FOREIGN TOURISTS' RESPONSES TOWARDS STRUCTURAL FACILITIES IN : A FIELD STUDY Dr. Md. Hafiz Uddin Bhuiyan*

ABSTRACT

There has been a great opportunity of tourism industry in Bangladesh. However, the achievements since long 44 years in our country are not considerable. The present study tries to identify the attitudes of foreign tourists towards transportation, accommodation, restaurant facilities, spots' management system, and visa collection system and immigration formalities of Bangladesh. The study is an empirical effort based on primary data. For collecting data, 50 foreign tourists were selected random- ly from five famous tourist spot (Cox's bazar-10; -10; Moinamoti-10; Mahastanghar-10 and Foy’s lake-10). Among the selected 50 foreign tourists 05 were European; 05 American; 10 from far Eastern countries; 20 from South Asian countries and 10 from Middle Eastern countries. Tourism sector is very important to world economy. The total contribution of this sector in 2014 to GDP of Bangladesh was USD 8.1billion. While in the same year, this contribution to Indian GDP was USD 125.2 billion and thn contribution in 2014 to Malaysian GDP was USD 49.2 billion, and in Nepal it was USD 1.8 billion. Here, it is to be noted that this industry has not only been developed in the countries like Malaysia, Turkey, Singapore etc. but also it is developed in the countries like , Nepal, Bhutan etc.. Though like Bangladesh these countries have not achieved a lot of success regarding infrastruc- ture and modern facilities. Key Words: Tourism, Transportation, Accommodation Hotel, Restaurant, Immigra- tion, Visa Collection.

1. INTRODUCTION

In today‘s world, tourism is a multi-billion dollar business sector in many countries. For many developing countries it is considered to be one of the funda- mental pillars of economic development (Mondal, 2001). Bangladesh is a country of South Asian region holding a high potentiality of tourism industry. Bangladesh possesses attractive tourists’ attractions such as Beaches, Archaeological sites, Hills and Islands, Historical Places, Religious places, Forests and Wild life etc. It has 75 miles long straight sandy sea beach at Cox’s Bazar. This type of smooth and straight sea beach is hardly seen in any place of the world. Bangladesh has peculiar tribal people having their unique way of life in the hilly regions. The country is also rich in ancient history. Many famous monuments, archaeological and historical places are testifying the past of glorious civilization of Bangladesh. The , and the Foy’s lake in are also attractive tourist spots in Bangladesh. More- over, Bangladesh is full of attraction of rural tourism. Tourists can enjoy the villages

* Associate Professor, Department of Management, Kabi Nazrul Govt. College, . 65 Page Green University Review of Social Sciences, Volume 02, Issue 01, June-2015

and the simple life pattern of the villagers. Despite many prospects, the tourism industry in Bangladesh remains neglected for a long time. At present her position is not significant in terms of international tourism market. Because, the industry has been suffering numerous problems such as lack of security and safety, lack of well communications and transportation, lack of enough hotels, motels and restaurants, lack of proper management of tourist spots etc. (Bhuyian, 2010).

These problems could be termed as lack of structural facilities to tourism (Brown, 1998). In the absence of enough structural facilities, no tourism industry could achieve substantial development.1 Well structural facilities could encourage tourists of home and abroad. Foreign tourists are usually more careful about struc- tural facilities (Kadt, 2002).

Tourism can be a major catalyst for economic and social development because it could (a) generate jobs, particularly in countries plagued by unemploy- ment; (b) provide foreign exchange (Armstrong and Francis 1994);2 (c) generate taxes and other indirect revenues for government; (d) stimulate activity in the agriculture, industry, and commercial sector of the economy that come into contact, directly and indirectly, with the tourism industry (Alleyne and Brown, 1974),3 and (e) foster foreign and local investment and capital formation. So, this sector demands a number of studies.4

The scope of the study is covering the reactions of foreign tourists on Bangladesh transportation system, accommodation facilities, restaurant facilities, management of tourist spots in Bangladesh, Bangladeshi visa collection system, immigration formalities of Bangladesh. The present study has made an attempt to evaluate the opinions of foreign tourists regarding structural facilities of tourism industry in Bangladesh.

2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Tourism has become a very important and dynamic sector in the world economy.5 For the last two decades it flourished very fast in the developing coun- tries (Bhuiyan, 2010). Bangladesh is trying to develop this industry relentlessly since its liberation but development level is not satisfactory and parallel to neighboring countries.6

Bangladesh has not yet got a better position in this industry after 40 years, though Bangladesh got all the potentials to flourish tourism. Bangladesh has partly failed to introduce her as a tourist destination in the international tourist market.7 In

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2013 Bangladesh received only 3.25 lacs of foreign tourists of which more than 72 percent came for business and official purposes (BPC, 2013). The GDP contribution from the earnings of tourism is less than 1 percent (BPC, 2013). In the year 2014, we did not see any notable changes. So, it is clear that there are discrepancies in the degree of initiatives to attract tourists.

For tourism development favourable structural facilities such as road, air and water communications, hotels, restaurants etc. are very important. If tourists get enough facilities in this connection tourists will decide to visit the country again and again.8 Foreign tourists’ generation is more important for a country, creating positive attitude to foreigners a country can generate foreign tourists. Immigration formalities, visa collection system, spot management techniques of a country are also vital issues for tourism development.9

In this circumstances, such questions are raised: what are the attitudes of foreign tourists toward transportation, accommodation, restaurant facilities, tourist spots' management, Bangladeshi visa collection system, immigration formalities of Bangladesh? Against this backdrop, the present study has under taken to achieve some objectives.

3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The general objective of the study is to focus on the overall condition of tourism industry in Bangladesh. The specific objectives of the paper are as follows: 1. to understand the opinion of foreign tourists regarding transportation, accommo- dation, restaurant facilities, tourist spot' management, Bangladeshi visa collection system and immigration formalities of Bangladesh; 2. to formulate recommendations for policy implications.

4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 4.1 SAMPLE SIZE

This study is on the basis of primary data. A total number of 50 foreign tourists were selected randomly from five (These sample five tourist spots were selected purposively on the basis of popularity, experts' opinion, previous studies) tourist spots (Cox's bazar—10; Kuakata—10; Moinamoti—10; Mahastanghar-10 and Foy’s lake-10) considering age, number of visits to Bangladesh and purpose of visit.

It is to be noted that foreigners under the age of 24, visiting Bangladesh for the first time and holding purpose other than recreation are avoided in the selection.

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These 50 foreign tourists constituted 05 belonging to European countries; 05 belong- ing to American countries; 10 belonging to far Easter countries; 20 belonging to SAARC countries (Because higher number of foreign tourists come to Bangladesh from SAARC countries) and 10 belonging to Middle East countries.

4.2. QUESTIONNAIRE USED

A structured and an unstructured questionnaire were prepared on the basis of literature review, experts' opinion and consulting prospective respondents. A pilot survey was done on 10 tentative respondents by using 10 questionnaire of each type to judge the appropriateness of the questionnaire. Here, it is to be noted that this pilot survey indicated, there were some confusing questions in the structured questionnaire. Then at least three confusing questions from that questionnaire were changed.

4.3. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

Structured and unstructured questionnaire had been used to collect data. In addition to this, some selected respondents were exclusively interviewed for in-depth analyses to strengthen the dimension of the study. Unstructured question- naire was used to take interview. Interviews were mainly taken when tourists were visiting spots. However, respondents were so free and frank that collection of infor- mation was not so hard. Structured questionnaire were supplied to hotel counter with a request letter. Then after five days those were collected from there. Data Analysis

The data collected through the field survey were analyzed by applying SPSS programme. Before analyzing, collected data were edited according to experts’ opinion. Then, those were tabulated in the form of analysis. In some cases only percentage and cross table analysis is done.

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Transportation Facilities from Dhaka to Various Tourist Spots:

Realizing the importance of transportation for tourism development, the present study tried to understand the perception of foreign tourists regarding trans- portation facilities in Bangladesh. Table-1 is showing the distribution of opinion of foreign tourists regarding transportation facilities for tourists.

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Table-1 : Demonstrating the Distribution of Opinion of Foreign Tourists Regarding Transportation Facilities in Bangladesh, N = 50 Opinions Frequency % Excellent 02 04 Good 05 10 Not good 35 70 Very bad 08 16 Total 50 100 Source: Field Survey

70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 10% 4% 70% 16% Good Excellent Not good Very bad

Figure-1: Reflecting the opinions of foreign tourists regarding transportation facili- ties in Bangladesh

Table-1 and figure 1 showing, 70% foreign tourists believe that transportation facili- ties in Bangladesh are not good; only 10% foreigners think, the transportation facili- ties in Bangladesh are good and 04% foreigners think, the transportation facilities in Bangladesh are excellent. Results showing in figure-1 and table-1 are alarming and very negative indication for tourism industry in Bangladesh because only 20% foreign tourists expressed their opinion in favour of the transportation facilities in Bangladesh. Continuing with this type of transportation Bangladesh could not expect ultimate success in tourism sector.

Transportation is the major consideration for a reputed tourism industry (Islam, 1994). Well transportation is a qualified precondition for tourism development (Hossain, 2003).10 All established tourist places are well linked by road, air and water (Young, 1992). So, well transportation could make forward a tourism industry gradually (Thenus, 2002).

After the liberation of Bangladesh transportation sector has developed a lot. But with a target of tourism this facilities are not increased. Because, still now a lot of

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touristically important places are suffering from lack of well transportation facilities (Bhuiyan, 2010) In this connection the present study like to mention the name of the spot Kuakata which could be very attractive tourist spot in Bangladesh and in the world. But it is not well connected by road or air transportation facilities.11

6. ACCOMMODATION FACILITIES IN BANGLADESH:

Understanding the importance of accommodation regarding tourism the present study made an attempt to know the feelings of foreign tourists in Bangla- desh about the accommodation facilities. Table-2: Demonstrating the Distribution of Opinion of Foreign Tourists Regarding Accommodation Facilities in Bangladesh, N = 50

Opinions Frequency % Excellent 02 04 Good 08 16 Not Good 25 50 Very bad 15 30 Total 50 1 00 Source: Field Survey

70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 4% 16% 50% 30% Good Excellent Not good Very bad

Figure-2: Reflecting the distribution of opinion of foreign tourists regarding accom- modation facilities in Bangladesh

Table-2 and figure-2 showing that 60% foreign tourists perceive accommo- dation facilities in Bangladesh are not good; 20% perceive accommodation facilities are very bad; 14% perceive accommodation facilities are good and only 6% foreign tourists perceive accommodation facilities in Bangladesh are excellent. Results in table-2 and figure-2 indicate that the present condition of accommodation facilities in Bangladesh is very bad. To develop tourism this sector should be brought under comprehensive development programme. Tourists should be ensured that they will

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get accommodation in their visiting places.

Temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours in the country visited are tourists. Since, tourism is sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non residents (Jud and Krause, 2002). Then tourism and accom- modation are closely related.12 How could the stay be safe and sound without suffi- cient accommodation facilities?

People’s safe accommodation in outside the residence depends upon over- all social, law and order situation. In this connection achievement of Bangladesh is not a lot (Hasan, 2001). This opinion proves Bangladesh has to do more for the development of law and order situation for the sake of tourism. If overall law and order situation is improved then tourists will stay and move freely without any fear.

7. RESTAURANT FACILITIES IN BANGLADESH

Restaurant facilities are very important for tourists. Tourists stay out side their residences for a lot of time. At that time they have to take meals in various restaurants (Rao, 1986).13 In this backdrop, the present study has taken a step to evaluate the opinion of foreign tourists regarding restaurant facilities in Bangla- desh. These opinions are shown in table-3.

Table-3: Demonstrating the Opinions of Foreign Tourists Regarding Restaurant Facilities in Bangladesh, N = 50 Opinions Frequency % Excellent 02 04 Good 08 16 Not Good 25 50 Very bad 15 30 Total 50 100 Source: Field Survey

70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 4% 16% 50% 30% Good Excellent Not good Very bad

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Figure-3: Reflecting the opinions of foreign tourists regarding restaurant facilities in Bangladesh.

Table-3 and figure-3 showing, 50% foreign tourists think that the restaurant facilities in Bangladesh are not good; 30% foreign tourists think that the restaurant facilities in Bangladesh are quiet bad; 16% think the restaurant facilities in Bangla- desh are fairly good and only 4% respondents said that the restaurant facilities in Bangladesh are rather very good. Results regarding restaurant facilities are also alarming for tourism development. Without changing the situation the develop- ment of tourism could not flourish.

If standard restaurant facilities were not build up in city or in a location, tourist attraction could not be there. In major tourist places in Bangladesh restaurant facilities are not expanded up to that level to be compared with those in famous tourist places in the world.

Tourist concept always allowed persons to stay out side their residences and to take meals in hotels and restaurants. These meals should be favourable to health. If tourists become ill after taking meals or if S/he do not get sound facilities for taking meals then overall tourism concept will be a failure. However, the situa- tion of Bangladesh in this regard is not favourable. Restaurant facilities in cities, towns and tourist spots did not get sophisticated shape in Bangladesh.

8. MANAGEMENT OF TOURIST SPOTS

The present study carefully investigated management of tourist spots in Bangladesh. In this connection, the study collected the opinions of foreign tourists. Table-4 showing the opinions of foreign tourists regarding management of tourist spots in Bangladesh.

Table-4 : Demonstrating the Distribution of Opinions of Foreign Tourists Regarding Management of Tourist Spots in Bangladesh, N = 50

Opinions Frequency % Excellent 02 04 Good 04 08 Not good 27 54 Very bad 17 34 Total 50 100% Source : Field Survey

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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 8% 54% 34% 20 Good Not good Very bad Excellent

Figure-4 : Reflecting the distribution of opinions of Foreign Tourists regarding management of Tourist Spots in Bangladesh

Table-4 and figure-4 showing, 54% foreign tourists opined that the manage- ment of tourist spots in Bangladesh is not good; 34% perceived it as very bad; on the other hand only 8% and 4% perceived it as good and excellent respectively. The experience of investigation into spots management in Bangladesh is not nice and like many other sectors of economy the success level is not high. So, for the sake of tourism and overall economy tourist spots management should be updated and sustainable.

Proper arrangement and conducting well management of tourist spots always play a positive role for the advancement of tourism. Mismanagement in many tourist spots in Nepal are reducing a lot of income for the country. It is work- ing just like a cancer for Napal's tourism. Similarly mismanagement also attacking Bangladesh tourism. Among other problems, mismanagement of tourist spots is seriously damaging the image of Bangladesh tourism. In a research suggested to reduce mismanagement for the develoment of tourism.

9. BANGLADESHI VISA COLLECTION SYSTEM

Investigation is done on Bangladeshi visa collection system. The present study collected the opinions of foreign tourists regarding Bangladeshi visa collec- tion system. Table-5 showing the opinions.

Table-5 : Demonstrating the Opinions of Foreign Tourists Regarding Bangladeshi Visa Collection System, N = 50 Opinions Frequency % Very Easy 30 60 Easy 15 30 Not easy 03 06 Difficult 02 04 Total 50 100 Source : Field Survey

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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 30% 60% 6 4 Easy Very easy Not easy Difficult

Figure-5 : Reflecting the opinions of foreign tourists regarding Bangladeshi visa collection system

Table-5 and figure-5 indicate, 60% foreign tourists to Bangladesh think, Bangladeshi visa collection is very easy; 30% think easy; 06% think not easy and only 04% foreign tourists think Bangladesh visa collection is difficult. Information regarding Bangladeshi visa collection system made us happy that this issue is very much positive for attracting foreign tourists for Bangladesh. Only 10% tourists expressed adverse opinion. If officials become careful this silly adverseness will be over.

Visa is an entry right to a country. This entry ticket collection should be easy and prompt for the development of tourism (Ladman, 2000).14 A cordial, easy and well organised visa collection system could make forward a country's tourism (Olokesusi, 1989).15

Immigration Formalities in the Land and Air ports of Bangladesh

The present study investigated immigration formalities in the ports of Bangladesh. In this connection, opinions of foreign tourists are presented in the table-6.

Table-6 : Demonstrating the Distribution of the Opinions of the ForeignTourists Regarding Immigration Formalities in the Land and Air ports of Bangladesh, N = 50 Opinions Frequency % Very easy 10 20 Easy 19 38 Not easy 15 30 Difficult 06 12 Total 50 100% Source : Field Survey

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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 38% 20% 30% 12 Easy Very easy Not easy Difficult

Figure-6 : Reflecting the distribution of the opinions of the foreign tourists regarding immigration formalities in the land and air ports of Bangladesh

Table-6 and figure-6 confirm, 38% foreign tourists in Bangladesh believe that immigration formalities in the entrance of Bangladesh is easy; 30% believe, not easy; 20% believe, very easy and only 12% foreign tourists believe that immigration formalities in the entrance of Bangladesh is difficult. These results are definitely positive signs for Bangladesh tourism because only 12% foreign tourists are taking immigration formalities in the land and airports of Bangladesh negatively. This positiveness could be increased by initiating more attentive managerial measures. Immigration formalities for a foreigner to a country is a must. These formalities are the first hospitality to a visitor from a country (Olokesusi, 1989).16 First of all, immi- gration formalities represent a country.

Visitors get an image of a country when they pass immigration (Jud, 2002). For attracting foreign tourists immigration formalities and the environment of ports should be sound (Kadt, 2002).17

10. CONCLUSION

The present study expected unbaised opinion and co-operation from the foreign tourists. We are strongly satisfied that they have extended their hearty co-operation through unbaised and frank opinion. The study found that found, 86% foreign tourists believe transportation in Bangladesh is not good; 80% believe, accommodation facilities in Bangladesh is not good; 80% foreign tourists believe that restaurant facilities in Bangladesh is not enough; 88% foreign tourists think that tourist spots management in Bangladesh is not proper; 90% foreign tourists opined that the visa collection system of Bangladesh is easy; 58% foreign tourists believe that immigration formalities of Bangladesh are easy.

The achievement of the study could be useful guide line for policy implica- tions. Foreign tourists' reactions toward transportation, accommodation, restaurant

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facilities and tourist spots' management in Bangladesh are not satisfactory, though Bangladesh possesses a vast potentiality with the largest sea beach in the world. Side by side, foreign tourists showed positive attitude toward Bangladeshi visa collection system and immigration formalities in the land and airports of Bangla- desh. Transportation, accommodation, restaurant facilities, mismanagement in spots are the major drawbacks of Bangladesh tourism.

Government should take comprehensive programs to resolve these prob- lems in phases to give the institutional shape of Bangladesh tourism industry. Developing tourist spots and avoiding mismanagement government could attract more foreign tourists for Bangladesh.

If above mentioned draw backs are overcome and following steps are taken Bangladesh tourism industry could get a status. The steps that can be taken to improve the tourism sector of Bangladesh are: (i) government should take a massive programme to develop transportation from the tourism point of view. Public-private partnership (PPP) concept could be encour- aged in this connection. (ii) Accommodation is a vital part of tourism. Foreign tourists in Bangladesh did not feel accommodation facilities in Bangladesh are enough and comfortable. So, more residential hotels could be established under public and private sectors to enhance accommodation facilities in famous tourist spots in Bangladesh. (iii) Restaurant facilities are part and parcel of tourism industry. But it is a matter of great regret that foreign tourists in Bangladesh identified restaurant facilities as another barrier to tourism development. So, this sector should be developed for the welfare of tourism. In this connection, training facilities could be expanded to establish and manage restaurants. Foreign experts could be brought to run updated training programs. (iv) Tourist spots management is an important issue for tourism development. Well spot management could ensure more amusement for the tourists of home and abroad. (v) In this connection, experts from touristically developed countries may also play positive role. At the same time, tourist spots of Bangladesh could be equipped with the equipments available in internationally developed tourist spots. (vi) As a part of a comprehensive tourism development programme, a number of tourist spots could be developed at international level quickly for rapid earning of foreign exchange. (vii) Tourism development demands a huge investment. At present the govern- ment of Bangladesh may not be capable to invest a sizable amount of capital directly for tourism development. Thats why, foreign investment could be encouraged to develop some tourist spots like Cox's Bazar, Kuakata and some other places. The Sundarbans also could be brought under this plan to develop as one of the most popular tourist zone in the world. 76 Page Foreign Tourists' Responses Towards Tourism Structural Facilities in Bangladesh: A Field Study

Endnotes

1. Ascher, F., 1985, “Tourism : International Co-operations and Cultural Identities”, UNESCO. 2. Alleyne, F. B., (1974), The Expansion of Tourism and Its Concomitant Unrealized Potential for Agriculture Development in the Barbadian economy, Proceedings of the Ninth West Indies Agricultural Economics Conference, Kingston, Jamaica, 3-6 April 1974,pp. 143-152. 3. Armstrong, D.S. and Francis, A. A., (1994), Structural Analyses of the Barbados Economy, 1968, with an Application to the tourist industry, Social and Economic Studies, 23,pp.493-520. 4. Brown, H., (1998), Impact of Tourism Industries on the Agricultural Sectors: the Competition for Resources and the Market for Food Provided by Tourism — the Case of Jamaica, Proceedings of the Ninth West Indies Agricultural Economics Conference, Kingston, Jamaica, ApriI1974,pp.l29-142. 5. Erbes, R., 1973, "International Tourism and The Economy of Developing Coun- tries," Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris. 6. Hasan, M.M. R., 2001, “Tourism: The Unexplored Gold Mine of Bangladesh”, Holiday, September 21. 7. Jones, H., (1998), Tourism and development: Recent Barbados Experience, Town and Country Planning, 44, pp.351-355. 8. Kale.S.H. and Weir, (1990), Marketing, Third World Countries to the Western Traveler: The Case of India, Journal of Travel Research, Vol.xxv(2)pp.2-7. 9. Kalel, (1985), Tourism and Third World countries, Journal of Travel Research vol-xxxxi, P-18-20. 10. Mondal, M.A.L., (2001), Development of Tourism in Bangladesh, Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation, P. 19-20. 11. Rahman, M. M., (2004), Prospects of Tourism Industry in Bangladesh, The Finan- cial Express, September 27, PP.9. 12. Rahman, M., 1996, “Boosting Tourism”, The Bangladesh Observer, January 02. 13. Theuns,H.L., (2002), International Tourism in Developing Countries: Conditions and Effects, The Tourist Review,28,pp. 109-1 15. 14. World Tourism Organization, 2010, “Tourism 2020 Vision”, Intra Regional and Long Haul Flows, Vol. 6, South Asia. 15. World Bank Staff Working Paper, 1979, “ocial and Cultural Dimensions of Tour- ism” No. 326. 16. WTO Commission For South Asia, 1999, “Presentation of the Updated Conclu- sions and Recommendations of Tourism 2020”, Vision Study for South Asia. 17. Young, R.C., (1992), The Structural Context of the Caribbean Tourist Industry, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 25,pp. 57-72

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