ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Biological Board of Canada

FOR THE YEAR

1935

LIBRARY FLUMES AND OCEANS BIBLIOTHÈQUE let.C.IIES ET OCÉANS

OTTAWA 1936 February, 1936. • The Honourable the Minister.of Fisheries, " . •

Sir, - - I have the honour to transmit herewith the Report of t.he Biological Board of Canada for the year 1935.

•I am, Sir, - Faithfully yours, A. T. CAMERON, Chairman. CONTENTS

PAGE Annual Report of the Biological Board of Canada 3 Appendix I. Report of the Atlantic Biological Station 7 Appendix II. Report of the Atlantic Fisheries Experimental Station 17 Appendix III. Report of the Pacific Biological Station 25 Appendix IV. Report of the Pacific Fisheries Experimental Station 37 Appendix V. Report of the Margaree Investigation 47 _ Appendix VI. Publications 49 Appendix VII. Personnel 56 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BIOLOGICAL BOARD OF CANADA FOR THE YEAR 1935

BY THE CHAIRMAN, A. T. CAMERON, WINNIPEG

It is my sad duty to chronicle in this Report the death on October 19th, 1935, of Dr. Archibald Patterson Knight, formerly Professor of Physiology and Animal Biology at Queen's University. Dr. Knight was a member of the Executive Committee of the Board from its original formation in 1898, and acted as Chair- man during the period 1920-25. The Executive has minuted the following appreciation of his work, which was prepared by Dr. J. P. McMurrich : "His earliest researches in connection with the work of the Board were on the pollution of waters by sawdust and other substances injurious to fish life. These were followed by an experimental study of the efficiency of various baits. Later he took up the problems of lobster hatching and lobster canning, revealing the futility of the methods of lobster hatching then in vogue and saving the expendi- ture of thousands of dollars by advising the abolition of the lobster hatcheries then in operation. The canneries, too, many of which he visited, profited greatly from his insistence on cleanliness and proper sterilization technique. Latterly he had become interested in fish culture in general and especially in that of the Brook Trout, these studies again leading to an advocacy of improvements in technique. "Dr. Knight was a clear thinker, clear and concise both in speech and writing, a close observer, and a consistent and vigorous advocate of all measures looking to the improvement of our fisheries. His interest in the fisheries was deep and lasted long after his retirement, indeed, practically until his death in • his eighty-sixth year." Dunng the past year two members of the Board, our youngest, and our oldest, have resigned -Professor A. F. Chaisson, who is transferring his activities to the sphere of medical practice, and Professor Philip Cox, who, at the age of 84, finds that his health compels him to relinquish his active interest and parti- cipation in the Board's work after an association lasting nearly forty years. It is my pleasurable duty to record the continued close co-operation between the Board and the Dei3artment, the faithful attendance of the Board's Executive and Sub-Executives to their duties, which, though honorary, involve much work and thought on each member, and the whole-hearted and loyal co-operation of the Board's officers. I would wish also to pay my personal tribute to the wise guidance we continue to receive from Mr. J. J. Cowie, the honorary Secretary- Treasurer, who, as Director of Fisheries in the Department, is able to give us facilities for the greatly increased executive duties which modern developments have automatically made a part of our work. The following is the list of Stations and Sub-stations at present operated by the Board:

ATLANTIC COAST St. Andrews, N.B. Atlantic Biological Station. Field work on sea-fishery and fish-cultural problems is carried out at many points in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and is controlled from this Station. Ellerslie, P.E.I. Biological Sub-station. Associated with the St. Andrews Station, and concerned especially with oyster culture. 4 Halifax, N.S. Atlantic Fisheries Experimental Station. Concerned with the handling and preservation of fish for food and the development of fish products other than food. (With this Station is associated the Eastern Passage Laboratory.)

PACIFIC COAST Departure Bay, B.C. Pacific Biological Station. Field work directed from this Station is carried out at numerous places in British Columbia and the adjacent waters. Cultus Lake, B.C. Biological Sub-station. Under direction of the Departure Bay Station, and immediately concerned with study of the propagation of sockeye salmon. McClinton Creek, Queen Charlotte Is., B.C. Biological Sub-station. 1 • Under direction of the Departure Bay Station, and immediately concerned with study of the propagation of "pink" salmon. Prince Rupert, B.C. Pacific Fisheries Experimental Station. Concerned with the handling and preservation of fish for food and the development of fish-products other than food.

It should perhaps be stressed that in many respects these Stations should be considered as constituted by the group of scientists connected with them, rather than by a group of buildings. Some problems can be brought to the buildings for study, but the majority also require an attack in the field. When such attack needs prolonged work a sub-sfation is established. For the work of the current year the sum of $186,000.00 was voted, and this has been allotted as follows:

St. Andrews Station and work associated therewith $43,730.00 Halifax Station and work associated therewith 39,300.00 Nanaimo Station and work associated therewith 48,610.00 Prince Rupert Station and work associated therewith 30,750.00 General Account . (including the Margaree investigation, and editorial and printing expenses) 23,610.00

In my last Report I stressed the cold fact that research costs money, and the larger the amount of money available for particular research problems, the greater is the chance of their solution, and of more rapid solution. For a number of years the Board has been faced with the problem of having greater demands made upon it by the Department and the Industry than the monies provided were adequate to meet, so that selection of work became essential, while more recently even greater selection has seemed necessary to permit greater concen- tration on individual problems and their more rapid solution. While endeavouring to carry to completion the various pieces of work already in progress, at the present time our Directors are canvassing the whole range of problems which may legitimately come within our duties, eliciting information from both Departmental officials and from the industry, and we hope that we will thereby be able to take a more far-sighted view than was hitherto possible, and to plan our work ahead for a period of several years. The problems of the Board concern the conservation, development, and administration of the fisheries. They are in part biological, concerned with the maintenance and increased production of stocks, and in part technical, concerned with the efficient processing of the catch and marketing of the product. In my Report for 1934 I outlined some of the successful work that the Board has achieved in the past few years. In this I wish to draw attention to some of the major accomplishments during 1935. Fuller accounts of these and record of other ' work will be found in the Appendices which follow. 5

RESULTS FROM THE BIOLOGICAL STATIONS The hydrography of the waters off the Nova Scotian Coast, that is, the study of their temperatures, salinities, and movements, has been continued and extended to a larger area, and over a longer period of the year. This study has shown a marked contrast in the conditions existing in 1934 and 1935. In the latter year much colder water prevailed generally. The movements of both cod and haddock were thereby affected in a manner which could be deduced from previous studies. As examples are the facts that the spring run of cod remained further off-shore; while abnormally large catches of haddock resulted from their -2 concentration in shallow in-shore areas. This year's results lend further support to the conclusion that a knowledge of hydrographie conditions will be of great value in controlling the catch of fish. Studies have been continued bearing on the conservation of the lobster, and particularly in connection with its early growth. These will be of importance in evaluating the success of reproduction under natural conditions, and, in con- junction with previous work, will afford an essential and valuable basis for that detailed study of the lobster problem which the Board hopes to carry out in the near future when funds are made available. A small scale experiment at the St. Andrews Station on the rearing of trout fry in artificially fertilized water has given considerable promise of success for this type of operation. Considerable assistance has been rendered to the Fish Culture Branch both in connection with the rearing of fish at hatcheries and with the experimental improvement of lake conditions. Coming now to western work, during 1935 the first stage of the experiment on cultivation of sock-eye salmon at Cultus Lake has been brought to completion, and the conclusion has been drawn that—with regard to this species—hatchery propagation is no more successful than natural propagation. In each case the loss during the early life-stages passed in fresh water is relatively enormous, due, apparently, to predaceous fish. It is hoped to prepare and publish in the very near future a bulletin dealing with the results of this very important 10-year experiment. The second stage has been started during the year, and consists of an endeavour to ascertain the effect on young salmon conservation of lessening the number of predaceous fish in this area. By arrangement with the Fish Culture Branch the Western Biological Station has taken over the direction of the Cowichan Lake Hatchery for trout and spring salmon. The experimental programme for study of hatchery condi- tions and methods, if adequate financial provision can be made for it, will, it is hoped, throw considetable light on hatchery practice in connection with sporting fishes, and may lead to valuable improvements. In order to assist the development of fish cultural management policies for certain areas in British Columbia and the Dominion Parks, surveys have been carried out, and specific recommendations are being prepared concerning the Cowichan River system, the Serpentine and Nicomekl rivers, Lake Okanagan, the lakes in Jasper Park, and Clear Lake in Riding Mountain Park. The first phase of the herring investigation has been completed, and evidence has been obtained of distinct populations in different areas in British Columbian waters; it has been shown that the yearly fluctuations in total population are related to predominance of fish spawned in particular years, and this obviously has an important bearing on the catch. THE MARGAREE INVESTIGATION Investigation of this important river in Cape Breton Island indicates that the poor angling in the last two years is due more to reduced river discharge than to such factors as poaching or excessive commercial netting. This conclusion suggests that correction of such a condition of poor angling must be through control of discharge, and it is hoped to test the truth of this theory experimentally. 6

RESULTS FROM THE EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS At Halifax an investigation is being carried on designed to increase the per capita consumption of fish in Canada, and especially of fresh and refrigerated fish, by an examination of fish as it actually reaches the public for consumption, and the rôle that its previous history plays in its actual state at this stage. A method has been established as a criterion of the freshness of fish, based upon the evolution of volatile bases from the flesh. This method is being applied to a study of the changing conditions of the fish which may occur during present practices in catching and stowing in transit to port, and of shore practices involved in transportation, storing and retailing, and permits an accurate scientific study of the whole problem. At Prince Rupert the vitamin survey of body and liver oils of Pacific Coast fishes has been considerably extended. In particular, the survey has covered the seasonal and yearly variations of vitamin D in pilchard oil, and the study of liver oils of such fishes as the halibut, cod, and skate, which are high in vitamin A content. Some attention has been paid to a comparison of vitamin A values in pilchard oils, as determined by chemical, physical, and biological procedures, with a :view to obtaining a commercial oil of more uniform vitamin content, for medicinal and stock-feeding purposes. The Station has participated in successful clinical studies designed to test the values of various blended oils. The preservation of frozen fish has been improved through the development of a new type of ice-glaze which incorporates a harmless substance with mildly antiseptic properties, and which produces a flexible glaze that does not crack easily, thus affording a marketable product of pleasing appearance. The pro- duction of this glaze is a good illustration of the application of purely physical researches on the properties of ices formed from dilute solutions. Methods already developed at this Station for the better protection and carriage of fresh fish in transit to port are being used on both coasts, to a steadily if slowly increasing extent.

The Reports of the Directors constitute the first five Appendices, the sixth consists of the list of 'papers published in 1935 dealing with the work at the different Stations, while lists of the staffs at the Stations, and of the Board itself are given in Appendix VII. 7

APPENDIX I REPORT OF THE ATLANTIC BIOLOGICAL STATION ST. ANDREWS, N.B. FOR 1935 BY A. H. LEM, DIRECTOR

INTRODUCTION

The following reportrconcerns the investigations of biological problems associated with the conservation and development of marine and fresh water fisheries of the Maritime provinces of Canada. In the solution of these problems work is carried on at the headquarters at St. Andrews, at a sub-Station, the Prince Edward Island Biological Station at Ellerslie, P.E.I., and in the field as the work may require. A seagoing vessel, the M.V. "Zoarces", is attached to the Station. During 1935 the work was mainly conducted by the full-time staff. A number of Research Assistants from the universities were engaged for nominal remuneration for short periods.

• INVESTIGATIONS HATCHING AND REARING OF TROUT AND SALMON This work is intended to assist the Fish Culture Branch of the Department of Fisheries in its fish cultural work and to develop new knowledge which may be used to improve present methods of hatching and rearing these species. One circular pond, which was completed at Tidal Cove in 1934, was used by Dr. M'Gonigle for rearing trout. Yearling fish were placed in it in November, 1934, and no difficulty was experienced in keeping them until the present time. They were fed and have made excellent growth and yielded on an average one thousand eggs per female when stripped in the fall of 1935. Circumstances pre- vented the completion of enough ponds to permit nutritive or pathological studies on trout to be carried on this year. An experiment conducted by Dr. M'Gonigle, using recirculited water for hatching trout and salmon eggs, was initiated in the fall of 1934 and continued into January, 1935, when the eggs all died. Improved filtering equipment or the provision of a supply of fresh water for "bleeding" in large amounts daily are necessary before resuming this investigation. As these requirements are not available and as the hatcheries have comparatively little difficulty in hatching eggs the matter is dropped for the present. Unusual difficulties in rearing fish were encountered at severa\ lof the hatcheries during the past summer and Dr. M'Gonigle was frequently called to investigate losses which were occurring. In the period from mid-May to the end of July he visited the Yarmouth, Middleton, Bedford and Florenceville hatcheries once, the Antigonish liatchery twice, the Kelly's pond hatchcry three tintes and the St. John hatchery even more frequently. The Director visited the Antigonish hatchery in connection with the outbreak of mortalities in July and at a later date the assistance of Dr. N. E. Gibbons of the Atlantic Fisheries Experimental Station staff was secured in an attempt to establish the cause of death. A type of bacteria is suspected of causing the disease but the causative organism could not be definitely isolated. Definite pronouncements as to the diseases or conditions responsible fcr losses at the other locations were possible with the exception of two hatcheries. 8 • Reports on the conditions found and recommendations, wherever possible, were made to the Fish Culture Branch. It is recognized, however, that in this field prevention of outbreaks rather than cure is probably the only satisfactory solution. At Kelly's Pond the deaths of fry were shown formerly to be associated with the dying of large masses of floating plant life in the water supply pond and a concurrent rise in the alkalinity of the water. Last spring Dr. M'Gonigle and Dr. Smith attempted to prevent the plant growth by treatment with copper sulphate. The result at first appeared to be favourable but in a short time the growth returned and the situation was not ultimately remedied. Other methods of control were then suggested but with the present drainage facilities at Kelly's Pond they could not be carried out properly. Dr. M'Gonigle has applied a mathematical formula to the available temper- ature data from the Maritime hatcheries which demonstrates the characteristics of any waters so far studied and the relation between the temperature data and the losses experienced by the hatchery is shown. Dr. Smith carried out an experiment as a continuation of his work on fertil- izing small ponds which demonstrated the value of such ponds for the rearing of trout. Three large concrete ponds were fertilized with small amounts of fish meal and a few weeks later trout fry were introduced. In one pond most of the fish died due to a lack of oxygen which was probably associated with the early fertilization. In the other two ponds over fifty per cent, of the fish survived and made excellent growth. Their food was the plankton, or minute animals and plants, which developed in the ponds. Crowding reduced the growth of the individual fish. The best result was obtained when four fry were introduced per cubic yard of water in the pond. The fish grew from an average length of one inch to a final average length of three and one-half inches in the period from June 18th to September 12th. In this pond fifty-six per cent, of the fish sur- vived. The total rearing cost was that of about five pounds of fish meal. Apart from rainfall no new water was added to the pond during the experiment.

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS M r. Blair has contiimu'ed experiments designed to throw more light on the nature of salmon scale markings and their causes. The markings are used for age determinations. The work to date has largely consisted of maintaining salmon parr and smolt in both fresh and salt water under different temperature and food conditions in order to study the effects which are produced on the scales. This phase of the work is largely completed and the scales are ready for study. As a side issue from this scale investigation a considerable amount of data has been accumulated on the feeding behaviour of salmon parr and smolt and on the rate of growth of the fish under the experimental conditions. It is of interest to note that some grilse from St. John and local weirs have been kept alive in sea water in the basement tanks at the Station since the fall of 1934. During the early summer the services of Mr. White were loaned to Dr. Huntsman for the Margaree salmon investigation. Later he studied the return of marked salmon to Apple river in Nova Scotia. Restigouche salmon fry planted in the East Branch of Apple river in 1932 had been marked by the re- moval of the adipose fin as they went to sea in 1934. In 1935 traps were installed on both the East and West branches of, Apple river and the returning marked fish were counted. Up to mid-November, when the run was over, 156 marked fish had been taken or 5.1 per cent, of the number of smolts marked in 1934. Although grilse were taken by both traps no marked grilse were taken in the West branch of Apple river until the season was well advanced. In other words the return of the marked grilse was to the same stream that they were planted in. In the late season when the fish were thoroughly ripe the marked fish ascended 9 both branches of the river. This experiment so far has shown that the intro- duced fish have behaved like the local fish and not like Restigouche salmon. Whether there will be a further run from the sea next year, which may be either early or late, remains to be seen. Mr. White also studied the return of tagged adult fish at Apple river. Re- turns of as high as thirty-three per cent, of the number of fish tagged were ob- served. Only one fish which was tagged at Apple river has been reported from another river system, namely the St. John. In 1931 a number of land-locked salmon were tagged in Chamcook lake. 7.4 Scales taken then and at intervals since, when these tagged fish have been re- captured either by anglers or the Department's officers when collecting eggs, have been examined by Dr. M'Gonigle and Mr. Blair. Some of these fish have spawned three times at least. Examination of the scales shows that if one of these salmon spawns for several consecutive years scale absorption obliterates the growth made between spawning periods and the scales fail to show more than one spawning mark. This is of importance in using scales of such fish, where the history is not definitely known, for age determination. • The fish fail to show sustained increase in weight during the same period.

REARING OF TROUT IN FLOODED AREAS Under certain conditions the flooding of vegetation by raising the level of ponds or lakes is known to be productive of fish. The Station has been following conditions in a number of such areas. Only one is directly under the Board's control and on its property at St. Andrews. This small pond was flooded in the fall of 1933 and was found to be devoid of oxygen to such an extent in 1934 as to be useless for rearing trout. Dr. Smith has continued to record the conditions in this area throughout the present year. The amount of decomposing material is reduced but the demand on dissolved oxygen still lowered it to such an extent that trout fry did not survive. A number of much larger areas of water which have been produced by flood- ing are now available in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia and several of these have been under observation by Dr. Smith. (a) Stephenson es brook pond. An area of some 17 acres of marshy, shrub- covered ground was flooded by the St. John Fish and Game Protective Associa- tion in 1933. A planting of 5,554 advanced trout fingerlings was made in October, 1934. Seining before and after treatment with lime in May, 1935, revealed a survival of 9.3 per cent., but many of the trout were large and obviously had been in the pond previous to the 1934 planting. The pond was re-flooded and early in July 15,000 trout fry were planted. It was drained at the end of October when only three trout could be found. This was not surprising after a survey of the pond made in August had revealed a great deficiency of oxygen in the cooler bottom water. Sticklebacks, whose temperature resistance is greater, and which could survive in the warm, oxygenated, surface layers, were found in large num- bers, indicating the food possibilities of such an area. (b) Wittenburg pond. This body of water, in Colchester county, Nova Scotia, was created in 1934 by the Fish Culture Branch. The area considerably exceeds that at Stephenson's brook. The repairing of a dam flooded a fringe of vegetation on the periphery of a pond which had existed for a long périod. The relatively small amount of vegetation submerged, coupled with the inflow of a fair stream of water, indicated that better oxygen conditions might be expected. This was found to be the case but the temperatures observed in midsummer were so high as to cast doubt on the value of the pond for trout rearing. (c) Bishop's brook pond. A small but relatively deep body of water was created by flooding a pasture and some shrubs by the Kentville branch of the Nova Scotia Fish and Game Protective Association. This pond was flooded and planted with trout in the fall of 1935. A moderate stream of water flows through 10 the pond stéadily. Examination in November indicated favourable oxygen conditions, but the food-producing capacity of the pond is probably quite limited. Dr. Smith has examined other pond sites where local Fish and Game Pro- tective Associations are interested in this method of rearing. In view of the results obtained so far it seems wise to restrain further attempts to use flooded ponds until the cycle of events in the ponds and the conditions necessary for success are better understood.

LAKE JESSE, NOVA SCOTIA The Fish Culture Branch treated this lake with copper sulphate in August, 1934, with the object of killing undesirable fish which'abounded in the lake. Dr. Smith has followed up the conditions in this lake since the copper sulphate was added. Assistance has been rendered by the staff of the Yarmouth hatchery and by the National Research Council at Ottawa. The latter organization analyzed numerous water samples for copper content. Samples collected in May, 1935 indicated that while the surface waters were free of copper sulphate the bottom water still contained two-thirds of the amount that had been added originally. The chemical examination was confirmed by the death of trout which were placed experimentally in some of the bottom water. Samples of water taken in late October show the almost complete disappearance of copper from the lake water, including the bottom layers and the way is clear for fry planting. In the late fall examination the amount of microscopic plant and animal life in the water was very satisfactory and showed an excellent re- covery after the poisoning.

INVESTIGATIONS OF LAKES AND STREAMS Dr. Bajkov has continued observations in first and second Chamcook lakes, which may be considered as types of deep and shallow lakes in the Maritime provinces. Some of the objects of the investigations are to discover the factors which limit the supply of sport fish in these lakes and to ultimately discover the expected productivity ofisuch bodies of water. Dr. Bajkov has studied seasonal changes in the plankton, or minute floating life of the lake, and in the bottom animals which serve as food for fish. He has obtained specimens of the fishes which occur in the lakes to determine their food at different seasons. Small numbers of land-locked salmon and togue were included in these collections. As smelt appear to be an important constituent of the food of these fish, a test trans- plantation of smelt eggs from lake Utopia was made. This was successful and affords a method of introduction if subsequent results indicate the desirability of increasing the smelt population of the lakes. Dr. Smith enumerated the eels leaving Chamcook lake for a period in the summer and fall when a trap could be satisfactorily maintained on the outflowing stream. The purpose was to learn something of the drain of food materials from the lake represented by the departing eels. Dr. Smith st'udied the regularity of horizontal distribution of plankton in Gibson lake. The samples showed considerable irregularity. Obviously the degree of irregularity is of importance in any studies of lake productivity. At the request of the Fish and Game Associations and of the Fish Culture Branch, Drs. Smith and M'Gonigle examined conditions in Big, Little and Hooper ponds on Deer island and Millers, Bradford Cove and Eel Brook lakes on Grand Manan. Reports based on these investigations have been drawn up on the suitability of these ponds and lakes for stocking with trout. Two of the Deer island ponds were deficient in oxygen and Millers lake on Grand Manan, although apparently normal with regard to the ordinary physical and chemical conditions, was almost devoid of plankton when examined in October. A preliminary survey of the Magaguadavic river system below Flume Ridge occupied the attention of Dr. M'Gonigle, Dr. Smith and Mr. Rigby for about 11 three days in October. The survey was to discover the possible spawning grounds for salmon which exist in the river. A case of alleged pollution by the Montague Gold Mine washings which flow into lake Charles near Dartmouth, N.S., was investigated by the Director. The presence of excellent plankton in the lake, and the presence of living animals in the stream carrying the effluent indicated the absence of any deleterious substance.

HYDROGRAPHIC INVESTIGATIONS The chief investigations of water conditions have been concerned with the Nova Scotian coast. The "Zoarces" undertook an offshore cruise involving seventeen stations and touching most of the banks in May and August. Part of this series was repeated in July. A line of four stations out from Halifax harbour was occupied seven times from April to December. Through the courtesy of the Chief Supervisor of Fisheries at Halifax temperatures were taken at one station well outside of Halifax harbour during each of the months of January, February and March, so that for the first time a full year's data exist for an "out- side" station on the Nova Scotian coast. The "Zoarces" occupied lines of stations in Chedabucto bay, off Glace Bay and off Ingonish in June and Decem- ber. Some observations were also made in the Bras d'Or lakes and at other places incidental to the cod and haddock investigations. In cooperation with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, hydro- graphic observations were made in Cobscook bay, adjacent to Passamaquoddy bay, at four stations in August and at a monthly station thereafter. The object is to provide knowledge of the existing conditions in that body of water for com- parison with those which will result if the power project dams are constructed and tidal influence is restricted. Regular observations of water temperature and salinity have been continued at two stations near St. Andrews and at one in Halifax harbour. Coastal ob- servers at scattered points record air and water temperatures twice daily. The observations at North Point, P.E.I., have been discontinued and a new point has been established on the Halifax lightship through the cooperation of the Marine Agent in Dartmouth. Thermographs recording surface temperatures are kept in operation on two Canadian National steamships plying out of Halifax. The Atlantic Fisheries Experimental Station at Halifax attended to these thermo- graphs and to the observations in Halifax harbour. Mr. Hachey has determined the salinities of water samples .collected from the foregoing observations and has analyzed the data as they became available. The analysis of the 1934 data has been completed and the directions of water movement on the Nova Scotian coast determined. The contrast of conditions in the waters of this area, known as the Scotian shelf, as between 1934 and 1935 has béen notable. In 1934 the August cruise found warm oceanic water flooding the area, while in 1935 in the spring months particularly an extensive and per- sistent body of very cold water was in evidence. The relation of these conditions to the fisheries is obvious and unusual distributions of commercial catches of cod and haddock can be explained in part by the hydrographic peculiarities of 1935. The rapid changes of water temperature which are frequently experienced in summer on the Nova Scotian coast and their relation to offshore atmospheric disturbances continue to receive attention as new data become avàilable. A relation has been found to exist between the surface water temperatures in Halifax harbour in September and the amount of precipitation in the preceding August. Based on ten-year data, heavy precipitation in August has been followed by low mean surface temperatures in September and vice versa.

COD INVESTIGATIONS It was planned to tag cod in the spring off Halifax but the failure of the run , of fish to materialize altered the scheme to one of exploratory tagging east of 12 Halifax. Five hundred and two cod were tagged by the "Zoarces" between May 3rd and June 29th at points near Halifax, on Sable Island bank, Middle Ground and Banquereau and at Ingonish, N.S. In October, with assistance from Mr. C. Darrach, of the Atlantic Fisheries Experimental Station, Mr. McKenzie tagged about fifty autumn spawning cod in Halifax harbour. Only a small per- centage of the 1935 tags have been returned in contrast to the results of the 1934 cod tagging where about seventeen per cent of the tags were returned during 1934 and the number has since risen to over twenty-three per cent. The fish which were tagged in shoal water in 1934 have shown but little migration, having been recaptured mainly on the same grounds this year. The cod tagged in deeper water moved offshore in winter and tender to scatter, mainly eastward, so that few of them were caught in 1935 near where they were tagged. No significant recaptures of autumn spawning fish tagged in either 1934 or 1935 have been reported. Mr. McKenzie has made vertebral counts on some 5,000 cod during 1935. These were derived from widely scattered localities from the gulf of Maine to the gulf of St. Lawrence. Significant differences were again found in the cod popu- lations of different sections of the coast and while in general the results agree with those obtained in 1934, differences have been found, particularly on the outer coast of Cape Breton. Seasonal differences have become evident which seem to indicate a westward movement of cod during the winter months. For the third consecutive year the autumn spawning school with its distinctly low vertebral count has appeared in Halifax harbour. No trace of these fish during other months has been revealed either by the tagging or vertebral count method of identification. The "Zoarces" collected a series of plankton tows in late October and early November from the Bay of Fundy to Chedabucto bay to determine the distribu- tion of cod eggs in inshore waters. The purpose was to ascertain where autumn spawning fish occurred. Eggs were found in Halifax harbour, St. Margaret bay, the LaHave estuary, Green Bay, Negro harbour and St. Mary bay. The tows taken east of Halifax have not been studied. By use of the ear bones of the cod Mr. McKenzie has determined the ages of the 1933 and 1934 autumn spawning groups. The 1927 year class was shown to be dominant. These cod spawned at from five to seven years of age. Live cod were kept in the aquarium tanks at St. Andrews and their feeding behaviour at the low winter temperatures was observed. The larger cod were shown to cease feeding when the water temperature reached 32°F., while the small fish continued to eat at 31°F., which was the minimum temperature reached. Ear bones or otoliths have been collected from a large number of cod for age determinations.

HADDOCK INVESTIGATION A considerable number of haddock were tagged off the Nova Scotia coast in the spring months. The total was 1,897 fish made up of 1,060 tagged from trawlers of the National Fish Company, Ltd., on the Western bank, 636 tagged from traps in St. Margaret bay and 201 from traps at Ingonish. The crew of the "Zoarces" and Mr. Darrach carried out the trawler tagging while the inshore tagging was done directly by the "Zoarces". The tagging was carried on from April 21st to June 10th. The returns from this haddock tagging have been small, five per cent. from the St. Margaret bay fish and less than one per cent. for - the Western bank. An eastward movement of the St. Margaret bay fish is- demonstrated by the tagging returns; there was a movement into the gulf of St. Lawrence of the haddock tagged at Ingonish. Dr. Vladykov has had vertebral counts made on about 6,000 haddock which were caught at various points between cape Cod and Newfoundland. These counts confirm the existence of three distinct races of haddock on the Atlantic coast as was indicated in earlier work by Dr. Needler. Smaller differences are 13 . seen in the schools inhabiting different parts of the Nova Scotian area. Such tagging returns as there are agree well with the movements indicated by seasonal changes in the average vertebral count. The haddock which were tagged in St. Margaret bay were part of an un- usually large run which were taken by the traps there in May and June. Racial investigation of these fish indicated a close similarity to Ingonish fish. Whatever may have caused their concentration in St. Margaret bay their presence within a few feet of shore may be attributed to the very cold water which occupied all . the deeper portions of the bay at that time and which drove the fish into shoaler -1 and warmer water. Scale material for age determination has been collected from a large number of haddock caught on the Western and other offshore banks. This material will serve for a study of the relative abundance of haddock of various ages. Mr. Homans has examined the stomach contents of about 6,000 haddock from the Western bank. A wide variety of animals living on the sea bottom are eaten. A small fish, the sand launce, is an important item in the diet as are certain worms, crustaceans and brittlestars. Differences were noted in the diet - of small as contrasted with large haddoèk. It was found that during the months of February to May, which corresponds to the spawning season, there was a diminution of feeding activity as judged by stomach contents.

HERRING INVESTIGATION Mr. Johnson studied the distribution of the food of the herring by taking plankton tows at two points in Passamaquoddy bay, one where the tidal currents were very strong and one where they were relatively weak. As light appears to be an important factor in determining the depth distribution of the chief animals which constitute the food of the herring the tows were taken under various con- ditions of light and darkness. The reactions of young herring to light and their feeding behaviour were studied. Similar studies were made on a number of kinds of animals which occur prominently in the food of the herring.

OYSTER INVESTIGATION The oyster investigations which Dr. Needier conducted at Ellerslie, P.E.I., in 1935 were chiefly concerned with cheapening the methods of rearing oysters in their second summer and with the control of destruction of oysters by starfish. None of the cheaper methods of rearing which were investigated gave as good results in growth as did the floating, wire-bottomed trays from which light is largely excluded by wooden covers. Spat from 1934 collections were placed on unimproved and variously hardened bottoms in situations towards the heads of inlets where starfish were absent and wave action non-injurious. While this method was less costly than the use of floating trays poorer growth resulted, sea weeds or algae grew on the shells and favoured the deposition of silt and conse- quent smothering of the oysters. Creosoted lumber gives promise of being satisfactory for building the trays and is less expensive than copper-painted lumber. Experiments were conducted to test the possibilities of leaving the spat on the cardboard collectors for longer periods as this is an inexpensive method of rearing. The method has possibilities for the poorer grades of oysters. Another modification of the use of hard bottom for planting out spat was

tried by placing shells, which bore 1934 spat, on the shores at various levels from • just below low tide to half tide level. In this way it was possible to avoid attack by starfish and to have the oysters more readily available for handling as required. A variety of types of bottom and degrees of shelter were tried. While some favourable results were obtained the growth and survival was not as good as on the better shallow beds. Seaweeds and silt were responsible for loss and poor quality in most of these tests. Miss Clark investigated the growth of spat in the second summer under 14 different degrees of crowding and in various locations. Crowding was found to reduce growth and the greatest growth was 'obtained in the early summer. The growth rate could not be entirely correlated with temperature and the influence of other factors, such as food, is indicated. Mrs. Needler continued her observations on sex reversal in oysters. The sex of a number of individual oysters has been determined annually for four and five years. In many cases the sex changed annually. An experiment to test the effect of crowding on the proportions of the sexes did not demonstrate any relationship. As the starfish is perhaps the chief enemy of the oyster considerable attention was given to a study of the distribution and activities of starfish in the inlets near Ellerslie. Information as to what areas are free from starfish attack is of value in the planting of oysters. Mr. Smith worked on this problem, deter- mining the size of starfish at maturity, the time of spawning, rate of growth and distribution on the various kinds of bottom. An attempt was made to estimate the abundance of starfish on certain beds where "mopping" operations were conducted by the Department. Starfish were found to migrate shorewards in spring and fall and the larger sizes were killed if exposed to the highest summer temperatures. Experiments indicate that temperature is a more important factor than salinity in limiting the distribution of starfish. Dr. Needier visited the oyster areas in the Bras d'Or lakes in Cape Breton in July and October. In an attempt to improve the quality of the oysters grow- i ng there in areas where the salinity is very low experimental transfers were made to more saline water at Baddeck and Port Hood, N.S., and St. Andrews, N.B. There was definite improvement in flavour after three months immersion in the new locality. The dark mantle edge, which is sometimes objected to in the Cape Breton oysters, was not altered. Examination of grounds where transfer of oysters to prevent winter injury was thought to be desirable, indicated that this was not likely to be worth while. Dr. Needler visited oyster research headquarters in New Jersey and Rhode Island during the summer in order to acquaint himself with developments in oyster culture and oyster handling which are in use there. Dr. Needler has continued to supervise the oyster farm operated in Malpeque bay by the Department of Fisheries and to advise the Department on numerous oyster grounds and other matters.

SCALLOP INVESTIGATION Mr. Stevenson was engaged in a study of the scallop fishery off Digby during the summer months. This fishery has increased sb markedly in recent years as to give some concern to fishermen and to the authorities regarding its conser- vation. Scallops were collected weekly from several stations for growth studies, for determination of size at maturity and the duration of the spawning season. It was found that the. spawning season lasted from early June to the middle of September and that many scallops spawn when three years old. The present size limit permits some immature scallops to be caught. Scallop larvae were found to be very scarce in the plankton. The food of adult scallops was determined. Using shells which had been collected through the winter and spring of 1935, Mr. Stevenson was able to demonstrate the annual nature of the main rings on the shells. • LOBSTER INVESTIGATION This investigation was conducted by Dr. Templeman. Some field work was done on the south shore of Nova Scotia between Port Maitland and Lockeport in order to ascertain the size of lobsters at maturity in that area. It was found that lobsters mature in that region at a length of from 103/2 to 11V1 inches: This may be compared with the corresponding figure for Pointe du Chêne of 7 inches. 15 Thus maturity comes with a larger size on the south shore than in the gulf of St. Lawrence. The present protection for lobsters in south-western Nova Scotia is for those under 9 inches in length. Consequently immature. lobsters are caught legally under the present regulations. Observations were made in the aquarium tanks at St. Andrews on the egg laying procedure of the female lobster and on the hatching posture. Further experiments on mating confirmed results obtained at Pointe du Chêne in showing that mating only. occurs within a few days after the female has moulted. It was observed that a female lobster which has deposited one lot of fertilized eggs on the swimmerets may still carry a large supply of sperms. There are insufficient data to say what the importance of this may be in permitting the fertilization of more than one lot of eggs between moults. Young lobsters were reared from the eggs in several series of experiments. Better growth was obtained by rearing the animals in darkness than in north window light. Cannibalism was pronounced under both conditions but was more destructive in the light. A number of young lobsters were reared from hatching at a constant temper- ature of 70°F. The time between successive moults was determined. In five • months after hatching seven individuals had moulted ten times and had reached a body length of slightly over 1 3/b inches.

PILE BORER INVESTIGATION The construction of extensive wharves in St. John harbour re-opened the question of possible injury by the gribble or Limnoria. With the co-operation of the St. John Harbour Commissioners and the Atlantic Sugar Refineries Ltd., test blocks were placed at strategic points in the harbour. After adequate ex- posure these blocks were examined by Dr. M'Gonigle for evidence of borer attack. As a result of the investigation the Board was able to advise the Harbour Commissioners that no danger of serious attack existed at the site of the new structures. Some attack by this borer was shown by blocks placed at Berth 17, which is farther down the harbour. In an attempt to explain this attack a hydrographic survey in St. John harbour was supervised and reported on by Mr. Hachey. Higher salinities wer-e experienced at Berth 17 than elsewhere, but the matter requires further investigation when the volume of the discharge from the St. John river is at a maximum.

M ISCELLANEOUS INVESTIGATIONS No active investigation of the disease affecting the eel-grass was conducted in 1935, but information was collected from fishery officers and others which indicated that there had been no recovery of this plant. Regular plankton collections were made at St. Andrews and Halifax. New collections were instituted from Cobscook bay and near Ellerslie.

GENERAL ACTIVITIES Messrs. Hachey, McKenzie, Needler and the Director attended the meeting of the North American Council on Fisheries Investigations held at Washington, D.C., on September 17th to 19th. The Director assisted by giving lectures in biology in courses for fishermen and fishery officers which were held at the Atlantic Fisheries Experimental Station in February, 1935. The Director assisted at a demonstration booth, arranged by the Department of Fisheries and the Atlantic Fisheries Experimental Station, at the Pictou Lobster Carnival on July 10th. This was repeated in revised form at Woodwards Cove and Whitehead, Grand Manan, on October 3rd and 4th. Addresses dealing with the work of the Station were delivered by members 16 • of the staff; by Dr. M'Gonigle and Dr. Smith before the Canadian Club in St. Andrews; by Mr. Hachey before the Rotary Club in St. Stephen, and by the Director at the annual meeting of the New Brunswick Fish and Game Protective Association. The Director visited many points in the three Maritime provinces during the course of the year, interviewing the fishery interests at these places with regard to their problems and placing information on the Station's work and programme before them. PUBLICATIONS In cooperation with the Atlantic Fisheries Experimental Station four Progress Reports were issued in 1935. The papers published from the Atlantic Biological Station may be found in the list given in Appendix VI. 17

APPENDIX II

REPORT OF THE ATLANTIC FISHERIES EXPERIMENTAL STATION HALIFAX, N.S. FOR 1935

By D. B. FINN, DIRECTOR

INTRODUCTION The work of the Station during the past year has been confined mainly to two channels. Firstly, attention has been paid to those scientific problems concerning the manufacture and preservation of fish which were of immediate value to the fishing industry; secondly, efforts have been directed towards the education of the fishermen and the industry in order that they might take advan- tage of existing knowledge. The first purpose has been made possible by con- ference with the industrial Advisory Committees and by repeated contact with various individual members of the industry; the second by conducting instruc- tional courses for fishermen and fisheries' officers at the Station in Halifax, by distributing carefully prepared circulars to workers in the industry, and by personal contact in the field. This work has been assisted greatly by the cooperation of many private firms and individuals as well as by fishermen's organizations and the Department of Agriculture of the Provincial Government of Nova Scotia. In the paragraphs which follow the principal investigations and reports of other activities are summarized.

INVESTIGATIONS FRESH FISH COD AND HADDOCK In the last Annual Report attention was drawn to a systematic program of research which had as its object the general improvement of quality in the fresh fish available to consumers. The first part of this program entailed a survey of existing conditions. This survey has been started by Drs. Beatty and Gibbons, and has included a study of present practices at sea and in some shore factories. The determination of the effect of present practices upon the product must depend upon a knowledge of the rôle that each step in the practice plays. This in turn depends on an accurate method of detecting deterioration in the product and a knowledge of how infection and decomposition proceeds through a fish. The investigators have shown that the increase in bacterial population of fish flesh is coincident with an increase in certain volatile bases, and since volatile bases may be easily detected with accuracy their estimation furnishes an index of decomposition. In this way they have been able to examine the course which putrefaction follows. They have found that a fresh fish stored in ice will remain sweet for a period of some days, when judged by ordinary methods, and then in the space of a few hours it will become stale. Up to now there has been no way of detecting how far along this latent period a fish might be, and the dealer and the general public had no assurance that the fish they bought would not turn stale in a few hours. It is therefore fortunate that the investigators have dis- covered a method of detecting how near a fish is to staleness. Other interesting parts of this investigation have revealed that in gutted cod or haddock the lining of the body cavity spoils first, the belly wall next, the 18 region surrounding the gills next, and the other regions, which spoil at approx- imately the same rate, last. This points to the intestines as being the most serious source of infection. Such knowledge is making it possible to examine the part played by the various steps in ordinary methods and is leading to modifications of existing practices which will improve the quality of fish landed and marketed. SCALLOPS Work has been undertaken by the Station to assist the Department of Fisheries in the enforcement of certain regulations concerning shucked scallops. A scallop exposed to fresh water increases in size and weight but its weight de- creases per unit volume. The practice is objectionable because a soaked scallop putrefies much more rapidly than an unsoaked one. Taking advantage of the variation in the relation of volume to weight, a simple method for detection of soaked scallops was developed by Dr. Beatty. The method was quite suitable for Fishery, Officers, who had no special training, to put into practice in the field. PRESERVATIVE DIPS Work on preservative dips has been suspended because it is felt that the work being undertaken in developing methods for the proper handling of fish will be of greater ultimate benefit.

SMOKED FISH PRE-DRYING The preparation of smoked fish involves three processes: first the brining, second the drying, and third the smoking. As was pointed out in last year's report, of these three the drying is the most critical stage and the one in which most losses occur. Our approach to the problem has therefore been concerned mainly with this stage. It has been previously reported that, as the result of work done by Drs. Cooper and Linton, the conditions for the pre-drying of smoked fish, within ordinary limits, were known and that they had in fact been produced in a small scale drying tunnel. The work this year involved the enlargement of the small scale hand-operated apparatus to a large scale automatically controlled commercial unit which would be capable of producing from one ton to one and a half tons of fish per hour. Since such an apparatus was too large for our own premises, arrangements were made with the Mitchell & McNeil Company of Halifax, who kindly offered the use of their plant for this purpose. Accordingly, the tunnel was designed and built under the supervision of Dr. Linton. Briefly, the apparatus consists of a 30-foot tunnel, four feet wide and five feet high. Through this tunnel a stream of air conditioned as to temperature and humidity is forced at the proper velocity. After having been brined, the fish, which are suspended on specially designed cars, are conveyed through the tunnel so that by the time they emerge from the outlet end they are ready for smoking. The objects to be achieved are: (1) Suitability of the product for smoking. (2) Uniformity of product. (3) Flexibility of the degree of drying. (4) Shortening of the period of drying as compared to old-fashioned methods. (5) Simplicity of operation. Preliminary tests indicate: (1) the product is suitable for smoking in commercial smoke-houses; (2) it is uniform; (3) the fish may be dried to any degree; (4) the 19 drying period has been reduced from four hours under ordinary practice to forty- five minutes; and (5) the apparatus is simple to operate except in one respect— the degree of automatic temperature control needs more refinement. This is not difficult and should be achieved in the immediate future. Once this has been done the machine will be demonstrated to the industry and the work on the preliminary drying of fish for smoking will be complete as far as our present intentions go. The engineering problems met with in this work were not revealed on the small scale model. This supports the view that laboratory investigations of this nature should be carried through to the design of a plant sufficiently large to produce in commercial quantities. This is especially true for an industry which has not its own technical staff.

CANNING HEAT PROCESSING Many products of the sea which are canned are adversely affected by heat during processing. Thus Dr. Hess has found that the taste, colour, and texture of canned lobster deteriorates the more the can is heated above a certain minimum amount. The factor which determines the processing time and temperature for any product is that amount of heat and degree of temperature required to kill the most resistant bacterium present. This sterilization is usually accomplished by placing the filled cans into a steam retort at a temperature higher than that to which the centre of the can must be raised in order to produce sterility. This is done because the excess heat results in a quicker penetration of heat to the centre which results in a saving of time. However, it has the disadvantage of raising the outer layers of the can contents to a higher ;temperature than is necessary. Dr. Cooper finds, however, that this difficulty can be overcome by increasing the conductivity of the contents. This brings about a quicker flow of heat to the centre and therefore permits the use of lower temperatures without undue loss of time. In the case of lobster this can be done by using less meat and more pickle, the excess of liquid bringing about a quicker heating of the centre. The time required for sterilization of ten-ounce cans of lobster in which the ratio of meat to pickle was 7:1 (commercial) was about 45 minutes, as compared to 18 minutes for a wet pack in which the ratio of meat to pickle was 2.5:1. In a preliminary experiment, Dr. Hess found that the averagé shrink-age of the wet pack was 15.7per cent as compared to 19.5 per cent for the commercial pack; that the vacuum was 16.6 inches as compared to 11.2 inches; and that these lesser periods of heating resulted in a better quality of meat and colour.

COD AND IIADDOCK Under the ordinary methods for canning such fish as cod and haddock, which contain a high water content, a shrinkage of about 30 per cent of the weight of the fish is usually found in the canned product. Dr. Hess has undertaken an examination of this problem with a view to reducing this loss. Preliminary work has revealed that the shrinkage can be reduced to about 16.6 per cent. of the total weight by the simple expedient of brining the fish before canning.

MARINATED HERRING Marinated or acid pickled herring, which is produced in large quantities in countries other than Canada, is forming the subject of another research by Mr. Watson under the supervision of Dr. Hess. This product is one which owes its flavour to the fact that at no stage during its processing is it subjected to heat. It is therefore not sterile and the problem of a satisfactory production is largely one of preservation. 20 Mr. Watson has examined the various factors concerned in decomposition and finds that the factors mainly responsible are tissue enzymes. Further studies may facilitate their control. TUNA Tuna muscle bears a greater similarity to mammalian muscle than to fish muscle. It is pigmented and bears a striking superficial similarity to "butcher meat". The problems connected with the canning of the Atlantic species are mainly connected with texture and colour. In his attack on these problems, Dr. Hess has conducted experiments with the "ripening" of the tuna meat before canning. The flesh was stored at 5°C. up to 30 days, portions being removed and canned at intervals. The experiment indicates that certain advantages may be found by storing the tuna up to 30 days since it is then lighter in colour and in no way inferior in taste to the freshly canned product. THE STERILIZATION OF CANNED PRODUCTS The ordinary industrial method for determing sterilization times for canned fisheries' products is time consuming and inexact. It consists, in general, of subjecting the cans to heat for various lengths of time and then incubating to detect spoilage. Many of the problems referred to us by canners involve the question of sterilization. This is particularly the case where the industry is seeking to establish a new product. The object of this investigation was therefore to standardize a method which would avoid the necessity of trial and error. A study of the heat penetration into cans was therefore undertaken by Dr. Cooper, who successfully developed a formula by which the necessary time and temperature could be calculated for any cylindrical can, provided the nature of the contents were known. The apparatus used during the investigation now constitutes part of our permanent equipment. By its use we are now in a position to detei-mine the heat pene- tration into any type of container, which greatly extends the service we are able to offer the canning industry.

SALT FISH PRESERVATIVE ACTION OF SALT The use of salt as a preservative for fish is widely practised on the east coast of Canada. In some cures such as "Spanish cured cod fish", a certain amount of autolysis and bacterial change is necessary. In other cases, fish is salted to a degree which is just enough to prevent "souring", and in still others an excess of salt is used. In each more or less spoilage and waste is encountered. The problem of preventing this waste is one of determining the influence of salt concentrations upon the growth of• bacteria, autolytic changes and protein decomposition in fish. Dr. Labrie and Dr. Gibbons have attacked this problem by storing fish muscle juice containing certain concentrations of salt for various periods at cer- tain temperatures. In this way they were able to relate their observations to a definite condition of the experiment and the problem was not complicated by the time taken for salt to penetrate the muscle and the consequent increase in growth of bacteria. The investigators made use of the same methods that were developed for the fresh fish investigation, taking advantage of the fact that bacterial activity _ led to the formation of volatile bases. The results thus far seem to show: (1) that on the addition of salt there is an immediate reduction in the numbers of bacteria; (2) that following the initial . decrease there is a stationary phase from one to twelve days, varying inversely with the amount of salt added; (3) that from 26 grams per 100 cc. to saturation the bacterial population continued to fall during the period of the experiment; 21 (4) that when the concentration is in excess of 20 grams per 100 cc. the bacteria are all of the coccus type; (5) that, judged by the evolution of volatile nitrogen, salt concentrations varying from 12 to 26 grams per 100 cc. will preserve muscle juice from 3.5 to 30 or more days respectively. Subsequent work will show the relation between time, temperature, salt concentration, and decomposition. BY-PRODUCTS GLUE In-an effort to find a more profitable basis for the utilization of fish waste and in order to acquaint the industry with the essentials for its preservation, certain studies have been continued with the production of fish glue. Dr. Johnston finds that waste liquors from fish meal plants contain about 7.5 per cent. protein, most of which is suitable for the production of fish glue. After dialysis to remove the salts the liquid is concentrated to a solid content of 45 per cent. The strength of the resultant glue is not influenced by changes of the air humidity within ordinary limits. His examination of other sources of fish glue revealed that for every 100 pounds of raw material, salt cod skins yield 34 pounds of glue and 14 pounds of fish meal containing 80 per cent protein; fresh cod skins, 16 pounds of glue and 8 polinds of fish meal containing 79 per cent protein; and cod heads, 7 pounds of glue and 16 pounds of meal containing 55 per cent protein. The Canadian annual importation of fish glue is approximately 160,000 pounds. It is hoped that this research will enable us to take advantage of our resources to supply some of this need.

MISCELLANEOUS An investigation was conducted by Dr. Gibbons on a diseased condition of trout held in the Antigonish hatchery. At the suggestion of Dr. M'Gonigle, a visit was made to the hatchery to explore the bacteriological phase of an epidemic which had broken oui during the summer. A bacterium was isolated which was similar to one described by other workers as responsible for an ulcer disease of trout. Cultures were made and the living bacterium supplied to Dr. M'Gonigle, who is attempting to confirm the diagnosis by using the cultures to inoculate trout.

FISHERMEN'S THERMOMETERS The importance of having a reliable deep sea thermometer as a guide tô fishing operations has been recognized. The principal deterrent to the use of such an instrument by fishermen is the high cost of a reliable thermometer and a suitable reversing mechanism. Since private enterprise has produced nothing of this nature it was felt that the Station could greatly assist the fishermen by turning attention to the problem. By co-operating with certain instrument manufacturers we were able to produce a mercury-in-glass thermometer of sufficiently low price and of simple, rugged design. Its range was from —1° to 20°C., reading to 0.5°C. The instru- ment was enclosed in a suitable brass case, but was without reversing mechanism. The reversing mechanism was designed to be of low price and to avoid the use of springs which prove unreliable and troublesome. This was accomplished by the use of two simple interlocking levers actuated by the usual "messenger". It was found that the thermometer complete with reversing mechanism, contained in a suitable wooden case, could be sold at cost, duty paid, to fishermen for $14.18. The Station has a limited supply of these instruments for sale to fishermen. This work was carried out by Messrs. McFarlane and Watson. 22

DISINFECTION APPARATUS Following the success which has been met with on the Pacific Coast with solutions of formaldehyde as a disinfectant for fish vessels and factories, efforts have been directed towards the introduction of its use on the east coast. Models of disinfecting apparatus have been designed by Mr. McFarlane to meet the needs of many classes of users, ranging from the large company veho can afford an electrically driven portable apparatus to the small fisherman who can only afford a simple hand spray. These models, of which there are blue-prints available, have been demon- strated in the neighbourhood of Halifax and have been found particularly effec- tive not only in fishing vessels and fresh fish factories, but also in dry salt cod warehouses in the control of brown mould or "dun". During the coming year it is hoped that this demonstration work may be carried on further afield.

EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES In the report for 1934 an outline was given of an educational program for the fishermen and fishing industry, the general public and Officers of the Depart- ment of Fisheries. General progress has been made with this work.

EDUCATION OF THE PUBLIC • Dr. Chipman has prepared a series of lectures concerning our fisheries' re- sources which may be embodied in a small text book for use in schools if it is thought desirable. Lectures have been given by the Director, Dr. Beatty, Dr. Hess, and others to public bodies and several addresses have been given during the course of the year over radio broadcasting systems. EDUCATION OF THE INDUSTRY A start has been made in an active program for the industry by concentrating attention upon the section dealing with lobsters. Circulars were prepared by Dr. Hess early in the spieing, on the treatment of lobsters for canning. They were written in simple language and appeared in both English and French. Each circular was complete in itself but dealt with a different stage in the process. They were distributed to cannery foremen and others once a week for 15 weeks during the canning season. Educational exhibits were prepared and displayed during the Lobster Fishermen's Carnival at Pictou on July 10, and at Grand Manan island later in the year. Both the distribution of the circulars and the educational exhibits met with the instant approval of the trade and the fishermen, and many requests have been received for their repetition. They have also been found useful by those charged with the enforcement of laws enacted in the interest of conservation. Officers of the Department have expressed the opinion that proper education will greatly reduce the policing efforts now required in this connection. FISHERIES INFORMATION Another department of educational activity which is being increasingly used by the public is that of Fisheries' Information, which is in charge of Dr. Chipman. By this service we are making available up-to-date information concerning fish- eries' resources, statistics, and manufacturing processes without infringing too much on the time of the research staff. In order to maintain an up-to-date supply of material for the answering of sequests for information from the public and from the members of the Station staff, information has been collected from books, papers and trade journals. This material is divided into general subjcts and will provide the basis for lectures 23 or articles as they are required. During the past year, salt and salt fish, and smoking have received the most attention. Many requests for information have been received from the public.

EDUCATIONAL COURSES The eighth annual Short Course for Fishermen was given at the Atlantic Fisheries Experimental Station from January 30th to February 20th, 1935. Owing to shortage of funds the course was reduced to three weeks and limited to twenty men. All of the accepted applicants attended the course, and, for the first time in the history of the courses, a man attended at his own expense. One hundred and ten applications were received, the majority being from Nova Scotia and the minority from New Brunswick. Of the accepted men, sixteen were from Nova Scotia, four were from Prince Edward Island, and one was from New Brunswick. Few applications were received from New Brunswick and most of them were from men who either were not bona fide fishermen or were interested in a specialized branch of the industry, such as the lobster fishery, and thus would not benefit from the instruction provided. The usual grants and payments of •return railway fare were made to the men who attended. The following courses were given :—Preparation of Pickle Cured and Bone- less Fish, by Mr. G. R. Earl, assisted by Mr. Claude Darrach; Preparation of Pickled Fish, by Mr. R. Gray; Science, by Doctors N. E. Gibbons, S. A. Beatty, A. H. Leim, \V. W. Johnston and H. R. Chipman; Navigation, by Captain H. M. O'Hara; Motor Engines, by Mr. R. H. Davison and Mr. A. S. McFarlane. Written examinations were held and all of the candidates were successful in passing. The attendance was unusually good, and considerable interest was shown by all the students. At the request of the Department of Fisheries, a four weeks' course for Fishery Inspectors was given at the Experimental Station from January 30th to March 1st, 1935. Six fishery officers were selected by the Department and attended the course. The following classes were given :—Preparation of Pickle Cured and Boneless Fish, by Mr. G. R. Earl, assisted by Mr. Claude Darrach; Preparation of Pickled Fish, by Mr. R. Gray; Discussions and Special Lectures, by Major D. H. Suther- land and Mr. R. Gray; Chemistry and Physics, by Dr. H. R. Chipman; Biology, by Dr. A. H. Leim; Canning and Bacteriology, by Dr. E. Hess and Dr. N. E. Gibbons; Practical Canning, by Dr. E. Hess; Refrigeration, by Dr. D. B. Finn ; Smoking, by Dr. E. P. Linton; By-Products, by Dr. S. A. Beatty;* Net Preser- vation, by Dr. \V. W. Johnston. At the close of the course written examinations were held in which all candi- dates were successful.

SERVICES

ANALYTICAL LABORATORY SERVICE • During the present year considerable use has been made of the analytical iaboratory service. This service is designed to assist the industry in matters involving routine analysis of fisheries products and material entering into their manufacture. It is also utilized by the Department of Fisheries as occasion arises. In the main it has consisted of fish meal, fish oil, salt and water analyses, including, in the last case, bacteriological examination. There has been an in- crease in the requests for oil analysis and a large number of examinations of canned products have been conducted for the Department. This work, upon which con- siderable time has been spent, engaged the attention of Dr. Johnston, Dr. Hess, Dr. Labrie, Dr. Gibbons, and others. , 24 ENGINEERING SERVICE The Station has been able to render considerable service to various members of the industry by undertaking the function of consulting engineers in connection with the erection of refrigerated fish warehouses, freezers and smoke-houses. In one instance deserving of mention, the Station was consulted by an indi- vidual desirous of entering the fresh and frozen fish business. After the site of the plant was visited, plans were prepared and specifications drawn up for a plant capable of freezing five tons of fish per day and having a storage capacity of 53 tons. These plans were used for the construction of the building. Advice was given as to methods of marketing which led to the construction of cooled insulated motor delivery wagons from which the fish is retailed direct to the consumer. The latest reports from the owner indicate a high degree of success as far as the venture has gone. This work was undertaken by the Director and Mr. Mc- Farlane. LOBSTER CANNERY GRADING As in previous years, the results of the lobster cannery grading by the fishery inspectors have been summarized and compared with the earlier results, for pre- sentation at the annual meeting of the Canned Fish Section of the Canadian Manufacturers' Association, in December, 1935. Due to unfavourable economic conditions the enforcement of the regulations requiring compulsory use of retorts from 1935 on, as well as the attainment of the permanent minimum scores of 75 per cent for construction and equipment, and 85 per cent for canning methods and cannery sanitation in 1935, was postponed until 1936. Since the introduction of the form for the grading of lobster canneries, a steady improvement has taken place in the industry. The average score for all canneries in the Maritimes for construction and equipment has increased from 75.6 per cent in 1932 to 84.7 per cent in 1935, while the average score for canning methods and sanitation has increased from 85 per cent to 90.6 per cent over the same period. It is planned to verify the grading done by the fishery inspectors during the coming year, to insure uniformity of grading throughout the MaritimeProvinces and at the same time ascertain whether the above improvements are real or only apparent, due to more lenient grading in recent years.

PUBLICATIONS Progress Reports of the Atlantic Biological Station and the Atlantic Fisheries Experimental Station, Nos. 13, 14, 15, 16, have been issued during the year under the editorship of the Director, assisted by Dr. Chipman. A list of papers published from the Station is included in Appendix VI. 25

APPENDIX III REPORT OF THE PACIFIC BIOLOGICAL STATION

NANAIMO, B.C. FOR 1935

By \V. A. CLEMENS, DIRECTOR INTRODUCTION During the year 1935 the research program of this Station has been carried forward vigorously and substantial progress has been made toward the solution of problems in the various fields. While curtailments have been necessary in çertain directions because of lack of funds, extensions of the work of the Station have been made possible by reason of the cc-operation of a number of agencies. Through the assistance of the Fish Cultural Branch of the Department of Fisheries, it was possible to continue several programs and to undertake several new projects. Among the former have been the investigation of furunculosis, the experiment in the transfer of pink salmon eggs from the Tlell river to Mc- Clinton creek on the Queen Charlotte islands and the scientific supervision of the rearing of brown trout in the ponds at Qualicum Beach. Among the latter have been fish cultural surveys of three areas, namely, the Cowichan river system, the Serpentine and Nicomekl rivers and Okanagan lake, an investigation of the natural production of Kamloops trout fry in Paul creek and a determination of the food supply in Paul lake. One of the most significant developments has been the placing of the operation of the Cowichan hatchery under the direction of the Station in order that the facilities of this hatchery might be used in the program for the improvement of the fish productivity in the Cowichan river system. Through the co-operation of the Fish Cultural Branch, the Park.s Branch of the Department of the Interior and the Canadian National Railways, surveys were made of the fish cultural situations in various lakes in Jasper National Park, Alberta, and of Clear Lake in Riding Mountain Park, Manitoba. The courtesy- of the Hydrographic Service of the Department- of Marine has again been extended in providing- accommodation for an oceanographer and a biologist on board the survey vessel, the "Wm. J. Stewart", during its extended operations off the -west coast of the Queen Charlotte islands. Through the kindness of the Lighthouse Service of the Department of Marine, arrangements were made for the lightkeepers at Amphitrite point, Nootka, Kains island, cape St. James and Green island for the taking of daily temperatures and samples of sea water. In this connection should also be men- tioned the valuable assistance given by Captain G. Hansen of the Quarantine Station, William Head, in the taking of sea water temperatures. Finally the Department of Fisheries arranged for the collection and exam- ination of a fairly large number of stomachs of the fur seal from the west coast of Vancouver island. Certain observations on the abundance and movements of the seals were carried out by the officers in charge of the fisheries patrol vessels, the "Malaspina" and "Givenchy". INVESTIGATIONS The investigations carried out by the Station have been directed toward the solution of those problems which concern the conservation, development and administration of the fisheries. 26 A fundamental problem in the conservation of a fishery resource is the deter- mination of the absolute or relative abundance of the esh from year to year, with the extent of fluctuations due to natural causes and fishing effort. Without such information an optimum catch cannot be calculated. The problem is a difficult one, not only in its mathematical but in its biological phases, involving as it does among other things the relation of one organism to another. It is probable, for example, that the exploitation of herring should be on a conservative basis in view of the importance of this fish in the food of spring and coho salmon, ling cod, and other fish. A phase of the question of abundance is the possibility of interfering with the course of nature to reduce the mortality during the early stages of the life- history. In some cases it may be a question of affording some protection to the spawn of young fish, or, in others, the adoption of so-called artificial procedures. All these measures may be covered by the term fish culture. While the words are often taken to refer to hatchery procedures only, such restriction of meaning is obviously too narrow. Any measures which may be taken to protect and care for the eggs and young of any species, herring or ling cod, for example, may be said to be fish cultural. As far as the researches at this Station are concerned, they have been confined almost entirely to the culture of sockeye and pink salmon and of trout. While in the above outline reference has been made to fish, the principles apply equally well to the exploitation of any product of the waters, for example, the shellfish, which constitute a most valuable resource. It is hoped that with this introduction the various investigations reviewed herewith will be seen to form associated parts of a broad program having for its objective the solution of the problem of maintenance of the fishery resources at a high level of production.

SOCKEYE SALMON ABUNDANCE • In view of the fact that sockeye salmon are caught largely in shoreward areas and the fish are canned, ga rough estimate of the relative abundance is afforded by the records of the canned product and the amount of fishing gear. In addi- tion the officers of the Department of Fisheries compile records of the extent of the escapements to the various spawning grounds. Still further, the Provincial Fisheries Department collects length, weight and sex data and scale samples from 6,000 to 7,000 fish of the commercial catches of the Fraser, Skeena and Nass rivers and of Rivers inlet. This material is studied and analyzed by Drs. W. A. and L. S. Clemens and the results show the constitution of the runs each year to the respective areas. There is now available a detailed record of the annual composition of these runs over the period of the past thirty years and valuable information concerning the trends in this fishery is provided. Although some of these records are not as complete or accurate as might be desired, they neverthe- less provide a basis for the administration of this exceedingly valuable fishery. PROPAGATION The investigations of the propagation of sockeye salmon have been carried out by Dr. R. E. Foerster, assisted by Dr. \V. E. Ricker. 1. Relative Effi ciencies of Natural and Artificial Propagation. Over along , period of years an attempt has been made to maintain and increase the production_ of sockeye salmon by means of artificial propagation and hatcheries have been operated in a number of localities. Two methods are used in the distribution of the hatchery product, namely, the planting of eyed eggs in the gravel of streams and the distribution of fry in streams and lakes. It seemed of particular value to determine the relative efficiencies of these two methods and natural propaga- tion. Cultus lake was selected for the investigation because of its relatively 27 small size with advantages of absence of severe flood conditions, of ease of obser- vation over its entire extent and of comparatively small size of sockeye run. Moreover, a hatchery was present at the outlet. By the installation of a picket fence with traps in the outlet of the lake, the mature fish on their way to the lake were intercepted. In the years when natural propagation was to be studied, the migrants were enumerated, the numbers of the two sexes determined and then the fish were allowed to pass upstream to the the lake to spaWm. Representative samples of females were taken and the average number of eggs per female arrived at so that the total egg deposition on the spawning beds might be calculated. In the years when artificial propagation was to be studied, the fish were held, stripped, and the eggs placed in the hatchery. Later, either eyed-eggs were planted in the tributary streams or fry liberated in the lake, according to the program decided upon for the year. Finally, by means of a screen fence in the outlet, the yearling fish resulting from the three methods of propagation were led into traps where they were counted and then allowed to proceed on their downstream, seaward migration. In this way, the efficiency of each method of propagation was determined in terms of yearling seaward migrants on the basis of the number of eggs involved. The experiment has been brought to a conchision and the results have been as follows : natural propagation, 1.13, 1.05 and 3.16 per cent; egg-planting, 0.95 and 3.55 per cent; fry liberation 3.93, 2.38 and 1.71 per cent. Owing to the necessity of holding the maturing fish for some time in the stream below the weir, certain numbers of fish died. When the eggs contained in these fish are eliminated from the calculations, the efficiencies are represented as follows: egg-planting, 1.44 and 4.67 per cent; fry liberation, 4.54, 2.76 and 2.43 per cent. The conclusions are that the differ- ences among the methods are not significant economically and that all three methods show exceedingly low values because of an extreme mortality among the young sockeye during their year of residence in the lake. 2. Factors Involved in the High Mortality of Young Sockeye in Cultus Lake. An attempt has been made to determine the causes of the heavy mortality among the young sockeye in the lake. Three studies have been made: (1) of the physico-chemical conditions; (2) of the character and quantity of the food supply; and (3) of the extent to which predator fish consume young sockeye. In the first, no untoward condition has been found to exist. In the second, there would seem to be an abundance of food, in fact, sufficient to support a much larger population of young sockeye. In the third, definite evidence was obtained that squawfish and Dolly Varden char consume large numbers of sockeye. As a result of these findings, a program was commenced durin g the summer of 1935 for the elimination of coarse fish, particularly squawfish and Dolly Varden char. Gill nets, seines, set lines and traps have been used and to date the fol- lowing fish have been removed: squawfish 6,459, char 230, trout 226, suckers 1,001, sculpins 431, chub 8, dace 13,935, sticklebacks 3,144, and coho salmon 43. The non-predaceous fish such as suckers and dace have been destroyed so that there might not be an undue increase in their numbers following release from pressure from predators with possible consequent reduction in general food supply in the lake. In the autumn of this year, 1935, the adult sockeye were allowed to enter the lake and spawn naturally. The yearlings resulting will be enumerated in the spring of 1937 and should provide a first test of the effectiveness of removal of predators. A more crucial test will occur in the year following when fry will be liberated in the lake and by that time the predator population will be still further reduced. 3. Pond Retention of Young Sockeye Salmon. An experiment has been car- ried out to determine the possibility of obviating the losses among young sock-eye in the lake by retention in ponds for various periods. Fish hatched in the spring of 1934 were placed in the large hatchery ponds and marked and liberated as fol- lows: May, 1934-25,000; September, 1934-25,000; November, 1934-40,000; 28 January, 1935-40,000; March, 1935-53,375. The percentage of survival as determined by enumeration at the counting fence at the time of seaward migra- tion was as follows, respectively: 22, 33, 45, 55 and 33. It is possible that some of the fish, particularly of the last lot, may have remained an additional year in the lake and so the above results may be slightly altered when the 1936 migration is examined. It is apparent that a definite increase in survival with increase in period of retention occurred. However, there must be taken into consideration the economic factors involving costs for plant and equipment, labour and fish food. The costs per 1,000 fish based on the amount of food (beef liver) and the labour of one hatchery man were as follows: 2 months' retention-83.00; 4 months'— 88.00 ; 6 months'—$13.40; 8 months'-818.75; 10 months'-828.70. Cost figures will vary with number of fish held, mortality and kind of food used. It is doubtful, however, if pond retention can be economically- or prac- tically effective when applied to the large sockeye populations of the various river systems. 4. Transplantation. In four successive years, 1929 to 1932, fingerling sockeye salmon derived from eggs obtained at Cultus lake and Adams river were marked and liberated in Eagle river at Taft, as an experiment to determine the possibility of establishing runs to this river by transplantation. A weir was in- stalled in the river so that the numbers of returning fish might be determined. One marked adult fish returned in 1932 from the first transfer from Cultus lake; 2 in 1933 from the first transfer from Adams river; 7 in 1934 from the second transfer from Adams river. Owing to lack of funds it was impossible to maintain the weir in 1935, but the Department of Fisheries maintained an efficient patrolman who reported approximately 40 sockeye spawning in the river. No marked fish were observed. The attempt to re-establish runs to this river has thus met with no success.

PINK SALMON With the increasing importance of the pink salmon in the canning industry, it became imperative that information be obtained concerning its life-history and in particular to determine the production from known escapements. M asset inlet was chosen for the hivestigation because it was believed that the population here constituted a more or less isolated group and that the catch-escapement relation could be determined with some degree of accuracy. Dr. A. L. Pritchard has been in charge of this investigation. 1. Natural Propagation. In order to obtain information which should serve as a basis for the development of a program for the scientific management of the pink salmon fishery, a study was commenced in 1930 of the natural propagation in McClinton creek, Masset inlet. Picket and screen fences were installed in the stream for the enumeration of the adults proceeding upstream to spawn and of the resulting fry migrating seaward. In 1930, 66,151 adults entered the creek and produced 5,026,000 fry (9.9% of the estimated eggs deposited). In 1932, 15,600 adults appeared and 2,230,000 fry resulted from the spawning (16.7% of the estimated eggs deposited). In 1934 the adult run totalled 155,183. The number of fry resulting from the estimated egg deposition of 139,000,000 eggs was approximately 12,600,000 (9.1%). Of these, 85,000 were marked by the removal of the adipose and both ventral fins in order to obtain information in 1936 as to the extent of return to the parent stream or of wandering. 2. Transplantation. It is a peculiarity, of the pink salmon that runs occur almost invariably in alternate years in any area. In Masset inlet, for example, the runs occur in the even-numbered years only. The economic value of estab- - fishing runs in the so-called "off-years" appears obvious and it seemed very desir- able to investigate the possibility of building up a run in the odd years. In 1932, eggs were obtained from the Tlell river and in the following spring, 878,000 fry were liberated in McClinton creek. In the fall of 1933 only one individual ap- peared. In 1933, eggs were again obtained from the Tlell river, and in October, 29 540,340 "eyed" eggs were planted in the gravel beds of McClinton creek. Un- fortunately, severe freshets destroyed the planting and only 5 fry went to sea. In 1935 a third transfer has been carried out. Approximately 750,000 eggs were again obtained at the Tlell river and transferred to the hatchery on McClinton creek. The resulting fry will be liberated in the creek and a portion will be marked by the removal of certain fins as a means of establishing identity in 1937. PILCHARD In the study of the pilchard fishery one of the first objectives has been the • setting up of measures for the detection of changes in the stock, either from natural causes or from fishing efforts. The second has been the obtaining of the fundamental facts concerning the life-history of the fish, such as the time, place and manner of spawning, success of reproduction, the rate of growth, age of maturity, food and migrations. These investigations have been conducted by Dr. J. L. Hart. The characteristics of the fish composing the annual runs of pilchards to the west coast of Vancouver island have been determined over the period of the past seven years. This has involved the collection of detailed data from repre- sentative samples on length, weight, sex ratios, vertebral numbers, etc. Evi- dence derived chiefly from the average sizes and length distributions leads to the conclusion that the pilchard fishery has depended principally during the last few years on one or more dominant year classes and that the last to enter the fishery did so in 1931. Since that year, the average size of the fish has been increasing and appears to be reaching that corresponding to the maximum "effective" age for the species. If this is the case, there may follow some decline in abundance of pilchards in the next few years, unless one (or more) abundant year class enters the fishery. The investigations to date seem to indicate that fluctuations in abundance are associated in large part with the occurrence from time to time of these dominant year classes. The actual availability of the fish of course depends to a large extent upon hydrographic conditions and weather. In order to have some comparative measure of the abundance and availability of the fish, cal- culations have been made of the average catch per boat per day in tons. On this basis the production in the years 1931, 1934 and 1935 have been the highest. It is probable that the pilchard which appears off the west coast of Van- couver island is part of the same stock of fish upon which is based the California sardine industry. There seem to be no differences between the two populations and it is possible that there is an annual north-westward movement of these fish in the spring and summer months and a south-eastward movement during the autumn and early winter. In order to obtain definite information in this respect, a co-operative tagging program has been agreed upon with the investigators in California. In an exploratory experiment this summer, 950 tags were applied. These are small, metal, nickel-plated strips, 3/4" x 1/8", which are inserted into the body cavity of the fish. The small incision in the abdominal wall appears to have no serious ill-effects on the fish as the method has been used extensively in the tagging of herring in Alaska. It is proposed to install next year in several reduction plants, special electro-magnets which will remove any tags from the mal as it passes along the conveyors. HERRING In the administration of the herring fishery, information along two main lines is essential. One is concerning the abundance of the stock and the fluctua- tions and the other is concerning the extent of mingling of populations produced in various areas. Mr. A. L. Tester, who has carried out the herring investigations, has directed his efforts toward obtaining as complete an understanding as possible of the causes of the fluctuation in abundance. Involved in this has been a consideration of the questions of distinctness of local populations, of migrations and inter- mingling and effects of fishing activities. 30 • The results have shown the existence of local populations, that is, for example the herring of Trincomali channel are distinct from those in Barkley sound. These populations, as well as those of Quatsino, Bella Bella, Skidegate inlet, Porcher island, Prince Rupert harbour, are all distinct from one another. The herring from the northern part of the province are slow-growing, reach a greater age and differ greatly in various characters, such as number of vertebrae, from those of the strait of Georgia. On the basis of the distinctness of these local populations there can be little intermingling but in nearby areas some mixing is to be expected. These con- clusions are significant from the point of view of regulation of the fishery. It is hoped that next year a tagging program may be carried out and more exact infor- mation concerning the movements of herring obtained. As in the case of the pilchards, belly tags will probably have to be used and special devices installed in the salteries for the picking out of those fish containing tags. Records of catch of individual seine boats have only been available for the past two years and so the measure of the catch per seine per day of fishing cannot îl be applied over the period since the beginning of the fishery. However, an analysis of all the available scientific and statistical data covering the past twenty years, shows various trends in the composition of the stock and indicates definite Ï.r changes with the intensity of the fishing oPerations.

SHELLFISH British Columbia has valuable shellfish resources in its oysters, clams, crabs, shrimps and prawns. There are other forms such as mussels, abalone, scallops and squids about whose potential possibilities little is known. Dr. C. R. Elsey has been in charge of the shellfish investigations and has given major attention to oyster problems. 1. Oysters. There are now on the coast of British Columbia, three species of oysters, namely, the native, Ostrea lurida, the Eastern, O. virginica, and the Japanese, O. gigas. The Eastern and Japanese have been introduced commer- cially and each has its place on the market. The native oyster is small and its production is limited. Th Eastern, while a desired species, does not lend itself particularly well to cultivation in British Columbia waters because of high costs of transportation from the East, heavy mortalities and sporadic spawning. What quantities are produced are in demand for the half-shell trade. The Japanese oyster has given promise of very successful culture. The cost of transportation is low and the loss of seed is negligible. There is little mortality on the beds, growth is rapid and extensive spawning has occurred in the years 1926, 1930, 1931 and 1932. Special attention has been given to the possibility of stimulating spawning and considerable success has been attained by placing numbers of oysters on floats where higher temperatures have hastened maturity of the sex products and then distributing eggs and sperms over the beds at low tide. How- ever, for some as yet unknown reason, successful spawning is not always followed by spatting. In 1935, oysters over large areas were induced to spawn from July 16 to August 10, but there is no evidence that settlement of larvae occurred at any time during the season. It was thought that early spawning would in- crease the chances of successful spatting but it is evident that there are other prerequisites, possibly suitable food supply. However, early spawning in itself is of value in that oysters which have spawned come quickly into Igood condi- tion for the market, whereas unspawned oysters are not in market condition for several months later. Experimental work has been carried out on the rate of filtration of water at various temperatures by the Japanese oyster. The results show that much greater volumes of water are circulated than in the case of other species and may have some relation to its more rapid growth. Further, measurable quantities of water can be circulated at temperatures close to zero Centigrade. This ability 31 to circulate water and collect food at such low temperatures probably accounts for the continuous growth throughout the winter in British Columbia waters. 2. Clams. More detailed information as to the spawning times of the little- neck and butter clams has been desired and special observations have been made during 1934 and 1935. The results to date show that the former spawns in late February or early March, although sporadic spawning may occur as late as April or May. The young clams after settlement become entangled in algal deposits on the surface of the bed where they remain for at least one year. Growth during this period is very slow in that the length at an age of one year rarely exceeds mm. The butter clam usually commences to spawn in July or August. In certain seasons or locations, however, mass spawning may fail to ozcur. The growth for the first year is slow. The greatest length attained by specimens of the 1934 year class by July, 1935, was 2 mm. 3. -The Shipworm. While the shipworm or "teredo" can scarcely be termed a shellfish, it seems desirable to refer here to certain studies made on this animal. The investigations have been carried out by Dr. Elsey and Mr. E. C. Black over îl a period of several years. By means of test blocks at William Head, Victoria, Departure bay, Crescent, Vancouver, Prince Rupert and M asset inlet, and records Ï.r of temperature and salinity, much valuable information has been obtained as to periods and severity of attack. At the southern end of Vancouver island, infes- tation has been light with no indication of seasonal peaks in intensity of attack. In Departure bay a moderate attack occurred, usually with decided peaks in the spring and autumn. In Vancouver harbour, the shipworm appeared to be rare. In Prince Rupert harbour, very little attack occurred during the short periods of investigation. The heaviest infestation took place in Masset inlet where an attack of very destructive intensity took place in each month of the year. There is some indication that a lowered salinity range of 17 to 22 parts per mille and a temperature range of 3 to 12°C. is favourable to a heavy infestation. FOOD OF THE FUR SEAL During the migration of fur seals north-westward along the coast of British Columbia, stomachs were obtained from the Indian hunters for examination as to the food taken by these mammals. The first specimens were obtained on March 30 and the collection proceeded until April 29. After an interval of two weeks, collections were resumed on May 10 and continued until June 17. In all, there were obtained 593 stomachs, of which approximately 200 contained food material. Examination is not complete but to date herring have been found to form the most important food item. About 90 per cent of the stcrmachs have contained herring. Eulachon, salmon and squid occur to some extent. OCEANOGRAPIIY Attention has been called repeatedly to the need for accurate knowledge o f the ocean conditions, particularly currents, off the coast of British Columbia. As the biological studies of salmon, pilchards and herring have progressed, the need for the information has become more and more pressing. The problems of migration and abundance cannot be solved until the results of oceanographical investigations are available. This year, through the courtesy of Mr. H. D. Parizeau, Commanding Officer of the Hydrographic Survey vessel, the "Wm. J. Stewart", Mr. J. P. Tully and Dr. C. McLean Fraser were given accommodation on board the ship during her operations off the west coast of the Queen Charlotte islands. Owing to the nature of the work of the hydrographic survey, the opportunity for oceanographical observations was very limited but the collections of biological material provided valuable information concerning the animals in that little-studied area. The expeditions of 1934 and 1935 may be considered as oceanographical reconnaissances and have been of value. For detailed work it is evident that a more systematic program must be adopted and the essential requirement is a vessel. 32 • As stated in the introduction, arrangements have been made by which a number of lightkeepers along the coast are taking daily sea-water temperatures and sea-water samples. The data are providing most useful information, and interesting correlations with meteorological data on air temperatures and precip- itation have been found.

TROUT The investigation of the trout of British Columbia commenced in 1926 with the object of determining what kinds of trout occurred in the Province and their distributions and life-histories. This program was followed by one to determine the productivity of body of water in terms of trout. Paul lake, near Kamloops, was selected for the investigation because it is a lake of moderate size, contains no fish except Kamloops trout, has a single inlet stream in which the trout spawn on which the Department of Fisheries maintains a hatchery. All the conditions appeared most favourable for obtaining data on the numbers of trout produced under known conditions of reproduction, food and catch. The Paul lake study has been carried out over a period of five years and is yielding fundamental infor- mation. The next and logical step has been the commencement of what may be termed fish cultural surveys of areas so that the data obtained in the above- mentioned investigations might be applied and fish cultural programs developed for the maintenance, improvement and control of the angling fisheries in the areas. Dr. C. McC. Mottley has been in charge of the trout investigations. 1. The Production of Trout in Paul Lake. The spawning run into Paul creek was counted again this year and a total of approximately 2,300 fish was obtained. This represents another large increase in the numbers of trout in the lake as shown by the following figures: 1932-500; 1933-900; 1934-1,450 and 1935-2,300. At the same time the catch by the anglers is increasing as shown by the following data obtained at Echo Lodge: 1932-2,800; 1933-5,000; 1934-7,000 and 1935 —11,000. These results have been obtained from the annual planting of 200,000 fry. In addition to the above planting there has been a certain amount of natural spawning in Paul creek antl therefore an unknown and-varying number of fry added to the lake from this source. This year, through the assistance of the Fish - Cultural Branch, an effort was made to find out the number of fry thus produced. The potential egg-deposition was calculated as 1,600,000 but was undoubtedly much less because of mortality among adults, unspawned eggs, etc. The number of fry counted at the screen fence was about 10,000 and in addition it was esti- mated that about 3,000 were still in the stream when the work was terminated. It is probably safe to assume that the production of fry was approximately one per cent of the potential seeding, namely, 16,000. There seems to be an alternating dominance in the survival of plantings. This has its explanation in the fact that yearlings are mainly responsible for the destruction of fry; therefore a good survival of yearlings results in a poor survival of the next succeeding year-group. When the program at Paul lake was commenced, a thorough study was made of the food supply.- In view of the development§ in the production of trout it was highly desirable that a second thorough examination of the food supply be made. Accordingly it was arranged that Dr. D. S. Rawson, of the University of Sask- atchewan, should again examine the lake. Although the results have not been completely worked up, it would appear that there has been a definite reduction in the numbers of shrimps. 2. Cowichan River System Survey. In 1934 a preliminary survey was made of the Cowichan river system by Dr. Mottley and as a result of his report a more extended investigation of the river system was carried out in 1935 and the opera- tion of the Cowichan hatchery was turned over to the Biological Board in order that the hatchery might be effectively used in the fish cultural program. '

t.'irk 7 33 Four species of native fish are involved in the sport fish situation in the Cowichan river system, namely, the cutthroat trout which is important in the lake fishery, the steelhead which supports a river fishery, and the spring and coho salmon which constitute a sport fishery in Cowichan bay and probably contribute to a commercial fishery in areas as yet undetermined. In addition, brown trout and Atlantic salmon have been introduced. After field studies, including a survey of Cowichan lake by Mr. G. C. Carl, and a general consideration of the whole situation, Dr. Mottley prepared a four-year plan involving the propagation of cutthroat, Kamloops and steelhead trout and spring salmon. The other -e• species do not require attention at the present time because coho salmon appear to be holding their own fairly well and the program for the introduction of brown , trout and Atlantic salmon is completed and only observations on the results are required. Owing to logging operations, practically the whole shoreline of Cowichan lake has been denuded of its forest cover. As a result, the run-off condition in the tributary streams has been seriously disturbed with serious results to the fish populations, particularly that of the cutthroat trout. With changing conditions the stocks of steelhead and early-running spring salmon appear to be decreasing. It is proposed, therefore, that a hatchery program in which 150,000 of each of these species be reared to the fingerling stage and marked, be carried out, and addition, 150,000 Kamloops trout be handled in the same way in order to deter- mine if these fish may become migratory and thus become steelheads. In order to carry out this program, increased hatchery facilities will be necessary and it is recommended that provision be made for an additional water supply and in- creased pond space. The survey of Cowichan lake revealed no abnormal conditions. The bottom organisms were not abundant but plankton occurred in fair amount. The lake is 21 miles in length, 2 3/ miles in width, with a total area of approximately 24 square miles. The maximum depth is about 490 feet. 3. Serpentine and Nicomekl River Survey. The Serpentine and Nicomekl rivers, which flow into Boundary bay, support important runs of both sport and commercial varieties of fish, chiefly cutthroat trout and coho salmon. Questions as to positions of fishing boundaries and depletion led to the request of the Department of Fisheries for a survey which was carried out by Dr. Mottley. From a preliminary survey, the chief limitation to the production of young fish seems to be the reduction in the volume of the water during the summer months. This factor is extremely important in the conservation of cutthroats and cohoes since they depend on streams for the first year of life. - In order to find out what was involved a study was made of conditions in Bear creek., the principal tributary of the Serpentine river. In June, about 75,000 coho finger- lings were found in three to four miles of this creek. By the end of August the creek had ceased to flow, pools dried up and large numbers of dead fingerlings were observed. An expenment in stream improvement was decided upon. Through the co-operation of the Provincial Government, labour was provided under the Young Men's Forestry Training Plan being conducted at the Green Timbers Forestry Experimental Station on Bear creek. Six young men were assigned and placed under the direction of Mr. D. Mottley. Two dams were constructed, creating pools about 2 feet deep. The effectiveness of these struc- tures will be determined next season. Recommendations are being made: (1) for the release of marked cutthroat trout in the Nicomekl in order to trace their movements; (2) for the salvaging of coho fingerlings in the Serpentine; and (3) for the location of the fishing boundaries. 4. Okanagan Lake Survey. For the purpose of developing a fish cultural program for this lake, a biological survey was carried out during July and August of this year. The investigation was financed largely by the Fish Cultural Branch but in part by the Biological Board. Dr. W. A. Clemens, Dr. D. S. Rawson of the University of Saskatchewan, and Mr. L. McHugh of the University of British 34 Columbia formed the field party. Headquarters were established at Okanagan Mission, near Kelowna. Okanagan lake is approximately 67 miles in length, 2 to 3 miles in width and has an area of 143 square miles. It has a drainage basin of over 2,500 square miles from which numerous streams flow into the lake. Its outlet is the Okan- agan river which flows southward and ultimately joins the Columbia river. The problem centres about the production of the Kamloops trout which is native to the lake. In the early days of settlement of the valley, there was an abundance of trout and the majority of the streams tributary to the lake provided excellent spawning grounds. With the development of orchards, the water of the streams was diverted for irrigation projects. To-day the water of practically every stream is utilized with the result that while trout may ascend the streams in the spring and spawn, the water is so reduced early in the season that fre- quently considerable mortality occurs among the young trout. Attempts have been made to meet the situation by fish cultural efforts. The Department of Fisheries has been planting annually for many years, large numbers of fry obtained from lakes in the Kamloops area. A small hatchery, having a capacity of approximately 275,000 eggs, has been operated at Sum- merland. During recent years the Kelowna Rod and Gun Club has developed three large natural ponds and is now rearing to the yearling stage the fish resulting from approximately 275,000 eggs. More recently the Vernon Fish and Game Association has operated a small pond of a capacity of several thousand yearlings. While these efforts are commendable, it is obvious that in most years this attempt to overcome the adverse conditions of natural spawnin,,c, is scarcely adequate. The number of eggs involved in the above fish cultural endeavours amounts to 550,000, which represents the egg production of approximately 150 5-pound females. The results of the investigations of the hydrography and physico-chemical conditions indicate that the lake may be described as deep alpine with an abun- dance of oxygen well distributed. The plankton does not appear to be rich either in quantity or variety altleugh its quantity is comparable with that in other lakes of this general type. The lake is poor in bottom organisms and this condi- tion may account for the fact that the introduced Eastern whitefish has not reached an abundance sufficient to support a commercial fishery. Several small lakes in the Okanagan drainage system were also examined. 5. Jasper Park Lakes Survey. As a result of the recommendation of Mr. A. C. Wright, Superintendent of Jasper National Park, that a scientific investi- gation be made of the Jasper Park sport fishery with a view to outlining a policy of management, Dr. Mottley made a survey of the situation during the month of July. This survey was intended to obtain some idea of what was involved and of conditions in the various bodies of water, in order that a program of investigation might be formulated and a management policy developed. The sport fishing was found to be confined largely to the lakes, and only in one place, the Maligne river, was stream fishing of any importance. The lakes may be divided into three types based on the fish-producing capacity of the spawning beds: (1) Those containing no fish, such as Brazeau and Twintree. These require a definite stocking policy. (2) Those which have poor spawning grounds and the head of fish, whether native or introduced, is too low to provide inducement for anglers to fish. This type requires a definite annual planting of fish under a program of management. Lakes Pyramid, Patricia, Annette and Edith fall in this class. (3) Those containing a large head of fish and with spawning grounds so good that there is a tendency for too many fish ib survive for the available food in the lake. Lakes in the Maligne area are typical of this class. 35 There is a fourth class of lakes, such as Jasper lake and others in the main valley of the Athabaska, which are unsuitable for the more desirable types of game fish and it does not seem to be profitable to include them in the program for the present. Recommendations are being submitted. 6. Clear Lake, Riding Mountain Park, Manitoba. In the spring of 1935, arrangements were made by the Parks Branch, Department of the Interior, and the Fish Cultural"Branch, Department of Fisheries, for an examination of Clear lake, which was carried out in the period of May 27 to June 12 by Dr. D. S. Rawson of the University of Saskatchewan. The purpose of the investigation was to obtain further information as to the physico-chemical and biological con- ditions in the lake with a view to deciding on a fish cultural policy. The area of the lake is 9.5 square miles and the maximum depth is 100 feet. Summer temperature conditions indicate a complete thermal stratification. The dissolved oxygen of the deeper water is reduced in midsummer but it is probable that no severe depletion exists. The water is moderately alkaline (pH 8.3). The plankton and bottom organisms are of average richness for lakes of this area and depth. . The lake contains whitefish, ciscoes, suckers, perch, pike and minnows. Recommendations are being made for the introduction of Kamloops trout. 7. Relation of Coarse Fish and Waterfowl to the Propagation of Sport and 1.7-ommercial Fishes. The problem of the relation of coarse fish to the propagation of sport and commercial fish in fresh water has continued to receive attention. In this connection the stomach contents of over 800 squawfish, chub, shiners, ling, carp, sticklebacks, sculpins, suckers and whitefishes have been examined by Dr. W. A. Clemens, Mr. J. A. Muriro, Dr. A. L. Pritchard, Mr. G. C. Carl and Mr. L. McHugh. The results, of course, show that there is a definite division among the fish on the basis of their being predators or non-predators. The inter-relations among the fish populations of a lake are difficult to determine and it is likely that experi- mental work will have to be done before they may be clearly appreciated. The program of reduction of coarse fish at Cultus lake will undoubtedly provide most useful information as to the foods of coarse fish and as to the effect of removal upon the groduction of sockeye. The results of the experiment will probably be applicable in other areas. The life-history, feeding habits and foods of the American merganser or sawbill have been studied over a period of years by hIr. J. A. Munro, with whom has been associated Dr. Clemens. The contents of over 325 stomachs have been examined from all part à- of the Province and from all seasons and the chief item of food has been sculpins. This discovery has led to a study of the place in nature of the sculpin. The problem of the merganser has involved a consideration of the fundamental problem of the inter-relations among living organisms and it has seemed worth while to trace . out some of the intermingled lines before at- tempting to pass judgment upon the status of this duck.

FISII DISEASES 'The study of furunculosis has been continued by Dr. D. C. B. Duff of the Department of Bacteriology, University of British Columbia. Two main lines of investigation have been followed. 1. In the spring of 1935, 236 cutthroat trout in the spawning runs at Fish, hIunrà, Mineral and Smith lakes in the Cranbrook area were examined and cul- tures made from the kidneys. Two positive cultures were recovered from among 20 fish from hlunro lake. All other sources were negative. It will be recalled that in 1934, five positive cultures were obtained from 140 cutthroat trout from Reservoir lake. There is definite evidence, therefore, of the existence of the furunculosis organism among the cutthroat trout of the Cranbrook area. 2. A detailed study has been made of the furunculosis organism, Bacillus 36 salmonicida, in the bacteriological laboratory of the University. An interesting discovery was made, namely, that three distinct strains (dissociants) occur. All three types must now be tested as to their possibilities of producing disease. CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS For the purpose of obtaining information concerning the food values of various marine products, chemical analyses have been made of certain species of fish and shellfish. While the main object of the investigations has been to pro- vide accurate information concerning sea foods from British Columbia waters, there has also been desire to link up the chemical analyses of sea water with those of sea animals by tracing the distribution of various chemical elements, such as phosphorus, iron, copper, iodine, manganese, etc. 1. Oysters. Mr. J. P. Tully has completed a bi-monthly series of analyses of the food values of the three species of oysters as produced on the beds of Lady- smith harbour. The results show that the food value of the oysters, in terms of available energy, varies little with seasons. There are, however, marked seasonal variations in glycogen and protein values, these being related to the sexual condition of the oysters. 2. Herring. The investigation designed to determine what changes take place in the chemical composition of the herring with season of the year has been almost completed. The chemical analyses; commenced by Mr. D. Beall, have been completed by Mr. Tully. The mathematical calculations and correlatiOn tests are being made by Dr. Hart and Mr. Tester. 3. Salmon, Pilchard, Ling Cod. A series of reports on analyses of canned sockeye, pink and coho salmon, canned pilchard and ling cod has been assembled under the running title, "The Nutritive Value of Marine Products". The authors are: Dr. N. M. Carter, Dr. F. D. White, Dr. W. A. Riddell and Mr. J. P. Tully. OTHER INVESTIGATIONS There are usually a number of investigations carried out during the year by voluntary investigators and by the permanent staff in the fields of physiology, biochemistry, morphology, taxonomy, etc. In view of the limited number of such studies this year, they are brought together under the one heading and reported upon under the name of the investigator. Mr. and Mrs. C. Berkeley have continued their studies of the marine poly- chaete worms along the Pacific coast. Mr. G. C. Carl has been examining collections of Copepods and Cladocera, made in all parts of the Province even as far north as Dease lake. The assistance of fishery officers and others is greatly appreciated. Dr. C. McLean Fraser has prepared papers describing the Hydroid fauna of the west coasts of Vancouver and the Queen Charlotte islands. Mr. J. A. Munro, Federal Migratory Bird Officer for British Columbia, has continued his investigations of the economic relations of waterfowl. Mrs. Ida S. Oldroyd, of Leland Stanford Junior University, California, has continued her studies of the marine Mollusca of British Columbia waters and it is expected that the report will be completed in New York during the summer of 1936. Dr. W. E. Ricker has carried out some pertinent investigations in connection with the quantitative collection of plankton in Cultus lake. Mr. G. V. Wilby has examined the collections of fishes made during the cruises of the "Wm. J. Stewart" in 1934 and 1935.

PUBLICATIONS The series of quarterly progress reports have been issued during the year, under the editorship of Dr. N. M. Carter of the Pacific Fisheries Experimental Station. The publications which have appeared during the year, based upon work done at the Station, are included in Appendix VI. 37

APPENDIX IV REPORT OF THE PACIFIC FISHERIES EXPERIMENTAL STATION PRINCE RUPERT, B.C. FOR 1935 By N. M. CARTER, DIRECTOR INTRODUCTION Active continuation of the Station's work on the technological aspects of fisheries research in Western Canada has led to definite and satisfactory progress in several somewhat diversified fields of investigation during 1935. The Station endeavours to assist in what should be a continuous effort to effect, maintain, and make recognized the highest possible standard of quality in the products and by-products of our fishing industries. It undertakes a study of the improve- ment and extended utilization of already well-recognized products, and the development of new products for which a probable use or demand is indicated. Certain problems relating to fishing boats and gear and to production operations are investigated. And last but not least, it is very frequently called upon to act as a bureau of information on general fisheries technology, and in some cases, in an educational capacity. Requests and opportunities presented to the Station during the past year have exceeded those experienced in recent years. In order to cope with even the most essential of the problems pressing for solution, a proper balance must be maintained between the amount of fundamental research that can be under- taken and the amount of applied work of immediate interest to individuals or industries that can be performed, using the tools provided by the results of research. As a provisional measure during 1935, emphasis was placed on applied work in several fields to a somewhat greater extent than in some previous years, resulting in a large number of enquiries pertaining to industrial processes. It is at times desirable to follow the results of laboratory experiments by observing their application on an industrial scale. The comparative isolation of Prince Rupert from centres of certain manufacturing facilities has.made such observations difficult despite the generous co-operation displayed by several companies. It therefore appears that the Station must in the future continue to take some of the responsibility of initiative in studying semi-commercial phases of certain operations and products. Expansion along these lines has been anticipated by arranging for the installation of small canning, hydrogenation and other units to supplement the already existing semi-commercial refrigeration and cold storage plant. The need of a suitable vessel for fish transportation research on the halibut and salmon fishing grounds is becoming increasingly evident. A list of members of the scientific staff of the Station during 1935 will be found in Appendix VII. A summary of the more important features of the work of the Station during 1935 follows. ,

INVESTIGATIONS. USES OF FISII OILS IN MANUFACTURING PAINTS Some minor investigations were undertaken by Mr. Denstedt, during a short period of summer work, in connection with the main study of pilchard oil 38 paint films that was practically closed in 1934 with the submission of the results for publication. A new procedure was developed for following accelerated weathering tests by microscopical examination of small painted panels cyclically exposed to a Mazda lamp, ultraviolet light, and in a moisture cabinet. The cycles are repeated as many times as is necessary to bring about a deterioration of the film. The comparative resistance of different films to the effects of heat, light, and moisture in three different sequences is thus obtained. This work was continued by Dr. Brocklesby and Mr. Harding. Another of the periodical examinations of the paint panels exposed to actual weathering conditions on the "paint fence" was made to determine their condition after what is now several years' exposure. Some work on the waterproofing of canvas with pilchard oil was undertaken by Dr. Brocklesby but could not be completed for lack of certain processing equipment.

VARNISHES The product obtained by steam-distilling pilchard oil at about 570' F., as mentioned in last year's Report, has been investigated further by Dr. Brocklesby with the assistance of Messrs. Denstedt and Harding. This material shows very considerable promise as an elastic and durable varnish or enamel, and to draw it to the attention of the industry, a large number of batches were made for dis- tribution to various interested Canadian firms. Due to lack of large-scale equip- ment, only about two pints could be made at one time, using commercial cold- cleared pilchard oil as raw material. These batches were combined and then divided into three lots, consisting of the straight processed material, and the same dissolved in the solvents dipentene and "varnolene" respectively. Small panels of wood varnished with the diluted product were also prepared. Samples were distributed to S01112 fifteen firms, including pilchard oil refiners, accompanied by a memorandum describing the product and its manufacture. Requests were made for comments and opinions on the process and product. Several favourable replies have ham received and since the equipment at the Station could not produce the larger quantities asked for by one company interested in varnish manufacture, a firm in eastern Canada has undertaken the semi-commercial production of this material. •

RUBBER COMPOUNDING MATERIALS In the manufacture of the product described above, some 35 to 45% of free fatty acids are produced from the pilchard oil and distill over with the steam. This by-product, after purification by a vacuum steam distillation, has been hydrogenated ("hardened") successfully on a laboratory scale. The hydro- genated product has properties corresponding closely /with those of the imported fatty acids (stearic acid, "stearex") used in rubber compounding. The National Research Council of Canada has been conducting research in rubber compounding materials and, as in the case of certain former products investigated at this Station, has requested large samples. These will be supplied as soon as facilities permit. • • Investigation of the crude distilled acids as an ingredient of insecticide sprays is contemplated by Dr. Brocklesby.

SYNTHETIC RESINS Dr. Brocklesby has been investigating the fatty acids of pilchard oil as a possible substitute for the fatty acids from linseed and other drying vegetable oils usad in the manufacture of synthetic resins. This investigation is almost complete and the results will ba comm unicated to firms interested by an Indus- trial Memorandum in the near future. 39

FISH OILS FOR FEEDING AND MEDICINAL PURPOSES PRODUCTION OF PILCHARD OIL A Bulletin and several Progress Reports published during the year have drawn attention to the Station's interest in the production and proper storage of pilchard oil and standardization of its vitamin quality for feeding purposes. A very considerable market in Eastern Canada appears to be open to suitable, biologically tested and certified pilchard oil for poultry-feeding purposes. Drs. Brocklesby and Carter and Mr. Bailey have been co-operating with producers, refiners, the Canadian Feed and Canadian Manufacturers' Associations and the Dominion Department of Agriculture in efforts to establish some system whereby the requirements of the consumers in this field could be met satisfactorily. It is anticipated that all fish oils for feeding purposes may be included under the Feeding Stuffs Act, and the Station has already assisted in formulating tentative measures whereby the certification and control may be effected. The cleansing of drums intended for pilchard oil storage was studied by Mr. Bailey and a Progress Report published, in which separate procedures for treating second-hand drums that had contained fatty oils or mineral oils were recom- mended.

PRODUCTION OF VITAMIN-POTENT LIVER OILS A method for separating the oil from liver tissue, developed and published last year by Dr. Brocklesby and Mr. Green, has been applied commercially in two plants on this coast. The plant operating in Prince Rupert processed during 1935 over 29,000 lb. of livers (principally halibut) from which some 550 gallons of medicinal liver oil were obtained. A ready market for this oil has been en- countered among pharmaceutical firms. Considerable assistance was given by the Station to these two plants during their developmental stages and as a result of recent vitamin researches mentioned in the next section, it is anticipated that other medicinal fish oils will be manufactured in 1936. The medicinal importance of fish liver oils rich in vitamins and the growing significance of fish liver extracts in the treatment of pernicious anaemia suggested the need of such preservative measures as will reduce bacterial and chemical decomposition to a minimum while the livers are en route from the source of supply to where the oil will be separated. Dr. Bedford has undertaken a study of this problem. A cheap and harmless chemical substance was found that greatly retarded decomposition even at 70° F., yet left the original vitamin A content comparatively unimpaired after 40 days storage at this teinperature. The quality of the oil recOvered led to an investigation of this substance as an aid to the separation of the oil from the preserved livers. A rapid process involving heating the preserved livers under pressure with steam, followed by centrifuging to recover the oil, has shown considerable promise. The vitamin A concentra- tions in oils obtained so far in this uncompleted investigation have in some cases been slightly lower than those in oils produced by the former method described, but this process has the advantage of rapid application. Comparative trials of the two methods on a semi-commercial scale are being continued with the assist- ance of Mr. Bailey for the vitamin determinations.

VITAMIN RESEARCHES • The study of seasonal and annual variations in the vitamin D content of pilchard oil has been continued by Mr. Bailey as fast as facilities for biological assays have permitted. A progressive decrease in vitamin D concentration in I 1 the oil as the season advances has been observed during the fishing season in each 1 of three successive years. A sample obtained from pilchards caught early in September contained some 17 international units of vitamin D per gram, as com- pared with about 30 units per gram in the oil from pilchards caught early in July from the same locality. Samples from fish caught within the same week but at 40 points 120 miles apart differed only slightly in vitamin concentration, indicating that geographical variation is probably not significant. An attempt to follow similarly the variations in vitamin A concentrations in pilchard oil has led, as indicated in last year's Report, to the study of several interesting features regarding the non-uniformity of results obtained by various assay methods. The chemical assay method is as yet rather unreliable when applied to pilchard oil and collaborative work with the University of British Columbia and others has confirmed the fact that biological assays with chicks give higher apparent vitamin A values for pilchard oil than when the assay is performed biologically on rats or by chemical or other means. This discrepancy is not so pronounced in assaying cod liver oil. The chicks appear to be able to utilize some substance in pilchard oil similar to vitamin A, which the rats do not utilize. This is an important factor in assaying pilchard oil for poultry-feeding purposes and Mr. Bailey is continuing a research through which, it is hoped, the expensive and tedious biological assay may be partially supplemented by the cheaper and more rapid chemical or spectrographic methods. A special study of the chemical assay method as applied to vitamin A in fish oils is being con- ducted. Investigation of the problem of the separation and identification of the muscle pigments of salmon, and their possible relation to vitamin A in the liver, has been resumed by Mr. Bailey in collaboration with the University of British Columbia. Three definitely different pigments, one of which is probably asta- cene, have been separated by a physico-chemical method and spectrometric data are also being obtained. A Progress Report has been published by Mr. Bailey summarizing the results of continuing the survey of Vitamin A contents of miscellaneous fish and fish liver oils, commenced by Drs. Finn and Brocklesby at the Station some years ago. As a result of these early investigations, returns from the halibut fishery were supple- mented to the extent of $108,000 during 1935 by the sale of halibut livers in Prince Rupert and Butedale alone. New oils investigated this year included those from the livers of perch, whiting, skate, bastard halibut, and various species of so-called cods. Preliminary results showed a higher vitamin A concentration (up to 190,000 blue units per gram) in red cod liver oil than in any halibut liver _ oil yet investigated. Rock cod liver oil gave higher average values than Atlantic cod liver oil. A sample of skate liver oil, tested biologically, contained 25 inter- national units of vitamin D per gram. -

CLINICAL TESTS ON MEDICINAL FEEDING OILS ("THALATTOLS") Dr. Brocklesby, with the assistance of a local physician and dentist, has continued the clinical testing of British Columbia fish and fish liver oils blended to produce a medicinal oil rich in vitamins A and D. The results of tests on a blend of pilchard body and dog fish liver oils were summarized in last year's Report and published elsewhere. This year's tests were made with a blend of the oil from fresh halibut livers, extracted with first-grade pilchard body oil. One hundred Prince Rupert school children were divided into four groups; one group received cod_ liver oil supplied by the Provincial Department of Public Health, a second group received the blended oil, and the two remaining groups given no oil served as controls. A daily dose of 10 cc. of oil was given to each child in the first two groups five times a week for almost 24 weeks, a thorough medical and dental examination was given at the beginning and end of the test, and the children were weighed monthly. The data have not yet been worked up completely but the following results are of interest: Cod liver Thalattol oil Control A Control B Av. increase in weight of child . . . . 3.09 lb. 2.83 lb. 2.49 lb. — Av. no. colds per child 0.31 0.28 0.96 . 92 41 Statistical treatment of the complete medical and dental data is expected to show the reliability of the obvious conclusions that may be drawn from the above table. Arrangements have been made for further clinical tests in Vancouver and elsewhere, using a blend of a fish liver oil with edible salmon oil. The higher concentration of vitamin D in the latter, as compared with pilchard oil, should prove to be of greater merit as a base for blended medicinal oils.

FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES ON THE CONSTITUTION OF FISII OILS Dr. H. N. Brocklesby, with the assistance of Mr. K. Harding and in part, Dr. Carter and Messrs. K. Green and P. Sunderland, has continued his investi- gations of the properties of the unsaturated fatty acids (and their esters) found in fish oils. This work was undertaken to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the reactions involved in the processing of such oils for

-various industrial uses. Investigations practically or fully completed in 1935 include: study of iodine value methods, action of ultraviolet light, association in solvents, thermal polymerization, spontaneous isomerism; and molecular weight, viscosity and refractive index determinations of polymerized oils in various solvents. The results of these investigations are being published in a series of scientific papers now almost completed. These results cannot be summarized adequately in this Report, but are an example of the fundamental research necessary as a background for the applied work of more direct interest to the industries. Mr. F. Charnley has completed and submitted for publication the second of two papers on a mathematical treatment of methods of investigating the structure of fish oils.

BACTERIOLOGY: HANDLING OF FISH FRESH FISII The formaldehyde disinfection method for fishing boats, worked out by Dr. Bedford and applied to the halibut fleets operating from Prince Rupert and other ports, as mentioned in previous Reports, has continued to give satisfactory results. The number of vessels 9f the Canadian halibut fleet using this method has in- creased slightly during the past season, although the poundage of fish carried in the treated vessels has remained much the same as during the 1934 season owing to the smaller total landings this year. The number of trips made by treated vessels increased from 48.0% of the total trips made in 1934 to 53.0% in 1935; 33 million pounds of halibut were carried in these disinfected vessels. Improved methods of stowage and storage aboard ship to secure better utilization of ice and protection against bacterial agencies have been demon- strated to the halibut and salmon fishermen who attended two lectures given by Dr. Bedford and Mr. Young early in 1935. A Bulletin dealing with these impor- tant considerations was published and made available for distribution to the fishermen during the fishing season. Various factors beyond the Station's control have delayed more extensive adoption of the recommendations made. GLAZES FOR FROZEN FISII The eutectic ice glaze for protecting fresh fish, developed last year by Dr. Bedford, contained boric acid as its antiseptic agent. This acid has not broved acceptable to the health authorities in some countries, and further investigation ha'S been undertaken to find some other more acceptable substances which would still embody most of the desirable bacteriological, physical and chemical proper- ties displayed by the eutectic glaze containing boric acid. Two of the most promising substances are being used on a commercial scale to demonstrate their feasibility and about one million pounds of frozen halibut so treated have been shipped from Prince Rupert by a cold storage company which placed large-scale experimental facilities at the disposal of the Station. During a visit by Dr. 42 Bedford and Mr. Young to Vancouver and New Westminster in the summer, a practical demonstration of the glazing method was given to a cold storage concern in the latter city. Several hundred pounds of salmon were glazed. Interest in these processes is world-wide, enquines having been received from the United States, Great Britain, India, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and France. Further work on ice glazes is described under Refrigeration later. Closely linked with the abo've investigation is the development of an accept- able "antiseptic" ice in which to pack fresh fish during transportation and display. Such an ice is to be distinguished from a "sterile" ice inasmuch as the former is designed to havé a lasting, mild antiseptic action due to the incorporation in it of very small amounts of recognized harmless preservatives to form an ice of eutectic composition. Its properties of depressing bacterial growth are still being studied, and arrangements for testing' the efficacy of the ice on a commercial scale are contemplated for next summer.

LOW TEMPERATURE STORAGE A study of the effects of low storage temperatures on the survival of bacteria on or in frozen fish has been continued by Dr. Bedford, who has found that after storage of extracts from various fish flesh for periods as long as 290 days, a greater number of bacteria survived when the storage temperature was —4° F. than when it was some 15° higher. Some misconception seems to exist in the refrigeration industry as a result of scientific proof (from this Station and elsewhere) that the low temperatures for optimum death rate of bacterial population, and for optimum protection of fish or animal tissue against denaturation, do not coincide. An attempt will be made to clarify this situation by publication of the details of the investigation when further study of the relation of temperature to certain other factors is completed.

CANNING Dr. Bedford and Mr. Young have collaborated with a local cannery which requested the assistance of the Station in overcoming difficulties experienced in canning shrimps, clams, and crabs. In the case of shrimps, a process involving blanching for 5 minutes in boiling 10% brine, followed by packing in a liquor containing 70 parts of 9% brine and 30 parts of a 1% solution of citric acid was found to provide a pack that was entirely disposed of at a satisfactory figure. Details of the best exhausting, coming-up, and processing times and temperatures were also worked out for the three products. A preliminary investigation of the canning of halibut cheeks was also commenced. Other canning problems pressing for solution are the frequent occurrence of unsightly "curd" in canned salmon and the less frequent occurrence of crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate in canned salmon and other products. A Progress Report was prepared by Dr. Brocklesby, Messrs. Denstedt and Bailey in 1934 outlining some experiments designed to overcome "curd", and the recom- mendations contained therein were adopted at some Skeena river canneries in 1935. These canneries reported very little trouble with "curd", but on the other hand, several neighbouring canneries also reported very little trouble. The sporadic occurrence of "curd" and the frequent réquests for investigation demand further work for which provision is being made in 1936. No work has been done on the formation of crystals as yet but a Progress Report by Dr. Bedford and a printed leaflet by Dr. Carter describing their nature and harmlessness were pre- pared and circulated to canners and brokers. These two problems, and other canning investigations asked for by the industry, have been held up through lack of canning equipment at the Station. The rental and purchase of such equipment is now being arranged and it is hoped to have it installed early in 1936. In the meantime, much assistance by the Halifax Station has been rendered in advice on canning but some duplication of equipment in order to handle problems peculiar to the Pacific coast appears justified. 43 WOOD-ROT ABOARD SHIP A survey of the extent of wood-rot in vessels at this port has indicated its exten- sive nature. There is hardly a vessel which is free from it, some being much more extensively damaged than others. Last year, for instance, it was necessary to completely reconstruct the stern of one local vessel at a cost of $2,000. In Van- couver, New Westminster and Victoria similar fishing vessel histories are on record. One interested company finds the effective life of untreated fish scows is about five years and attributes this to rot, a serious condition when each scow of standard dimensions costs about S7,000. This investigation has just been commenced by Dr. Bedford and at present experiments are under way to demonstrate whether destruction of cellulose can be brought about by crude cultures obtained from rotted wood taken from local fishing vessels.

REFRIGERATION AND ENGINEERING - The work of Mr. O. C. Young, Assistant Research Engineer, is primarily that of refrigeration research. He has been called upon, however, to assist in many engineering capacities throughout the year in connection with already- mentioned canning studies and glazing experiments made by Dr. Bedford, and in assisting various industries with respect to plant capacity, etc. The services of his Department exemplify the necessity of engineering research in connection with the translation of laboratory scale experiments to a semi-commercial or full commercial scale. COOLING AND FREEZING CURVES FOR FISH As stated in the Annual Report for 1934, the purpose of this investigation is to determine the relation between the time and temperature required to cool different thicknesses of fish when subjected to the conditions most common in the practices of freezing, in order that a distinction may be made between "rapidly" and "slowly" frozen fish. This year the investigation was extended by Mr. Young to include a study of the direct immersion system or Ottesen Process, the still air or "Sharp Freezer" method, and the mechanically circulated air or air-blast method of freezing. Both salmon and halibut were experimented with, because of their commercial importance. The most practicable temperature that may be maintained in an eutectic sodium chloride brine plus 10% of glycerine was found to be 0° F. and the thickness of the sections of fish that may be rapidly frozen in such a- brine was found to be 2 inches for salmon and 1.8 inches for halibut. In still air, cooling takes place at such a slow rate as to indicate that "Sharp" freezing may be ruled out as a "rapid freezing" method. By mechanically circulating the air, however, the rate of cooling is greatly increased until with an air velocity of 1000 ft./min. cooling takes place about twice as rapidly as in still air. Velocities of air greater than 1000 ft./min. could not be studied, because of lack of facilities, but the indi- cations were that dehydration may be excessive at the higher velocities. Two Progress Reports embodying the results of these investigations were published during the year. RATE OF DEHYDRATION OF FISH DURING FREEZING In connection with the circulating air freezing method described abov.e, con- siderable work was done by Mr. Young on the rate of dehydration of the fish under those conditions, partly at the request of a local cold storage plant. In most "sharp freezers" there is a difference in the rate of freezing between the bottom and the top coils, due largely to the design of the cooling units, which permits warm ammonia gas to collect in the upper sections of the coils. The trouble is aggravated by the stratification of air in the freezer as well. The use of fans in freezers was not considered by operators because the effect upon de- hydration of the fish during freezing was thought to be too great. 44 As stated in the previous investigation, the speed of freezing was approx- imately double that in still air, when the air was moving with a velocity of 1000 ft./min. The rate of dehydration was considerably increased; however, the loss in weight of fish whose temperature had been reduced only through the "critical zone" of freezing (32° F. to 23° F.) was not so much in excess of that for fish subjected to the same treatment in still air, owing to the reduction in the time of exposure. The loss of weight from a number of halibut and salmon frozen in still air was 1.0%, while the loss from similar fish frozen in the moving air was 1.3%. From these data, it is concluded that fans may be used to advantage in sharp freezers, when the lack of freezing capacity is felt. Care must be taken, however, not to leave the fish exposed to the moving air longer than is necessary to reduce their temperature beyond that required for the glazing operation. The glaze applied later protects the fish from further dehydration. PROPERTIES OF GLAZES FOR FROZEN FISH The properties of various glazes and their mechanical behaviour during and after application to the frozen fish have been investigated by Mr. Young as an adjunct to the study of glazes by Dr. Bedford. These investigations have cov- ered (a) the causes of cracking of the glazes due to differences in the rates of expansion or contraction of the glaze and the fish under changes of temperature, (b) the amount of glazes taken by the fish during dipping. Both pure and eutectic ices were considered. Probable explanations for the non-cracking pro- perties of eutectic ice glazes have been put forward as a result of studies of their properties, and the cause of delayed cracking of pure ice glazes has been traced to a difference in the times taken for the glaze and the fish to expand or contract in response to temperature changes. With respect to amount of glaze taken on by the fish, eutectic glazes have been shown to afford increased protection against dehydration of the fish by the formation of thicker glazes at lower temperatures than are possible when glazing in water alone. At 41° F. (just slightly above the temperature at which a water dip must be used) three successive dips in water added a glaze weighing 3% of the weight of the fish ; using a boric acid or other solution at 32° F., one dip alone added 4% of an eutectic glaze. These and other data will be of assistance to operators in estimating gros g weights, cost, and other economic aspects of new glazes developed. REFRIGERATOR CAR STUDIES This programme, in charge of Mr. Young and described in the 1933 and 1934 Reports, had as its object the demonstration of the feasibility of overhead re- frigeration in railway refrigerator cars for fish transport. It has been allowed to rest until the National Research Council of Canada had completed certain inves- tigations on the heating of such cars for transport of other foodstuffs. These have been concluded successfully and officials of the Canadian National Railways who conferred with Mr. Young, Dr. Bedford and Dr. Carter have indicated their willingness to assist the completion of the Station's refrigeration experiments by placing a specially constructed car at its disposal for trial runs during the coming summer. SEA WATER TEMPERATURES The semi-weekly (and later weekly) observations of the temperature, chlor- inity and pH of the water at four depths in Prince Rupert harbour by Mr. Sunderland have been continued since February, 1934. An unexpectedly large commercial catch of herring in the harbour last January and February gave some impetus to the interest of these observations and a Progress Report was published showing the data to date, and conjecturing whether there was any relation between this run and the sea water conditions existing at that time. The obser- vations are being continued semi-weekly until it is seen whether another large 45 run occurs early in 1936 in the harbour. The possibility of the large catch being due merely to a renewal of fishing effort after a lapse of 15 years is not excluded.

MISCELLANEOUS Many miscellaneous problems and analyses have been dealt with during the year. Among these may be mentioned analyses of oysters for manganese (by Dr. Carter for the Nanaimo Station), identification of several submitted samples of alleged ambergris (Drs. Carter and Brocklesby), identification (by Dr. Brocklesby and Mr. Harding) of a sample of "fish tallow" submitted from Egypt, and analyses of samples of clam shell deposit to assist a newly-developed local in- dustry (Dr. Carter). Forty-one commercial colorimetric tests for vitamin A in halibut and other high-potency liver oils have been carried out. A twenty-rat test for vitamin D in a sample of black-cod liver oil is now in progress for a com- mercial organization. This is the first commercial bio-assay which has been done by this Station (A1r. Bailey). A large specimen of a recently-dead basking shark (28 feet long) was found on a beach near Prince Rupert and positive identification, coupled with photo- graphs and specimens, was of interest as a sequel to the "sea serpent" publicity in which the Station was concerned last year. A sample of the liver oil was tested for vitamin A by Mr. Bailey without promising results.

RELATIONS WITH INDUSTRIES AND CO-OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES During 1935 each member of the scientific staff of the Station was enabled to make at least one trip outside Prince Rupert for the purpose of contacting various industries with which their work was particularly concerned. These visits were most productive of a better understanding of the industrial applica- tions of the Station's work, and resulted in mutual benefit, it is hoped, to all parties concerned. Correspondence must play a considerable rôle in the Station's relations with the industry, due to the relative isolation of Prince Rupert; but the maintenance of direct contact as far as circumstances and appropriations will permit is most desirable. - One aspect of the trend toward applied work emphasized during the past year is the submission of applications for Canadian Public Service Patents on inventions assigned to the Biological Board by the staff of the Station. These cover glazing and liver ou l extraction methods. Co-operational activities have been acknowledged already in vario. us places in this Report, and the Director on behalf of his staff wishes to thank all other individuals, firms, and institutions not thus specifically mentioned, but whose services in assisting various investigations were nevertheless greatly appreciated.

EDUCATION AND PUBLIC RELATIONS No regular course of instruction to fishermen such as that held annually at the Halifax Station is given in Prince Rupert, but a close contact with the various fishermens' organizations is maintained and two lectures were held in the spring of this year for the purpose of emphasizing the means whereby fish can be brought to port in even better condition than at present. These lectures were well attended by the halibut and salmon fishermen of the vicinity. Technical papers were read by Dr. Carter to the Toronto and Vancouver sections of the Canadian Chemical Association, by Dr. Brocklesby to the Cana- dian Feed Manufacturers' Association in Toronto and the Canadian Medical Association in Vancouver, and by Mr. Denstedt at a Canadian Chemical As- sociation meeting in Kingston. A series of five popular radio addresses on fisheries technological research were broadcast from a Vancouver station during January and February under the auspices of the Department of Fisheries. 46 With the institution of a civic museum in Prince Rupert during the past year, the Station has undertaken to collect marine specimens and maintain an exhibit of marine life in general. During an exhibition held in Prince Rupert for a week in the summer, the Station entered an exhibit explaining its work and illustrating some of its re- searches by specimens, models, and a large map showing the location of the various fisheries of the province. The exhibit attracted considerable interest. Four Progress Reports (numbers 23, 24, 25 and 26) containing popular articles on the work of the two Pacific coast Stations were issued during the year in collaboration with the Nanaimo Station. Each Station contributed about half of the twenty-four articles published. A complete list of publications appearing during the year is given as part of Appendix VI. Many of the published articles have been reprinted in trade and technical journals.

• I

■•■ 47

APPENDIX V

REPORT OF THE MARGAREE SALMON AND TROUT INVESTIGATIONS

By A. G. HUNTSMAN

Poor salmon angling in recent years while fairly general in the Maritime provinces, has been particularly evident on the Margaree river in Cape Breton island, and for some years past there has been a demand for a biological investi- gation. A preliminary survey of the region was made in the summer of 1934 and from this it was evident that there was considerable diversity in conditions throughout the Margaree river system and that a complex of varied factors determined the numbers of salmon available in the river for angling. Consequently, it was decided to obtain so far as possible a comprehensive as well as detailed picture of significant events on the river system during the summer angling season of 1935 from June to August, the period of which chief complaint was made. Eight biologists in training were appointed Research Assistants and located for continuous observations at seven points (1) the mouth of the harbour and river, (2) the head of tide, (3) the Forks, (4) North East Margaree and (5) Frizzleton, both on the northeast branch of the river, (6) Scotsville at the outlet of lake Ainslie on the southwest branch, and (7) Trout brook near the head of lake Ainslie. Dr. A. G. Huntsman and Mr. H. C. White (of the staff of the Atlantic Biological Station) studied the river system as a whole. The catches of the salmon "fleets" along the shore outside the river mouth showed that the salmon were late in arriving (about the middle of June) and that on the whole they became rather steadily more abundant as the season progressed practically until the legal time for operation of the nets came to a close on August 15 (an unusual condition). One hundred of the salmon taken nearest the river mouth around the first of July were tagged and liberated just outside the nets in which they were captured. Sixteen of these were recaptured in the coastal nets by August 15, showing a coastal movement of nearly four times as many fish at over three times as fast a rate to an extreme distance (36 miles) over seven times as great to the northeast as compared with the southwest. This agreed with the marked prevalence of winds from the southwest during the period. Although the fish were liberated so close to the river mouth there was no evidence that any entered the river until over two months had elapsed, in spite of the fact that the majority of those recaptured along the outside shore must have crossed the river mouth. Study of the conditions in the gulf just outside the river mouth confirmed observations made in 1934, that the fresh-water influ- ence from the river was quite restricted, consisting of a comparatively thin surface layer extending chiefly to the northeast and but a very short distance offshore or to the southwest. It developed with falling tide and disappeared rather rapidly with rising tide. There was, therefore, little chance of the salmon being guided to the river mouth. This condition was the result of a very dry season with exceptionally low river discharge from before the arrival of salmon on the coast in June until late in August. In spite of this condition there were some salmon in the river above tide- water (as revealed by observation) steadily from the middle of June on, and some were caught every week, but so rarely (seven was the highest number reported for any week) that there were said to be "no salmon in the river". A most striking change occurred following a spate that resulted from a fall of over five inches of rain from August 23 to 25. In the following week 78 salmon were taken by angling, more than twice as many as reported for the whole season up to that time. The angling began just above the head of tide with subsidence of the 48 spate and the best angling at any one point was progressively later and more diffuse in time going up the river. The fish taken from the first week were similar to those taken earlier and may well have come from the estuary. In the second week larger fish appeared, and among them the first of the tagged fish, indicating a movement inward of fish from outside the river mouth. Rains fell from time to time and the angling continued to be good until the end of the season on October 15, giving a reported catch of 527 (including 8 of the tagged fish), which is well above the average of the last decade. Also the river was well populated with salmon at the spawning time. So far as the seasons of 1934 and 1935 are concerned, there has been a failure to find that netting is responsible for the small numbers of fish in the river during the summer months. On the other hand it is quite clear that the entrance of the salmon into the tidal part of the river depends upon their being on the shore (probably as the result of surface water movement) and upon there being a suffi- cient volume of river water discharged. Movement up from tidal water seems chiefly dependent upon water discharge. Control of this discharge is definitely desirable, if a feasible method can be found. Study of the factors determining the numbers of young salmon to go to sea as smolts revealed a complex condition. Natural spawning populates most parts of the river system with fry, but unequally, so that there is scope for the effective use of cultural procedures. Mergansers and kingfishers definitely feed upon the larger young fish, and some measure of control seems advisable, particularly during dry seasons when the young fish are more readily taken. While trout are distributed throughout the river system, the young are largely restricted to those streams or parts of streams not tenanted by young salmon. The larger trout are made available from sea or from lake by the action of the same forces that have been described for the salmon. The dry season of 1935 was distinctly unfavourable.

», • e 49

APPENDIX VI

PUBLICATIONS

The Biological Board of Canada issues several series of publications, each having- a quite definite and distinctive character. The Annual Report attempts to summarize the work of the Board during each calendar year in simple and clear fashion and for the general public. The fi.rst of these to be published separately was for the year 1929. The series of Pacific Progress Reports was started in 1929 and was designed "to acquaint the fishing industry with some aspects of investigations which are being undertaken by the Biological Board of Canada through its Pacific Coast Stations". These reports appear quarterly and 26 have so far been issued, Nos. 23 to 26 appearing during 1935. In 1931 a similar series of Atlantic Progress Reports was begun to deal with the work of the Stations on the Atlantic coast. These also appear quarterly and to date there have been 16 issues, Nos. 14, 15 and 16 in 1935. An attempt is made to have the articles in the Progress Reports suitable in whole or in part for use by fishing journals and newspapers, and quite a number are in fact so used. These series, therefore, serve as regular avenues for the issuance of such informa- tion on the Board's work as is thought to be of general interest. The series of Bulletins was begun in 1918 and up to the present forty-nine of them have been issUed. They were intended for the general fishery public and to treat particular subjects in simple and comprehensive fashion. However, some have been written definitely for persons specializing in particular fields connected with the fishing industry, and these bulletins have of necessity been of more technical character. - During 1935 five bulletins were issued. These covered the subjects of fish- tapeworm, the production of fish oil of high grade for feeding live stock, the herring fishery of British Columbia, the rearing of oyster spat on trays, and the care of fresh halibut aboard ship. Two bulletins, one on lobster fishing in the southern part of the gulf of St. Lawrence and the other on the preservation of oysters in the shell, have been issued in French editions. Strictly scientific articles on new results or discoveries made in investigations carried out under the Board are published in the Journal of the Biological Board of Canada. The first issue appeared in 1934, but this Journal is in reality a con- tinuation of the series Contributions to Canadian Biology, of which ten issues (designated by the periods covered) appeared from 1901 to 1921, and eight num- bered volumes from 1924 to 1934. During 1935, there were four issues of the Journal (Vol. I, nos. 2 to 5), containing sixteen articles. An Editorial Board of seven members assists gratuitously in maintaining a high standard for the Journal, and as well other scientific specialists co-operate by critically examining articles presented for publication. Some of the results of the Board's investigations serve as the basis for articles that are published in various scientific and industrial periodicals. During 1935 there were sixty-nine articles published in this way. In the following list are to be found under authors' names the titles of all the articles dealing with the work of the Biological Board that appeared during 1935. The names of the periodicals published by the Board have been abbreviated in the list in the following vvay: J. Biol. Bd. Can.—"Journal of the Biological Board of Canada." Bull. Biol. Bd. Can.—"Bulletins of the Biological Board of Canada." Prog. Rep. Atl.—"Progress Reports of Atlantic Biological Station, St. Andrews, N.B., and Atlantic Fisheries Experimental Station, Halifax, N.S." Prog. Rep. Pac.—"Progress Reports of Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C., and Pacific Fisheries Experimental Station, Prince Rupert, B.C." 50

LIST OF PAPERS PUBLISHED DURING THE YEAR 1935 DEALING WITH THE WORK OF THE BIOLOGICAL BOARD Babkin, B. P., A. F. Chaisson and M. H. F. Friedman. Factors determining the course of gastric secretion in elasmobranchs. J. Biol. Bd. Can., Vol. 1, pp. 251-259. Babkin, B. P., M. H. F. Friedman and M. E. MacKay-Sawyer. Vagal and sympathetic innervation of the stomach in the skate. J. Biol. Bd. Can., Vol. 1, pp. 239-250. 'Bailey, B. E. Further progress in studies of variations in vitamin potency of pilchard oil. Prog. Rep. Pac. No. 23, pp. 11-13. Cleaning drums for pilchard oil. Prog. Rep. Pac., No. 24, pp. 23-24. The vitamin A potency of the liver oils from some miscellaneous _ Pacific coast fishes. Prog. Rep. Pac. No. 26, pp. 17-18. The Prince Rupert sea serpent and its sequel. Fishing News, Aber- deen, Vol. 23, No. 1179, p. 23. Bajkov, A. D. The plankton of lake Winnipeg drainage system. Internationale , Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie u. Hydrographie, Bd. 31, S. 239-272 (1934). Battle, Helen I. Digestion and digestive enzymes in the herring (C/upea har- engus L.), J. Biol. Bd. Can. Vol. 1, pp. 145-147. Beatty, S. A. The handling of shucked' scallops. Prog. Rep. At!., No. 14, pp. . 14-16. Beatty, S. A. and N. E. Gibbons. An investigation into the main factors con- tributing to the spoilage of fresh fish: Prog. Rep. Atl., No. 15, pp. 4-9. Bedford, R. H. The care of fresh halibut aboard ship. Bull. Biol. Bd. Can., No. 49, 8 pp. Magnesmm ammonium phosphate, the glass-like crystals in canned salmon. Prog. Rep. Pac. No. 23, pp. 22-24. eeserving fresh fish aboard the halibut fleet. Western Fisheries, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 8-9. Disinfection may help preserve vessels. Pacific Fisherman, Vol. 33, No. 4, p. 39. Bacteriology and its relation to the preservation of fish. Proceedings Fifth Pacific Science Congress, Vol. 5, pp. 3715-3724. Note on bacteria and low temperature storage. Food Manufacture, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 101402. Berkeley, C. The chemical composition of the crystalline style and of the gastric shield ; with some new observations on the occurrence of the style oxidase. Biological Bulletin, Vol. 68, No. 1. Berkeley, E., and C. Berkeley. Some notes on the polychaetous annelids of Elkhorn slough, Monterey bay, California. The American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 16, No. 5. Black, E. C. The shipworm. Western Fisheries, Vol. 9, No. 3. Blair, A. A. Ages at migration of Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar) in Miramichi river. J. Biol. Bd. Can., Vol. 1, pp. 159-169. Brocklesby, H. N. The economical utilization of Canadian pilchard oil. Prog. - Rep. Pac., No. 25, pp. 13-17. . Chemical researches on Canadian Pacific coast fish oils. Proceedings Fifth Pacific Science Congress, Vol. 5, pp. 3637-3645. Brocklesby, H. N. and B. E: Bailey. The production of high grade feeding oil from pilchard and similar fish. Bull. Biol. Bd. Can., No. 46, 8 pp. Brocklesby, H. N. and K. Green. Vitamin oil extraction method., Pacific Fisherman, Vol. 33, No. 3, p. 55; No. 4, p. 55. Brocklesby, H. N. and R. G. Large. Blended fish oils for medicinal purposes. . 1 Canadian Medical Association Journal, Vol; 32, pp. 292-295. 41.

51 Campbell, James. The non-protein nitrogenous constituents of fish and lobster muscle. J. Biol. Bd. Can., Vol. 1, pp. 179-189. Carl, C. An experiment in the artificial fertilization of water. Prog. Rep. Pac., No. 24, pp. 21-22. Carter, N. M. Publications on the vitamin properties and industrial applications of fish oils investigated at the Pacific Fisheries Experimental Station. Prog. Rep. Pac., No. 23, pp. 7-10. Publications from the Pacific Fisheries Experimental Station on technology of fisheries products other than fish oils. Prog. Rep. Pac., No. 24, pp. 11-14. Ambergris. Prog. Rep. Pac., No. 26, pp. 19-20. The mystery of vacuum in can is solved. Western Fisheries, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 20-21. Carter, N. M. and F. Charnley. The preservation of fishing nets. Prog. Rep. Pac. No. 25, pp. 3-8. Chaisson, A. F. and M. H. F. Friedman. The effect of histamine, adrenaline and destruction of the spinal cord on the osmotic pressure of the blood in the skate. Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science, Vol. 18, pp. 240-244. - Chipman, H. R. Courses given at the Atlantic Fisheries Experimental Station during the winter of 1935. Prog. Rep. Atl., No. 15, pp. 14-16. Clark, A. Elizabeth. The effects of temperature and salinity on the early de- velopment of the oyster. Prog. Rep. Atl., No. 16, p. 10. Clemens, \V. A. The predator and coarse fish problem in relation to fish culture. Transactions American Fisheries Society, Vol. 64, pp. 318-321. The Pacific salmon in British Columbia waters. Report British Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries, 1934, pp. 103-105. The Pacific Biological Station and fisheries research. Pacific Coast News, Vol. 1, No. 12. , The age of maturity of sockeye salmon. Western Fisheries, Vol. 10, No. 6. • On the ages of maturity and the sex proportions of sockeye salmon in British Columbian waters. Transactions Royal Society of Canada, Vol. 29, section V, pp. 161-174. Clemens, W. A. and L. S. Clemens. Contributions to the life-history of the sock- . eye salmon. No. 20. Report British Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries, 1934, pp. K20-K58. Clemens, W. A. and G. V. Wilby. The sharks of British Columbia waters. Prog. Rep. Pac., No. 23, pp. 3-6. The rays of British Columbia waters. Prog. Rep. Pac. No. 25, pp. 9-12. Cooper, D. LeB. Devising canning methods for fisheries products. Canadian Fisherman, Vol. 22, No. 5. Scientific protection and aid to the canner. Prog. Rep. Atl., No. 15, pp. 12-14. - Cooper, D. LeB. and E. P. Linton. Smoke curing of fresh fillets. Canadian Fisherman, Vol. 22, No. 2, p. 14. Denstedt, 0. F. Some properties of pilchard oil paint films. Prog. Rep. Pac., No. 24, pp. 3-5. Dymond, J. R. and V. D. Vladykov. The distribution and relationship of the salmonoid fishes of North America and North Asia. Proceedings Fifth Pacific Science Congress, Vol. 5, pp. 3741-3750. Elsey, C. R. The Japanese oyster in Canadian Pacific waters. Proceedings Fifth Pacifit Science Congress, Vol. 5, pp. 4121-4127. On the structure and function of the mantle and gill of Ostrea gigas (Thunberg) and Ostrea lurida (Carpenter). Transactions Royal Society of Canada, Vol. 29, Section V, pp. 131-160. 52 Foerster, R. E. Comparative studies of the natural and artificial propagation of sockeye salmon. Proceedings Fifth Pacific Science Congress, Vol. 5, pp. 3593-3597. Fry production fron-i eyed-egg planting. Transactions American Fisheries Society, Vol. 64, pp. 379-381. The occurrence of unauthentic marked salmon. Prog. Rep. Pac., No. 25, pp. 18-20. Inter-specific cross-breeding of Pacific salmon. Transactions Royal Society of Canada, Vol. 29, section V, pp. 21-33. Foerster, R. E. and A. L. Pritchard. The identification of the young of the five species of Pacific salmon, with notes on the fresh-water phase of their life- history. Report British Columbia Commissioner of Fisheriei, 1934, pp. 106-116. A study of the variation in certain meristic characters in the genus Oncorhynchus in British Columbia. Transactions Royal Society of Canada, Vol. 29, section V, pp. 85-95. Fraser, C. McLean. Oceanography in British Columbia in 1934. Transactions American Geophysical Union, 16th Annual Meeting, Pt. I, pp. 256-258. Hydroids from the West Coast of Vancouver island. Canadian Field Naturalist, Vol. 49, No. 9. Friedman, M. H. F. The functions of the claspers and clasper-glands in the skate. J. Biol. Bd. Can., Vol. 1, pp. 261-268. Gibbons, N. E. The control of reddening of salted fish. Prog. Rep. Atl., No. 14, pp. 13-14. Gran, H. H. and Trygve Braarud. A quantitative sti.idy of the phytoplankton in the bay of Fundy and the gulf of Maine (including observations on . hydrography, chemistry and turbidity). J. Biol. Bd. Can., Vol. 1, pp. 279-467. Hachey, H. B of Bjerknes' Fundamental Hydrodynamical Con- cept. nternationaleInternationale Revue der gesainten Hydrobiologie u. Hydro- graphie, Bd. 31, S.331-336, (1934). Tidal mixing in an estuary. J. Biol. Bd. Can., Vol. 1, pp. 171-178. The effect of a storm on an inshore area with markedly stratified I I 4 waters. J. Biol. Bd. Can., Vol. 1, pp. 227-237. The circulation of Hudson bay water as indicated by drift bottles. Science, Vol. 82, pp. 275-276. The weather man and coastal fisheries. Transactions American Fisheries Society, Vol. 64, pp. 382-389. The waters of the Scotian shelf. Prog. Rep. Atl., No. 16, pp. 3-6. The halo complex of March 4th, 1935, at St. endrews, N.B. Pro- , ceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science, Vol. 19, pp. 9-10. Hart, E. G. Some devices for the manipulation of marine plankton collections on board ship. Journal du Conseil, Vol. 10, No. 2. Hart, - J. F. L. The larval develôpment of British Columbia Brachyura. I. Xanthidae, Pinnotheridae (in part) and Grapsidae. Canadian Journal of Research, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 411-432. Culture methods for Brachyura and Anomura. Collecting Net, Vol. 11 / 10, No. 87. Hart, J. L. The application of statistical methods to the investigation of the 11 / pilchard, Sardinops caerulea (Girard). Proceedings Fifth Pacific Science

• Congress, Vol. 5, pp. 3725-3732. Pilchards and herring. Pacific Fisherman, Vol. 33, No. 9. Pilchard possibilities. Prog. Rep. Pac., No. 24, pp. 15-17. • Hart, J. L. and A. L. Tester. Quantitative studies on herring spawning. Trans- actions American Fisheries Society, Vol. 64, pp. 307-313. 53 Hess, Ernest. Canning scallops. Canadian Fisherman, Vol. 22, No. 3, p. 9. Lobster canning. Canadian Canner and Food Manufacturer, 1935, April, p. 9. Pictou Lobster Fisheries Carnival. Canadian Fisherman, Vol. 22, No. 10. Canning mackerel fillets. Prog. Rep. Atl., No. 14, pp. 8-12. Lobster Canning Weekly Circulars, Nos. 1-15. The handling and care of live lobsters. Circular for lobster fishermen. April. Huntsman, A. G. The Margaree salmon. Sydney Post Record, Oct. 14. Factors influencing return of salmon from the sea. Transactions American Fisheries Society, Vol. 64, pp. 351-354. The problem of control in aquiculture. Transactions American Fisheries Society, Vol. 64, pp. 364-367. The problem of fish as food. Canadian Public Health Journal, 1935, pp. 275-280. On the formation of lake balls. Science, Vol. 82, No. 2122, pp. 191- 192. Trout fingerlings killed by natural fishhooks or spears; the seeds of Bidens. Canadian Field-Naturalist, Vol. 49, pp. 135-136. Irving, Laurence, K. C. Fisher and F. C. McIntosh. The water balance of a marine mammal, the seal. Journal of Cellular and Comparative Phys- iology, Vol. 6, pp. 387-391. Irving, Laurence, O. M. Solandt, D. Y. Solandt and K. C. Fisher. Respiratory characteristics of the blood of the seal. Journal of Cellular and Com- parative Physiology, Vol. 6, pp. 393-403. Johnston, W. W. The manufacture of fish glue. Prog. Rep. At!., No. 16, pp. 11-13. Klugh, A. Brooker and C. L. Newcombe. Light as a controlling factor in the growth of Balanus balanoides. Canadian Journal of Research, Vol. 13, pp. 39-44. Leim, A. H. Cod and haddock tagging. Prog. Rep. Atl, No. 15, p. 3. MacKay, D. C. G. and F. W. Weymouth. The growth of the Pacific edible crab, Cancer magister Dana. J. Biol. Bd. Can., Vol. 1, pp. 191-212. M'Gonigle. R. H. Algae, a factor in some hatchery mortalities. Transactions American Fisheries Society, Vol. 64, pp. 416-423. McKenzie, R. A. More about codfish and water temperature. «Canadian Fisherman, Vol. 2Z No. 5, p. 15. Cod spawning in the bay of Fundy and about southwestern Nova Scotia. Prog. Rep. Atl., No. 13, pp. 10-14. Codfish in ca.ptivity. Prog. Rep. Atl., No. 16, pp. 7-10. Mottley, C. M. The introduction of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) into British Columbia. Proceedings Fifth Pacific Science Congress, Vol. 5, pp. 3801- . 3803. The origin and relations of the rainbow trout. Transactions Ameri- can Fisheries Society, Vol. 64, pp. 323-327. Mottley, C. M. and S. E. Deno. The efficiency of white and black ponds in fish culture. Prog. Rep. Pac., No. 26, pp. 3-4. Needler, A. W. H. 'Rearing separate oyster spat on trays. Bull. Biol. Bd. Can., No. 48, 12 pp. - Newcombe, C. L. A study of the community relationships of the sea mussel, Mytilus edulis L. Ecology, Vol. 16, pp. 234-243. Oldroyd, Ida S. Two new West American species of Nuculanidae. Nautilus, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 13-14. Pritchard, A. L. Tagging programmes and their relation to the conservation of fish with special reference to Pacific salmon in British Columbia waters. Proceedings Fifth Pacific Science Congress, Vol. 5, pp. 3733-3740. 54 Ricker, W. E. and A. Robertson. Observations on the behaviour of adult sock- eye salmon during the spawning migration. Canadian Field Naturalist, Vol. 49, No. 8. Riddell, W. A. Beef liver for feeding fish should be kept fresh. Prog. Rep. Pac., No. 23, pp. 14-15. Smith, M. W. The dissolved oxygen content of fertilized waters. Transactions American Fisheries Society, Vol. 64, pp. 408-415. Fresh-water cladocera and copepoda from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science, Vol. 19, pp. 11-16. • Sutherland, P. A. The herring run in Prince Rupert harbour. Prog. Rep. Pac., No. 23, pp. 16-17. ' Canada has interest in development of fishing industry. Pacific Coast News, Vol. 1, pp. 9-10. Templeman, W. Local differences in the body proportions of the lobster, Homarus americanus. J. Biol. Bd. Can., Vol. 1, pp. 213-226. Lobster tagging in the gulf of St. Lawrence. J. Biol. Bd. Can., Vol. 1, pp. 269-278. Tester, A. L. The herring fishery of British Columbia—past and present. Bull. Biol. Bd. Can., No. 47, 37pp. The selectivity of herring drift nets. Prog. Rep. Pac., No. 24, pp. 6-10. Tully, J. P. British Columbia oysters are a valuable food. Prog. Rep. Pac., No. 23, pp. 18-21. Oceanography. Pacific Coast News, Vol. 1, Nos. 3 and 4. - Kurosio. Prog. Rep. Pac., No. 25, pp. 21-22. Weather and the ocean. Prog. Rep. Pac., No. 26, pp. 5-10. Drift of the Japanese current. Western Fisheries, Vol. 11, No. 2. Vladykov, V. D. On the occurrence of some -North Pacific fishes in Hudson Bay with remarks on the fish fauna of the latter area. Proceedings Fifth Pacific Science Congress, Vol. 5, pp. 3787-3789. A "three eyed" haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) caught at St. Andrews, N.B. Canadian Field Naturalist, Vol. 49, pp. 66-67. The "three eyed" haddock false. Canadian Fisherman, Vol. 22, No. 8, pp. 14-16. Haddock races along the North American coast. Prog. Rep. Atl., No. 14, pp. 3-7. Secondary sexual dimorphism in some Chinese cobitid fishes. Journal of Morphology, Vol. 57, pp. 275-302. Some unreported and rare fishes for the coast of Nova Scotia. Pro- ceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science, Vol. 19, pp. 1-8. Two new subspecies of Lumpenus lampetraefôrniis t (Walbaum) from North America. Reports of the Newfoundland Fishery Research Labor-

, atory. Division of Fishery Research, Department of Natural Resources, Newfoundland, Vol. 2, pp. 75-78. Vladykov,- V. D. and R. E. S. Hom'ans.. Do haddock feed during the spawning - period ? Prog. Rep. Atl., No. 15, pp. 10 - 11. Vladykov, V. D. and R. A. McKenzie. The marine fishes of Nova Scotia. Pro- ceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science, Vol. 19, pp. 17-113. Vladykov, V. D. and J. L. Tremblay. Liste des poissons recueillis pendant l'été 1934 par la Station biologique du St. Laurent, dans la région de Trois Pistoles, P.Q. Naturaliste canadien, tome 62, pp. 77-82. Wardle, R. A. Fish-tapeworm. Bull. Biol. Bd. Can., No. 45, 25 pp. • White, H. C. The spawning period of brook trout, S. fontinalis. Transactions American Fisheries Society, Vol. 64, pp. 356-359. . _ Some facts and theories concerning the Atlantic 'salmon. Trans- actions American Fisheries Society, Vol. 64, pp. 360-362. 55 Young, O. C. Some desirable properties of a glaze for frozen Pac., No. 24, pp. 18-20. fish. Prog. Rep. Cooling and freezing curves for fish. Refrieration and Air Condi- tioning, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 11-13. Cooling and freezing curves for fish. II. Prog. 12-16. Rep. Pac., No. 26, pp. 56

APPENDIX VII

• PERSONNEL •

1935

MEMBERS OF THE BOARD

(Names marked with an asterisk are those of members of the Executive)

*A, T. Cameron, M.A., D.Sc. F.I.C., F.C.I.C., F.R.S.C., Professor of Bio- ' chemistry, University of' Manitoba, Winnipeg, Chairman of the Board since 1934. * J. J. Cowie, Esq., Director of Fisheries, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Secretary-Treasurer of the Board since 1925. R. J. Bean, M.S., Professor of Histology and Embryology and Secretary of the Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax. A. F. Chaisson, M.A. Ed.M., Professor of Education, St. Francis Xavier Univer- sity, Antigonish, N.S. (resigned): P. A. Cox, B.A., B.Sc., Ph.D., Professor Emeritus of Natural History, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton (resigned). ' John Dybhavn, Esq., Prince Rupert, B.C., Chairman of the Pacific Sub-Executive Committee (Representing the Fishing Industry). A. H. Hutchinson, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S.C., Professor of Botany, .University of British Columbia, Vancouver. *W. T. MacClement, M.A., D.Sc., Professor of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont. *J. Playfair McMurrich, M.A., Ph.D., LL.D., C.M.Z.S., F.R.S.C., Emeritus Professor of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Chairman of the Board, 1926-1933. Frère Marie Victorin, p.és Sc., M.R.S.C., Professeur de Botanie, Université de Montréal, Montréal. H. G. Perry, M.A., D.Sc., Professor of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, N.S. E. E. Prince, B.A., LL.D., F.L.S., F.R.S.C., Ottawa, formerly Commissioner of Fisheries, and Chairman of the Board until 1921. J. A. Rodd, Esq., Director of Fish Culture, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa. W. P. Thompson, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S.C., Professor of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon. D. L. Thomson, M.A., Ph.D., Associate Professor of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal *Abbé Alexandre Vachon, S.T.D., D.Sc., M.A., Ph.L., F.C.I.C., Directeur de l'Ecole Supérieure de Chimie, Directeur du Station Biologique du Saint-Laurent, Université Laval, Québec. *A. Handfield Whitman, Esq., Halifax, Chairman of the Atlantic Sub-Executive Committee (Representing the Fishing Industry). '

F. O. Weeks, Esq., Treasury Board, Ottawa, Honorary Assistant Treasurer.

EDITORIAL BOARD ••■■ B. P. Babkin, M.D., D.Sc. F.R.S.C., Research Professor of Physiology, McGill University, Montrea1.' R J. Bean, M.S., Professor of Histology and Ernbryology, Dalhousie University, Halifax. A. T. Cameron, M.A., D.Sc. F.I.C., F.C.I.C., F.R.S.C., Professor of Bio- chemistry, University of' Manitoba, Winnipeg. • 57 J. P. McMurrich, M.A., Ph.D., LL.D., F.R.S.C., Emeritus Professor of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Torontp. G. B. Reed, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S.C., Professor of Bacteriology, Queen's Univer- sity, Kingston, Ont. W. P. Thompson, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S.C., Professor of Biolog,y, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon. H. Wasteneys, Ph.D., F.R.S.C., Professor of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto. EDITORIAL STAFF A. G. Huntsman, B.A., M.D., F.R:S.C., Editor of the Board's Publications and Consulting Director, Professor of Marine Biology, University of Toronto (St. Andrews, N.B. and Toronto). Miss Margaret S. Rigby, Managing Editor (St. Andrews, N.B. and Toronto).

STAFF OF ATLANTIC BIOLOGICAL STATION A. H. Leim, B.A., Ph.D. Director. R. H. M'Gonigle, M.A., 'M.D.; Assistant Pathologist. H. B. Hachey, M.Sc., Assistant Hydrographer. A. W. H. Needler, M.A., Ph.D., Assistant Zoologist. A. Bajkov, Ing., Agr., M.Sc., Ph.D., Scientific Assistant in Biology. A. A. Blair, M.A., Scientific Assistant in Biolo gy. R. A. McKenzie, M.A., Scientific Assistant in Biology. M. W. Smith, M.A., Ph.D., Scientific Assistant in Biology. V. D. Vladykov, D.R.N., Ph.D., Scientific Assistant in Biology. E. G. Rigby, Curator. A. E. Calder, Master of "Zoarces" and Collector.

TEMPORARY W. Templeman, M.A., Ph.D., Scientific Assistant in Biology (May to September). H. C. White, B.A., Scientific Assistant in Biology (June to December). And the following Research Assistants: Miss A. E. Clark, R. E. S. Homans, W. H. Johnson, G. F. M. Smith, J. A. Stevenson.

VOLUNTEER INVESTIGATOR Dr. A. Berkeley Needler (Ellerslie, P.E.I.).

STAFF Oè. ATLANTIC FISHERIES EXPERIMENTAL STATION D. B. Finn, M.Sc. Ph.D., F.C.I.C., Director. S. A. Beatty, M.A., Ph.D., Chief Biochemist. Ernest Hess, M.A., Ph.D. Associate Bacteriologist. H. R. Chipman, M.A. Ph.D., Assistant in Education. N. E. Gibbons, M.A., 'Ph.D., Scientific Assistant in Bacteriology. - D. LeB. Cooper, M.Sc., Ph.D., Scientific Assistant in Chemistry. W. W. Johnston, M.A. Ph.D., Scientific Assistant in Biochemistry. E. P. Linton, M.A. Ph.D., Scientific Assistant in Physical Chemistry. A. Labrie, M.A. D.Sc., Scientific Assistant in Biochemistry. D. Watson, B.S.A.,' Assistant in Bacteriology. A. S. McFarlane, B.S.A., Curator.

STAFF OF PACIFIC BIOLOGICAL STATION W. A. Clemens, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S.C., Director. R. E. Foerster, M.A., Ph.D., Chief Biologist. J. L. Hart, M.A., Ph.D., Assistant Biologist. A. L. Pritchard, M.A., Ph.D., Scientific Assistant in Biology. 58 C. R. Elsey, M.A., Ph.D., Scientific Assistant in Biology. C. McC. Mottley, M.A., Ph.D., Scientific,Assistant in Biology. A. L. Tester, M.A. Scientific Assistant in Biology. W. E. Ricker, M.A., Ph.D., Scientific Assistant in Biology. J. P. Tully, B.Sc., Scientific Assistant in Chemistry.

D. C. B. Duff, M.A., Ph.D. Consulting Pathologist (Department of Bacteriology, University, of British' Columbia).

VOLUNTEER INVESTIGATORS AND TEMPORARY ASSISTANTS Mr. C. J. Berkeley, Mrs. Edith Berkeley, Mr. E. C. Black, Mr. G. C. Carl, Dr. C. McLean Fraser, Mr. L. NIcHugh, Mr. J. A. Munro, Dr. D. S. Rawson, Mr. G. V. Wilby.

STAFF OF PACIFIC FISHERIES EXPERIMENTAL STATION N. M. Carter, M.A.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.G.S. Director._ H. N. Brocklesby, M.Sc., Ph.D., A.I.C.,A.C.I.C.,' Associate Chemist. R. H. Bedford, M.Sc., Ph.D., Associate Bacteriologist. O. C. Young, B.Sc., M.E., Assistant Research Engineer. F. Charnley, B.A.Sc., Assistant Chemist (to September). - O. F. Denstedt, B.Sc., Assistant Chemist (on leave of absence during part of the year). B. E. Bailey, B.A.Sc., Scientific Assistant in Biochemistry. P. A. Sunderland, Technician in Chemistry.

TEMPORARY K. Harding, Laboratory Assistant in Chemistry.

VOLUNTEER INVESTIGATOR • I Mr. K. Green.

MARGAREE SALMON AND TROUT INVESTIGATIONS A. G. Huntsman, B.A., M.D., F.R.S.C. (in charge). H. C. White, B.A. Scientific Assistant in Biology. And the following 'Research Assistants: J. P. Clark, J. M. Corkill, B.A., Ph.D., P. F. Elson, B.A., W. S. Hoar, B.A., J. C. Medcof, B.A., J. Savage, B.A., B. N. Smallman, B.A., F. J. Tweedie.