CROUCH ENil. : PL~YING fiELilS a11 ecological survey

HARINGEY WILDLIFE GROU P THE HARINGEY WILDLIFE GROUP

The Haringey Wildlife Group is the local branch of the

WILDLIFE TRUST. The objects of the group are the same as those of the

Trust:

1. To promote the conservation, creation, management

and study of p l aces of na tural hi story interest or

natural beauty in Greater London for the benefit

of the public.

2. To promote the education of the public in the

principles and pract ice of nature conservation and

the appreciation of natural beauty, particularly

in urban areas.

3. To promote, organise and conduct research ~n the

principles and practice of nature conservation

and the use of natural resources , and t o publish

the useful results of such r esearch.

S. J . Brooks Haringey Wildlife Group 4 Nelson Road, London N8 9RU. April 1986. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am grateful to the following for their contribution to particular sections of the report: Hilda Johnston (History) ;

Tony Hare and David Bevan (Vegetation); Keith Thomas (Fungi);

Cuillin Bantock (Snails, Geology, Butterflies and );

Edward Milner (Spiders); Ray Aldridge (); Clive Herbert

(Mammals); Anne Peck (Birds). I would also like to thank the following for their assistance in the survey work: Ann Brooks,

Salih Eresh, Maureen Fordham, Mike Levett, John Murfin,

Dr. Robinson and Alice Ross. Finally, I am grateful to Rtchq

Fairclough, Martin Honey, Mike Shaffer and Kevin Tuck, of the

Natural History Museum, for identifying some of the more problematic moths and to Peter B8rnard for identifying the caddisflies.

I would also like to thank those people who helped in the production of the report: Brian Hargreaves (cover artwork);

Barbara Smith (typing); Ann Brooks (maps and photographs)' .

Grants for the production of the report were provided by London

Borough of Haringey Planning Department and Playing

Fields Protection Society (CREOS). CONTENTS

Page Introduction l

History 2

Geography 5

Geology 8

Vegetation 8

Fungi ll

Invertebrates 12

Snails 12

Spiders 13

Butterflies and Moths 14

Beetles 17

Lacewings 17

Caddisflies 18

Mamma l s 19

Birds 20

Reptiles 21

Management Recommendations 21

Conclusions 24

Appendix I

Appendix II

Appendix III

Appendix IV

Appendix v

Appendix VI

- 1 -

INTRODUCTION

The Haringey group of the London Wildlife Trust was formed in July 1982 and currently has about 150 members. It is actively in­ volved in promoting the awareness and conservation of the flora and fauna of Haringey. In 1984, the group published a report entitled "The Ecology of Open Spaces in Haringey" in which 53 Open Space sites were assessed for their ecological and educational potential. In this report the "rural area" of Crouch End Playing Fields (referred to as the Grounds of Cranley Lawn rennis Club) was identified as one of the best sites ~n Haringey because of the richness and diversity of its ve~etational and connnunities. Its proximity to Queens Wood and Wood also enhances the value of the site to wildlife as it forms part of an almost continuous series of important ecological sites which stretch from Alexandra Park to Park, linked by the . The site is owned partly by Haringey Borougl, Council and partly by the Shepherds Cot Trust. The group decided that a detailed faunistic and floral survey of the _site was required, particularly in view of recent threats to develop a large sports complex on the Fields. This survey report demonstrates the value of the site to wildlife in the Borough, and also its importance as an educational resource and public amenity t6 be enjoyed in its own right. The report does not attempt to be comprehensive. The plants and which were surveyed reflect the expertise available to the Haringey Wildlife Group, and the site was visited by most surveyors on only a few occasions. Undoubtedly, many species in addition to those listed here utilize and inhabit the site. However, the species we have recorded do indicate that the wildlife is unusualiy rich for an urban site. The distinctly rural atmosphere, which can be savoured during a visit to the Fields, is a delight which is already enjoyed by many local residents and should be valued in an urban en­ vironment. We hope that this report will help to ensure the conser­ vation of the site. - 2 -

HISTORY

Most of the site now known as Crouch End Playing Fields has probably never been built on. Before its use as playing fields, which started in about 1870, the site was farmland and used to graze cattle. Some of the which line the paths are over 130 years old and much of the scrub is very mature. All this contributes to the value of the site to wildlife since the lack of disturbance enables a diverse and complex community of plants and animals to develop. c.l870 A local tenant dairy farmer, who leased the land from the Bishops of London, agreed to allow local people and London Sports Clubs to play cricket and tennis on about 70 acres of it in return for regular purchase of his produce.

1893 Lease of land by Ecclesiastical Commissioners to the Crouch End Playing Fields Company Limited, a company embracing Sport s Clubs and local residents.

1927 Ecclesiastical Commissioners decided to develop Park Road and Wood Vale, and in order to enhance t he qua l ity of the new houses being built, decided to l eave the Playing Fields as an open recreational area.

1928 38 acres were sold to Cricket Clubs via Crouch End Playing• Fields Company Limited, plus several acres to North Middlesex and Clubs and to Hornsey Borough Council (now allotments and Shepherds Hill gardens). Restrictive covenants were set up regarding the use of the land.

1932 Town and Country Planning Act passed relating to Urban Open Spaces (Green Belt designated).

1937 Agreement established between the Borough of Hornsey and the Crouch End Playing Fields Company Limited to maintain the whole area as an Open Space, in accordance with the 1932 Act.

1956 First breach of Covenant occurred when a Secondary Modern School, then known as Bishops Wood, for 600 pupils, was erected at the end of Montenotte Road . A promise was given that no further ' encroach­ ment would take place on the Playing Fields land. - 3 -

1965 Electricity subs tat ion built on land adjacent to Bishops Wood School.

1967 School became Comprehensive, was named School with expectation of enrolling 1,300 pupils.

1971 The Fields were officially defined as a Metropolitan Open Space by G.L.C. Development Plan and Haringey Borough Council District Plan, because of their importance to Greater London as an area "which can provide a useful and attractive break in the built-up area, relieving the monotony of an otherwise continuous urban development".

1972 The school was in urgent need of more land and accommodation. By this time the Crouch End Playing Fields Company Limited was in the hands of a small group of non-locals , interested mainly 1n its money-making potential. The Clubs were given poor support regard­ ing maintenance of drains etc. and difficulties were put in their way when leases became due for renewal. As leases expired, the Company allowed land to become run-down, with a view to us1ng it for residential development.

1973 The Crouch End Playing Fields Protection Society was formed and involved local residents, the Sports Clubs and Highgate Wood School (with Haringey Council support). One of its initial major objectives was: "to preserve the Fields as a recreational amenity for residents of the Borough, free from residential, industrial or commercial building". At this point Haringey Borough Council decided to acquire, if necessary by Compulsory Purchase Order, approximately 10 acres of unused land owned by Crouch End Playing Fields Company Limited (already scheduled as an Open Space and subject to restrictive covenants) for use as school playing fields and ground for play-space and recreation in compensation for land to be used for a new science block to be built in the school grounds.

1974 A Public Enquiry was held regarding 1.15 acres of the land. Repeated assurances were given by Haringey Borough Council regarding its sole use as recreational space. - 4 -

1975 Public Enquiry regarding Compulsory Purchase Order for the remaining 8.95 acres. Further Borough assurances were given that the land would be used only for playing fields and for Highgate Wood Comprehensive and neighbouring schools, also as an area available for public use when not being used by the schools. These assurances were incorporated in the Inspector's reports. Black Sports Hall built on Highgate Wood School grounds, despite local protests. Haringey Borough Council gave assurances that Hall would be available for Community use when not needed by schools, and that this would be last encroachment. At the same time, Borough Council designated unused "meadowland" behind Wood Vale as a Rural Studies area.

1976 Calthorpe Club bought 6 acres of land from Crouch End Playing Fields Company Limited (including some belonging to former Harewood Club).

1978 Haringey purchased 1.15 acres from Crouch End Playing Fields Company Limited by private treaty.

1980 Department of Environment placed a Preservation Order on all trees (previously threatened by Crouch End Playing Fields Company's plans). Crouch End Playing Fields Protection Society became virtually in­ active. Five clubs bought out the Crouch End Playing Fields Company Limited and established the Shepherds Cot Trust (18 acres) with money provided largely by Haringey Borough Council (£6,000) and the Sports Council (£36,000). Total purchase price was approximately £52,000. There was discussion regarding erection of a Sports Centre on the site to provide revenue for the clubs. Haringey Borough Council received assurances from the clubs that the public would be allowed to walk through the area. Crouch End Playing Fields Company Limited no longer had an interest in the Fields.

1981 Haringey Borough Council agreed "in principle" not to oppose the erection of a Sports Centre on Trust l and if " sensitivel y placed" .

1982 Permission given to Hornsey Sports Club to sell land at the end of Tivoli Road for development of a block of flats (originally Haringey Borough Council agreed to allow part of their land to be included despite existence of Restrictive Covenants and G.L.C. Development Plans). - 5 -

1984 Swiss Consortium draws up provisional plans to build large million pound Sports Centre, to include restaurants etc. ,as a commercial venture. Revival of Crouch End Playing Fields Protection Society (CREOS). Recognition of site, by Haringey Wildlife Group, as be­ ing of primary ecological importance in the borough.

1985 Membership of CREOS stands at 350. Wildlife survey begun by Haringey Wildlife Group. Swiss Consortium plans abandoned, but other developers contact Wood Vale residents with regard to buying part of their land for development which would include par t of Crouch End Playing Fields. Plans f or new extension t o Hi ghgate Wood Upper School passed by Haringey Borough Council. This will involve further encroachment on Crouch End Playing Fi elds.

1986 CREOS taking steps to persuade Haringey Borough Council to transfer c ontr ol of t he "rural area" of the site from Education Committee to Parks Department.

GEOGRAPHY Crouch End Playing Fields (Grid ref. TQ 293885) lie in the west of the borough of Haringey, about ~ mile south of Alexandra Park and adjacent to the south eastern edge of Queens Wood (Fig . 1) The eastern half of the site is still actively used by sport s cl ubs and there are several cricket pitches and tennis courts. While this part of the Fields is not of primary wildlife value, it does serve as a buffer zone for the "rural area" and the lined paths, which include at least 30 mature oak trees, are important havens for wildlife. In addition, the mown lawns of the cricket pitches are important wintering sites for large flocks of gulls . The western half of t he s ite , t he " rural area" , 1.s the most s i gnifi­ cant part in terms of its wi l dlif e value . It is made up of disused cricket pitches and tennis courts which have now become over grown. I t is bounded to the east by cricket pitches , t o t he sout h by the Shepherds Hill allot­ m~nts, and to the north and west by the private gardens of Wood Va le. At the wes t ern- most end of the site i t i s contiguous with Queens Wood. At i ts wi dest , at the eastern edge of the "rural area", it is about 300m, narrowi ng to about 40rn in the west. I t i s about SOOm long (Fig. 2). N T

LON DON BOROU Gl-1

OF

0\ HARINGE.'1 ·

l. C l"o~.o~chEncl Pla'::1'f"lj Fields 2 Shephe.-dS WiII A llo l:tv"'ents 3 9ueens \Nood.

4- H ;'3h~al:e Wooct 5 Po...-k lo..-.J. Wo.lk ~ A\ex.onolra. Pa.rk 7 Fit"\ S bur"'j PC4.r k

Figu re l. The Major Oue~Soaces in Weste rn Haringey. - 7 - N I

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j::: :·j 'R,... u•a.l.. A.-ea..' Wooctl"'"'ol G) T,.a...pp;n~ s; t-e li1]) ',:h.. ,.~t.. Areo..' Sc:.r'-"b ~ T .-a. p p; ~"~j S i. b:: tti3 'A .... ra.l.. Area.' Head ow Houses ond Gardens uu11111 E.mbol"l kmcnt I I I

Figure 2. Crouch End Playing Fields - 8 -

The land gently rises from about 50m at the eastern end of the "rural area" to 70m in the west. There is a south facing embankment at the western end, sloping down to Shepherds Hill allotments and a steep north-south ridge between the two meadow areas in the east. The lower, eastern-most grassland area, is usually quite damp and it is along here that the River Moselle once flowed until it was culverted in about 1979. There is also a steep bank which rises along the southern edge of the path which enters from Montenotte Road.

GEOLOGY Crouch End Playing Fields have an unusual geology and concomitant soil type. The soil of the Thames river basin itself consists of valley drifts (gravels and brick earths) covering an area about 2.5km wide on either side of the present river, and. covering London Clay below. To the north this clay emerges and rises sharply to the Northern Heights (, Highgate and Muswell Hills), the high ground extending as a Tertiary escarpment as far north as Hertford. The clay is capped locally by Bagshot Sand (eg. on Hampstead Heath, and in parts of Highgate;. Crouch End Playing Fields lie immediately to the south of, and partially enclosed by, the long spur of the Northern Heights which terminates in Alexandra Park. Its soil is a sandy loam, transitional in type between Bagshot Sand and London Clay, of a type categorized geologically as Claygate Beds. This supports a woodland flora distinct from that of Hampstead Heath (dominated by oak and beech) and Alexandra Park (dominated by species tolerant of heavy clay such as ash).

VEGETATION Plants are at the base of most food-chains in an ecosystem. The greater the number of species of plants that are present at a site so, generally, the greater is the number of species of animals that will be supported. Plants form communities which can be divided into four main categories: primary colonisers, grassland, scrub and woodland. Each of these communities have their own characteristic flora which will support a particular fauna. It follows that the greater the number of these communities present at a site so the greater will be the total diversity of species. Certain species of plants are more valuable to animals than others. For example a non-native tree, such as sycamore, which will - 9 - support 15 species of and thus fewer insectivorous birds, is less valuable than a native tree, such as oak, with which 284 species of insect are associated. Therefore, it is important to have a detailed knowledge of the plant species and communities of a site in order to gauge its ecological importance. There are three main types at Crouch End Playing Fields which occur and reoccur as a patchwork or mosaic throughout the site, rather than dividing the site into three large sections.

Woodland The woodland areas occur mainly in a large section at the western end of the site bordering the allotments and Queens Wood, but also as a narrow band along the northern and southern edges . They are composed of - 10 - mixed native and non-native trees containing species such as oak, horn­ beam, , sycamore and ash. Much of the woodland is immature and secondary, having developed since the playing fields and tennis courts be­ came disused in the last 15 - 20 years, but amongst the trees, and especially along the edges of the main paths, are some fine mature , thought to be at least 130 years old. The lower woodland stories are made up of young specimens of the above trees supplemented by blackthorn, and elder. In many places the woods are rather shady which has prevented the establishment of a rich ground flora, but there are occasional clearings and glades where a profusion of flowers, grasses and bushes have sprung up. Towards the edges of the woodland there is frequently bramble with suckering growths of elm and often sallow. Herb species include wood avens, hedge garlic and hedge woundwort.

Scrub The woods grade into the second habitat type which is scrub vegeta­ tion. This includes often thick bushes of sallow and bramble with tall herbs such as rosebay willowherb, hairy willowherb, bind-weed, nettle and goatsrue. These plants are mixed with a tall grass vegetation which ~s dominated by false oat-grass and yorkshire fog and in damper patches by soft rush and compact rush. There are also scattered bushes of Buddleja, occasional tufted hair-grass with knapweed and various garden escapes which are reminders of the urban element in the flora and include plants from many parts of the world such as russian vine, canadian goldenrod and himalayan balsam.

Meadowland This type of habitat is mainly restricted to two Large areas at the eastern end of the site. They are separated from each other by a steep bank covered in large bramble bushes and rosebay willowherb and screene ~ from the cricket pitch by a tall hedge. Some areas of the meadow are com­ posed of short cropped turf which may be grazed by rabbits and which ~s herb rich. The meadows are characterized by such grasses as crested dog' s­ tail, red fescue, common bent, yorkshire fog, meadow grass, timothy and rye grass with such herbs as var~ous species of clover, creeping thistle, yarrow, bird's-foot trefoil, greater bird's-foot trefoil, plantain, - 11 - meadow vetchling, selfheal, lesser stitchwort and mugwort. The small colony of shining cranesbill is of particular interest. This plant has a rather restricted natural distribution, normally associated with calcareous soils, and the plants seen here are likely to be of garden origin. It is very rarely seen in London in so natural a habitat and the colony should be protected. A full list of plants recorded on two visits to Crouch End Playing Fields during 1985 is given in Appendix I. It should be emphasized that this is very much a preliminary list, but it gives a good i dea of the wide range of speci€s present.

FUNGI

Fungi , together with bacter i~ , f orm an import ant part of an eco­ syst em by performi ng t he vi tal function of breaking down dead organic matter . This enables nutrients which are t rapped in the dead bodies of plants and anima ls, and whi ch are essential to plant growth, to be re­ leased back into the s oil . A high density and wide range of fungi not only i ndi cate a good resource of nutrients but also a balanced ecosystem.

Table 1 Fungi recorded at Crouch End Playing Fields in November 1985

ASCOMYCETES Pyrenomycetes Nec tria cinnabarina (cora l spot) HETEROBASIDIOMYCETES Auriculariales Auricularia mes ent erica (tripe f ungus) HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES Aphyllophorales Daedalea quercina

~eniophor a l yci i Polyporus squamosus (dryad ' s s addle) Stereum gausapatum Stereum rugosum

The number of spec1e s r ecorded (Table 1) is small considering the poten t i a l of t he s i te, although not uncharacteristic of the month and weat her conditions. All speci mens were found in the woodland of the west­ ern borders and this may indicate a different geology or est ablishment of this area. - 12 -

The cool summer and dry autumn meant that 1985 was an exceptionally poor year for fungal fruiting body production and the list obtained is undoubtedly unrepresentative. All of the species recorded are commonly found in woodlands and would be present throughout the year. The site has a good diversity of , many of which would be potentially favourable for fungal growth. Much decaying organic matter is evident and a variety of species would be expected of both woodland and grassland origin. The oak and birch scrub and grassland margins would be expected to be especially productive. The current absence of species from the site is most likely to be due to the adverse weather conditions of 1985, although the fac t tha t the majority of trees are newly established may also be relevant.

INVERTEBRATES The invertebrates ar e int i mately associated with the surrounding plant communities. The most numerous and diverse invertebrates are the herbivores which feed on the plants themselves. Many species will eat a large variety of plants but some are more selective feeders and are restricted to a few closely related plant species or even just one species. Invertebrate species like these are often rare, although they may be locally abundant at a site where their food-plant does occur. They are intolerant of disturbance to their habitat and may become extinct if even subtle changes to the environment cause a decrease in the abundance of food-plant.

Feeding on the herbivores are carnivorous invertebrates . Th~y are never as plentiful as the herbivores and are also sensitive to damage to the ecosystem which may cause a drastic reduction in the numbers of the organisms on which they feed . Many inver t ebrates are also important as detritivores as they he lp in recycling vita l nutrient s by consuming and breaking down dead organic matter .

SNAI LS

Two spec~es of snails were recorded a t the Playing Fields during the survey in 1985, although several mor e will undoubtedly be dis covered. Helix aspersa is associated with mixed veget ati on in undisturbed ground and occurs in the wooded areas of the site . Trichia hispida is a l so resident and is found especia lly in areas with stands of net tles or ­ herb . Monacha cantiana occurs on heavy alkaline soils and i s common at Alexandra Park. However , its absence a t Crouch End Playing Fields re- - 13 -

fleets the differences 1.n the geology of the two sites.

SPIDERS All spiders are carnivorous and occupy a wide range of habitats. Some are associated with woodland sites, while others only occur in pastures with long grass. Hunting spiders prefer open areas (even walls) so they can run quickly in pursuit of their prey. Orb spiders, on the other hand, spin webs amongst vegetation and wait for their victims to become entangled. A number of brief visits were made to Crouch End Playing Fields be­ tween late March and early October 1985. Hand searching was done on several occasions and during September several groups of pitfall traps were set for three weeks in various microhabitats. A total of 52 species (51 spiders and ' l pseudoscorpion) have been

found (Appendix II), r epresenting a divers e and interesting fauna. I~ is certain that t he total number of species present i s much great er than t his and that f urther searches should reveal many of them. However, the present l ist i ncludes several interesting spiders .

~ furcata, an attractively marked black and white spider which preys on other spiders, t hough common nationally, is not very f requently found 1.n north London. Locket and Millidge (British Spiders vols 1 - 3) refer to four other species found at Crouch End Playing Fields as rare. Walckenaera melanocephala, a small black money spider with reddish legs, ("widespread but rare"), Meioneta beata, another small black money spider, ("rare but recorded throughout England and Scotland"), Floronia bucculenta, a medium-sized money spider with very long legs, ("widespread throughout England but ••. rare"), and Cicurina cicur, a smaller relative of the com­ mon house-spider, ("rather rare, recorded as far north as Northumberland and as far west as Dorset"), are all unusual finds for a piece of land such as Crouch End Playing Fields. The pseudoscorpion, Chthonius ischnosceles, one of the commoner British species, is present in oak litter in two separate parts of the site. - 14 -

BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS All butterflies and moths () are herbivorous. As larvae, the caterpillars feed on green plants usually eating the leaves but some­ times feeding on the flowers, buds or roots. Many species will only feed on a particular species of plant or on a particular part of the plant. As adults, butterflies and moths feed largely on nectar produced by flowers. Because they are so conspicuous and easy to record, Lepidoptera are very good indicators of the biological richness of the habitat. If a regular survey is carried out, changes in the composition of the Lepidoptera fauna can be monitored and these will indicate changes that have occurred in other parts of the ecosystem. During 1984 and 1985, sixteen species of butterflies were recorded at Crouch End Playing Fields (Table 2) of which fourteen are probably resident. The red admiral and painted lady migrate t o this country from the continent during the summer . They often breed here but few. if Jny, individuals ever survive the winter. The number of species breedinr, .• the site l.S similar to that at the Parkland Walk where only two addition'll species, the speckled wood and brimstone, are possibly residents. The short-cropped areas of the meadow at Crouch End Playing Fields are of particular importance to the common blue as it is here that the food­ plants of its caterpillar flourish . The larvae of the skippers, small copper, meadow brown and wall brown favour the coarser grasses of the meadow whilst the food-plants of the orange tip, small tortoiseshell, peacock, comma, green-veined white and holly blue occur in the woodland edges and under-story.

On two evenings during the summer of 1985 ~ trap , using a mercury vapour lamp and Robinson Trap, was run on the Playing Fields from dusk until midnight. On the 25th July 1985, the t~ap was run in a clear­ ing between Queens Wood and the secondary woodland at the extreme west of the site (Fig. 2) . The light was positioned near the top of a steep em­ bankment over-looking the Shepherds Hill allotments. The vegetation 1.n the clearing was predominantly coarse, tall grass spec1.es, bramble and birch seedlin~s. On the 11th September 1985, tbe trap was run at the western edge of the meadow, bordering the strip of secondar.y woodland (Fig. 2.). The full list of moths identified (a total of 71 spp.), to­ gether with the plants on which their caterpillars feed, is given in Appendix III. - 15 -

Table 2

Butterflies recorded~rouch End Playing Fields during 1984 and 1985

SPECIES FOODPLANT OF Small Skipper False Brome, Yorkshire Fog Large Skipper False Brome, Cocks Foot LRrge White Cabbage and other Bras sica spp. Small White Cabbage and other Bras sica spp. Green-·veined White Hedge Mustard, Hedge Garlic Orange Tip Hedge Mustard, Hedge Garlic Small Copper Dock, Sorrel Ccomm.on Blue Birds-foot Trefoil, Clover Holly Blue Holly, Tvy Red Admiral Nettle Painted Lady Thistle, Burdock Small Tortoiseshell Nettle Peacock Nettle Comma Nettle, Elm Wall Brown Cocksfoot, Meadow Grass (Poa) Meadow Brown Meadow Grass

A comparison between the results of the surveys at Crouch End Play­ ing Fields and those of surveys on the Parkland Walk during the same period is shown in Table 3. The results for the July surveys are not strictly comparable owing to the adverse weather conditions on the Park­ land Walk on the 19th July which would have prevented most moths from flying. However, the September survey results are comparable and show a much higher species diversity at Crouch End Playing Fields than at the Parkland Walk. This finding is supported by the fact that a total of 35 species of macro-lepidoptera were caught at the Parkland Walk during fortnightly moth trapping sessions between April and Oc tober 1985, whilst 35 species were recorded in just two sessions at Crouch End Playing Fields.

------16 -

Table 3

Surveys of macro-lepidoptera at Crouch End Playing Fields and the Parkland Walk in 1985

CROUCH END PLAYING FIELDS PARKLAND WALK No.of No . of Date Weather Date Weather : sEecies i species : I I 25/7 Warm, humid with 22 I 19/7 Rainy 6 brief thunder-storm, : little wind

! 11/9 Fairly cool, cl ear, 20 13/9 ' Fairly cool, clear, 13 little wind. little wind.

Michael Hammerson has been recording the moths of Highgate Wood dur­ ing 1985 and, s o far , 37 species have been identified. Of these, only 12 species occur both 1n the Wood and on Crouch End Playing Fields

~ppendix III). In addition, only 10 species of microlepidoptera have been found in the Wood compared with 36. species at the Fields. This would seem to indicate that there is a far better habitat for moths, particularly microlepidoptera, at the Fields than at Highgate Wood (see Latimer, W. 1984. Highgate and Queen's Wood - a survey of their biology ar management. London Wildlife Trust) because little light penetrates the dense tree canopy thus preventing regenerative growth of the herb and layer and also of the trees themselves. The results also show the complementary character of the two sites with relatively few spec i es occnr­ ring in both habitats. The butterflies ar e ver y poorl y repr esented a t Highgate Wood and it is probable that there is no r esident population present. - 17-

BEETLES Beetles (Coleoptera) form the largest of all insect orders and over 4,000 species are found in Britain. They occur in all available habitats, including the sea, and exploit all possible food sources . Only 12 species, representing 8 families, were found at Crouch End Playing Fields (Appendix IV) which must be a huge under-estimate of the number of species actually living there. This is probably due t o weather conditions at the time of the visit, it being a cool May morning with torrential rain, and the fact that only a short amount of time could be 3pent searching for beetles. However, the species that were discovered in this small sample exhibit a wide range of life-styles which i ndicate the diverse character of the niches available at the site. The ladybirds (Coccinellidae) are car nivorous . Adults and larvae feed voraciously on soft-bodied plant- feeding i nsects, particularly aphids (greenfly and blackfly). Ground b eetles (Carabidae) are also carnivorous. The adults having l ong l egs which enable them to move rapidly over the ground and many are f light les s, having hardened fore wings (ely tra) which gives them added protect ion as they scramble about. Bot h adults and l arvae hunt at night and feed on earth-worms, slugs and insect prey. Leaf beetles (Chrysomel idae) are all leaf-feeder s and many are brightly coloured, often metallic. ~he weevils ( and Apionidae) are also phytophagous and are easily recognizable by their long "snout". The Nitidulidae, Scraptiidae and Lathridiidae are scavengers and live amongst leaf litter and under bark where they feed on fungi and decaying organic debris. LACEWINGS There are about 60 species of lacewings (Neuroptera) in Britain and, although some only occur near freshwate r habi tats because their larvae are aquatic , most are found in terrestial habitats, especially woodl and. The larvae, and many of the adults , are carnivorous and • like l adybirds, feed on soft- bodi ed , such as aphids, which they encounter on t he leaves of plants. Adults of most of the species of green lacewings (Chrysopida e) feed on pollen and nectar. Lacewings occur on a wide variety of plants but oak trees support the highest densiti es of larvae and adults

------18 - and, indeed, the lacewings found at Crouch End Playing Fields were al­ most entirely restricted to oaks (Table 4). The trees on the southern border of the meadow appeared to be particularly important.

Table 4

~europtera recorded at Crouch End Playing Fields in May and June, 1985

CONIOPTERYGIDAE (Dustywinged Lacewings) Coniopteryx sp. Conwentzi a psoci for mis CHRYSOPIDAE (Green Lacewings) Chrysopa septempunc tata Chrysoperla carnea Cunctochrysa a lbolinea ta Ni neta flava HEMEROBIIDAE (Brown Lacewings) Hemerobius lutescens H. micans H. humulinus Wesmaelius betulinus Syrnpherobius pellucidus

Sympherobius pellucidus 1s a particularly interesting discovery as thi s species is considered to be rare in Britain. The relatively rich neuropteran fauna indicates the pres ence of a pl entif ul and diverse i n­ vertebrate f auna which is the food source for the lacewings.

CADDISFLIES Three speci es of caddisflies (Trichoptera) were collect ed a t light during the survey (Table 5) . Two species are common and widespread but t he third (Molanna angustata Cur t is) is more interesting as it has quite specific habitat requirements. It will only breed in lakes and ponds wi th a s andy substrate. Due t o the t emporary nature of aquat ic habitats, freshwater insects have very good dispersive abilities, so it is possible tha t t hese caddis .flies originated from ponds several miles away. How­ ever, ther e is a sma ll pond in Queens Wood and this may be the breeding sit e of these speci es. - 19 -

Table 5

Trichoptera collected at Cr6uch End Playing Fields in July 1985

Mystacides longicornis L.

Oecetis ochracea Curtis

Molanna angustata Curtis

MAMMALS At present only 4 species of mammal have been recorded at Crouch End Playing Fields (Table 6). However , taking into account records from neighbouring areas (Arnold. H. R. , 1984, Di stribution maps of the Mamma ls of the Briti sh Isles. Inst. Terr .. Ecol.) and the habita t s that ar e available at the site. it is likely that a further 9 s pecies are present (Table 6). On two evenings in August and October 1985 Longman traps were set in the hope of capturing, alive, small mammals. However, only 2 wood mice were caught (34 traps were set) but both were associated with the large clumps of brambles which are scattered throughout the site. Foxes have been reported at the site and they probably favour the more wooded areas and grey squirrels are common also in these areas. - 20 -

Table 6

Mammals recorded in lOKm squares TQ 28 and TQ 38, and the likelihood of their presence at Crouch End Playing Fields (N.E. corner TQ 28)

MAMMAL TQ 28 CROUCH END PLAYING FIELDS TQ 38 Hedgehog R Should be present R Mole R Probable NR Common Shrew R Should be present NR Pygmy Shrew R Should be present R Leislers Bat R No NR Brown Long-eared Bat NR ? R Noctule Bat R ? NR Pipistrelle Bat R Should be present NR Brown Hare R No NR Rabbit R RECORDED R Grey Squirrel R RECORDED R Bank Vole R Should be present NR Field Vole R Should be present R Water Vole NR No R Wood Mouse R RECORDED R House Mouse R Probable R Brown Rat R Probable R Fox R RECORDED R Stoat R ? NR Weasel R ? R Muntjac R No NR

R - Recorded NR - Not Recorded

BIRDS The birds of Crouch End Playing Fields have been watched regularly since 1978 and a total of 59 species have been recorded (Appendix V). It is clear that there is a considerable resident population. Of special interest is the occurrence of all three British woodpeckers, owls, redpolls and long-tailed tits. The monthly bird sightings from January 1978 to November 1983 - 21 -

(Appendix VI) show several interesting trends. The incidence of the tawny cwl at the Fields appears to be ino.reasi.ng. The heron, on the other hand, stopped visiting the site after April 1981; previously it had been a regular visitor. This is probably as a result of the culverting of the River Moselle which used to flow through the site, and demonstrates the effects of the loss of habitat.

REPTILES A slow-worm has been recorded at the site. These legless lizards occur in well-vegetated habitats with extensive ground cover. They feed predominantly on slugs which they hunt during the night. During the day they hide beneath flat stones or sheets of old iron where they can get the benefit of the sun's warmth without needing to bask openly. In Haringey slow-worms have also been recorded at Alexandra Park, Parkland Walk, Highgate Wood and in the Coppetts Wood/Colney Hatch Lane area.

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS The "rural area" of Crouch End Playing Fields (Fig. 2) has develop­ ed into a valuable asset to the Borough in terms of its importance to wild­ life and as an educational and recreational resource. Up to now this has occurred naturally with little or no human influence on the development of the site. However, the potential of the Fields can be significantly im­ proved if a long-term management plan is implemented and, indeed, the value of the Fields to wildlife may well begin to decrease if action is not taken. The meadow will gradually become overgrown with coarse grasses, scrub and eventually trees, so that many of the moths and butterflies which are currently associated with this area will disappear. The woodland areas will become more shaded as the trees increase in number and s1ze. Even­ tually the plants in the under-story will disappear (as has already happen­ ed in some parts) as light is blocked out. The animals which depend on these plants will no longer be supported. The ultimate fate of the Fields would be to revert to woodland. However, the dominant trees would not be the slow-growing oaks which are native to this country, but the fast-grow­ ing aliens, like sycamore, which would further impoverish the value of the site to wildlife. It is important that this progression is prevented and, therefore, we propose several management recommendations. - 22 -

1. Prevent further shading of the under-story in the woodland areas. This is especially important in the western part of the site where much of the ground vegetation has completely disappeared. It is therefore proposed that some of the trees are removed, particularly non-native species such as sycamore, and some glades are thus formed.

2. Dead wood should not be removed after felling as this provides shelter for a variety of animals and is a source of nutrition for fungi.

3. The meadow area should be maintained. Bramble-·scrub should be removed if it begins to encroach, but should be kept at current levels because it is important as cover for birds and mammals. The area of cropped grass at the eastern and western ends of the meadow should be preserved by mowing twice a year (early Syring and late autumn). The cut grass should be removed to prevent en-· richment of the meadow by nutrients which would bP. released if the cuttings were allowed to rot. The current area of coarse grass should be maintained by the removal of scrub where necessary.

4. The site could be considerably improved by the addition of a pond, thus creating an important new habitat and one which is uncommon in the Borough. It should be sited away from over­ hanging trees so that it does not become too shaded or full of leaves, but nevertheless should be in a sheltered location so that it is not windswept. We suggest that the southern end of the meadow, where a small pool already exists, would be a suit­ able location. The pond could be planted with aquatic vegeta­ tion from thP. nearby pond in the Conservation Area at Alexandra Park. Several species of caddisfly and waterboatman (Corixa sp.) were seen at the light traps (perhaps originating from the pond in Queens Wood) so the pond would be rapidly colonized. - 23-

5. The "rural area" of the Playing Fields should be managed by the Borough Council, under the auspices of the Parks Department Con­ servation Officer, as a wildlife area in much the same way as the Parkland Walk is at present, and in consultation with interested local groups including Haringey Wildlife Group (London Wildlife Trust) and CREOS.

6. Care should be taken not to over-manage the site or formalise it in any way so that its "wild feel" is not altered.

7. There are signs that the meadow area is frequently used by motor­ cyclists. This area could quickly become irreparably damaged by such treatment and so steps should be taken to prevent this abuse. Fences with styles could be erected acr oss access points to the " r ural area".

8. A f i eld centre (portacabin) could be established on the s ite on the pa th leading down from the entrance at Montenott e Road. This could provide information on the wildlife of the s i te to vi siting members of the public and school parties.

9. Bottles and cans must be collected and removed as they are death traps for small vertebrates and a hazard to human visitors.

10. Other litter should be removed on a regular basis. A programme of litter clearance has already been started on a voluntary basis by members of CREOS and this should be continued.

11. Discarded metal and wood sheeting and concre t e blocks shoul d not be cleared as they provide home s for a wide variety of animals. Where this cover needs to be removed f or safety r easons it should be moved as shor t a distance as possi ble or repl aced by wood­ piles. However, it is desirable that f urther dumping of this type of material is prevented for aesthetic r eas ons. - 24-

12 . Fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides should not be used on the site.

13. The mature oak trees which line the paths in both the "rural area" and the sports area should be preserved as a matter of priority.

CONCLUSI ONS

This report demonstr ates the importance of Crouch End Playing Fields f or wildl ife and clearly shows that it is as valuable as the other large ,w.ell-known Open Space s in the Bor ough such as the Parkland Walk, Highgate and Queens Woods and Al exandra Park. We propose t hat the site be desi gnated as a Local Nature Reserve. However, the site is ecologic­ a lly robust and access by the public should not be restr1cted. The sit e offers local residents the atmosphere of the untamed countrys ide which can notbe experienced elsewhere in the more formally managed sites of the Borough. That there is a public demand for this kind of amenity can notbe disputed. The site is frequently visited by members of the public and the paths which cross the Fields are well­

used. The group CREOS, which was formed to help safe-gua~d and maintain the site as an Open Space, has a membership of over 350, made up of l ocal residents. The educational value of the site is enormous. Ther e are several local schools nearby, one act ually adjoining the site, and local children could be given the opportunity t o study natural his t or y a t first-hand in what amounts to a rural environment. Crouch End Playing Fields harbour a rich and diverse wildlife and,

although on a nat ional basis few of the species that liv~ ther e could be considered rar e, on a loca l l evel i t is of considerable significance. The site is also i mportant as a local r ecreational and educational faci l ity . It is, therefore, imperative that t he sit e is conserved and managed sympa thetically for wildlif e in order that it r e t a i ns its dis­ tinc tive character. - i -

APPENDIX I

Plants recorded at Crouch End Playing Fields in July and September, 1985 Equisetum arvense Field Horse-tail Pteridium aquilinum Bracken Dryopteris felix-mas Male Fern Salix atrocinerea Common Sallow Salix caprea Goat Willow Populus x canescens Grey Poplar Betula pendula Silver Birch Carpinus betulus Hornbeam guercus petraea Sessile Oak Quercus robur Pendunculate Oak Ulmus procera English.Elm Urtica dioica Nettle Polygonum aviculare Knotgrass Fallopia aubertii Russian Vine Rumex obtusifolius Broad-leaved Dock Stellaria media Common Chickweek Stellaria graminea Lesser Stitchwort Stellaria holostea Great Stitchwort Ranunculus repens Creeping Buttercup Ranunculus acris Meadow Buttercup Sisymbrium officinale Hedge Mustard Alliaria petioJata Garlic Mustard Cardamine hirsuta Hairy Bittercress Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd's Purse Sedum album White Stonecrop Rubus idaeus Raspberry Rubus fruticosus Bramble Sorbus aucuparia Rowan monogyna Hawthorn Crataegus x media Midland Hawthorn spinosa Blackthorn Prunus domestica Wild Prunus avium Wild Cherry - 11 -

Vicia tetrasperma Smooth Tare Lathyrus pratensis Meadow Vetchling Galega officinalis Goat's Rue Trifolium repens White Clover Trifolium pratense Red Clover Trifolium dubium Lesser Trefoil Lotus corniculatus Bird's-foot Trefoil Lotus uliginosus Greater Bird's-foot Trefoil Geranium lucidum Shining Cranesbill Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore Impatiens glandulifera Himalayan Balsam Epilobium angustifolium Rosebay Willowherb Epilobium hirsutum Great Willowherb

~pilobium montanum Broad- leaved Willowherb helix I vy Anthriscus sylvest ris Cow Parsley Aegopodium podagraria Ground Elder Fraxinus excelsior Ash Li gustrum ovalifolium Privet Gali um aparine Common Cleavers Calystegia sylvestris Large Bindweed Prunella vulgaris Self- heal Stachys sylvatica Hedge Woundwort Lamium albun White Dead-nettle Lamium purpureum Red Dead-nettle Solanum dulcamara Bitter Sweet Buddleja davidii Buddleja Veronica sublobata Pale Ivy-leaved Speedwell Veronica longifolia Garden Speedwell Plantago major Greater Plantain Plantago· lanceolata Ribwort Plantain Samlus nigra Elder Solidago canadensis Canadian Goldenrod Bellis perennis Daisy Aster novi-belgii Michaelmas Daisy - iii -

Achillea millefolium Yarrow Artemesia vulgaris Mugwort Tussilago farfara Colts-foot Cirsium arvense Creeping Thistle Centaurea nigra agg. Connnon Knapweed Hypochoeris radicata Cat' s Ear Leontodon autumnalis Autumn Hawkbit Sonchus asper Prickly Sow-thistle Sonchus deraceus Smooth Sow-thistle Taraxacum officinale Agg. Dandelion Crepis vesicaria Beaked Hawk's-beard Iris sp. Iris Juncus effusus Soft Rush Juncus conglomeratus Compact Rush Festuca rubra Red Fescue Lolium perenne Rye-grass -----Poa annua Annual Meadow-grass Poa trivialis Rough Meadow-grass Poa pratensis Smooth Meadow-grass Dactylis glomerata Cock's-foot Cynosurus cristatus Crested Dog's-tail Arrhenatherum elatius False Oat-grass Brachypodium sylvaticum False Brome Elymus repeus Couch Deschampsia cespitosa Tufted Hair-grass Holcus lanatus Yorkshire Fog Agrostis capillaris Connnon Bent Agrostis stolonifera Creeping Bent Phleum pratense Timothy Alopecunis pratensis Meadow Fox-tail APPENDIX II

Provisional spider and pseudoscorpiart list for Crouch End Playing Fields, 1985

LINYPHIIDAE NON LINYPHIIDAE PSEUDOSCORPION Walckenaera antica Amaurobius similis Chthonius ischnosceles Walckenaera melanoceEhala * Diet nasp. prob uncinata Walckenaera unicornis Harpactea hombergi prob Gnathonarium dentatum Clubiona terrestris Dismodicus bifrons Xysticus cristatus Hypomma bituberculatum * Tibellus maritimus 'Pocadicnemis pumila' Pardosa amentata Oedothorax fuscus/agrestis Pardosa pullata Cnephalocotes obscurus * Trochosa ruricola Gongylidiellum vivum * Trochosa terricola Micrargus herbigradus * Pisaura mirabilis Erigone dentipalpis Tegenaria domestica Erigone atra Cicurina cicur * Porrhomma pygmaeum Neottiura bimaculatum

Meioneta beata Enoplognatha ~ Microneta viaria Pachygnatha clercki Macrargus rufus * Pachygnatha degeeri Bathyphantes approximatus Araneus diadematus Bathyphantes gracilis Zygiella sp. prob atrica Diplostyla concolor Ero furcata Floronia bucculenta * immatures prob Meta segmentata Lepthyphantes minutus Lepthyphantes tenuis Lepthyphantes zimmermanni Lepthyphantes flavipes * Species not recorded at Alexandra Park Lepthyphantes sp. indet. Linyphia triangularis Linyphia montana Linyphia clathrata Immatures prob. Gnathonarium dentatum - i -

APPENDIX III

Micro-and macroepidoptera recorded at Crouch End Playing Fields on 25th July and 11th September, 1985.

MICROLEPIDOPTERA FOOD-PLANT Pyralidae *Mother of Pearl (Pleuroptya ruralis) Nettles Small Magpie (Eurrhypara hortulata Nettles Chrysoteuchia culmella Grasses *f· pasouella Grasses Agriphila straminella Grasses Eudonia crataegella Mosses on tree-trunks Gold Fringe (Hypsopygia costalis) Clover-hay, Grass-hay, squirrels dreys Bee Moth (Aphomia sociella) Wasp's nests Emmelina monodactyla Convolvulus Platyptilia pallidactyla Yarrow, Sneezewort Eurrhypara coronata Elder, Lilac, Privet Acentria nivea Submerged water-weeds

Tortricidae *Clepsis consimilana Dead and withered leaves (esp. Privet) Agapeta hamana Roots of thistle Cnephasia stephensiana Leaf miner in a variety of herbs f· interjectana Various herbs Apotomis betuletana Birch Olethreutes lacunana Various herbs Zeiraphera isertana Oak Gypsonoma minutana Poplar G. dealbana Oak, Hawthorn, Hazel, Sallow Epiblema uddmanniana Bramble Cydia pomonella Fruit of apple _g_. spendana Oak (in acorn), Sweet Chestnut (in nut) Endothenia quadrimaculana Roots of Wood-Spurge Argyrotaenia pulchellana Bilberry, Heather, Ling Ditula angustiorana Trees, , herbs Epinotia bilunana Birch catkins Pandemis heparana Trees and shrubs ii -

Spilonota ocellana Sallow, Willow Pammene fasciana Oak (in acorn), Sweet Chestnut (innut)

Yponomuetidae Argyresthia goedartella Birch (catkins), Alder

Coleophoridae Coleophora antipennella - group

Oecophoridae Pseudatemelia flavifrontella Decaying leaves and lichens Carcina quercana Oak, Beech, Apple, Sycamore Cossidae Leopard Moth (Zeuzera pyrina) Fruit trees, Elm, Sycamore, Ash

MACROLEPIDOPTERA Thyatiridae Buff Arches (Habrosynepyritoides) Brambles

Geometridae *Riband Wave (Idaea aversata) Bedstraw, Checkweed, Knotgrass Yellowshell (Camptogramma bilineata) Dock, Chickweed Common Marbled Carpet (Chloroclysta Birch, Bramble, Dock truncata) Garden Carpet (Xanthorhoe fluctuata) Wallrocket, Hedge Garlic, crucifers

Tawny Speckled Pug (Eupi~cia i.subfulvata)Yarrow Brimstone (ppisthograptis luteolata) Hawthorn, Rowan, Plum Canary Shouldered Thorn (Ennomos alniaria) Birch, Sallow, Alder, Lime Willow Beauty ( rhomboidaria) Hawthorn, Birch, Yew, Plum, Ivy Common White Wave (Cabera pusaria) Birch, Sallow, Alder , Oak *Light Emerald (Campaea margaritata) Oak, Birch, Beech, Hawthorn, Elm *Peppered Moth (Biston betularia) Lime , Sallow, Birch, Hawthorn, Mugwor

Lymantriidae Brown Tail (Euproctis chrysorrhoea) Hawthorn, Blackthorn, Sallow, Bramble

Arctiidae Muslin (Diaphora mendica) Dock, Chickweed, Plantain, Dandelion - iii -

Noctuidae *Shuttle-shaped Dart (Agrotis puta) Dock, Dandelion, Knotgrass, Lettuce Flame Shoulder (Ochropleura plecta) Plantain, Dock, Groundsel *Large Yellow Underwing (Noctua £!9Uuba) Grasses and wide variety of herbs

*Lesser Yellow Underwing (~. comes) Blackthorn, Hawthorn, Sallow, Dock

Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing (~.fimbriata) Blackthorn, Sallow, Dock

Lesser Broad-bordered (~. janthina) Blackthorn, Sallow, Dock Double Square Spot (Xestia triangulum) Blackthor n , Hawthorn, Bramble, Sallow *Square Spot Rustic

Species marked with an asterix (*) were also recorded at Highgate Wood . - i -

APPENDIX IV

Beetles recorded at Crouch End Playing Fields, May 1985

COCCINELLIDAE (Ladybirds) Adalia bipunctata L. !· decempunctata L. Seymuus(Pullus) auritus Thumb Propylea 14-punctata L. CARABIDAE (Ground Beetles) Agonum dorsale Pont.

CHRYSOMELIDAE (Leaf Beetles) Chalcoides ~ Fourcroy NITIDULIDAE Br achypterus urticae Fabricius SCRAPTIIDAE Anaspis maculata Fourcroy LATHRIDAE Enicmus bistris Joy & Tombin CURCULIONIDAE (Weevils) tortrix L. Ceutorhyncus pollinarius Forster APIONIDAE (Weevils) Apion hydrolapathi Marsh. - i -

APPENDIX V

List of birds recorded at Crouch End Playing Fields between 1978 and 1985

SPECIES LOCATION SPECIES LOCATION

1 Blackbird T 31 Goldcrest 0 2 Blue Tit S/W 32 Reed Bunting H 3 Carrion Crow T 33 Lesser- spotted Woodpecker 4 Dunnock s 34 Heron 5 Feral Pigeon 35 Greater Black-backed Gull 6 House Sparr9w T 36 Mallard c 7 Robin T 37 Lapwing 8 Starling T 38 Green Woodpecker 9 Wood Pigeon W/0 39 Grey Wagtail 10 Great Tit S/W 40 Skylark 11 Song Thrush s 41 Fieldfare M/S/C 12 Wren s 42 Redwing S/C 13 Bullfinch s 43 Willow Warbler S/W 14 Greenfinch W/ S 411 House Martin M 15 Jay w 45 Swift M 16 Black- headed Gull c 46 Blackcap s 17 Magpie I.J /C 47 Spot t ed Flycatcher 0/H 18 Chaffinch 0 48 Conunon \.Jhitethroat 19 Mistle Thrush 49 Cuckoo 20 Goldfi nch S/H 50 Swallow 21 Kestrel 0/M 51 Redstart 22 Tawny Owl 52 Wheatear 23 Coal Tit w 53 Whinchat 24 Nuthatch 0 54 Lesser lfuitethroat s 25 Pied Wagtail c 55 Garden Warbler 26 Redpoll w 56 Y.erring Gu ll c 27 LQng~ tailed Tit W/S 57 Chiffchaff S/W 28 Conunon Gull c 58 Tree Sparrow 29 Tree Creeper 0 59 Linnet S/H 30 Greater-spotted Wood­ w pecker - ii -

Key to Species

1 - 40 Species resident in Britain 41 - 42 Winter visitors 43 - 54 Summer visitors 55 - 59 Additional r ecords

Key to Locations Locations only given where data available c Cricket Field 0 Oak trees M Meadow w Woodland s Scrub T Throughout the site H Hedgerows by pitches ~ -

APPENDIX VI

Monthly Bird Sightings at Crouch End Playing Fields from January 1978 to November, 1983

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASON .. 1-9 ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ +++++++++++ 10 ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++o+++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ +++++++++++ 11 oo++++++o+++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ +++++++++++ 12 +++o+++o++++ +o++++++++++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ +++++++++++·· 13 ++o++o++~+~·+ ++++++++++++ ++++o++++++o ++o+++++++++ +++o++o+++++ +++++++++++ 14 +++++++o+oo+ ++++++++o+++ ++++++++ooo+ ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++o++ 15 ++++ooo+o+++ +++++o++++++ +++++oo+++++ ++++o+oo++++ +++++o++++++ +++++++++++ 16 +++ooo++o+++ +++ooo++o+++ +++ooo++++++ +++ooo++++++ +++ooo++++++ +++++++++++ 17 +++ooooooooo ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ +++++++++++ 18 +++oo+++ooo+ oo+++++ooo++ o+++++ooooo+ +++++++oo+++ +++o+++ooo++ +++++++++++ 19 oo++++o++ooo ooo++++++oo+ o+++o+ooooo+ ++++++++o++o ++++++++o+++ +o++++o++++ 20 ooo+++++++o+ ooo+++++++++ oooo+++++oo+ ++o++o++++++ ++oo+o+++++o ooo++o++++o 21 o++o+o+o+o++ oo+++oo+o+oo +++++oo+++++ +o+o+++++o++ +ooo+oo++o+o o+o+o+o++++ 22 oooo++ooooo+ ooocooo+++o+ ooo+++++o++o o+o+o+++++++ +o++++++++++ +o++o++++++ 23 oo+ooooooooo +ooo+oo++ooo ooooo++oooo+ ++++oo++++++ ++++ooo+++++ ++++++++o++ 24 +++oooooooo+ oo+o+oo+oooo +o+oooooooo+ ++++++++o++o +oo+oo+o+oo+ +++++++++++ 25 oo+ooo+ooo+o ooo+++ooo+o+ +++++++o+ooo +++++++ooo+o o+++o++oooo+ +o++++oooo+ 26 ooo++++ooooo oooo++++oooo ooo++++oooo+ +o+o++++o++o +oo++o+oo++o ++o++++ooo) 27 +ooo+o++oooo +ooooo+ooooo ooooo+oo+o++ ++o+++o+o+o+ ++o+ooooo+o+ +oo+o+ooo++ 28 o+oooo+o+ooo o+ooooo++oo+ +o+oooo+oooo +oooooo+++oo oo+oooo+++++ ++oooo+++oo 29 +ooooooooooo oo+o+oooo+oo ooooooooooo+ ++o++o+ooo+o oooooo+o++o+ +++oooo+++o 30 +o+ooooo+ooo ooo++oo+oooo oooo+ooooooo +oooooooooo+ ooooooo++ooo +++oooo+++o 31 oooooooooo+o oooooooooooo oooooooooo++ ++oooooooo++ o++ooooooo++ oo++ooooo++ 32 oooooooooooo +oooooooooo+ o+oo+ooooo++ +oo+oooooo++ ++oooooooooo ooooooooooo 33 oooooooooooo ooo+oooooooo oooooooooooo +ooooooooooo oooooooooo+o o+++o+oo+++ 34 ooooo+oo+ooc ooo++o+ooooo oo++oo+ooooo ooo+oooooooo oooooooooooo ooooooooooo 35 oo+ooooooooo oooooooo+ooo ooooooo++ooo oooooooo++oo oooooooooooo ooooooo++oo 36 oooo+ooooooo ooo++ooooooo oooooooooooo oooo+ooooooo oooooooooooo oooo++ooooo 37 oooooooooooo oooooooooooo oooooooooooo oooooooooooo oooooo+oooo+ ooooooooooo 38 oooooooooooo oooooooooooo oooooooooooo oooooooooooo ooooooooo+oo ooooooooooo 39 oooooooooooo oooooooooooo oooooooooooo oooooooooooo oooooooooo+o ooooooooooo 40 oooooooooooo oooooooooooo oooooooooooo ooooooooooo+ oooooooooooo ooooooooooo

41 o+oooooooooo +ooooooooooo oooooooooooo oooooooooo++ +++oooooooa+ oo+oooooooo 42 o++ooooooooo ++o+oooooooo o+ooooooooo+ +++oooooo+o+ +++oooooo+o+ ++++ooooooo

43 ooo+++o++ooo ooo+++++oooo ooo++++++ooo ooo++++++ooo ooo+++++oooo ooo+++++++o 44 oooo+++++ooo oooo+++++ooo ooooo+++++oo oooo++++++oo oooo++++++oo oooo+++++++ 45 oooo+++ooooo oooo+++++ooo oooo++++oooo oooo++++oooo oooo++++oooo oooo++++ooo 46 ooooo++ooooo ooo++++ooooo ooooo++ooooo ooo++++ooooo oo++++++oooo ooo++++o+oo 47 oooooo+o+ooo ooooo++++ooo oooo+++++qoo ooooooo+oooo ooooo+++oooo ooooo++++oo 48 oooo+++ooooo ooooo++ooooo oooo++oooooo ooooo+oooooo ooooo++ooooo ooooooooooo 49 oooooooo+ooo oooooooooooo oooooooooooo ooooooo+oooo oooooooooooo ooooooooooo so oooooooooooo oooooooooooo oooooooo+ooo ooooooooo+oo oooooooooooo ooooooooooo 51 oooooooo+ooo oooooooooooo oooooooooooo oooooooooooo oooooooooooo ooooooooooo 52 oooooooooooo oooo+ooooooo oooooooooooo oooooooooooo oooooooooooo ooooooooooo 53 oooooooooooo oooo+ooooooo oooooooooooo oooooooooooo oooooooooooo ooooooooooo 54 oooooooooooo oooooooooooo oooooooooooo oooooooooooo oooooooooooo oooooooo+oo Species numbered as in Appendix V + Species seen at least once in a particular month o No sighting of a particular species in a particular month.