlined inarticle 143of orwould Constitution, the it gain as do samerights the the it theConstitution:becomeof status official Andalusia would according region to afast track the about debates the phaseoutlines time,this same the at However, Andalusia. of autonomy was thelargest in participation isSpanish history, takenas a large for popular the support factis 65percent described.The that upfor of showed population the this which referendum, The next section presenting the Andalusian Autonomy is occupied with the institutions the with isoccupied Autonomy Andalusian the presenting section next The the of implementation official the with themselves occupy phase fifth and fourth The The final The final section, “Los logrosdelaAutonomía:Presente yfuturo , focuses on the implementation of the constitution, through a “La Autonomía en“La Autonomía lasurnas”, 57 the referendum for autonomy Parlamento ” covers the period the ” covers which is the is which “El CEU eTD Collection Andalusians.  stands for –youth, spirit, acapability to appease nature and belief only in the strength of one’s by two lions. It is explained that Hercules Ofmain in exhibition. emblemimportance the is of Andalusia the figure of flanked Hercules, is in the emblem because all the characteristicsshown and he described in words on the website of the museum as well as in the permanent autonomy symbols future to create symbols for all Andalusians. The museum explains that explains museum The Andalusians. all for symbols create to future and weretobelinked the thepresent theseelements with itsHe believed that and rich history. Blasnoted that most Infante took inspiration of forhis from these Andalusiansymbols culture symbols presented in the three of the hasand hadon creation adoption influencethe Infante Blas is enormous the museum: The emblem, the needsis firstdescribe tobenoted substantial What exhibition. the usedhereto space chapter, flag and the anthem of Andalusia.Autonomy. It is As they will provideautonomy. to Andalusians the key componentstatement that all those three institutions work together to work for the rights of the for Tribunal analysis in government,the which may dealfinal with civil, penal, administrative andpart social cases. The Finally,seat the of the of this and vice-president the theconsejeros.Its mainpresident, taskisof nature. administrative Gobierno  162 The President. y representan a todos los Andaluces. reivindicación de laautonomía andaluza. Desde entonces, Desde The first symbol that is presented is that of the region’s emblem. The emblem is both The following section of the exhibition deals with the symbols of the Andalusian  is located in Granada. This section of the permanent exposition is ended by the serve , the executive branch of the regional government. The government. regional the of branch executive , the Ǥ They Tribunal Superiorde Justicia deAndalucía ” 162  as Parlamento .  are ƒ estos símbolos sirven como element definitorio, aglutinanto yvehiculo de defining  an  unequivocal is located in in is Alsolocated located Sevilla. is Sevilla the  and   binding  expression Son expression inequivoca de nuestra identidad, nos unen  factor, 58  of  ƒ our vehicle  identity, is the judicial branch of Andalusian  of   vindication our  unity, Consejo  and  “ for is made up of the From  they  the   represent  Andalusian now, Consejo de  these  all    CEU eTD Collection  further meaning is given to the colours of the flag However, forpeace. in andwhite for hope green namely identity, of Andalusian the factors key the statement “ for the stand colours these to BlasInfante, According green. and flag white of aregreen, the of The colours height. formedrows equal bythreehorizontal asbeingdescribed traditionally 1918. Inarticle 3.1 of statute the of autonomy of Andalusia the outlook of flagthe is in Asemblea by one de Ronda the asthe Andalusian flagofficial the wasaccepted emblem, isin it reasons now of museum. located the For preservation, dictatorship. house. It is at door was the located of Blas in Infante’s museum originally is that one exhibited the the the only emblememblem that that was adopted remained history Andaluz this However, from Andalusia. theme (Islamic) has of disappeared the by the Asemblea in in therewasanamely Betica of the emblem, (Roman) and third theme that originally the its de RondaplaceMoreover, Cadiz. of in emblem the on loosely based is 1918. Andalusia of emblem the that during explained Finally, thethe emblementireinformation that is civil onwar when and the population and entire the emblem humanity. was adopteditself, yet not justand for howitself.España yla humanidad. it Enlarging was changedAndalusia reads slogan flag.The of Andalusian the background also on the would thenover also benefittime.role model manyfor Andalusians. Finally,under Hercules one finds sloganthe Andalusia,of the largerIt is Spanish forms a andassuch civilizations most creative fundator of world’s one the and conscience of world’s the as dominator wasseen the Hercules analysis museum’s the to According Dominator Hercules Fundator own effort – form the basis on which Andalusia is built. Above the figure, one finds the text The second symbol highlighted in the museum is the Andalusian flag. Like the Like flag. Andalusian is the museum in the highlighted symbol second The museum In addition description of justification emblem,and the to the the provides It is proposed that thisshows slogan Andalusia’senlarge wish to written on a banner in the colours of the Andalusian flag. Andalusian the of colours in the abanner on written 59 Green Andalucía porsi, para  is  the  garment  of  CEU eTD Collection  Andalusian identity. The first of thoseThe museum is presentsthe a personalitynumber of themes from these oflyrics the as fundamentalAndalusian for this symbol population,of whichGive the spirit of the people. ( People of light, who to the people ( To keep being who they were ( ( want Andalusians The Spain, and humanity! ( of free( In favour a Andalusia Ask for land andliberty! ( Andalusia lets stand up! ( Beneath the sun on our land ( To say peace and hope ( Remains, after ages of war ( The banner, white and green ( inmuseum’s reads: text The highlighted exhibition. the are and some of factors key the anthem of is text the additionally solidarity. The presented, is a song of hope,Andalusian regional ingovernment 1933. AccordingBlas to Infante, anthemthe Andalusiaof a symbol of unity among all Andalusians which shows the level of Castillo. The piece, based on piece,a religious The basedon called song Castillo. de byJosé andcombined then Infante by Blas musicand the were written text that explained farmhouses found all over in Andalusia. and little towns ancient the to and white andcountryside, mountains, trees the to green region, warm green the  y blanca, como un niño, es la Andalucía renaciénte que en nuestro regazo se calienta nuestras villes yantiguas ciudades de blancos caserios con verdes rejerlasorladas de jazmines. Pura habitaciones blancas, limoneros en flor son los arboles preferidos por los Andaluces y blancas son 163 our  Verde es lavestidura de nuestras sierras y campiñas prendida por los broches de las campesinas   mountains preferred   Jasmine lap The final element presented as symbolizing Andalusia is its hymn or anthem. It is It anthem. or hymn its is Andalusia symbolizing as presented element final The  163 ”.   trees  branches. and With this statement, is flag landscape With the of the linkedtothe statement, of Andalusia this   countryside, of  Andalusians España ylaHumanidad!) Los Andaluces queremos)  A decir paz y esperanza) White ¡Andalucía, levantaos!) ¡Pedid tierra ylibertad!) Vuelve, trassiglos deGuerra) Bajo elsol denuestra tierra) La banderablancayverde)  Alma dehombres les dimos) ¡Sea porAndalucíalibre)  and Volver aser loque fuimos)  adorned   Hombres deluz, quealos hombres) pure, and  white   by like  brooches ƒ  60 are young  our   of child,  villages  white Santo Dios  is   villages; the  and  Andalusia  ancient  lemon , was accepted by , wasaccepted the   towns resurging  trees    in fringed  bloom  from  with   our are    CEU eTD Collection  shown as well. are identification, and culture butof Andalusian havebeen tothe generation this of honour, importance necessarily received whonot have personas other Finally, some Andalusia. services medalfor to agolden receives people who have received the title of “Favourite Children” ( Children” “Favourite of title the have received people who in this section. prominently rather isfeatured Infante Blas shouldbe It clearthat Andalusia. of “the people” Other than him, the exhibition shows a number of pictures and names of Andalusians solidary transformation the  siguen siendo los retos actuals por los que los Andaluces debemos sequir apostando día a día future major, mas justo y solidario. La esperanza por vivir enuna cultura de paz y libertad universal cultura, la necesidad detransformación de las estructuras sociales y economicas para alcanzar un 164 Blas Infante, summarizing exactly meaning the andkey themes of anthem:the land. Andalusian the on hope and peace representing flag Andalusian the about sentences first from the clear hope, also some extent to and of peace, that refers to populations hymn the of text the emblem, region’s the on found slogan in the Like ideal. beyondAndalusian the Andalusian population.libertad” A final theme that in sentence land, the issues the liberty andprimarily specifically to of is highlighted is by is museum the themesecond pinpointed of that of vindications the Andalusia, referring volver a serloque fuimos”, back in sentence alongthe goes Thistrue isparticularly time. accordingly is based on their historical through a culturalorigin, presented heritage which  De esta forma, elhimno combina la reivindicación yel orgullo pornuestra historia y nuestra  anthem The final section of the exhibition of the Museum for Andalusian autonomy presents autonomy Andalusian for Museum the of exhibition the of section final The The museum concludes the section dealing with the region’s anthem with a quote from  future. , ask for land and liberty. A third theme is that of the universal nature of the  combines  must   of Hope   face social   the  to day   and live  vindication  to    in day economic the Andalusian wish to go back to be, what they were before. A  ƒ ” culture 164  . and  structures   of pride  peace 61  for   and  in our  order   universal history  to   achieve and  freedom  our Hijos Predilectos) “los Andaluces queremos“los Andaluces ƒ  culture, better,  are  current  the  “pedid tierra y more “  necessity In    challenges just, this or have or Ǥ   more form,  of ƒ    CEU eTD Collection  dealing itis section the here, under particularly analysis of In state. bodies exposition the the identitynational links what and that as be explained should body nationalNational body. national the of that territory, and as such is standssome Jewish, that united through belief intheirideals ofhope, peaceandoftenliberty. understoodAndalusian as population. a metaphor It isentire the presentedof personality main the asintroduces It a nation. diverse the of symbols the population,forintroducing somedifferent Christian, some Islamic, engrain themnationalism, in of forms banal the symbols, Andalusian such presenting section inthe Primarily Autonomy. spiritas the flag and ofthe Themajor relate. is goal of exhibition teaching theAndalusian the about visitors the anthemthe visitors.are presented can which spectators all to is created, asensecommunity of spectators, the to belonging and explained Yet, thein the anconsistent attempt exhibition to use of the word ‘our’.goes By presentingfurther the institutions,than merely symbols and people as in and behaviours national cultural collective practices spirit. He contends that such spirit may manifest itself in multiple ways, but is mostly present nationalism as found in everyday life in everyday found as nationalism of forms tacit more on focussing thus nationalism, banal Billig’s Michael with in line is thesis of forThe purpose this the aredefined way behaviour. such expressions collective national by introduced isputhere in emphasis aspect Kolakowski, national on expression the spiritof   165 5.2 166 Castelgandolfo-Gespräche 1995. Kolakowski,(1995). ÜberkollektiveIdentität. L. In K. Michalski (ed): Billig,(1995). M. An additional building block for nation building rhetoric as understood by Kolakowski is The first building block in Kolakowski’s national identity is that of isthat identity national in Kolakowski’s block building first The  N ATIONAL The start of creating national spirit within the Museum for Andalusian Autonomy is  SPIRIT Banal nationalism.  AND  NATIONAL  Vienna: Institut für die Wiesenschafen vom Menschen, p. 47-60. p. Menschen, vom die Wiesenschafen für Institut Vienna: London: Sage. 166  BODY . :  62 A NDALUSIAN 165 . While appreciating the cultural the . While appreciating  BANAL Identitätim Wandel:  NATIONALISM Volksgeist or national or  CEU eTD Collection  167  the Andalusian territory. in with beerbecomes undeniably being Andalusian, connected this case to directly referring enthusiasm light.passionate, In and using type this of drinkingrhetoric, the of a Cruzcampo suchas Andalusia, to connected with forwords Andalusia it filled map the shows of territory, national to the national identity is whichlinks presented directly advertisement particular In figure inits advertisement. belowthe a in one method uses similar Andalusia, located describedA form which isby lesser beer those Foster. than Cruzcampo, Spanish brand, here,asit imagemayis introduced in be found beitnation in caseof Andalusia, also the a Guinean New Papua is specifically coffee drinking example, for anumbermarketingpresents of in cases building for which isnation product used purposes, in worldmarketized sideis of important this commercial increasingly the becoming today. He he argues, Moreover, nation building. to side a commercial isalso there NewGuinea, Papua projects that nationalthe body is being promoted. As argued by Foster inRobert his work on much Andalusians. likethe appease nature, asbeing able to presented is in thatHercules Andalusia’s sense hand,islinked landscape on other the the emblem, to is explicitly linked to mountainsthe and countryside filled with little white villages. The Both emblem. these arelinkedsymbols landscapethe of to Theflag Andalusian the territory. the of explanations in the extent some to and flag, the for justifications in the found be also may it However, body. national the of notion a such portrays that institutions’ ‘Our with  Guinea. (2002). Foster,R.J. In addition, a short side example is presented here, for it is not only in state-sponsored Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Materializing the nation: commodities, consumption and media in Papua New  63 167 . Commercialization of a of Commercialization . CEU eTD Collection Betica and survivalAl-Andalus, Andalusian during civil the war and dictatorship, the and here: theancient of are presented times memory Andalusianthe population of collective past is outlined, something only could be donecollectively.within However, Andalusian nationalism, alarger primarily20 through the doings of Blas Infante. Three key factors in the 5.3 factors comprising important memory thecollective Andalusians. of as the notion as well memory of needthe a collective of on focuses Kolakowski. Headditionally to according origin. The blocks building nation next the not only are symbols nationalist thesebasic However, and peace. section of with if ideals goal rights, liberty the autonomous extended the renewed and not of of hope, this chapter providescombining thegroupswithin different the Andalusian population intoone coherent nation an analysis is region,of the sector aimedtowards by aided commercial perhaps the government, ofAndalusian the of campaign the branding the that be argued thus may It mostimagery. nationalist  Figure th century, when the problems of the Andalusian region became so large, that itwas feltlarge, that so became Andalusian region the problems of when the century,  B LAS  2: The beginning of Andalusian nationalism is clearly pinpointed in the late 19 late in the pinpointed isclearly nationalism Andalusian of beginning The The analysis so far shows the branding of a nation in very basic, day to day forms of  Cruzcampo  I NFANTE :  advertisement  T HE  FATHER   2011 OF  A  campaign. NDALUSIAN 64   NATIONALISM  th or early or CEU eTD Collection  has almost became a symbolbecomes in andclear of that his Blas own.Infante Important has a definingdiscussion roleto notefor the all Throughout hereof nationalism. them. Andalusian of father is the as As Infante such, Blas the of role is the itwaydiscussion, seems in likewhichof he all the symbols such a harsh situation. havethey mere factthat countered promoted the by population Andalusian bythe shown is that companionship and strength the promoting by the regionalgovernmentnow, takesthehardships by endured region,the and by turns them around government by The in memory collective regional promoted the a ratheragonizingAndalusia state. cultural heritage toleave region, the markers, overcultural andtaking this left period in the museum,resulting in more underdevelopment for the region. Additionally, by forcing creatorsit of Aswas used it vulnerable. aresult, and abused, wasparticularly Andalusia dictatorship, the way has The itis is civil aratherfirst, during negative the that connotation. presented war and from different the factor, This Franco dictatorship. subsequent of civil the that the war and position. economic anadvantageous more obtain such toonce in order solidarity is then is promoted What prosperity. socio-economic andenjoyed assuch each other, learnedfrom groups different these that ismuch argued without It lived together problems. also the Spanish population andspecifically as Andalusians, between more from Theideal future of times. solidarity those a whole comes from the times for region’s the his inspiration takes itBlasis Infante that Age clear Golden Andalusia, the of in which all (religious) groupsdirectly peacefully.toas While not beingpeoplesin livedtogether referred which different people.Andalusian finally the role of Blas Infante as father of Andalusian nationalism and in turn father of the A final feature of the collective memory of Andalusia that cannot be omitted in becannot omitted this that memory Andalusia of of collective the A final feature is of Andalusians the in memory plays collective that the amajor part factor A second First, it is presented that the ideals for Andalusia in the future stem from ancient times 65 CEU eTD Collection culture. While some references are made to the rich cultural aremade muchpast of is richcultural not region, to the Whilethe references culture. some in importantofa nation: thecreation a national omit that of they factor seem avery to factors, Whileimportant be of forms These symbols nationalism. can all campaign. banal considered branding in their government by the out set ideals the promoting start can themselves they that so population, Andalusian the by adopted be may that symbols seek measures anation, branding inwith justbelief the creating primary this asociety. After occupation andastrong strength, endurance, Andalusians: of the traits some character itso, outlines of the region, the Roman and Moorish past, withinpopulation groups Andalusianthe Itterritory. specifically looksat ancientthe history to justify the future goals of the Andalusiansregion. In doing themselves. First and foremost, it seeks to create a nation out of the diverse  5.4 they should bepromoted outside the Andalusian as borders well. Rather, in Andalusia. reached be only not should ideals those that anthem Andalusian the of based on more solidarity and peace. It is also clear, just asociety society and amore include ideals is be obtained. Those to territory, Andalusian from the Andalusian emblem and the text Andalusians: A future based on the ideals seemsof tobea future orientation.It in for clear in identification the case the presented of Blas Infante, taken from the golden ages of the Andalusia. in portrayed such a way promotes ideathat the Blas that died Infante for his fatherland: Andalusian numerous CivilWarand death duringthe soldiers to the of directly connected is Infante Blas of death The fatherland. the of father this towards have, to ought Andalusian’s show along that feeling the it way goes to as in is museum, the portrayed death Infante’s Blas  B RANDING From all this analysis, one may deduct the nation brand of Andalusia aimed towards The last building block outlined by Kolakowski as constituting nation building, is that  A NDALUSIA  FOR  A NDALUSIANS 66  CEU eTD Collection  much more prominent role. a play forms cultural national brand, nation external the of case in the that is shown it chapter, final and next the In heritage. particular this incorporate to brand nation internal in the done 67 CEU eTD Collection population with a clear identification a clear with population lostinstitutions have abilitythe represent the Andalusianto population and providethe governmental Andalusian the of many that is argued it First, argument. enhancement tourism in the to addition identification discourse forof the creation anew presented arethus reasons Several change. should it how and image Andalusian the about discussion general more have Such yetpresented. discussions indeedemerged, they have with beensupplemented a tourists and more in toattract has states imageorder in Andalusia the other by theOECDtore-evaluate new foreign investment to be able to recover from the financial crisis were  6.1 emerge. should for external audiences brand of animage nation Andalusian the discussions, to examine in how far the regionalAndalusian regionalgovernment government. It then discusses some recent tourism is promotional following materials by gapsdone itsthese analysisof the the presents This chapter in of Andalusia. case the own advice. From these two image interesting image, areparticularly desired andfuture between one promoted currently and image external the perception, and between currently promoted the one byFan, identified factors. of Two gaps the is of a number of ananalysis gapsbetween branding practices, at hisidea isby gapanalysis.It thecoreofnation Fan’s that, particularly proposed Fan, external identification.is Thischapter aroundthemethod structured of nation-branding current its in changing interest show to begun recently has government regional Andalusian  Retrieved from: contexto del siglo XXI. In: Salvador Cruz Artacho (ed.). 168 C Gonzalez de Molina, M. (2012). Notaspara la discussion sobre la identidad de Andalucía en el HAPTER  A NALYSING Earlier in this thesis, recommendations made to the Andalusian regional government regional Andalusian the to made recommendations thesis, in this Earlier In addition to the development of a clear-cut identification for Andalusians, the Andalusians, for identification aclear-cut of development the to addition In  6   THE –  E  A XTERNAL NDALUSIAN    IDENTIFICATION IMAGE 168 . Second, trends of globalization and migration are migration and of trends globalization . Second,  68 Identidad cultural y politica de Andalucía.  CEU eTD Collection  169 5. http://centrodeestudiosandaluces.es/index.php?mod=actividades&id=2508&cat=22&tip=1&idm=, p.  more significant life,a in factor WhileAndalusian importantdaily as an still imagined society. an agrarian longercan Andalusia that Molinano Additionally,the be argues Gonzalez states. developing part dependence ismuch less than previously, and Andalusiashouldlonger noof be compared to this this that heproposes However, dependence. economic specifically of dependence, life takeslevel isstill some there agreethat He does constitution. Spanish the under allowed autonomy of place level full the obtained has Andalusia that now especially government, Spanish national in an urban governmental institutions are that fully capable of functioning independently from the setting. developed hasnow thatAndalusia argues he of all, First above. mentioned characteristics Coincidentally,Andalusia. made herethe tois anAgain, society than is society.reference asan of rather that urban agrarian Andalusia economicwhen itcomes tolanguage A abilities. in second keycomponentproposed sketchedimagethe development,level particularly perceivedlow the ismadereference education Andalusian students, to of for industrialization areaid least regionsborders economically developed.that Special to theSpanish within those focusparticularly thathave isspecialfunds up sincethe to put beenset the 1978constitution is image, region. In this politically dependent is and seen asan image, Andalusia economically presented as less strong is longerthat no contemporary. in situation political and with a socio-economic corresponds identification discourse current the livein that region andcultures the religions ethnicities, thediverse intonot consideration discourses take do identification current that proposed Itis more become as heterogeneous. population to Andalusian causing the being proposed Ibid p. 6. Gonzalez de Molina proposes that Andalusia nowadays relates to none toof the relates nowadays Andalusia that deMolina proposes Gonzalez In this have Andalusia issketched. of image actors of external current the A picture 69 169 . Claims made being that are thus  CEU eTD Collection  171 6-7. http://centrodeestudiosandaluces.es/index.php?mod=actividades&id=2508&cat=22&tip=1&idm=, p. Retrieved from: contexto del siglo XXI. In: Salvador Cruz Artacho (ed.). 170 identification preferred longerno the a larger liveability Gonzalez to together. deMolina ethnicthat is underscores homogeneity asitmay leadto becelebrated, commonalities should groups, different the between variations looking than for the It is rather claimedthat, plurality. importance of cultural the emphasizes He migration. and globalization from resulting religions and languages ethnicities, in anextra factor introduces deal Molinaattempt an to cultures, influxof with the other in cities living migrants of cultures different the of influence the mostly Gonzalez through in settings deMolina, accordingto occurs urban which Andalusia, The urbanization of culture is exemplified through the development of Flamenco in Andalusian culture that is developed in newidentificationthe isdiscourse primarily urban.  Andalusia minimally has the double. Come toAndalusia. Andalusia, isthere just one mainthe slogan used in promotion.tourism In1997,the slogan youread “From want,what may similar trend in be already Heanalyses witnessed early changesthe the madeto 2000s. as promoted identification the Andalusia. of this change, the slogan reads slogan the this change, Andalucía. Andalucía, solohay una ( you everything. Andalusia isinfinite. Come toAndalusia. Andalusia, there is just one una que quieras, Andalucíatienepor lomenos el doble. Vena Andalucía. Andalucía, solo hay Andalucía empiezaynoacaba nuñca.Andalucía te lodatodo. Andalucía esinfinita. Ven a Ibid,p. 10. Gonzalez de Molina, M. (2012). Notaspara la discussion sobre la identidad de Andalucía en el ). In1998, sloganthe “Andalusiawas changedand to starts, never Andalusia ends. gives In addition to rectifying the wrongs in the identification discourse, Gonzalez de In a report on the Andalusian image in tourism, Hernández Ramírez shows that a that shows Hernández Ramírez in image tourism, on Andalusian the In areport “  Andalusia, there is only one. Andalusia has a thousand faces, has a is a Andalusia thousand only there one. Andalusia, ). Another change to the slogan was made in change). Another wasmade slogan After tothe 2002. 171 . Rather, cultural plurality in an urban setting is to be 70 Identidad cultural y politica de Andalucía. 170 . ” ( De lo ” CEU eTD Collection  beaches of all Emotional histories.colours. Unforgettable experiences, passionate walks, seaand routes, incredible landscapes, blossoms, orange flowers, “Skies, following: the is of videothe text spoken materials. The andvideo complementary from this may be distilled Holy Week of It is2013. describedin heremoving somedetail, on to before themesthe that for the The videospecifically was launched video. tourism inarecent found promotional 6.2 campaigns. in tourism such upon is focussed entirely else examine imageof orsomethingmaterialspromotional to whetherthis isindeedpromoted, givessociety that Andalusiaits uniqueness. The remainderanalyses of this chapter anumber to carry out wishes stands government the that image of Andalusia arelativelyclear From reports, these reports. out. It is the cultural expressions. and faces thousand diversityits emphasizing by become, has Andalusia that society multicultural the into plays It infinity. of the contemporaryAndalusia, which may well Andalusianrefer to its landscapesmore Another, subtleyours. changeis from general infinity in the one of opportunities and history, urban to a more humanized emphasis increased on audience,the target by what that is emphasizing foundin Andalusia is form of dm=,92-93. p. http://www.centrodeestudiosandaluces.es/index.php?mod=publicaciones&cat=31&id=2385&ida=0&i Estudios Andaluces. Retrieved from: solo hayuna, LA TUYA quelahacenúnica.Poreso,siempre expresiones que vasencruentras latuya.Andalucía,  172 there is only thousand expressions makeitthat Asyou unique. such, will findAndalusia,always yours. one, YOURS Hernández Ramírez, J.(2009).  A NDALUSIAN Much of what may be said about the brand of Andalusia for external audiences may be may audiences external for Andalusia of brand the about said be may what of Much Up to now, this chapter has discussed regional government position papersand position regional Up tonow,this hasdiscussed government chapter  PASSION ) 172 . Shown through the transformation of this slogan is first of all the  AND ”  ( La imagen deAndalucía en el turismo.  Andalucía, solo hay una.Andalucía tiene mil caras, mil DIVERSITY :  P 71 ROMOTING  A NDALUSIA Sevilla: Fundacion Centro de Centro Fundacion Sevilla:  CEU eTD Collection  in events. witnessing participating colourful these or religious images, it is alwayscities. the sense Whether of passion different of the is found intheaesthetics pride it thatis penitenceis called samethe At time, penitence. doing their Jesus andMaria, both of suffering the acknowledge upon, or andpride in turn that brothersare those andof Those in penitence sisters taking andpart pride. processions the a sense is adheredof joy in todays. The mainin emotions thatthe is sparked during theimages religious processions of the of ten Semana course the over taking place isannual event, it for the largest materials, promotional Santaof these religious during different year,the occasionsthroughout specifically Holy isthe Week portrayedin procession to honour the memory of Jesus and also that of in Maria. out go Whileregion thisthe of also occurs brotherhoods different the which during Santa, Semana of processions arethe promoted is predominantly religion, what With to regards culture. flamenco and religion of form the in primarily Andalusia, for material in promotional forms many in  más quela primavera. EsAndalucía enSemana Santa. Siente laPasion. paseos, historias apasionantes. Experiencias inolvidables, calles llenas de vida y alegría. Esmucho 173 Passion” the Feel Week. Holy streets filled with life and joy. It is much more than just spring. It is Andalusia during the 6.2.1 video described materials. above andadditional is from both taken the information where of analysissection, inthis form further core the the themes three These diversity. on focus a and landscapes, rural and urban both on emphasis the joy, importance of and passion The isalone, themes: one video to distil able different three images of snow and peoplerural skiing,landscapes to picturesto a white village,of the Semana from horse Santa riding processions. on the beach Fromto a golf this court and from Cielo, flores, azahar, paisajes, rutas increíbles, mar y playas de todos los colores. Emocionantes  T While mentioned in the video directly, the notions of both joy passion in ofboth notions and back come the videodirectly, the While mentioned HE  IMPORTANCE  OF  PASSION  173 . This text is accompanied by a large number of is. This by imagestext from accompanied a largenumberof  AND  JOY :  72 R pasos ELIGION , statutes that are being carried around the  AND  F LAMENCO  CEU eTD Collection polka-dotted outfits. in dancingcouplesincolourful,are presented happily of forms smiling showing danceart the in full In presented. are bystandersall flamenco case morethe the joyful colours of those religious processions images of the festivities surrounding the processions and the smiles of such displays of in figures prominently tango passion.the also deal However, death. with to allows practitioners that The second complementedof by religiousthose music. Another image is one particularoftentimes forms form of processions, Flamenco, Santa Semana onethe during brotherhood own is their of statute the see that of pure joy. In they when individuals of is often is crying that Whathere seen is passion. thatof forms clear the case of the exhibited. are they emotion portray, different tothe in flamenco, stylesrelation of as hereis different emphasized, flamenco aspectof the museum, passionate the Flamenco in the Especially establishments. tourist people. is inthe thanin astaking It bars place portrayed old primarily of the Andalusia, rather has culture in flamenco Andalusia. the not(gypsy) is character have parts traditional fake,anddoes in of Spain the other  language of However, Andalusian. than rather Spanish, typically something being as thepromotes and regime, Andalusians Francoduring the overby was national flamenco taken Spanish before,government the have found a way to deal with this process, by adopting the In sum, images of religion and flamenco can take on two separate forms. One of those The second pillar which is used in tourism promotion is that of Flamenco. As argued Flamenco PuroFlamenco (Pure Flamenco). Flamenco Puro 73 In this discourse, the flamenco that is practiced flamenco that the In thisdiscourse, is portrayed as being traditional, and of CEU eTD Collection appearance as dull, dependent and backward. appearance asdull, dependent an image of suchby promoting Simultaneously, region. tothe areattracted tourists multiple different that diversity,hope the in iscreated the A opportunities Andalusiansense of endless for external actors. brandingAndalusia at regional government aims to do away with its 6.2.3 discourse. identification external embodying the at materials aimed thedifferent throughout it be manner may in found materials.Rather a more general landscapes in urban promotional and rural both of images in found only not is diversity This region. the to be attracted may By promoted. showing large the in landscapes, variation Andalusian types different of tourists sum fields with cattle. To an up, image is landscape of diversity in endless Andalusian andlarge rivers, beaches, areas, mountainous shows, It anddiversity. relaxation, aesthetics on in in The focus images videos. in the laysthese imagery videos rural the primarily presented like make latter these bike-riding. skiingopportunities, However, two and alink rural tothe Finally, what is promoted in the more in andAndalusia. urbantaking place of festivals alsothat cultural culture most important the imagery of the videos is that of is flamenco imagesof lifevideos SemanaSanta, of that different through cultural inthe cities, the leisure by the what isadditionally promoted However, landscape. of the aesthetics on the focussing clearly In lifeis videosareas, seeswhite one the First, urban presented. urban Infante. Blas much by landscapes, thedescription landscape to given of differentadhering Andalusian the in this DVD, and also in rural in both seesgovernment what one and urban.Theimagespresented islandscapes, 2006, the Semana Santa video as described above, show a multitude of  6.2.2   D T As with the landscapes, a general sense of diversity is created in aimed discourse is the created sense of diversity ageneral As with landscapes, the Especially in the DVD Andalusia is culture, made by the Andalusian made by in regional is Especially DVDAndalusia Andalusian the culture, the HE IVERSITY  PROMINENCE   OF  RURAL  AND  URBAN 74  LANDSCAPES  CEU eTD Collection  Andalusian regional government, remains to be seen. by influence perpetrated the discourses, however,the of discourses these identification different thetwo between issomecoherence thusappearsthere It nation. Andalusian upthe makes diversity which exactly that byadhering to types different of audiences attract tries to other the nation, andAndalusian create in to order outof diversity creating unity on Whilefocusesdiversity. one haveonecentral theme both discourses throughout: seems that aspects of Andalusian being than discourse aimedthe Andalusians. it However, towards focuses muchmore on thisargued herethat cultural the partof Andalusian identification the side by any side without problems. is still an imagelive religions day,and multiple ethnicities extended that present tothe where Andalusian Golden Age. During period, this all religionsthree lived side by side peacefully, glorious mosques and synagogues thatare beto found inAndalusia hintingare shown, atthe of the Catholicimages may see one videos, the In present. in the religious and past inthe both population Andalusian celebrations of thediversity isof morethe of isproposed: there diversity that particular type a discussion, Semana Santa, but at the same time images of the However important this general sense of diversity maybeinunder of this important discourse general sense diversity the However After analysing the Andalusian identification discourse for external audiences, it is it audiences, for external discourse identification theAndalusian After analysing 75 CEU eTD Collection seen as part of Michael Billig’s banal nationalism.may be discourse It of identification main Itwasshown this the particular path. elements that first focuses on the establishment identification internal the called been of the thesis, in this has, which themselves, Andalusians for adopting the language of nationhood. Resulting from all is this a search toidentify Andalusia in difficulty facing region was the regime already, Franco the time before along devalued for been had language Andalusian additionally and identity, national Spanish of markers as promoted and from region the away markersweretaken identification regional because that, was proposed It nationhood. of language the Catalonia: and Country of Basque the samethe languageby is nationalities type toimplement looking historic of that practiced the hoped for more it, had during yetmade civilcompletely regime, the destroyed warand Franco were before the autonomy than autonomy of seeing aspromises Andalusia, that It wasproposed by constitution. the created was granted by in were implementedof were autonomy each that regions that seventeen of the autonomous the constitution. As Andalusia. in a regionalisation for result, proposed then were catalysts Two inSpain. system political Andalusia current the of basis the forms which 1978, of constitution the into translated been is have other historic nationalities of Spain.rich In chapter past 2 it was shownparticularly that these historicSpanish borders. While Andalusia is one of mostpopulousthe regions of Spain, and enjoys a imbalances during Moorish the within nationalities different tothe granted rights between the imbalance an hasbeen there times, it has not itwas argued Moreover,that start. since the strong been have tendencies regionalist in Spain, been granted the thatin has It duetoahistoric beenproposed government nationalistlackrhetoric samepractice. of rights as the Spanish political history by to the identification promoted paths Andalusianthe regional   C ONCLUSION The first catalyst presented was the constitution of 1978 itself, as well as the statutes from traced been has brand nation Andalusian an of development the thesis, this In  76 CEU eTD Collection  are of investigation presented. that possible future linesmade It is here. widerare of region the two separate brand on the Andalusian population responseIn population. tobranded the of suchcampaign branding the and brand the of effects critiques, the disregards theory branding nation that in critique the lieupredominantly discussed, were theory branding ofnation conclusion some main of 4,somechapter In criticisms by government. regional the constructed and strongly hints towards influences new, is relatively discourse nationalistas the interesting, wasdeemed especially perspective of the new makers caseof In the intentions of Andalusia, this brand. atthe the the of look primarily to allows it that fact is the branding nation choosing for reason main The investigation. nowadays. place in is still which region, the of diversity the out pointing itAndalusia, golden the of refers specifically identity.back to ages Andalusian Moreover It attempts flamencoaspartof includingmainly to readopt the outlined as cultural references. been has audiences, external towards aimed brand nation the identification, external for chosen path 6the chapter In and tourists. new investment foreign attract aswell as prejudice, that something had to be changed government ItwasdecidedbytheAndalusian region,itsundereducated. population poor and in the image of the nation, bothaided Andalusiaisabackward Spaniard that prejudice bya amongst and existing previously to do away with Spanish andmarket Theimpact crisis crisis the in the the building of the was tourism sector. Spain, the hardest, for its economy was primarily dependent on the two sectors that imploded during hithard by itparticularly crisis.Within the borders was Andalusia Spanish the which washit Spain 2000sand showedthat was late early crisisdebtand inthe2010s. Facts European the Andalusians. the of mind inthe them ingrain to trying nation, this of symbols the on emphasis an by followed nation, Andalusian In this thesis, the theory of nation branding was used to analyse the materials under materials the analyse to used was branding nation of theory the thesis, this In crisis of global economic isthe that in was discussedthesis this that catalyst A second 77 CEU eTD Collection  takenplace expelled ashaving from genocide territory,Andalusian the understand the some duringof large Reconquista, of the parts which Islamicthe livinginAndalusia was population period the backto mostly it While refers genocide. anAndalusian has committed government language imposition  Castellanización socio-cultural que discrimina a la lengua Andaluza 174 hallmarks may be2010, thestandpoint following“ organisation’s sentence the summarizing read: way. of principles organization in the explainingpublished foundational In the a document neo-colonialist in arather Andalusia, exploiting economically for elite, political Andalusian and in alsopart national the Spanish the government, This blames rhetoric rhetoric. party’s the of in most also found be may that message the is This punishment). my is Spain country, One of theirmain reads slogans independence. complete is for hand, searching other on clearly the Andaluza, Nacion borders. here. introduced are by regional the government promoted of banal the nationalism version more extreme Nonetheless, they take ittake furtherBlas Infante as thethan origin also they Additionally, theof flag. their Andalusian the of regionalis that nation movement the of and materials adoptpromotional hisgovernment vision for Andalusiain present symbols these asof does.theirprominent most The own. government. regional Some the of identification examples of internal thisin the also promoted are that symbols the of some adopts movement The movement. Andalusia to a next level. This particular political group is known as the  las señas de identidad del pueblo Andalus sonocultadas y agredidas por laimposición de una The first line of influence presented hereis whichone line influenceof The first takes brand presented the a group of of The Andalusian regional government wishes for more autonomy for moreThe Andalusian wishes Spanish autonomy the regional within government 174   of of ”. In ”. In an is Spanish moreeven it the version, extreme national arguedthat  the ƒ   sociocultural identity  of  the   Castellanisation  Andalucía esmipaís, Españaesmicastigo Andalusian  population 78  which  discriminates  are  hidden    and against  abused (Andalusia is my is (Andalusia  NacionAndaluza the   through Andalusian  The the    CEU eTD Collection  on is located sideone of the in whereMacarena Sevilla, neighbourhoods two Triana represent  175 in inparticular andinAndalusia creation Spain, identity in part important an plays still religion that acknowledged been has It here. point is from, is much more prominent. A one story fromneighbourhood the of Sevillalevel the to maysometimes provide identification, an local example Rather, whole. a as of thestate case in much of the identification process in Andalusia does notfocus on the region or on the Spanish themselves toomuchappropriately to Andalusian reflect sentiments and wishes. amongst fighting been have parties political Andalusian that said be may It hand. other the on identity socio-cultural Andalusian the and hand one the on region the of situation economic the between asplit such making by precisely level, national a on population Andalusian the in mistakes some hasrepresenting grave made government Andalusian the that state identification, some will say they do not knowregional anythingpromote to aims their about and it. government Some Andalusian of the thoseabout who asked When do knowwant. would government regional the as much as identification Andalusian with be bothered not to seems bulk population, the of The organisation. is small a rather Andaluza Nacion clear that Andalusian villagers were extinguished bythe Spanish government. andaround directly civil the after Allegedly,war. period, this entire during of populations quarterly, 67 brotherhoods of of Sevilla: brotherhoods main in befound two herethe canprimarily presented for theargument brotherhoods exists,from ranging 400 toover12,000membersper brotherhood. The importance of these brotherhoods seventy over alone, Sevilla In networks. security social as function brotherhoods these religion, on focussed While brotherhoods. religious of is that Spain in Southern Murphy, M.D. (1994). Class, community, and in costume an Andalusian pilgrimage. These first speculations may be supported and strengthened by the observation by andthat strengthened observation maybesupported the speculations These first when here, itYet, followsbecomes lineforproposed second one future the research (2), 49-61. Hermandad deMacarena Hermandad  79 175 . The particular form popular religion takes religion form popular . Theparticular and Hermandad deTriana. Macarena and Anthropology CEU eTD Collection  developments. these to responds population, Andalusian the inturn an government, regional Andalusian the how seen be move it are on remains the to aswell, historicnationalities and those Meanwhile, nationalities. one, that from Spanish the andis outstanding so different that developing anidentification to regard it will grandisgomayfor Andalusia be with What still way a long saidhereisthatthere to audiences. the by not, adopted target or are the and see how evolve brands are, the region is to required research as isby newnation brand envisionedandfurther mere regional the speculation, government, many opportunities in cases. such importance secondary and rightsas a Sevillian, self-identification one’s for as two those of one with identifies always one dobrotherhood, different the Andalusian, historic of a completely evenifis part in technically one said that, ItisSevilla two. the generally and Spaniard. between divide thecity,anatural side creating other of the on issituated while Triana river, Any other form of identification is deemed of As stated before, all before,can beinfluence of As stated reference doneherethat directthe tothe with  80  CEU eTD Collection Agranoff, R.(1996).Federal evolution in Spain. 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