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Surficial Geology of Anchorage and Vicinity Alaska

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Surficial Geology of Anchorage and Vicinity Alaska GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1093 5urficial Geology of Anchorage and Vicinity Alaska By ROBERT D. MILLER and ERNEST DOBROVOLNY 3EOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1093 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1959 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director The U.S. Geological Survey Library has cataloged this publication as follows: Miller, Robert David, 1922- Surficial geology of Anchorage and vicinity, Alaska, by Eobert D. Miller and Ernest Dobrovolny. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1959. v, 129 p. illus., map, diagrs., tables. 24 cm. (U.S. Geological Survey. Bulletin 1093) Part of illustrative matter folded in pocket. Bibliography: p. 122-125. 1. Geology Alaska Anchorage area. I. Dobrovolny, Ernest, 1912- joint author. II. Title. (Series) For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. CONTENTS Page Abstract__ _____________-_____________-_-__--_-______------_--_-- 1 Introduction.________--__---__-__-____--_--_--_-_---_--_--_----__-. 2 Location and accessibility._____________-__-_____-__--__-_-_.._____-- 3 Present investigation...._-__---_________-_-------______-_-__-_--_ 3 Acknowledgments.___-__-_--___-_______-_--_--_-_--__-__--_-_____- 4 Geography_ ______._._____-___._____-_____.--_-______._--________ 4 Physiography.____-___--_________-_--_------__--_-_--_..-__--__ 4 Soils and vegetation-_____________-_-___--__--_____-_-_________ 6> Climate._________-_----___-_-__-__-__------___-_-_---_-___-_- T Pre-Quaternary rocks______________________________________________ 8*- Pre-Cretaceous(?) rocks._______________________________________ 8- Tertiary rocks...___---_-_---_-___-.--_--._--_--___-------_--_. 10' Quaternary deposits___------_-_-__--_-_-----_---__--_-----__-__-__ 10) Pre-Wisconsin deposits.________________________________________ 10' Deposits of the Eklutna glaciation___________________________ 11 Deposits of the Knik glaciation_____-"______________________ 12 Stratigraphy of the Knik deposits.______________________ 12 Distribution __________________________________________ 14, Topography-_________________________________________ 14- Age and correlation.___________________________________ 15 Advance outwash____________________________________ 17 Lateral moraine_-______--__-__----_-__________________ 21 1 Ground moraine_____________________________________ 23 Delta deposits______________________________________ 26 Prodelta deposit_____________________________________ 34 Bootlegger Cove clay.________---_---___.______________ 35 Glaciofluvial ice-contact deposits_________________________ 48- Pitted outwash______________________________________ 52 Abandoned-channel deposits.-___-__________ ___________ 54 Wisconsin deposits__-_-___-______-___--_-_-_________.________ 56 Deposits of Naptowne glaciation-___------__________________ 56 Stratigraphy of the Naptowne deposits.__________________ 56 Topography--------___ ___------________-________ 56 Age and correlation________-_--_I______._______________ 57 Advance outwash____________________________________ 57 End moraine___.____________-__-______________________ 59 Ground moraine__________________-._______________.___ 61 Kame field and kame terrace deposits.___________________ 63 Pitted outwash______________________________________ 65 Outwash-. __ --_--_--._____________.___ 67 Abandoned-channel deposits___-_--_-___________________ 70 Silt-_-____-___-----___-------__-__-_-___-.-_______. 73 Pleistocene or Recent deposits____-_------____________-________ 75 Morainal deposits, undifferentiated__________________________ 75 Glacial drift, undiff erentiated- ______________________________ 76 Alluvial fan deposits-_______-___------_________,___________ 76 m IV CONTENTS Quaternary deposits Continued Page Recent deposits.______________________________________________ 78 Swamp deposits. _____ _____________________________________ 78 Dune sand___---_--____-_____-__-_-_______________________ 80 Estuarine silt.____________________________________________ 81 Alluvium___________--__--_______________________ 82 Loess. ____________________________________ 83 Geologic history_________________________________________________ 83 Glacial history. ...___.________________________ 83 Postglacial history . ._-. 87 Economic geology.___--_---____-__-_____--_____--________-_---.-_. 92 Mineral resources _-__-_____-___-_-_-___-_-___-_--__-_____-__ 92 Coal_______________________________.___ 92 Limestone ________________________________________________ 92 Peat______.____________________________________ 93 Marl_.____________----_-._-_______________________ 93 Water._____________._____________________ 93 Construction materials_________________________________________ 95 Brick clay___ ______________________________ 95 Riprap ___________________________________________________ 95 Crushed aggregate.._______________________________________ 96 Sand and gravel.-..__-_-_--__-__---__ ___-_____._._. 99 Fill-_---_-_----~---l----_-------- --------.--..-._.-.__.. 99 Ballast_____._____________._____________ 99 Soil binder_____________-_-._._____--_..--._.______ 99 Engineering problems.-__.-__----_-___.___-___-_-_-__-__-______ 99 Foundation conditions.--_-_-----_-_._-_--._-__.--_________ 99 Excavation. __ ._____________-_---_-__-__--___-_________ 103 Slumps and flows _______________________________________ 103 Drainage __-_-_-_-_-___-_-_-----__-----------__--------__- 107 Frost heave_______._____________-___--_-__-.___ 108 Well logs cited in text ___________________________________________ 111 References cited __. ... ._.--___________ 122 Index... - - ---- ------- ------- 127 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates 1-3,5,6, and 9 are in pocket] Page PLATE 1. Geologic map of Anchorage and vicinity, Alaska, 2. Perspective diagram showing physiographic setting of Anchor­ age, Alaska. 3. Interpretive sketch of glacial deposits along Knik Arm north of the Eagle River Flats. 4. A, Soled and striated greenstone boulder from till of Naptowne age. B, Delta deposits near Point Woronzof________Faces 30 5. Isometric diagram showing geology under part of the city of Anchorage, Alaska. 6. Isometric fence diagram showing the inferred extent of the Bootlegger Cove clay. CONTENTS V Page PLATE 7. A, Kame showing inclined bedding. B, Kame deposits showing folding and normal faulting of sand and gravel beds.________________.__.__ _ .Faces 31 8. A, Abandoned-channel deposits overlying pebbly till. B, Involutions in pitted outwash of Naptowne age____--Faces 66 9. Diagrammatic interpretation of the stratigraphic relationships between the Eklutna, Knik, and Naptowne deposits. 10. Slides and flows in Bootlegger Cove clay.-__-_____-___Faces 67 FIGURE 1. Temperature and precipitation ranges at Anchorage, Alaska, 1938-48 inclusive_________________._--.. 7 2. Tentative correlation of glacial events in the Anchorage area with glacial events in the Cook Inlet area__________________ 13 3. Comparative curves showing grain size of various clays_ _ 38 4. Erratic boulder in Bootlegger Cove clay____________________ 40 5. Relationship of outwash of Naptowne age to till of ground moraine of Knik age__._____________ 70 6. Positions of receding bluff line at Point Woronzof from 1909 to 1954___________________._____________________________ 90 7. Diagrammatic sketch showing relationship of ground-water movement to upper surface of Bootlegger Cove clay.______ 95 TABLES Page TABLE 1. Stratigraphic column showing Quaternary deposits around Anchorage, Alaska__-_________________________________. 12 2. X-ray analyses of clay samples showing materials in silt and clay fractions of each sample________________________ 42 3. Selected samples tested for various types of construction and as a bituminous aggregate____________________________ 97 4. Percentage of rock types, as determined by pebble count, in abandoned-channel deposits near Goose Lake, and outwash, both of Naptowne age, and in prodelta deposits of Knik age. _ 98 5. Mechanical analyses of selected samples____________________ 100 6. Records of earthquakes reported in Anchorage 1936-54____ 106 7. Relative susceptibility of geologic units in the Anchorage area to frost action_____________________________________ 109 By ROBERT D. MILLER and ERNEST DOBROVOLNY ABSTRACT Anchorage and vicinity cover parts of three quadrangles, the Anchorage .4-8, Anchorage B-8, and Tyonek A-l. Knik Arm bounds the area on the north­ west, Turnagain Arm bounds the area on the south, and the Chugach Moun­ tains bound the area on the east. The highest point in the area is 4,301 feet above mean sea level, just east of McHugh Peak in the southeastern part of the area. The altitude of the lowlands south of Anchorage ranges between 100 and 150 feet. Two areas of higher altitudes are the highland between Point Campbell and Point Woronzof where the altitude ranges between 150 and 300 feet, and the Elmendorf Moraine north of Anchorage where the altitude averages between 250 and 300 feet. Argillite, graywacke, and chert, as well as altered acidic and basic igneous rocks, constitute the greater part of the pre-Cretaceous(?) rocks in the Anchor­ age area. Metamorphosed limestone crops out in several small areas along Turnagain Arm. Surficial deposits in the Anchorage area are divisible into four main groups pre-Wisconsin, Wisconsin, Pleistocene or Recent, and Recent. They represent deposits of at least 3 of the 5 glaciers that invaded the Anchorage area, as well as lacustrine and alluvial deposits consequent
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