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Universidade De São Paulo Faculdade De Filosofia, Letras E Ciências Humanas Departamento De História Programa De Pós-Graduação Em História Social

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Universidade De São Paulo Faculdade De Filosofia, Letras E Ciências Humanas Departamento De História Programa De Pós-Graduação Em História Social UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL CAIO HENRIQUE ARALHE COVO Os protestos anti-Guerra do Vietnã nas páginas do jornal Berkeley Barb (1965-1969) São Paulo 2020 CAIO HENRIQUE ARALHE COVO Os protestos anti-Guerra do Vietnã nas páginas do jornal Berkeley Barb (1965-1969) Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em História Social do Departamento de História da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em História. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Robert Sean Purdy Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. COVO, Caio Henrique Aralhe. Os protestos anti-Guerra do Vietnã nas páginas do jornal Berkeley Barb (1965-1969). Dissertação (Mestrado) apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Mestre em História. Aprovado em: Banca Examinadora Prof. Dr. ______________________________ Instituição_________________________ Julgamento____________________________ Assinatura__________________________ Prof. Dr. ______________________________ Instituição_________________________ Julgamento____________________________ Assinatura__________________________ Prof. Dr. ______________________________ Instituição_________________________ Julgamento____________________________ Assinatura__________________________ AGRADECIMENTOS À minha família e aos meus amigos, por todo apoio, carinho, ajuda e paciência durante o tempo em que me dediquei à pesquisa e à escrita dessa dissertação. Ao professor Robert Sean Purdy pela inestimável e precisa orientação, sendo ela essencial para que eu pudesse concretizar o desejo de pesquisar o jornal Berkeley Barb. Aos professores do Departamento de História da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, pelo exemplo de dedicação e obstinação no fazer historiográfico, mesmo em tempos difíceis. E especialmente ao meu avô, José Roberto Aralhe (in memoriam), por ter me mostrado o quanto a História poderia ser fascinante e instigante. RESUMO COVO, Caio Henrique Aralhe. Os protestos anti-Guerra do Vietnã nas páginas do jornal Berkeley Barb (1965-1969). 2020. 177 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2020. Essa pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a cobertura dos protestos anti-Guerra do Vietnã realizada pelo jornal underground Berkeley Barb, durante a segunda metade da década de 1960. O jornal Berkeley Barb fez parte da primeira geração de jornais underground surgida da década de 1960 dos Estados Unidos, em um momento em que crescia um pensamento dissidente dentro daquele país, principalmente entre jovens. Esses jovens passaram a contestar o establishment estadunidense, propondo mudanças sociais, políticas, econômicas, além de questionar diversas práticas que estavam arraigadas dentro da cultura da nação. É nesse momento que Max Scherr, antigo ativista e defensor de pautas progressistas, resolveu criar um jornal visando à veiculação de notícias ligadas aos grupos e às mobilizações que ocorriam dentro desse contexto. Ao mesmo tempo, os estadunidenses testemunhavam um escalonamento de seu envolvimento militar no Vietnã. A Guerra do Vietnã e seus desdobramentos, compunham um dos assuntos mais relevantes dentro desse pensamento dissidente. A confluência de opositores ao conflito militar no Sudeste asiático junto ao movimento antiguerra pacifista que já existia anteriormente no país, acabou criando um movimento específico anti- Guerra do Vietnã. A partir de uma caracterização da imprensa underground dos anos 1960 nos Estados Unidos e de uma análise das edições do jornal Berkeley Barb, dentro do período em que circunscrevemos a nossa pesquisa, iremos examinar a forma como o jornal cobriu especificamente os protestos desse movimento anti-Guerra do Vietnã, analisando o Berkeley Barb como um participante dos acontecimentos, através da divulgação e da veiculação das notícias relacionadas aos protestos, sendo um agente ativo que buscava colaborar com as mudanças que eram propostas para aquela realidade social. Palavras-chave: Estados Unidos, Berkeley Barb, Guerra do Vietnã, imprensa alternativa, contracultura. ABSTRACT COVO, Caio Henrique Aralhe. Anti-Vietnam war protests on the pages of the Berkeley Barb newspaper (1965-1969). 2020. 177 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2020. This research aims to analyze the coverage of the anti-Vietnam War protests by the underground newspaper Berkeley Barb, during the second half of the 1960s. The Berkeley Barb newspaper was part of the first generation of underground newspapers that emerged in the 1960s in the United States, at a time when dissident thought was growing within that country, especially among young people. These young people began to challenge the American establishment, proposing social, political and economic changes, in addition to questioning various practices that were ingrained within the culture of the nation. It was at this moment that Max Scherr, a former activist and defender of progressive agendas, decided to create a newspaper aimed at the dissemination of news related to the groups and the mobilizations that occurred within this context. At the same time, Americans were witnessing a staggering military involvement in Vietnam. The Vietnam War and its aftermath made up one of the most relevant issues within this dissident thinking. The confluence of opponents of the military conflict in Southeast Asia together with the anti-war movement that previously existed in the country, ended up creating a specific anti-Vietnam War movement. Based on a characterization of the 1960s underground press in the United States and an analysis of the Berkeley Barb editions, within the period in which I circumscribed our research, I will examine how the newspaper specifically covered the protests of this anti-Vietnam War movement, analyzing Berkeley Barb as a participant in the events, through the dissemination and transmission of news related to the protests, being an active agent that sought to collaborate with the changes that were proposed for that social reality. Keywords: United States, Berkeley Barb, Vietnam War, underground press, contracultura. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ...................................................................................................................... 1 1 – A IMPRENSA UNDERGROUND DOS ESTADOS UNIDOS NOS ANOS 1960 E O SURGIMENTO DO BERKELEY BARB ............................................................................ 17 1.1 – Antecedentes ............................................................................................................ 18 1.2 – O advento da imprensa underground dos anos 1960 ........................................... 21 1.2.1 – O surgimento da primeira geração de jornais underground dos anos 1960. 22 1.2.1.1 – Los Angeles Free Press ............................................................................. 24 1.2.1.2 – East Village Other ..................................................................................... 26 1.2.1.3 – San Francisco Oracle ................................................................................. 27 1.3 – O caráter político, cultural e a oposição à guerra do Vietnã nos jornais underground ...................................................................................................................... 28 1.4 – Berkeley Barb ........................................................................................................... 29 1.4.1 – O ativismo em Berkeley .................................................................................... 29 1.4.2 – Origens do Berkeley Barb ............................................................................... 34 1.4.2.1 – A criação do Berkeley Barb .................................................................... 38 1.4.2.2 – Características e conteúdo ...................................................................... 40 1.5 – A criação do Underground Press Syndicate e do Liberation News Service ......... 43 2 – AS EDIÇÕES DO BERKELEY BARB DE 1965 À 1969 ............................................. 48 2.1 – 1965 – Os primeiros meses do Barb ...................................................................... 48 2.2 – 1966 – Crescimento e consolidação do Berkeley Barb na região da Baía de São Francisco ........................................................................................................................... 50 2.3 – 1967 – O radicalismo cultural sob os holofotes .................................................... 57 2.4 – 1968 – O radicalismo político toma a dianteira ................................................... 65 2.5 – 1969 – O ocaso da utopia dos anos 1960. .............................................................. 71 2.5.1 – A greve e a venda do Barb ............................................................................... 77 2.6 – Um breve balanço ................................................................................................... 89 3 – OS PROTESTOS ANTI-GUERRA DO VIETNÃ: A COBERTURA DO BERKELEY BARB NA FRENTE DOMÉSTICA DA GUERRA .........................................................
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