Gradientes De Diversidade De Vespas E Abelhas (Hymenoptera: Aculeata)

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Gradientes De Diversidade De Vespas E Abelhas (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Conservação e Manejo da Vida Silvestre TESE DE DOUTORADO Gradientes de diversidade de vespas e abelhas (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) em campos rupestres da Cadeia do Espinhaço LUCAS NEVES PERILLO BELO HORIZONTE 2017 LUCAS NEVES PERILLO Gradientes de diversidade de vespas e abelhas (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) em campos rupestres da Cadeia do Espinhaço Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ecologia, Conservação e Manejo da Vida Silvestre da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, como requisito parcial para obtenção do titulo de Doutor em Ecologia, Conservação e Manejo da Vida Silvestre. Orientador: Dr. Frederico de Siqueira Neves Co-orientadores: Dr. Ricardo Ribeiro de Castro Solar & Dr. Felipe Sá Fortes Leite BELO HORIZONTE 2017 2 As montanhas me chamam e tenho que atendê-las. John Muir 3 Agradecimentos Primeiramente Fora Temer, personificação da dificuldade que é fazer ciência no Brasil. Dedico o trabalho aos povos montanos, de rara receptividade e de constante luta pela sobrevivência nesse ambiente que muitas vezes é mais extremo pro homem do que pros insetos. Agradeço ao meu orientador Dr. Frederico de Siqueira Neves, amigo e professor. Vi sua evolução tanto como cientista quanto como administrador nesse período que conciliou com a coordenação da pós. Me ajudou demais a crescer nesses quatro anos. Muito obrigado por ter animado abraçar esse projeto audacioso de campo. Ainda um agradecimento especial ao sócio de tese Flávio Siqueira de Castro, parceiro de inúmeras coletas pelas montanhas do Espinhaço, que cuidará das formigas coletadas nesse projeto. Aos coorientadores: Ricardo Solar, sobretudo pela paciência, pelas conversas, sugestões de literatura e escrita e pelo constante apoio nas análises estatísticas. Ao Felipe Leite, pelas revisões no texto e por compartilhar comigo todo o fascínio pelo Espinhaço. Aos colaboradores e coautores do trabalhos Yasmine Antonini, Newton Barbosa e Marcel Coelho, pelas ideias, discussões e contribuições no texto. Ao prof. Rogério Parentoni Martins, que me acompanha desde a iniciação científica, sempre com um bom causo para os momentos em campo e no laboratório. Ao Vincenzo Ellis, Francisco Diniz e Pedro Giovâni Silva pela revisão do texto e ao Arleu Viana, Fernanda Costa e Luiz Eduardo pela amizade, dicas e apoio na estatística. Ao Newton Barbosa e à Paloma Marques pela ajuda nos mapas. Agradeço à Bocaina Biologia da Conservação, que dividiu minhas atenções durante o doutorado, mas trouxe mais orgulhos na profissão do que qualquer outra coisa. Sobretudo na figura do meu parceiro Felipe Fonseca do Carmo que entendeu meu distanciamento na reta final e que me ensina diariamente o verdadeiro sentido dessa profissão. 4 Aos gigantes Charles Darwin, R. H. Whittaker, E. O. Wilson, E. Pianka, S. J. Gould, R. Macarthur, G. E. Hutchinson, A. Baselga, C. Sagan e tantos outros que merecem eterno reconhecimento pela contribuição imensurável à ciência. Ao Mahadeva Subramania Mani pelo magnífico trabalho com os insetos de montanha. Ao David Attenborough que foi determinante na minha escolha profissional e à Alexandra Elbakyan (criadora do Sci-Hub) que revolucionou a socialização do conhecimento no âmbito acadêmico e permitiu a leitura de vários artigos citados na tese. Ainda agradeço às referências na profissão que sempre tive admiração e agradecimento: Pedro Viana, Flávio do Carmo, Felipe Leite, Marcelo Vasconcelos, Augusto Alves, Mário De Maria, Ângelo Machado e Lauro Palú. Ao todo, foram mais de 230 dias no campo, mais de 20.320 km percorridos de carro e 1.398 km à pé, coletando insetos e passando por cidades e lugarejos que faço questão de agradecer: as mineiras Belo Horizonte, Ouro Branco, Ouro Preto, Lavras Novas, Barão de Cocais, Catas Altas, Mariana, Santa Bárbara, Brumal, Cardeal Mota, Jaboticatubas, Itambé do Mato Dentro, Santana do Riacho, Lapinha, Serro, Santo Antônio do Itambé, Capivari, Diamantina, São Gonçalo do Rio Preto, Botumirim, Grão Mogol, Monte Azul, Formosa, Montezuma, Mamonas, Gameleiras, Espinosa, e as baianas Caetité, Abaíra, Catolés, Catolés de Cima, Rio de Contas, Brumadinho, Palmeiras, Capão, Mucugê, Pati, Ruínha, Brejo de Cima, Paiol, Jussiape e Guiné. Lugares estes que são moradia das pessoas que contribuem para que o Espinhaço seja esse lugar único. Algumas merecem meu eterno agradecimento: Sônia, João Júlio, Aline Abreu, Geraldo Neneco e Daniel (RPPN Santuário do Caraça). Sr. Antônio Rocha (Lavras Novas). Sílvia, Zezé, Zé, Lucas e Antônio (P.E. Itambé). Ao Tonhão, Deco e família (P.E. Rio Preto). Altinho, Geysi, Norbert e Fia (Botumirim). Rodrigo Nescau e Laura BarVel (Montes Claros). Plínio, Vinicius, Lucas e Luiz (P.E. Serra Nova). Ao Seo Zé Camilo (Alitôta), João (Dão), Marcos (Prego) e José Custódio Jorge, Alessandre Custódio Jorge, Gandú de Capivara, Chico de Mamonas no Pico da Formosa. À fantástica família de 5 Zé do Pilão e Dona Maria, Sinvaldo e Marli em Brumadinho (Pico das Almas). À Catarina e Ângela em Rio de Contas. Edmundo, Janho Barbosa de Azevedo, Sr. Antônio e Sr. Melquíades em Catolés (Pico do Barbado) e ao Dê em Guiné (Chapada Diamantina). É claro que contei com a ajuda de corajosos e animados amigos durante as coletas de campo. Especialmente Matteus Carvalho (Bolo Doido), Flávio Siqueira, Heron Hilário, Ivan Monteiro, Caio Marques, Pedro Gingola, Thaís Tavares, Caio Ambrósio, Júlio Perillo, Mellina Galantini, Arleu Viana, João Pedro (Jota), Daniela Melo, Luisa Azevedo, André Araújo, Núbia Campos, Frederico Neves, Humberto Brant, Rayana Melo e Jéssica Martins. E no projeto capões: Heron Hilário, Jéssica, Daniela Melo Oliveira, Luiz Fernando, Luiz Eduardo (Dudu), Geanne Pereira, Rayana Mello, Arleu Viana, Thaís Tavares, Caio Marques, Humberto Brant, Matheus Belchior, Lorenzzo Monteran, Isabela, Cássio Nunes, Fernando Rezende, Rodrigo Braga e Marcel Coelho. Todos ajudaram muito e possibilitaram que todo esse trabalho de campo fosse executado sem sérios contratempos. Além do campo, o trabalho no laboratório teimava em não acabar. E sem a ajuda dos estagiários e integrantes do Laboratório de Ecologia de Insetos seria impossível: Caio Silveira, Thaís Tavares, Lucas Freitas, Lorenzzo Monteran, Bruna Vaz, Franklin Logan, Júlia Toffalini, Matheus Galvão, Isabella Villani, Laura Braga, Isa Mariah, Bruna Boa Sorte, Mellina Galantini, Maria Eliza Nogueira, Mariana Côrtes, Matheus Belchior, Poliana Gomes, Paola Mitraud, Daniel Vieira. Aos amigos e parceiros de laboratório Leo Dias, Fernanda Costa, Arleu Viana, Reuber Antoniazzi-Jr, Luiz Eduardo, Flávio Castro, Ludmila Hufnagel, Luiza Guimarães, Paloma Marques, Rodrigo Massara, Alice Leite e Rayana Mello e à todos os outros integrantes da Villa Parentoni. Muitos amigos não puderam ajudar diretamente, mas sempre ajudaram com nas horas vagas. São eles: Francisco Carvalho Diniz (Chico), Caio Ambrósio, Douglas Henrique da 6 Silva, Felipe Fonseca do Carmo (Manjuba), Paulo Durães Pereira Pinheiro (Callithrix), André Neves Perillo, Bernardo de Faria Leopoldo (Bê), Marina Beirão, Daniele Barcelos, Leo Cotta, Lucas Santana, Felipe (Gigante), João Henrique (Minhoca), Mateus Toshiba, Guilherme Leandro (Capita), Lulu Mamãe, Fernando Leal, Ericson Faraco, Pedro Taucce, Ivan Magalhães, Leandro Giacomin, Cândida Alméri, Débora Garcia, Gui Freitas, Lílian Costa, Pedro Maia (A Velha), Tiago Pezzuti (Presuntin), André Cadete, Lélis, Bruno Guedes e Danilo (Goiás). Aos parceiros do Mineirão Nara Mota, Igor Madeira, André Perillo e Daniela Melo, que compartilharam bons momentos de descontração nesses últimos 4 anos (dois Brasileiros e uma Copa do Brasil foram publicações A1 durante o doutorado!). Ao grupo do Almociu que sempre me acompanhou na visita diária ao bandejão. Aos zoólogos e taxonomistas que tenho muito a agradecer e que ainda vão auxiliar para a melhoria nas identificações e descrições de espécies novas. Destaco os amigos José Eustáquio, Rogério Lopes, Rafael Ferrari, André Martins, Fernando Amaral da Silveira (curador da coleção depositária) e agradeço ainda ao Rodrigo Feitosa, Chris Darling, Lynn Kimsey e Kevin Willians pela ajuda na distinção entre formigas aladas, “mystery wasps” e outras coisas. A família: aos Perillo por terem me apresentado as Minas e aos Neves por terem me apresentado os Gerais e a infinita Bahia. Principalmente meu pai Júlio, minha tia Heloisa, meu tio Cláudio, o primo João Manoel, as avós Creuza e Tetê e os avôs Oswaldo e Manoel. Todos esses construíram minha história de vida, principalmente minha mãe Júlia e meu irmão André, que são os meus companheiros desde o princípio e à Rita e Núria, que chegaram pra completar esse núcleo que tanto prezo. Agradeço a Daniela Melo, minha companheira, minha melhor amiga. Compartilhamos tantos ideais e afinidades que chega a ser inacreditável termos trombado 7 nesse mundo tão vasto. Sem sua presença e apoio seria impossível ter completado essa tarefa. Sempre entendeu os constantes lapsos de memória, ausências em pensamento e estava ao meu lado nos momentos mais estressantes, além de ter ajudado na revisão do texto e dos Abstract. Agradeço a todos os professores e colegas da ECMVS que ajudaram sempre que possível, principalmente ao Fred e Cris da secretaria. Sou especialmente grato ao CNPq e Capes pela bolsa de doutorado e taxa de bancada e a FAPEMIG pelo recurso aprovado no edital de demanda Universal que bancou praticamente todos os campos. Agradeço minha banca de qualificação, composta pelos amigos Ricardo Solar, Marina Beirão e Newton Barbosa. E,
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