Brazilian Journal of and Environmental Research 297 ISSN: 2595-573X

Land molluscs of Sucre State, Continental Northeast of Venezuela, Southeast Caribbean: an approximation to their knowledge

Moluscos terrestres do Estado Sucre, Nordeste Continental da Venezuela, Sudeste do Caribe: uma aproximação ao seu conhecimento

DOI: 10.34188/bjaerv4n1-028

Recebimento dos originais: 20/11/2020 Aceitação para publicação: 20/12/2020

Aisur Ignacio Agudo-Padrón Graduado em Geografia pela Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina/ UDESC Instituição: Projeto “Avulsos Malacológicos – Projeto AM” Endereço: P.O. Box 010, 88010-970 Centro, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina - SC, Brasil E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Relying once more on the invaluable participatory assistance and support of local researchers, naturalists and collaborating field informants, “Projeto AM” has been developing (formally since the year 2014) taxonomic, bioecological and conservation research about the "non-marine molluscs" present in the environment of the continental Caribbean territory in the Sucre State and adjacent neighboring areas, Northeast Venezuela region, with particular emphasis on its terrestrial and arboreal forest species, a geographical region historically very little studied regarding this aspect of its natural history. So far, a total of 44 species have been inventoried (39 snails & 5 forms), included in 31 genera and 18 families.

Keywords: Land malacofauna, Gastropods, Operculated, Pulmonate, Caenogastropods, Soleolifera

RESUMO Contando mais uma vez com a inestimável assistência participativa e apoio de pesquisadores locais, naturalistas e informantes de campo colaboradores, o “Projeto AM” vem realizando (formalmente desde 2014) pesquisas taxonômicas, bioecológicas e conservacionistas acerca dos "moluscos não marinhos“ presentes no meio ambiente do território continental caribenho do Estado Sucre e adjacências, região Nordeste da Venezuela, com especial destaque para suas espécies florestais terrestres e arbóreas, região geográfica historicamente muito pouco estudada neste aspecto de sua história natural. Até o momento, um total de 44 espécies (39 caracóis e 5 lesmas) foram inventariadas, incluídas em 31 gêneros e 18 famílias.

Palavras-chave: Malacofauna Terrestre, Gastrópodes, Operculados, Pulmonados, , Soleolifera

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Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research 298 ISSN: 2595-573X

1 INTRODUCTION The State of Sucre (Fig. 1) is one of the 23 political States of Venezuela, located in the Northeast region of the country (your state capital is Cumaná city), almost in the Eastern Cordillera. Covers a total surface area of 11,800 km2, representing 1.28% of the national total of Venezuela. In the Northern part is border with the Caribbean Sea, the double Peninsula, which in the East is the Peninsula of Paria and in the West is the Peninsula of Araya, dividing the slopes of the rivers, which flow into the Gulfs of Paria and Cariaco, respectively, with the States of Monagas and Anzoátegui to the South. The main heights of the Eastern Cordillera are Cerro Negro, Peonia, Majagual and Arrempuja, all of them at more than 1900 m., being its highest point the Turimiquire peak with its almost 2600 m. Being one of the most extensive basins and with the largest flow in Venezuela that drains its waters directly into the Caribbean Sea (located between the Municipalities of Montes and Sucre – Fig. 1), the “Manzanares River” is the most important Eastern waterbody in the Sucre State territory (Salazar et al. 2018: 122, 123-Fig. 1; Agudo-Padrón 2020 b). In the Gulf of Cariaco, one of the main rivers of the State, the Carinicuao or Cariaco, which is 173 km long, pours its waters. Of lesser importance, but also from the same basin are the Cautaro, Tunantal, Guaracayal, Compondrón, San Pedro and Marigüitar. In the Caribbean Sea basin, rivers of lesser importance such as the Chaure, Caribe, Unare and Cumaná flow into the river. Finally, after traveling 173 km, the San Juan river deposits its waters in the Gulf of Paria, as do the Irapa, Aruca, Güiria, Guiramo, Grande, Manacal and Yoco rivers. The relief of Sucre State is formed especially by mountainous landscapes, with some valleys not very extensive. The Turimiquire Mountain Range, to the Southwest, shows a rough relief, with steep slopes and heights reaching 2500 meters, while the mountainous system of the Paria Peninsula is characterized by hills of lower elevation. The coast of Sugarcane, essentially towards the West, has all the characteristics of a sinking coast, deep, with large cliffs and scarce beach formation. In contrast, towards the Southeast of the entity, in the Gulf of Paria, the land is very flat, with slopes of less than 1% and with insufficient drainage, which has turned it into swampy plains. The vegetation of is xerophytic in the coastal areas and mountainous in the rural areas located in the Coastal Range, we can also find Caribbean beach plants and trees, such as coconut and cocoa trees. You can also find the oak tree, which has been declared a State tree. In Paria the vegetation ranges from cloud forest at 1000 meters and annual rainfall calculated between 1000 and 1500 millimeters, to xerophytic as we approach the coast. In the Western coastal area, a semi-arid climate can be observed, with an average annual temperature of 24-26 °C in Cumaná and rainfall of 375 mm. The Araya Peninsula is a representative area of strong climate in terms of drought and aridity

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Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research 299 ISSN: 2595-573X conditions (Bello-Pulido & Agudo-Padrón 2019). In the southern parallel strip, a rainy tropical savanna climate is observed, which extends to the area of the coastal slope to the Caribbean Sea. In Carúpano, average temperatures of 26-35 °C and changing rainfall of 524-1,046 mm are observed. In the Gulf of Paria the average annual rainfall increases from 1,200 to more than 2,000 mm with a forested climate. In the area of the interior mountain range there is a section where the tropical climate prevails at high altitudes. Right in this peculiar environment, and counting on the invaluable participatory assistance and support of local researchers, naturalists and informant collaborators in the field, as well as the opportune fundamental revision of the regional bibliography, "Projeto AM" has been developing (formally since the year 2014) a modest basic study corresponding to the taxonomic inventory, bioecological and conservation related to the species of "non-marine molluscs" present in this singular Caribbean continental region, with particular emphasis in this opportunity on their land forms. According Breure (2016 ...) (sic): “... land snails data from NE Venezuela, a region for which hardly reliable data exist in literature.” ... “... a country with comparably hardly good information in the malacological literature.” ... “... despite some scant literature, Venezuela is still one of the lesser-known areas in the Neotropics when it comes to snails.”.

Figure 1. Geographical location of the “Sucre State” territory and your Municipalities on the Northeast continental Venezuela, Southeast Caribbean region. Credit Map: Original by A. Ignacio Agudo-Padrón, Project AM

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BACKGROUND: Specific studies on the non-marine forest land (terrestrial and arboreal) malacofauna (mollusc fauna) present in the continental geographic space of the Sucre State and neighboring immediate territories are scarce (very rare) and punctual, being that its regional aquatic (limnic/ freshwater) malacological fauna has been previously reviewed and characterized by us (Agudo- Padrón 2020 a, b): - Preliminarly, Baker (1923: 14-15, 23, 26, 31, 33, 35-36, 58-Plate V) cite the taxonomic “incertae sedis” names Oligyra (Analcadia) dysoni dysoni (Pfeiffer, 1859) & Tudora (Cyclostoma) plicatula (Pfeiffer, 1846) from “Cumaná”; translucida translucida (Sowerby, 1843), Poteria straminea (Reeve, 1843) ~ synonymy of Austrocyclotus stramineus (Reeve, 1843) & Poteria granadensis rugata (Guppy, 1864) from “Cariaquito”; Poteria (Cyclostoma) translucida trinitensis (Guppy, 1846) from “Coloras Island, Gulf of Paria, Trinidad”. - Baker (1925: 2-4, 6-7, 9, 12, 25-27, 29, 34-36, 39) cite the taxonomic “incertae sedis” names Bothriopupa tenuidens (Adams, 1845), Bothriopupa conoidea (Pfeiffer, 1853), Bothriopupa geminidens Pilsbry, 1917, Caecilioides (Karolus) consobrina minutissima (Guppy, 1869) ~ synonymy of Cecilioides consobrina (d’Orbigny, 1841), Succinea tamsiana Pfeiffer, 1850, Radiodiscus bactricolus (Guppy, 1868), Radiodiscus sp ?, Pseudohyalina umbratilis (Guppy, 1868), Scolodonta (- Zonites) implicans (Guppy, 1868), Tamayoa trinitaria venezuelensis ~ new & subspecies, Tamayoa trinitaria trinitaria (Smith, 1898) & Streptaxis (Odontartemon) glaber normalis Jousseaume, 1889 from “Cariaquita = Cariaquito”; Guppya gundlachi (Pfeiffer, 1840) & Euconulus ernsti (Jousseaume, 1889) from “Cariaquita = Cariaquito” and “Cariaco”; Scolodonta (Systrophiella) starkei ~ new species & Scolodonta (Systrophiella) alicea (Guppy, 1871) from “Cariaco”. - Baker (1926: 11-13, 22, 25-26, 30-32, 37-38, 40, 47) cite the taxonomic “incertae sedis” names Thysanophora santanaensis (Pfeiffer, 1854), form Thysanophora canalis cariacoensis Pilsbry, 1926 ~ species mapped in the “Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base – WMSDB” < https://www.bagniliggia.it/WMSD/SearchXY.php?family=THYSANOPHORIDAE&XUL=- 64.63&YUL=11.48&size=0 > & Thysanophora canalis Pilsbry, 1910 from “Cariaco”; Thysanophora plagioptycha (Shutlleworth, 1845) from “Cariaquita = Cariaquito” & “Cariaco” ~ synonymy of Lyroconus plagioptycha (Shuttleworth, 1854); Strophocheilus (Borus) oblongus (Müller, 1774) ~ synonymy of Megalobulimus oblongus (Müller, 1774) & (Eudolichotis) aurissciuri (Guppy, 1866) from “Cariaquita = Cariaquito”, a geographical cove of Sucre State (10°40'36"N & 61°54'11"W) (Baker 1930: 73) ~ synonymy of (Eurytus) aurissciuri Guppy, 1866; krebsianus Pilsbry, 1897 from “Cumaná & “Cariaquita = Cariaquito” ~

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Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research 301 ISSN: 2595-573X current taxon; Plekocheilus (Dryptus) pardalis (Férussac, 1821), forms Plekocheilus (Eurytus) coloratus coloratus (Nyst) (from “Cumaná”), Plekocheilus (Dryptus) funcki (Nyst), Plekocheilus (Dryptus) venezuelensis (Nyst), Plekocheilus fulminans (Nyst) from “Cumaná” and “Guácharos Cave”, this last territory of the neighboring Monagas State (Baker 1930: 73-74); Auris (Eudolichotis) bisuturalis Pilsbry, 1896 (???), form Auris (Eudolichotis) euryomphala (Jonas) from “Cumaná” and “Guácharos Cave”, this last territory of the neighboring Monagas State (Baker 1930: 73-74); trigonostomus trigonostomus (Jonas, 1844) from “Cumaná” ~ synonymy of Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) trigonostomus (Jonas, 1844); Oxystyla maracaibensis (Pfeiffer) from “Margarita Island”, territory of the neighboring Nueva Esparta State ~ synonymy of maracaibensis (Pfeiffer, 1899). - Baker (1927: 2-4, 7, 10, 19, 22, 31) cite the taxonomic “incertae sedis” names Subulina octona (Bruguière, 1792) ~ current taxon, Obeliscus (Stenogyra) octogyrus (Pfeiffer, 1856) ~ synonymy of Stenogyra octogyra (Pfeiffer, 1856), Opeas (Synopeas) beckianum (Pfeiffer, 1846) ~ synonymy of (Pfeiffer, 1846), Opeas micra (d’Orbigny, 1835) ~ synonymy of Allopeas micra (d’Orbigny, 1835), Leptinaria (Leptopeas) simplex (Guppy, 1868) & Leptinaria lamellata (Potiez & Michaud, 1838) var. concentrica (Reeve, 1849) ~ separate taxa/ species from “Cariaquita” = “Cariaquito”; Brachypodella hanleyana (Pfeiffer, 1847) (Baker 1930: 80) ~ current taxon, from “Cumaná Province”. - Richards & Hummelinck (1940: 6, 9) cite the taxonomic “incertae sedis” names Bulimulus cacticolus var. erectus Reeve ~ synonymy of Bulimulus cacticolus (Reeve, 1849), from “Cariaquita” = “Cariaquito”, and Brachypodella haleyana (Pfeiffer) ~ current taxon, from “Cumaná”. - Varela (1982: 359, 367) cite the ocorrence of the leatherleaf slug Veronicellidae Sarasinula plebeia (Fischer, 1868) and the little slug Agriolimacidae (= Limacidae) Agriolimax laevis (Muller) ~ synonymy of Deroceras laeve (Müller, 1774), from “Caripe”, territory of the neighboring Monagas State. - Simone (2006: 37, 45, 96-97, 127, 136, 142, 146, 150-152, 157-158, 176-178, 183, 186-188, 190, 196, 201, 207, 226) cite the ocorrence of the Ferussaciidae Cecilioides consobrina (d’Orbigny, 1841) from “Margarita Island”, territory of the neighboring Nueva Esparta State, species previously referred in Baker (1925: 3) from “Cariaquita = Cariaquito”, specific locality of the Sucre State. Additionally, of 31 other terrestrial species cited from Venezuela in general, the next twelve (12) forms are confirmed by us specifically in the present study for the Sucre State: Veronicellidae Sarasinula plebeia (Fisher, 1868); Mesembrinus nigrofasciatus Pfeiffer, 1846; Eudolichotis aurissciuri (Guppy, 1866), Eudolichotis distorta (Bruguière, 1789)

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& Eurytus fusitortus Oberwimmer, 1931; Orthalicus prototypus Pilsbry, 1899 & Orthalicus pulchellus (Spix, 1827); clausus Spix, 1827; Leptinaria lamellata (Potiez & Michaud, 1838), Beckianum beckianum (Pfeiffer, 1846) & Stenogyra octogyra (Pfeiffer, 1856); Streptaxidae Streptartemon deformis (Férussac, 1821). - Martínez-Escarbassiere et al. (2008: 95, 96-Fig. 2, 99) cite the ocorrence of Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica (Bowdich, 1822) in the Carúpano region, Bermúdez Municipal District, Sucre State. - Borrero & Breure (2011: 6, 11, 20, 51) comment about the following four (4) native forest Amphibulimidae species present in the Cumaná region, Sucre Municipal District & State: Dryptus funckii (Nyst, 1843) ~ previously cited in Breure (2011: 26), Dryptus pardalis (Férussac, 1821), Plekocheilus (P.) fulminans (Nyst, 1843) ~ previously cited in Breure (2011: 25-26) & Plekocheilus (Eudolichotis) distortus (Bruguière, 1789). For other considerations about species of Venezuela and adjacent territories, see still Breure (2011: 21 ~ “Bulimus coloratus Nyst, 1845”) and Breure & Ablett (2011: ~ “Plekocheilus aurissciuri Guppy, 1866”). - Gomes (2015: 33) maps the occurrence of the pantropical leatherleaf slug Veronicellidae Sarasinula plebeia (Fischer, 1868) in the Sucre State and other several locations of the Venezuelan territory. - Peralta (2015) records and studies the occurrence of the exotic african snail Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica (Bowdich, 1822) in plots for agricultural use in the Araya Peninsula, Salmerón Acosta Municipal District, Sucre State. - Salazar et al. (2018: 129-131) comment the ocurrence of the exotic african snail Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica (Bowdich, 1822) in the Manzanares river basin region, Sucre & Montes Municipal Districts, Sucre State. - Most recently, Bello-Pulido & Agudo-Padrón (2019) cite the ocorrence record of the following fourteen (14) recent and subfossil terrestrial and arboreal species from the arid Araya Peninsula, Cruz Salmerón Acosta Municipal District, Sucre State, included in ten (10) taxonomic families: Helicinidae tamsiana (Pfeiffer, 1850); Poteria fasciatum (Kobelt, 1912); Bulimulidae Bulimulus cacticolus (Reeve, 1849), (Say, 1825), Bulimulus krebsianus Pilsbry, 1897; Simpulopsidae constrictus (Pfeiffer, 1841); Orthalicidae Orthalicus (- Oxystyla) abducta (Shuttleworth, 1856), Orthalicus (- Oxystyla) maracaibensis (Pfeiffer, 1899); Amphibulimidae Plekocheilus (Eudolichotis) distortus (Bruguière, 1789); Odontostomidae Biotocus cumingi (Pfeiffer, 1849); ACHATINIDAE Beckianum beckianum (Pfeiffer, 1846), Subulina octona (Bruguière, 1798), Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica (Bowdich, 1822); Strophocheilidae Megalobulimus oblongus (Müller, 1774).

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2 RESULTS (SYSTEMATIC)* *All the 44 species listed below (for a general inventaried species relationship/ checklist, see Table 1) were previously revised through the global platform “MolluscaBase” < https://molluscabase.org/ >, checking your current taxonomic status/ situation:

GASTROPODA Cuvier, 1795 CAENOGASTROPODA Cox, 1960 Family HELICINIDAE Férussac, 1822 Two (2) species checked. Ref.: Bello-Pulido & Agudo-Padrón (2019): Helicina tamsiana Pfeiffer, 1850, Helicina sp (in determination process) (Fig. 2)

Figure 2.- Neotropical forest operculate hairy snail HELICINIDAE Helicina sp. Nurucual, Mochima National Park, Sucre Municipal District, Sucre State, 09/10/2020. Credit: Francisco José Marval

Family NEOCYCLOTIDAE Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1897 Two (2) species checked. Refs.: Baker (1923); Simone (2006)? ~ including Family Megalomastomidae Blandford, 1864; Bello-Pulido & Agudo-Padrón (2019): Austrocyclotus stramineus (Reeve, 1843), Poteria fasciatum (Kobelt, 1912) GYMNOPHILA Baker, 1955 SOLEOLIFERA Simroth, 1890 Family VERONICELLIDAE Gray, 1840 Two (2) species checked. Refs.: Valera (1982); Thomé (1993); Gomes (2007, 2015): Sarasinula plebeia (Fischer, 1868) (Fig. 3), Veronicella sloanei (Cuvier, 1817) (Fig. 4)

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Figure 3.- Pantropical leatherleaf slug VERONICELLIDAE cf. Sarasinula plebeia (Fischer, 1868). Miranda parceling and green areas of Cumaná city, Sucre Municipal District, Sucre State, 23/06/2016. Credit: Francisco José Marval

Figure 4.- Caribbean leatherleaf slug VERONICELLIDAE cf. Veronicella sloanei (Cuvier, 1817). Green areas of Cumaná city, Sucre Municipal District, Sucre State, 01/07/2017. Credit: Francisco José Marval

PULMONATA Cuvier, 1817 Schmidt, 1856 Family BULIMULIDAE Tryon, 1896 Seven (7) species checked. Ref.: Baker (1926); Breure & Ablett (2011); Bello-Pulido & Agudo- Padrón (2019): Bulimulus cacticolus (Reeve, 1849), Bulimulus krebsianus Pilsbry, 1897, Drymaeus cf. laticinctus (Guppy, 1868) (Figs. 5 & 7), Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) multilineatus (Say, 1825), Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) trigonostomus (Jonas, 1844) (Fig. 6), Mesembrinus cf. nigrofasciatum Pfeiffer, 1846, Mesembrinus (- Drymaeus) cf. menkei (Gruner, 1841)

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Figure 5.- Caribbean forest snail BULIMULIDAE Drymaeus cf. laticinctus (Guppy, 1868). The similar Neotropical species are Drymaeus sallei Pilsbry, 1899 & Drymaeus sulphureus (Pfeiffer, 1846). Quebrada La Soledad, Guaranache(I), Mochima National Park, Sucre Municipal District, Sucre State, 02/11/2019. Credit: Jesús Antonio Bello-Pulido

Figure 6.- Neotropical forest snail BULIMULIDAE Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) trigonostomus (Jonas, 1844) = Breure & Ablett (2011) quoting how Drymaeus (Drymaeus) trigonostomus (Jonas, 1844). “White” morphotype (left photo): Monte Oscuro, Turimiquire Massif, Ezequiel Zamora (Punta Mata) Municipal District, neighbor Monagas State, 23/06/2016. Credit: Francisco José Marval ; “Colorful” morphotype (right photo): Guáquira Farm, Nirgua Massif, West Central Venezuela in Yaracuy State, 23/06/2016. Credit: Alfredo S. Tójar, across of Francisco José Marval

Family ORTHALICIDAE Albers, 1860 Four (4) species checked. Ref.: Baker (1926); Simone (2006); Bello-Pulido & Agudo-Padrón (2019): Orthalicus (- Oxystyla) abductus (Shuttleworth, 1856), Orthalicus (- Oxystyla) maracaibensis (Pfeiffer, 1856), Orthalicus prototypus Pilsbry, 1899, Orthalicus pulchellus (Spix, 1827) (Fig. 8)

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Figure 7.- Caribbean forest snail BULIMULIDAE Drymaeus sp. (in determination process), probable young specimen of Drymaeus cf. laticinctus (Guppy, 1868) (see Fig. 5). Nurucual, Mochima National Park, Sucre Municipal District, Sucre State, 07/12/2019. Credit: Jesús Antonio Bello-Pulido

Figure 8.- Neotropical forest snail ORTHALICIDAE Orthalicus pulchellus (Spix, 1827). Güirintal, Bolívar Municipal District, Sucre State, 03/05/2017. Credit: Jesús Antonio Bello-Pulido

Family AMPHIBULIMIDAE Fischer, 1873 Six (6) species checked. Refs.: Baker (1926); Simone (2006); Breure (2011); Borrero & Breure (2011); Breure & Ablett (2011); Bello-Pulido & Agudo-Padrón (2019): Dryptus funckii (Nyst, 1843), Dryptus pardalis (Férussac, 1821), Plekocheilus (- Eurytus) sp (in determination process) (Fig. 9), Plekocheilus (P.) fulminans (Nyst, 1843), Plekocheilus (Eudolichotis) aurissciuri Guppy, 1866 = Simone (2006: 150-Fig. 507) quoting how Eudolichotis aurissciuri (Guppy, 1866) (Fig. 10), Plekocheilus (Eudolichotis) distortus (Bruguière, 1789)

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Figure 9.- Neotropical forest snail AMPHIBULIMIDAE Plekocheilus (- Eurytus) sp. (young specimen, in determination process). An comparative Neotropical species is Plekocheilus (- Eurytus) fusitorsus Oberwimmer, 1931, form restricted to the highlands (tepuys region) of South Venezuela (Simone 2006: 152-Fig. 513; Breure 2019). Guaranache(II), Montes Municipal District, Sucre State, 07/07/2019. Credit: Jesús Antonio Bello-Pulido

Figure 10.- Morphotypes of Neotropical forest snails AMPHIBULIMIDAE Plekocheilus (Eurytus) aurissciuri Guppy, 1866 = Simone (2006: 150-Fig. 507) quoting how Eudolichotis aurissciuri (Guppy, 1866). San Juan (upper photos) & Nurucual, Mochima National Park (below photo), Sucre Municipal District, Sucre State, 03-06/01/2017 & 19/01/2020 simultaneously. Credits: Jesús Antonio Bello-Pulido

Family ODONTOSTOMIDAE Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1898 Two (2) species checked. Ref.: Bello-Pulido & Agudo-Padrón (2019):

Biotocus (- Tomigerus) cumingii (Pfeiffer, 1849), Tomigerus cf. clausus Spix, 1827 Family SIMPULOPSIDAE Schileyko, 1999 Two (2) species checked. Ref.: Bello-Pulido & Agudo-Padrón (2019):

Rhinus constrictus (Pfeiffer, 1841), Rhinus cf. rochai (Baker, 1913) ~ namesake Rhinus suturalis (Baker, 1914) (Fig. 11)

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Figure 11.- Neotropical forest snail SIMPULOPSIDAE Rhinus cf. rochai (Baker, 1913). Cerros Azules, Guayacán, Chacopata Parish, Cruz Salmerón Acosta Municipal District, Sucre State, 07/01/2017. Credit: Jesús Antonio Bello- Pulido

Family STROPHOCHEILIDAE Thiele, 1926

One (1) species checked. Refs.: Baker (1926); Bello-Pulido & Agudo-Padrón (2019):

Megalobulimus oblongus (Müller, 1774)

Family AGRIOLIMACIDAE H. Wagner, 1935

One (1) species checked. Refs.: Valera (1982); Thomé et al. (2006):

Deroceras laeve (Müller, 1774)

Family PHYLOMICIDAE Keferstein, 1866

Two (2) species checked. Refs.: Tsai et al. (2005); Gomes et al. (2011)

Meghimatium sp. (in determination process) (Fig. 12), Pallifera cf. hemphilli (W.G. Binney, 1885) (Fig. 13)

Figure 12.- Exotic forest slug PHYLOMICIDAE Meghimatium sp. Las Chorreras, Guaranache(I), Mochima National Park, Sucre Municipal District, Sucre State, 08/12/2018. Credit: Francisco Jose Marval

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Figure 13.- Exotic forest slug PHYLOMICIDAE Pallifera cf. hemphilli (W.G. Binney, 1885). Pajaral river basin, Caripe del Guácharo Municipal District, neighbor Monagas State, 02/04/2017. Credit: Luis Martínez

Family CAMAENIDAE Pilsbry, 1895 One (1) species checked. Ref.: Thomé et al. (2006): Bradybaena similaris (Férussac, 1821)

Family STREPTAXIDAE Gray, 1860 One (1) species checked. Ref.: Simone (2006): Streptartemon deformis (Férussac, 1821)

Family FERUSSACIIDAE Bourguignat, 1883 One (1) species checked. Refs.: Baker (1925); Simone (2006): Karolus (- Cecilloides) consobrinus (d’Orbigny, 1841)

Family ACHATINIDAE Swainson, 1840 Seven (7) species checked. Ref.: Baker (1927); Martinez-Escarbassiere et al. (2008); Peralta (2015); Salazar et al. (2018); Bello-Pulido & Agudo-Padrón (2019):

Lissachatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822), Allopeas micra (d’Orbigny, 1835), Beckianum beckianum (Pfeiffer, 1846), Leptinaria concentrica (Reeve, 1849), Leptinaria lamellata (Potiez & Michaud, 1838), Stenogyra octogyra (Pfeiffer, 1856), Subulina octona (Bruguière, 1798)

Family Pilsbry, 1898 (1868) One (1) species checked. Ref.: Baker (1927): Brachypodella hanleyana (Pfeiffer, 1847)

Family THYSANOPHORIDAE Pilsbry, 1926 Two (2) species checked. Ref.: Baker (1926): Lyroconus plagioptycha (Shuttleworth, 1854), Thysanophora (Thysanophora) canalis cariacoensis Pilsbry, 1926

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Family SOLAROPSIDAE H. Nordsieck, 1986 One (1) species checked. Ref.: Simone (2006): Solaropsis sp. (in determination process) (Fig. 14)

Figura 14.- Native forest snail SOLAROPSIDAE Solaropsis sp. (subfossil specimen in determination process). Nuestra Señora del Valle Collegue, Cumaná city, Sucre Municipal District, Sucre State, 27/09/2017. Credit: Francisco José Marval

3 DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS In general terms, specific studies on the non-marine malacofauna (mollusc fauna) occurring in the geographic territory of the Venezuelan State of Sucre and adjacent neighboring areas are scattered, very scarce and punctual, to the point that a consolidated comprehensive inventory of its known species, hardly from the limnic/ freshwater forms (Agudo-Padrón 2020 a, b). Thus, on this occasion, an initial approach to the comprehensive knowledge of the land (terrestrial & arboreal) species presents into this continental environment (see Table 1) was carried out, preliminarily inventorying/ relating a total of 44 forms throughout the present communication (39 snails ~ predominating the Families BULIMULIDAE & ACHATINIDAE, with seven (7) registered nominal species each one & five (5) slug forms), taxonomically included all in 31 genera and 18 families, a modest starting point for the incentive of future regional contributions in this field.

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Table 1.- Land/ species presents in the Sucre State territory and adjacent neighboring areas, Northeast Venezuela, Continental Southern Caribbean. Ref.: Archive/ DataBase Project AM ______GASTROPODA Cuvier, 1795

CAENOGASTROPODA Cox, 1960

Family HELICINIDAE Férussac, 1822

Helicina tamsiana Pfeiffer, 1850

Helicina sp (in determination process)

Family NEOCYCLOTIDAE Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1897

Austrocyclotus stramineus (Reeve, 1843)

Poteria fasciatum (Kobelt, 1912)

GYMNOPHILA Baker, 1955

SOLEOLIFERA Simroth, 1890

Family VERONICELLIDAE Gray, 1840

Sarasinula plebeia (Fischer, 1868)

Veronicella sloanei (Cuvier, 1817)

PULMONATA Cuvier, 1817

STYLOMMATOPHORA Schmidt, 1856

Family BULIMULIDAE Tryon, 1896

Bulimulus cacticolus (Reeve, 1849)

Bulimulus krebsianus Pilsbry, 1897

Drymaeus cf. laticinctus (Guppy, 1868)

Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) multilineatus (Say, 1825)

Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) trigonostomus (Jonas, 1844)

Mesembrinus cf. nigrofasciatum Pfeiffer, 1846

Mesembrinus (- Drymaeus) cf. menkei (Gruner, 1841)

Family ORTHALICIDAE Albers, 1860

Orthalicus (- Oxystyla) abductus (Shuttleworth, 1856)

Orthalicus (- Oxystyla) maracaibensis (Pfeiffer, 1856)

Orthalicus prototypus Pilsbry, 1899

Orthalicus pulchellus (Spix, 1827)

Family AMPHIBULIMIDAE Fischer, 1873

Dryptus funckii (Nyst, 1843)

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Dryptus pardalis (Férussac, 1821)

Plekocheilus (- Eurytus) sp

Plekocheilus (P.) fulminans (Nyst, 1843)

Plekocheilus (Eudolichotis) aurissciuri Guppy, 1866

Family ODONTOSTOMIDAE Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1898

Biotocus (- Tomigerus) cumingii (Pfeiffer, 1849)

Tomigerus cf. clausus Spix, 1827

Family SIMPULOPSIDAE Schileyko, 1999

Rhinus constrictus (Pfeiffer, 1841)

Rhinus cf. rochai (Baker, 1913)

Family STROPHOCHEILIDAE Thiele, 1926

Megalobulimus oblongus (Müller, 1774)

Family AGRIOLIMACIDAE H. Wagner, 1935

Deroceras laeve (Müller, 1774)

Family PHYLOMICIDAE Keferstein, 1866

Meghimatium sp. (in determination process)

Pallifera cf. hemphilli (W.G. Binney, 1885)

Family CAMAENIDAE Pilsbry, 1895

Bradybaena similaris (Férussac, 1821)

Family STREPTAXIDAE Gray, 1860

Streptartemon deformis (Férussac, 1821)

Family FERUSSACIIDAE Bourguignat, 1883

Karolus (- Cecilloides) consobrinus (d’Orbigny, 1841)

Family ACHATINIDAE Swainson, 1840

Lissachatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822)

Allopeas micra (d’Orbigny, 1835)

Beckianum beckianum (Pfeiffer, 1846)

Leptinaria concentrica (Reeve, 1849)

Leptinaria lamellata (Potiez & Michaud, 1838)

Stenogyra octogyra (Pfeiffer, 1856)

Subulina octona (Bruguière, 1798)

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Family UROCOPTIDAE Pilsbry, 1898 (1868)

Brachypodella hanleyana (Pfeiffer, 1847)

Family THYSANOPHORIDAE Pilsbry, 1926

Lyroconus plagioptycha (Shuttleworth, 1854)

Thysanophora (Thysanophora) canalis cariacoensis Pilsbry, 1926

Family SOLAROPSIDAE H. Nordsieck, 1986

Solaropsis sp. (in determination process)

______

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REFERENCES

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Thomé, J.W.; Gomes, S.R. & Picanço, J.B. 2006. Guia ilustrado: Os caracóis e as lesmas dos nossos bosques e jardins. Pelotas/ RS: USEB, 123 p. Tsai, C-L.; Lin, H-H. & Wu, S-K. 2005. Comparison of four Philomycid slugs (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Philomycidae) of Taiwan. 特有生物研究 , 7(2): 41-49. Available online at: https://web.archive.org/web/20110830165427/http://tesri.coa.gov.tw/files/tesri_protect/128/07020 4.pdf Valera., J.F. de 1982. Contribución al conocimiento de las babosas y sietecueros (Mollusca: Gastropoda) que causan daños a la agricultura em Venezuela. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia/ UCV, 12(3-4): 353-386.

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