A publication of the North American Lake Management Society

LAKELINEVolume 37, No. 4 • Winter 2017

Lake Management

Success Stories

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Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 1 2 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE ake ine Contents L L Published quarterly by the North American Lake Management Society (NALMS) as a medium for exchange and communication among all those Volume 37, No. 4 / Winter 2017 interested in lake management. Points of view expressed and products advertised herein do 4 not necessarily reflect the views or policies of From the Editor NALMS or its Affiliates. Mention of trade names and commercial products shall not constitute 5 To the Editor an endorsement of their use. All rights reserved. Standard postage is paid at Bloomington, IN and 10 From the President additional mailing offices. NALMS Officers President NALMS 37th Symposium, 2017 Frank Browne Immediate Past-President 11 Summary Frank Wilhelm 14 2017 NALMS Awards President-Elect Sara Peel 18 2017 Photo Contest Results Secretary 19 Amy Smagula 2017 Election Results Treasurer Todd Tietjen 22 Your NALMS Board in Action NALMS Regional Directors Region 1 Perry Thomas Lake Management Success Stories Region 2 Kiyoko Yokota Region 3 Lisa Borre 23 A Minnesota Story: Urban Shallow Lake Management Region 4 Erich Marzolf Region 5 Eugene Braig 30 Region 6 Brad Hufhines In-Lake Measures for Phosphorus Control Region 7 Michelle Balmer 35 Region 8 Steve Lundt Restoring Water Quality in Bald Eagle Lake, Minnesota Region 9 Ellen Preece Region 10 Shannon Brattebo 43 A Decade of Common Carp Research and Management in Region 11 Kris Hadley Minnesota Region 12 John-Mark Davies At-Large John Holz 49 A True Fish Story in a Public Connecticut Lake Student At-Large Sarah Burnet 53 The Evolution of a Model Volunteer Lake Protection Program LakeLine Staff Editor: William W. Jones Advertising Manager: Alyssa Schulte Production: Parchment Farm Productions Printed by: Metropolitan Printing Service Inc. 58 Student Corner ISSN 0734-7978 ©2017-18 North American Lake Management Society P.O. Box 5443 • Madison, WI 53705 (All changes of address should go here.) Permission granted to reprint with credit.

Address all editorial inquiries to: William Jones 1305 East Richland Drive Bloomington, IN 47408 Advertisers Index Tel: 812/334-3485 Cruise Planners 34 [email protected] Earth Science Laboratories IFC Address all advertising inquiries to: Alyssa Schulte In-Situ, Inc. 21 North American Lake Management Society KISTERS North America IBC PO Box 5443 • Madison, WI 53705 On the cover: [email protected] First-place winner in the 2017 NALMS Medora Corp. 1 Photo Contest Peoples’ Choice category – PhycoTech IBC Payments PO Box 7276 • Boulder, CO 80306-7276 “A Little Levity at Lake Louise” by Bob SePRO 2 Kirschner. Vertex Water Features 34 Tel: 608/233-2836

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 3 From Bill Jones the Editor

LakeLine encourages letters to the editor. Do you have a lake-related question? Or, his year we’ve featured PAHs, have you read something in LakeLine approaches to manage them to protect HABs, and recreation conflicts as that stimulates your interest? We’d love drinking water supplies. Tthemes in LakeLine. Those were to hear from you via e-mail, telephone, or We also summarize the successful some serious and postal letter. Denver NALMS Symposium and worrisome topics so announce all the award winners, election I thought we should alum dosing techniques and more results, and Board activities. A preview of end the year with a effective watershed treatments extended the 2018 NALMS Symposium is featured more uplifting theme. the duration of alum effectiveness. In their on the back cover of this issue. Our new This issue’s theme is article, Joe Bischoff, Matt Kocian, Brian President, Frank Browne, tells us about “Lake Management Beck and Bill James describe how it took himself and shares his vision for NALMS Success Stories.” strong stakeholder support, a dedicated in his inaugural “From the President” When I put the call project sponsor, and innovative technical column. out for articles, I leadership to reach aggressive restoration This is my final issue as Editor- didn’t know who would respond . . . goals at Bald Eagle Lake, MN. Following in-Chief of LakeLine. After 18 years, which is typical for most issues. I was years of implementing watershed P I’ve decided to step down to begin a pleasantly surprised to get four articles load reduction projects, a TMDL study true retirement. I’ve also laid to rest the from Minnesota and one each from confirmed that internal loading was a “Literature Search” column, one I’ve Connecticut and Maine. significant problem. Using adaptive prepared for each issue of LakeLine for There is a common thread to three of alum application, the lake finally reached 34 years. Modern search engines can the Minnesota articles; each had a goal to Minnesota’s eutrophication standard. accomplish what I did with “Literature reduce in-lake phosphorus concentrations The stakeholders continue to implement Search” more easily and timely. LakeLine in nutrient-rich, eutrophic lakes by treatment projects. will be in great hands as new Editor Amy using the most cost-effective methods The common carp is a problem in Smagula takes over. The Publications to reach the goal. A comprehensive many North American lakes. Przemyslaw Committee carefully reviewed materials TMDL quantified phosphorus loading Bajer presents an enlightening discussion submitted by four applicants for the to Kohlman Lake, MN, from watershed of common carp behavior and actions position and Amy came out on top. sources, carp, lake , and aquatic required for successful carp management We are truly fortunate to have such an plants. Numerous large-scale watershed in his article. A different species of carp, experienced and talented person as our BMP projects will be implemented over the grass carp, can be useful in aquatic new Editor-in-Chief. the next 20 years. William Bartodziej, plant management. Cynthia Stevens tells I grew up professionally with Peter Sorensen, Przemyslaw Bajer, the story of Ball , the first public lake NALMS, starting my career at Indiana and Simba Blood document efforts and in New England to introduce nonnative University in 1977 shortly before we results from carp removal, aquatic plant sterile triploid grass carp. It wasn’t easy to created the Society. NALMS friends and harvesting, and alum treatment to reduce get approval but the local citizens’ groups colleagues have been so welcoming and internal loading of phosphorus to achieve persevered and achieved success. Finally, open to share their expertise whenever I immediate improvement. we get an update on LakeSmart, a unique requested advice or help with a project Brian Huser and Martyn Futter and successful shoreline management I was working on. NALMS people are question whether 26 years of watershed program run by volunteers in Maine. the best! That you entrusted me to edit treatment measures is the most cost- Maggie Shannon, Alexa Junker, Philip LakeLine for the past 18 years has been an effective way to improve four urban lakes Nyhus, Catherine Bevier, and Russell incredible honor, one I’ll always cherish. within the Minneapolis Chain of Lakes. Cole report. Thank you to our Production Editor, None of the four lakes achieved water In the “Student Corner,” Maira Cynthia Moorhead, and to all the authors quality management goals until after alum Mucci, a Ph.D. candidate in The and columnists who have made this treatments were used to control internal P Netherlands, writes about her research possible. loading. They discovered that improved into cyanobacterial blooms and new Enjoy! c

4 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE To The Editor

LakeLine Readers Should be failure to consider the work of other Concerned about Advocacy scientists, failure to consider decades of Definitions Research research on PAHs in the environment, ADVOCACY RESEARCH: Research that is manipulation of EPA guidance and carried out with the intention of providing toxicology data, flawed statistical To the Editor: evidence and arguments that can be analysis, and absence of study designs. “Review the process, not the science.” used to support a particular cause or All of the PPPR are public, and NALMS Those were the instructions the U.S. position. Merriam-Webster Dictionary Geological Survey (USGS) Office of members are invited to review the PPPR database (www.pavementcouncil.org/ (www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ Science Quality and Integrity gave to a advocacy%20research) panel of what it described as “independent post-publication-peer-reviews-now-on- scientists not involved in the development pubpeer-com/) and decide for themselves. NORMATIVE SCIENCE: Information that of [USGS-authored publications about For an organization that wishes to be is developed, presented, or interpreted pavement sealants]” (USGS 2014; known for scientific excellence and policy based on an assumed, usually unstated, Thornhill 2014). The panel review was neutrality, the USGS has inexplicably preference for a particular policy or class of convened almost a decade after several adopted the position that it is not its job policy choices. Lackey (2004). to recognize science or research that USGS hydrologists introduced a program WHITE HAT BIAS: Bias leading to distortion of advocacy research attempting to it disagrees with – a mission more in tune with public relations or law – i.e., of information in the service of what may provide a science-based rationale for be perceived to be righteous ends. National banning a product that has been in use advocacy – than the advancement of Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and for at least six decades and, when applied science. In response to PCTC’s complaint Medicine (2017), pp. 36-37; Cope & Allison properly, has not harmed people or the that scientific papers contradicting the (2010). environment. Although disappointing, USGS’s conclusions were excluded it came as no surprise to the Pavement from its web site, the USGS stated: Coatings Technology Council (PCTC) “We do not think there is any indication – the trade association representing or suggestion on these web pages that manufacturers of pavement sealants – that the material presented is intended to individual PAHs are arguably the most the scientists on the panel were explicitly represent all scientific literature on studied compounds in toxicology and instructed to not review the science. the topics presented …[ rather, it] is PAH-containing compounds are arguably PCTC believes that, were it to review intended to highlight USGS research on the most studied in the environmental the science, USGS would recognize that the subject” (Beales 2014). The USGS is sciences. many of the published papers should be plainly stating it does not need to consider The USGS efforts to “circle the retracted under the criteria established or recognize any scientific critiques wagons” around the USGS’ non-policy- by the Committee on Publication Ethics of its work from either independent or neutral science is succinctly conveyed in (2009), which is an association of journal industry-funded sources, and seems to its instructions to the panel of independent editors of which the North American feel no obligation to account for research scientists: “Review the process, not the Lake Management Society (NALMS) results that differ from its own. PCTC’s science.” One unfortunate consequence is a member through its peer-reviewed complaint concerned the USGS web is that NALMS devoted the 2017 journal, Lake and Reservoir Management. site, but the same refusal to address issue of LakeLine (Vol. 37, No. 1) to such As dictated by its commitment to scientific criticism is evident in USGS- normative science. The sealant industry product stewardship, PCTC has sought organized seminars such as one at the finds itself with little recourse against to understand USGS sealant studies, recent NALMS annual meeting in Denver. a federal agency. Administrative, legal, attempting to reproduce the studies and Although the title of that session was and legislative mechanisms available to engaging subject area experts to conduct “PAHs,” it focused principally on USGS the public for correcting federal agency post-publication peer reviews (PPPR) of pavement sealant advocacy research, errors have historically turned out to those studies and others inspired by them. with an accompanying presentation by be inadequate (LeHuray et al. 2017). Experts in diverse fields such as human the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency We hope that private organizations like health and ecological risk assessment, a state agency that uncritically accepted NALMS, dedicated to “promot[ing] forensic modeling of polycyclic aromatic USGS advocacy research as the basis the exchange of information,” can help hydrocarbons (PAHs), statistics, PAH to its approach to PAHs and pavement provide a more neutral forum for these toxicology, and fate and transport of PAHs sealants. A fourth presentation explained kinds of cases, reviewing the science in water, , and the atmosphere independent research (which PPPR has along with the process. have reviewed the USGS publications. found to be scientifically sound), about Among the many fatal flaws these use of bioretention systems to eliminate References independent scientists have found are any toxicity that may be associated with Beales, J.D. 2014. Letter to Leonard S. disturbing patterns of circular reasoning, sealant. That’s a surprisingly narrow focus Kurfirst titled “Final USGS Response selective inclusion and exclusion of data, for a session titled “PAHs,” given that [3/19/2014].” Available at www2.usgs.

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 5 gov/info_qual/documents/Final_USGS_ Authors’ Response: and academic institutions outside the Response_signed031914.pdf The authors wish to thank the North USGS has corroborated and expanded Committee on Publication Ethics. 2009. American Lake Management Society on conclusions from USGS studies. The Retraction Guidelines. Available at (NALMS) for the opportunity to respond USGS stands behind its contributions https://publicationethics.org/files/ to comments from the Pavement Coatings to this area of water quality and retraction%20guidelines_0.pdf Technology Council (PCTC) with regards environmental science and will continue Cope, M.B. and D.B. Allison. 2010. White to articles published in Volume 37, No to carry out research and investigations on hat bias: Examples of its presence in 1 of LakeLine Magazine (2017) titled: this, and other societally relevant topics. obesity research and a call for renewed “PAHs in Lakes” and related presentations More information about USGS research commitment to faithfulness in research at the 2017 NALMS symposium. This on the topic of PAHs and coal-tar-based reporting.” International Journal of response addresses comments : (1) sealcoat can be found at: https://tx.usgs. Obesity 34(1): 84–8. that science by the U.S Geological gov/sealcoat.html. Lackey, Robert T. 2004. Normative Survey (USGS) on polycylic aromatic In deciding to apply pollution Science. Fisheries 29(7): 38-39. hydrocarbons (PAHs) is not consistent prevention approaches to reduce PAH LeHuray, A.P., J.W. Conrad Jr. and D.A. with their policy for nonadvocacy; (2) that loadings from pavement sealcoats, the Kanter. 2017. Case Studies Indicate the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Minnesota Pollution Control Agency that Tools Currently Available to uncritically accepted USGS research as reviewed USGS and other North Assure Quality and Integrity of Federal the basis for addressing concerns over American research and then conducted Government Science are Inadequate. increasing PAH contamination in urban its own studies of sediment PAH Abstract, SETAC 38th Annual Meeting, lakes; and (3) that the scope of research contamination in Minnesota (Crane at al. Minneapolis, MN. findings presented by Dr. Jennifer 2010 and 2014). Pavement Coatings Technology McIntyre of Washington State University The short synopsis in the comment Council. Post-publication peer were focused on the ability of bioretention of the scope and content of material reviews of individual papers systems to eliminate toxicity associated presented by Dr. Jenifer McIntyre is published in peer-reviewed journals with sealant. inaccurate and misleading. Her article are available on PPPR web sites The concerns about USGS research in the spring 2017 volume of LakeLine PubPeer (https://pubpeer.com/) and on PAHs have been raised by the PCTC summarized research studies on the PubMedCommons (www.ncbi.nlm. and addressed by USGS previously toxicity of coal-tar pavement sealant to nih.gov/pubmedcommons/). Links to through the Information Quality Act aquatic animals. At the 2017 NALMS individual PPPR are available at www. process. A description of this process, conference, Dr. McIntyre presented her pavementcouncil.org/post-publication- the requests by PCTC, and the USGS own research documenting the severe peer-reviews-now-on-pubpeer-com/ response to each are available at: https:// acute toxicity of runoff from a coal tar The National Academies of Sciences, www2.usgs.gov/info_qual/#requests. As sealcoated surface up to 7 months after Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. the nation’s premier Earth science agency, application, in addition to the ability of Fostering Integrity in Research. the mission of the USGS is to conduct bioretention filtration to prevent toxicity Washington, DC: The National unbiased, societally relevant scientific (McIntyre et al. 2016). Academies Press. doi:https://doi. research in support of Department of org/10.17226/21896. the Interior priorities, which include References Thornhill, Alan .2014. Letter to Leonard protecting the American people and Crane, J.L., Kim Grosenheider and C. S. Kurfirst titled “Extension for USGS creating a conservation legacy for future Bruce Wilson. 2010. Contamination Response to Appeal [6/10/2014]” dated generations. USGS science has been used of stormwater pond sediments by June 10. Available at www2.usgs.gov/ by decision makers for decades. With polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons info_qual/documents/Extension_for_ regard to PAHs, or any of a number of (PAHs) in Minnesota – the role of coal USGS_response_to_appeal_061014. other contaminants, the USGS provides tar based sealcoat products as a source pdf . reliable, objective data and interpretations of PAHs. Minnesota Pollution Control USGS. 2014. Documents and Guidelines that decision makers and the public can – Agency, Document: tdr-g1-07, 64 pp. Related to the Appeal for Submitting and do – rely upon. USGS scientists and plus appendices. www.pca.state.mn.us/ to the Panel. Document released in information products do not recommend, sites/default/files/tdr-g1-07.pdf response to Freedom of Information advocate, or prescribe a particular public Crane, J.L. 2014. Source apportionment Act request USGS 2017-00001 policy. and distribution of polycyclic aromatic and available at www.scribd.com/ Collectively, researchers from the hydrocarbons, risk considerations, document/365861819/Documents-and- USGS, other local, state, and federal and management implications for Guidelines-Related-to-the-Appeal-for- agencies, and academic institutions urban stormwater pond sediments Submitting-to-the-Panel. have contributed to a body of work in Minnesota, USA. Archives of on PAHs and coal tar sealcoat that Environmental Contamination Anne P. LeHuray comprises more than two dozen peer- and Toxicology 66(2): 176-200. Executive Director, Pavement Coatings reviewed articles in scientific journals doi: 10.1007/s00244-013-9963-8 Technology Council and a dozen government reports. Innes, Al. 2017. Protecting urban Research by more than 50 scientists & sediments in Minnesota & the Great from numerous government agencies Lakes Region. LakeLine 37(1): 29.

6 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE Mahler, Barbara J. and Peter Van Metre. P reduction, shows that reducing N too likely raise the lake N:P ratio causing P 2017. Coal-tar based pavement sealants is unnecessary and would not be cost- to become more limiting, which usually – a potent source of PAHs. LakeLine effective. has occurred. The N:P ratio increased 37(1): 13-18. First, the question is not how in Lake Washington from around 10:1 McIntyre, J.K., R.C. Edmunds, B.F. much algal biomass, and particularly before wastewater diversion to >20:1 Anulacion, J.W. Davis, J. Incardona, cyanobacteria, will increase due to the during years after diversion (Edmondson, J.D. Stark and N. Scholz. 2016. Severe global increase in N. Of course, algal 1978). While residual internal P loading coal tar runoff toxicity to fish and biomass of even N fixing cyanobacteria delayed recovery in some lakes, that reversal by bioretention filtration. will increase with added N, but not if source usually declined as exported P Environmental Science & Technology, P is controlled to low, limiting levels. exceeded the much-reduced P input 50(3): 1570. Rather, the pertinent question is how (Jeppesen et al. 2005). A recent pertinent McIntyre, Jenifer, 2017. Toxicity of coal- much additional, if any, decrease in example of decreasing wastewater P tar pavement sealant to aquatic animals. cyanobacteria biomass will occur if only, while N input continued to increase LakeLine 37(1): 23-28. N is decreased, too? The usually cited over the past two decades, is Lake Van Metre, Peter and Barbara Mahler. short-term responses with in situ bag Spokane in Washington state (Welch et al. 2017. Trends and sources of PAHs to experiments do not adequately portray 2015). Lake trophic state reversed from urban lakes and . LakeLine the results from long-term, whole-lake hypereutrophy to meso-oligotrophy, while 37(1): 8-12. manipulations, in which there is sufficient hypolimnetic minimum DO increased and Williams, Spencer and William G. time for N-fixing cyanobacteria to DO deficit decreased, despite increased N Wilber. 2017. Human health concerns replace the experimental removal of N input. associated with exposure to PAHs & (Schindler et al. 2012 and 2016). There is There are sound reasons for reducing coal-tar-sealed pavement. LakeLine 37 much evidence that while N fixation is a only P to reverse eutrophication and (1): 19-22. relatively slow and energy costing process, HABs. Removal of P from wastewater as the authors pointed out, it nevertheless is effective to very low levels, which Gary L. Rowe has the seasonal capacity to supply the have predictably reduced levels in Program Coordinator, National Water N needed for the available P to form lakes receiving substantial amounts of Quality Program, U.S. Geological Survey, HABs, assuming water residence times are wastewater, resulting in improved trophic Denver Federal Center, Bldg 25, P.O. Box sufficient (Patoine et al. 2006; Verede et al. state, e.g., the Great Lakes (Dove and 25046, MS 406, Denver, Colorado 80225- 2007; Welch 2009; Beversdorf et al. 2013; Chapra 2015), the large Swedish lakes 0046 Schindler et al. 2016). Thus, reducing (Wilander and Persson 2001), and Lake N too, if adequate P were available, will Spokane. Also, reducing N, as as Al Innes probably not succeed, because N fixation P, from wastewater and other inputs Safer Product Chemistry Coordinator, will, in time, replace the N removed, will increase treatment cost. Most point Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, and likely even encourage N-fixing sources of P to lakes have been reduced 520 Lafayette Road North, St. Paul, MN cyanobacteria. already by either diversion of, or removal 55155-4194 Second, proponents of the need to from, wastewater, but non-point sources, reduce N and P, rather than P only, to especially runoff from intensively used Jenifer McIntyre reverse eutrophication and reduce HABs, agricultural land still represent large, Assistant Professor of Aquatic Toxicity, usually ignore the success of reducing P relatively uncontrolled inputs of P to Washington State University in Puyallup, only and complete lack of examples for many lakes. Also, confined feeding Puyallup, WA 98371 reducing N only. The success of hundreds operations can deliver huge loads of P to of alum treatments that inactivate and lakes (Cooke et al. 2011). The sediment P, reducing internal loading, recent resurgence of HABs in western Comment regarding the increasing clearly show the effectiveness of reducing Lake Erie may be due in part to runoff of emphasis on reducing input only P to reverse eutrophication and more soluble forms of P in fertilizer, as nitrogen to reverse eutrophication reduce, and often largely eliminate, HABs well as to agricultural practices (Michalak (Huser et al. 2016; Wagner 2017). Also, et al. 2013; Smith et al. 2015). To the Editor: several examples of the effectiveness of soluble P concentrations draining an The authors of “Old habits are hard P only removal from wastewater inputs agricultural area in western Ohio were to break: Modern HABs, nitrogen, lake to lakes, as well as complete diversion of consistently at several hundred µg/L management,” in the summer 2017 wastewater, were reviewed by Cooke et al. (Filbrun et al. 2013). LakeLine, explained the effect of nitrogen (2005, chapter 4). Even where diversion The evidence from whole-lake (N) forms on algal growth, especially removed both N and P, investigators responses indicate that reduction of P, cyanobacteria (McCarthy et al. 2017). usually emphasized the more important from either external or internal sources, They also proposed the need to reduce role of reducing P than N in lake recovery has been highly effective at reversing N as well as P from external inputs to (e.g., Sas et al. 1989, regarding 18 eutrophication in lakes. Reducing N reverse eutrophication in lakes, as have European lakes; Jeppesen et al.,2005, for too would not only increase treatment others (Lewis et al. 2011). However, 35 world lakes). Domestic wastewater cost, but could encourage N-fixing evidence from numerous cases of is more enriched with P than N, relative cyanobacteria, which could make up for eutrophication reversal, due primarily to to the Redfield ratio, so that removal of the lost N and maintain HABs. Therefore, wastewater N and P by diversion would

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 7 concentrating efforts on P reduction, Patoine, A., M.D. Graham and P.R. blooms, and as we considered potential especially from agricultural land, should Leavitt. 2006. Spatial variation of titles for the article, the arguments offered be the most cost-effective long-term nitrogen fixation in lakes of the northern by Welch and Cooke were precisely strategy to reverse eutrophication in lakes. Great Plains. Limnol. Oceanogr. 51: what we had in mind. They are the same 1665-1677. as those offered for decades, many of References Sas, H. et al. 1989. Lake restoration which were addressed directly in our Beversdorf, L.J., T.R. Miller and K.D. by reduction of nutrient loading: original article and throughout the recent McMahon. 2013. The role of nitrogen Expectations, experiences, literature. These arguments use carefully fixation in cyanobacterial bloom extrapolation. Academia-Verlag, selected case studies but disregard the toxicity in a temperate, eutrophic lake. Richarz, St. Augustine, Germany. vast and growing body of evidence PLOS one 8: 1-11. Schindler, D.W., S.R. Carpenter, S.C. showing that the P-focused arguments Cooke, G.D., E.B. Welch, S.A. Perterson Chapra, R.E. Hecky and D.M. Orihel. are often short-sighted and, at times, and S.A. Nichols. 2005. Restoration 2016. Reducing phosphorus to curb even incorrect. We will respond to some and Management of Lakes and eutrophication is a success. Envir. Sci. specific arguments below, but the most Reservoirs, 3rd ed., CRC Press, Boca & Tech. 50: 8923-8929. obvious rebuttals can be summarized in Raton, FL. Schindler, D.W.2012. The dilemma of a few points, also made in our original Cooke, G.D., E.B. Welch and J.R. Jones. controlling cultural eutrophication of article and elsewhere (e.g., Paerl et al. 2011. Eutrophication of Tenkiller lakes. Proc. Royal Soc. London, Ser. B, 2016 and references therein): (1) despite Reservoir, Oklahoma, from nonpoint 279: 4322-4333. decades of P-focused management, agricultural runoff. Lake Reserv. Smith, D.R., K.W. King and M.R. cyanobacterial blooms are increasing in Manage. 27: 256-270. Williams. 2015. What is causing the occurrence and severity; (2) these blooms Dove, A. and S.C. Chapra. 2015. Long- harmful algal blooms in Lake Erie? Soil are increasingly caused by non-N-fixing term trends of nutrients and trophic and Water Cons. 70: 27-29. cyanobacteria, which complicates the response variables for the Great Lakes. Vrede, T., A. Ballantyne, C. Mille- P-focused management approach; and (3) Limnol. Oceanogr. 60: 696-721. Lindblom, G. Algesten, C. Gudasz, these non-N-fixing blooms often exhibit Edmondson, W.T. 1978. Trophic S. Lindahl and A.K. Brunberg. 2009. high levels of toxin production, which is equilibrium of Lake Washington. Ecol. Effects of N:P loading ratios on associated with N availability (Davis et al. Res. Ser., EPA-600/3-77-087. phytoplankton community composition, 2015). Filbrun, J.E., J.D. Conroy and D.A. primary production and N fixation in Welch and Cooke begin with the Culver. 2013. Understanding seasonal a eutrophic lake. Freshwater Biol. 54: oft-repeated, but poorly supported, phosphorus dynamics to guide effective 331-334. argument that reducing N loads will not management of shallow, hypereutrophic Wagner, K.J. 2017. Preface: Advances in reduce cyanobacterial biomass because N Grand Lake St. Marys, Ohio. Lake phosphorus inactivation. Lake Reserv. fixation will supply enough N to support Reserv. Manage. 29: 165-178. Manage. 33: 3-7. blooms. They do not, however, cite Huser, B.J., S. Egemose, H. Harper, Welch, E.B. 2009. Should nitrogen be evidence showing that this argument has M. Hupfer, H. Jensen, K.M. Pilgrim, reduced to manage eutrophication if not even held up in Lake 227 (ground- K. Reitzel, E. Rydin and M. Futter. it is growth limiting? Evidence from zero for the P-only paradigm; Scott and 2016. Longevity and effectiveness of Moses Lake. Lake Reserv. Manage. 25: McCarthy 2010 and 2011). They also fail aluminum addition to reduce sediment 401-409. to cite evaluations of whole-lake results, phosphorus release and restore lake Welch, E.B., S.K. Brattebo, H.L. Gibbons including from Lake 227 (Paerl et al. water quality. Water Res. 97: 122-132. and R.W. Plotnikoff. 2015. A dramatic 2016), that show much higher biomass Jeppesen, E. et al. 2005. Lake responses recovery of Lake Spokane water quality when N and P are added together versus to reduced nutrient loading: An analysis following wastewater phosphorus P or N alone (the same result as observed of contemporary long-term data from reduction. Lake Reserv. Manage. 31: in bioassays criticized by proponents of 35 case studies. Freshwater Biol. 50: 157-165. P-only management, including Welch and 1747-1771. Wilander, A. and G. Persson. 2001. Cooke). These results suggest that the Lewis, W.M., W.A. Wurtsbaugh and H.W. Recovery from eutrophication: answer to the “pertinent question” offered Paerl. 2011. Rationale for control of Experiences of reduced phosphorus by Welch and Cooke would be substantial. anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus input to the four largest lakes of The real “pertinent question” is more to reduce eutrohication of inland waters. Sweden. Ambio 30: 475-485. complicated and now includes issues Envir. Sci. & Tech. 45: 10300-10305. of cyanotoxicity, the specific N forms Michalak, A.M. 2013. Record-setting E.B. Welch and G.D. Cooke being discharged (external) and recycled algal bloom in Lake Erie caused Professors Emeriti, University of (internal), and the ethics, or lack thereof, by agricultural and meteorological Washington and Kent State University. of transferring eutrophication issues trends consistent with expected future to downstream systems (e.g., Paerl conditions. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 110: et al. 2016). There are many systems 6448-6452. Authors’ Response: around the world afflicted with severe, McCarthy, M.J., J.A. Myers and S.E. When we were asked to contribute toxic, non-N-fixing cyanobacterial Newell. 1917. Old habits are hard to an article for LakeLine summarizing the blooms that are costing local, regional, break: Modern HABs, nitrogen, lake new thinking regarding the importance of and federal governments (i.e., taxpayers) management. LakeLine 37: 10-13. nitrogen (N) in managing cyanobacterial and stakeholders millions of dollars in

8 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE post-bloom responses, such as water Doing so would cost little or nothing Greening, H.S., L.M. Cross and E.T. treatment plant upgrades to deal with beyond what is already being spent, thus Sherwood. 2011. A multiscale approach toxin incursions and providing bottled dispelling the myth that watershed N to seagrass recovery in Tampa Bay, water to residents (Qin et al. 2010; control is “too expensive”; and, like most Florida. Ecol Restoration 29: 82-93. Bingham et al. 2015). In many of these environmental issues, doing nothing is far Newell, S.E., T.W. Davis, T. Johengen, cases (e.g., Lakes Taihu and Erie), a more expensive, and irresponsible. D. Gossiaux, A. Burtner, D. Palladino switch to lower biomass, less toxic, N The Dove and Chapra (2015) paper and M.J. McCarthy. In review. Reduced fixing cyanobacteria blooms would be a cited by Welch and Cooke coincided forms of nitrogen are a driver of non- welcome step in the right direction, albeit with the largest Microcystis (non-N-fixer) nitrogen-fixing harmful cyanobacterial not an acceptable final outcome. bloom ever recorded in Lake Erie and blooms and toxicity in Lake Erie. Env Next, Welch and Cooke claim that closely followed the Toledo drinking Sci Tech. P-only success stories are ignored; water crisis in August 2014, which clearly Nogaro, G., A.J. Burgin, V.A. Schoepfer, however, in our original article and refutes the blanket claim that trophic state M.J. Konkler, K.L. Bowman and C.R. elsewhere (e.g., Scott and McCarthy has improved in the Great Lakes. The Hammerschmidt. 2013. Aluminum 2010; Paerl et al. 2016), we and others 2011 and 2014 bloom events in Lake Erie sulfate (alum) application interactions have specifically acknowledged that were estimated to cost $136 million in with coupled metal and nutrient cycling P-only control has been successful additional water treatment, lost revenues in a hypereutrophic lake . in some systems. Welch and Cooke, from recreation, tourism, and industry, and Env Poll 176: 267-274. however, along with other proponents of decreasing property values (Bingham et Paerl, H.W., J.T. Scott, M.J. McCarthy, the P-only approach, disregard the many al. 2015). This cost was incurred despite S.E. Newell, W.S. Gardner, K.E. case studies of successful N reductions decades of P-focused management. Havens, D.K. Hoffman, S.W. Wilhelm in lakes (Scott and McCarthy 2011 and Soluble P forms in the Maumee and W.A. Wurtsbaugh. 2016. It takes elsewhere; e.g., Jeppesen et al. 2005) and watershed are only part of the story of two to tango: when and where dual other systems (e.g., Tampa Bay; Greening the resurgence of cyanobacteria blooms nutrient (N & P) reductions are needed et al. 2011). We also note that Jeppesen in Lake Erie; there is also solid evidence to protect lakes and downstream et al. (2005), cited by Welch and Cooke, that chemically reduced N forms within . Env Sci Tech 50: 10805- conclude that “to further improve the the total N load are also related to Lake 10813. ecological quality of shallow lakes, it is Erie bloom biomass (Newell et al., In Qin, B., G. Zhu, G. Gao, Y. Zhang, W. Li, important to consider not only P but also review). As argued in our original article, H.W. Paerl and W.W. Carmichael. 2010. N loading.” eutrophication and cyanobacteria blooms A drinking water crisis in Lake Taihu, Welch and Cooke do not mention the occurring in the Haber-Bosch/reactive N China: linkage to climatic variability examples of expensive alum treatments era, a warming climate, and continued and lake management. Env Mgmt 45: that failed to reduce P concentrations, anthropogenic stressors requires a 105-112. internal P loading, or cyanobacteria new approach to management that Scott, J.T. and M.J. McCarthy. 2010. blooms (e.g., Grand Lake St. Mary’s, is adaptable to the individual needs Nitrogen fixation may not balance the Ohio, which cost taxpayers $8.4 million of a system. The P-only approach has nitrogen pool in lakes over timescales and provided no lasting benefits; been and continues to be insufficient to relevant to eutrophication management. Nogaro et al. 2013). Alum treatment address modern cyanobacterial blooms, Limnol Oceanogr 55(3):1265-1270. is a temporary solution to a long-term as evidenced by the fact that blooms are Scott, J.T. and M.J. McCarthy. 2011. problem and has additional concerns, getting worse, not better, again despite Nitrogen fixation has not offset declines including Al toxicity if misapplied; decades of P-focused management. Old in Lake 227 nitrogen loading and perhaps more importantly, alum inhibits habits (and arguments) are indeed hard to shows that nitrogen control deserves the natural capacity of lake sediments break, but we must break them if we are consideration in aquatic systems. to remove excess N via microbial going to succeed in providing clean water Limnol Oceanogr 56(4): 1548-1550. denitrification, while enhancing release bodies that can provide all of the services Zampasas, M. and I. Zacharias. 2014. of nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas and resources expected of them. Restoration of eutrophic freshwater (Nogaro et al. 2013). Alum treatments are by managing internal nutrient loads: a not practical or affordable in many large References review. Sci Total Env 496: 551-562. lakes, where severe cyanobacteria issues Bingham, M., S.K. Sinha and F. Lupi. are often observed (e.g., Lakes Taihu, 2015. Economic benefits of reducing Dr. Mark J. McCarthy, Justin A. Meyers, Erie, Okeechobee; Paerl et al. 2016). harmful algal blooms in Lake Erie. Env and Dr. Sylvia E. Newell We agree with others (e.g., Zampasas Consulting & Tech, Inc., report to the Wright State University and Zacharias 2014) who stress the need IJC, 66pp. to address external nutrient loading, Davis, T.W., G.S. Bullerjahn, T. Tuttle, including N and P, before expensive and R.M. McKay and S.B. Watson. Letters to the Editor are printed as submitted temporary treatments are undertaken and 2015. Effects of increasing nitrogen and edited by LakeLine staff solely for errors ultimately must be repeated. The low and phosphorus concentrations on such as spelling and technical stylistics/ hanging fruit for watershed N loading phytoplankton community growth and inconsistencies. reductions is to piggyback on existing toxicity during Planktothrix blooms in Views expressed in Letters to the Editor may efforts to reduce agricultural P loading. Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie. Env Sci Tech not be representative of NALMS. 49: 7197-7207.

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 9 From Frank Browne the President

fter being a member of NALMS treatment plants around the country would to include more articles that address the for 38 years, it seems strange to make our lakes and rivers turn from grey needs of those living on or around a lake Abe writing my first “From the to green. Taking his advice, I received and to municipalities that own lakes. President” message. my doctorate degree from the University We had an outstanding symposium Over the years I of Florida in environmental engineering in Denver, Colorado. We want to thank served as a NALMS and science, specializing in lake ecology our sponsors, our exhibitors, our many board member, as and eutrophication. I followed the green speakers, the NALMS staff, and Jeff secretary, and on approach. Schloss for making this symposium many NALMS I have been president of F. X. so successful. We want to especially committees. Being Browne, Inc., an environmental thank the Colorado Lake and Reservoir president, however, consulting firm specializing in lake and Management Association for all the work is so different; it watershed management, for over 35 years. they contributed to our symposium. Next My firm works on projects including lake year our symposium will be in Cincinnati, is my job to direct nd the affairs of NALMS throughout 2018. and watershed management, wastewater Ohio from October 30th to November 2 . With the recent changes in Washington treatment, stormwater management, We hope you will be able to attend our and in the Environmental Protection and environmental education. My 2018 symposium. Agency, being president of NALMS is firm developed an award-winning We are lucky to have an organization more challenging than ever. The role of environmental education curriculum such as NALMS with all its exciting NALMS is more important than ever. We for elementary through high school activities aimed at protecting our lakes. need to work harder to educate people students. I wrote major sections of the Continue your membership in NALMS. about lakes and their problems. We need EPA Clean Lakes Manual and a chapter Tell others about NALMS. Get involved to educate public officials and the general in the Managing Lakes and Reservoirs, a in NALMS; we have many committees public about harmful, toxic algae. Did you NALMS guidebook. When I was a board that you can get involved with. If you know that a 17-year-old Wisconsin boy director, I created the Pennsylvania Lake have any comments or suggestions for died in 2002 from swimming in a pond Management Society (PALMS), and was NALMS, please feel free to send them to covered with blue-green algae? The Dane its first president. I am also an adjunct me. The NALMS Board, staff, and I wish County coroner concluded that the boy professor at Villanova University where I you a happy and productive 2018. died from exposure to anatoxin-a which teach courses in lake and stream ecology was found in his blood. This is an extreme and stormwater management. received his doctorate degree situation, but it points to the dangers This year I hope to see some Frank Browne from the University of Florida. He is president of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in significant changes in NALMS. We want of F. X. Browne, Inc., a civil – environmental our lakes, , and drinking water to increase our membership, and we plan engineering consulting firm that performs reservoirs. to reach out to students, water utilities, lake, watershed, and stormwater management Let me tell you a little about my municipalities, and lake associations. We projects. Frank is an adjunct professor at Villanova background. I have been a member of want to significantly increase the lake University where he teaches graduate courses NALMS since the very first symposium information on our website. We will be in lake and stream ecology and stormwater in Maine. I was one of the founding adding more information on the ecology management. He is a founding member of members of NALMS and worked on of lakes, their problems, and methods to NALMS. the 11-person committee that created protect and restore our lakes. We want to c NALMS. I received my bachelor’s and update our information on harmful and master’s degrees in civil engineering toxic algae. We also want to increase our from Manhattan College. One of my outreach and education efforts to reach professors told me that the future would more people, especially those living be in nutrients and eutrophication. He said around or near lakes. We hope to make that constructing secondary wastewater some changes in our LakeLine magazine

10 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE Symposium Summary

Philip Forsberg and Bill Jones

NALMS and the Colorado Lake and Reservoir Management Association (CLRMA) welcomed approximately 470 attendees from throughout the US, Canada, and five other countries to Denver, Colorado, November 6-9 for NALMS’ 37th International Symposium.

he week started on Monday, instead of our typical Tuesday start, with a busy day of nine workshops and a field trip. Despite the cloudy day, Tparticipants enjoyed a photography workshop in Roxborough State Park led by noted Colorado photographer, John Fielder. Field trip attendees visited the headquarters of two manufacturers of multi-parameters located in the Denver area, In-Situ and OTT Hydromet, as well as a demonstration of YSI profiling units used by the City of Westminster. The photography workshop wasn’t the only one to get some time out of the classroom. The Role of Aeration/ Oxygenation in Lake and Reservoir Management workshop included a tour of local reservoirs with different aeration systems. Transportation for a couple of our field trips, including brewery tours and the aeration workshop, was provided by Bustoshow.org, a local nonprofit, and their unique – and colorful – buses. John Fielder returned on Tuesday to serve as our plenary speaker. Those of you who attended the symposium in 1991, the last time it was in Denver, may recall that John Fielder was the featured banquet speaker at that year’s symposium. This year, Fielder’s talk focused on Colorado’s 2015 Water Plan

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 11 Plenary speaker John Fielder. Winners of the first NALMS Euchre Tournament (l to r): Jessica Haucke, Richard Wedepohl, and Amy Timm. and the challenges facing the state as its population is projected to nearly double by 2050. His talk was, of course, illustrated by his beautiful photographs. The three-day technical program included approximately 160 oral presentations and 24 poster presentations on topics including aquatic invasive species, in-lake treatment, cyanobacteria and fisheries, among others. Special sessions included paleolimnology, PAHs, and the National Lakes Assessment. What NALMS symposium would be complete without plenty of time, both scheduled and unscheduled, to meet new people, to renew old acquaintances, and to make new friends? To facilitate this, the 2017 Symposium included a local brewery tour, the annual Clean Lakes Classic 5k run, a new evening euchre tournament, the annual Exhibitor’s Reception, and plenty of coffee breaks. The annual membership meeting was well-attended. Several important changes to our By-Laws were discussed and voted on during this meeting and Outgoing President Frank Wilhelm (l) passes the gavel to incoming outgoing President President Frank Browne. Frank Wilhelm passed the gavel to incoming President Frank Browne. Our annual awards banquet festivities included a reception at the Butterfly Pavilion, where the less-squeamish of our attendees took turns holding Rosie, the tarantula. The awards banquet recognized the accomplishments and contribution of NALMS members and other worthy recipients to lake management. The Secchi Disk Award, the Society’s most prestigious award, given to a member who has made extraordinary contributions to the goals and objectives of the Society was bestowed upon Al Sosiak. We also took a moment to look ahead to the 2018 NALMS Symposium where we’ll reconvene on the banks of the Ohio River in Cincinnati, Ohio. The 2018 symposium will be jointly hosted by the Ohio Lake Management Society and the Indiana Lake Management Society. Thank you to all who attended this year’s symposium! We look forward to seeing you next November in Cincinnati for NALMS 2018! Barb Hefty-Jones cautiously holds Rosie the , tarantula.

12 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE Thank you Thank you Thank you to our sponsors! to our exhibitors! to the Colorado Lake and Reservoir Management Supporting Sponsors Abraxis Inc Associaiton and the Colorado Department of Public Health & Applied Biochemists 2017 symposium host Environment Aqua Sierra, Inc. committee! Colorado Lake and Reservoir Management Aquarius Systems Association AWQMS Jean Marie Boyer, Co-chair GEI Consulting Engineers and Scientists Benthica Steve Lundt, Co-chair Hydros Consulting BioSafe Systems Kelly DiNatale, Program Committee Co- Canadianpond.ca Products Ltd. chair Sustaining Sponsors Colorado Department of Public Health and Chris Holdren, Program Committee Co- Environment chair Aquarius Systems Cruise Planners Jeff Schloss, NALMS Conference Advisory Cherry Creek Basin Water Quality Authority Dredge America, Inc. Chair NorthEast Aquatic Research EarthTec Philip Forsberg, NALMS Director of Northern Water Ecosystem Consulting Service, Inc. Programs and Operations Eureka Water Probes Alyssa Schulte, NALMS Director of Contributing Sponsors Fluid Imaging Technologies Marketing and Membership Barr Lake & Milton Reservoir Watershed HAB Aquatic Solutions Kelly Cline, Exhibitors and Fundraising Association HydroTech Committee Co-chair Denver Water In-Situ Laurie Rink, Exhibitors and Fundraising DiNatale Water Consultants Kasco Marine Committee Co-chair Freese and Nichols, Inc. Keeton Industries Kelly Close, Local Events Committee Co- Metro Wastewater Reclamation District KISTERS North America chair Wenck Associates, Inc. Lake Bottom Blanket c/o Derma-Safe LLC Joni Nuttle, Publicity Committee Co-chair OTT Hydromet Al Polonsky, Publicity Committee Co-chair Sponsors PhycoTech, Inc. Linda Rosales, Volunteer Committee Chair Abraxis, Inc. Premier Materials Technology, Inc. Ian Babson Barr Lake State Park Princeton Hydro, LLC Alfred Basile City of Boulder SePRO Corporation Kevin Bierlein City of Westminster SolarBee/GridBee (Medora Corp.) Cindy Brady Gantzer Water Resources Engineering, LLC SOLitude Lake Management Andy Cross HAB Aquatic Solutions Taylor & Francis Group Ben Emerson In-Situ, Inc. Turner Designs Mike Eytel Leonard Rice Engineers, Inc. Vertex Water Features Kindra Greentree PhycoTech, Inc. Wenck Christine Hawley Restorative Lake Sciences Wildlife Supply Company Nathan Jahns SOLitude Lake Management YSI, A Xylem Brand JoJo La Water Resource Services David Leach Wilson Water Group Brian Lenherr YSI, Inc. Vic Lucero Jared Mann In-Kind Sponsors Pamela Massaro Vic Lucero, CLRMA Member Michelle Neilson White and Jankowski Lisa Scurlock Michelle Seubert Cathy Shugarts Jillian Taylor Paul Tedesco Theresa Thom Craig Wolf

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 13 2017 NALMS Awards Dana Stephens, Awards Committee Chair

orth American Lake Management communities to protect and manage 50,000 residents in its rapidly growing Society recognizes individuals, their lakes through improved knowledge community that is projected to more Nteams, and organizations for their of lake science, management options, than double its size by 2030. Beginning efforts and contributions to enhance legal frameworks, and opportunities in 1985, PWSD embarked on a 30-year management of lakes and reservoirs. It is for public engagement. Introduction infrastructure development program with great honor to share the 2017 award to Lakes Online Certification Course designed to transition PWSD from a recipients recognized at the NALMS is a six-week online course specially deep groundwater source to a th 37 annual symposium in Westminster, designed for citizens and professionals more sustainable drinking water source. Colorado. who are interested in learning about Nearly 27 years later, PWSD completed inland lakes and their management. construction of the Rueter-Hess OUTGOING OFFICERS AND Extensive development of the program Reservoir, representing the culmination DIRECTORS required the broad expertise represented of PWSDs efforts. NALMS is a product of devoted by the MSU team. A wide breadth PWSD worked hard to gain the individuals volunteering their time and of lake ecology and management respect and trust of its community. The efforts as officers and directors to advance topics were covered in six, week-long Recreation Authority established in June the NALMS’ mission. Thank you, units: lake ecology; lakes and their 2013, banded together its surrounding outgoing officer and directors. watersheds; lakes and their shorelines; city, district, and town organizations Michigan water law; aquatic plant to start making recreation a reality Officers management; and citizen involvement at Rueter-Hess Reservoir while also Frank Wilhelm, Past President in lake stewardship making water quality the top priority. Mike Perry, Treasurer The inaugural 2015 class included The Recreation Authority was able 97 individuals representing 39 Michigan to create an in-depth master plan that Directors counties and three additional states. would meet the needs and wants of Diane Lauritsen, Region 4 Sixty-eight percent of participants the community while protecting the George Antoniou, Region 7 reported a high or very high level communities’ drinking water source. Mike Eytel, Region 8 of satisfaction with the format and Today, the reservoir is a third full and Anna DeSellas, Region 11 convenience of the online course. has been providing PWSD customers Sixty-nine percent of participants with high quality drinking water for LEADERSHIP AND SERVICE reported they intended to share what more than two years. AWARDS: EDUCATION AND they learned, and 91 percent planned to OUTREACH use the information from the course in SOLitude Lake Management Awards individuals or teams for design, lake management efforts. Due to high Nomination by Mariah Pohl facilitation, or performance of exceptional demand, the program was again offered Award accepted by John Phelps education and outreach activities in 2016, and experienced continued supporting community understanding success. The course reached 136 As part of SOLitude’s commitment and appreciation of lake and reservoir individuals representing 48 Michigan to community outreach, staff from the management. Congratulations to our 2017 counties and 7 different states. company’s Mid-Atlantic team recently recipients! joined forces with 30 students from Maple Parker Water & Sanitation District and Shade High School to begin a long-term Introduction to Lakes Online the Rueter-Hess Recreational Authority restoration project at Steinhauer Pond in Certification Team Nomination by Jamie Langer Burlington County, NJ. The pond, located (Michigan State University) in a park near the school, suffered from Nomination by Erick Elgin Established in 1962, Parker (CO) poor water quality, a lack of beneficial Award accepted on behalf of team Water and Sanitation District (PWSD), plants, foul odors, and insufficient water by Ann St Amand has always been proactive in its circulation. objectives to provide an ever-growing Environmental scientist and senior The Introduction to Lakes Online population with a secure and long-term, business development consultant John Certification Course has empowered water service. PWSD currently serves Phelps provided ongoing educational

14 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE Dr. Stephen Souza FRIENDS OF NALMS AWARD Nomination by Ernest Hofer Awarded to individuals or corporations Award accepted making major contributions to NALMS. by Stephen Souza Recipients do not need to be NALMS members and contributions extend beyond Over the past 20 monetary donations. years, Dr. Souza has made significant contributions to Anne Weinberg lake management and lake Nomination by Bob Kirschner water quality improvement and Chris Holdren in Lake Mohawk, the Award accepted on behalf of Anne main water body within by Tom Davenport the 2,500-acre private reservation of the Lake Anne C. Weinberg, recently retired Mohawk Country Club, from the U.S. Environmental Protection Sparta, New Jersey. The Agency’s headquarters in Washington, primary focus of Lake D.C., has been a great friend to NALMS Mohawk, a 770-acre and a dedicated steward of lakes for man-made lake developed nearly two decades. In her roles as in 1929, is to provide the Agency’s lakes program manager, recreational amenities to director of its Watershed Academy, future reservation residents and communications coordinator, (approximately 6,000 Anne was always willing to collaborate member residents at build- with NALMS, and she was a quiet yet out). By approximately persistent force in promoting several 1990, the lake in its initiatives that were vital to helping entirety had significantly NALMS achieve its mission. deteriorated to the color of A few of Anne’s many collaborations SOLitude Lake Management pea soup with the presence with NALMS include: Award accepted by John Phelps of algae and periodic expertise for the project, meeting with blooms, low water clarity, the students throughout the spring to and high levels of nutrients. answer questions about pond management Dr. Souza, working best practices, beneficial vegetation, closely with his staff, the and aeration, and to help them develop late Fran Smith (former a realistic and sustainable long-term general manager of Lake restoration plan for the waterbody. He also Mohawk Country Club), provided talking points for students to use many members of the Lake when speaking with city leadership about Mohawk Country Club, the project. The restoration program began and Sparta Township and with a dedicated trash cleanup in March Sussex County personnel and planting of more than 1,000 bulbs developed a strategic plan in May with guidance from SOLitude’s to completely reverse the director of marketing Tracy Fleming degradation and unhealthy and business development specialist condition of the lake. Shane Edwards. In 2018, the project will Twenty-five years later culminate with the introduction of native there has been an increase fish to the waterbody. in water quality and clarity, including a reduction LAKE MANAGEMENT in nutrient levels. The SUCCESS STORIES recreational amenities have Awarded to individuals or been re-established to the organizations accomplishing successful extent that Lake Mohawk lake management efforts. Nominees must is now the role model for show demonstrable improvements in lake all lakes within the state of conditions through lake and watershed New Jersey. management. Dr. Stephen Souza

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 15 • the Secchi Dip-In, an international HAB has been a corporate member JIM LABOUNTY AWARD effort in which volunteers produce an of NALMS since 2011 when they first Associate editors of Lake and Reservoir annual snapshot of the transparency sponsored and exhibited at the 2011 Management select the best paper of waters in the United States and Symposium in Spokane, WA. The two published in 2016 in the NALMS journal. Canada; owners of HAB, Dr. John Holz and Tadd The paper selected as the best from the • Lakes Appreciation Month, an annual Barrow, have promoted the mission of past year is: celebration that educates citizens NALMS since their graduate school days about the importance of lakes and in the mid- to late-1990s. C. Nelligan, A. Jeziorski, K. M. Rühland, what they can do to protect them; HAB specializes in improving A. M. Paterson & J. P. Smol. 2016. • myriad lake management quality through the use “Managing lake trout lakes in a publications, notably Managing of aluminum-based products (alum warming world: a paleolimnological Lakes and Reservoirs – a manual and sodium aluminate). Their research assessment of nutrients and lake containing valuable information on and development have contributed to production at three Ontario sites,” lake and reservoir management for the improvement of traditional alum 32(4):315-328. lake users, scientists, and engineers; treatment approaches to address the and unique challenges many that water Award accepted by • her tireless efforts to secure funding resource management projects face. Andrew Patterson and Clare Nelligan support, and service as a key HAB works with clients across the U.S. conference planning committee and continually promotes NALMS as JODY CONNOR STUDENT AWARDS member for 15 consecutive years an organization as well as the NALMS Each year NALMS presents student at the Annual National Conference mission. They work every day to educate awards to the best student presentation on Enhancing the States’ Lake others while increasing their own and best student poster at the annual Management Programs in Chicago. understanding of lakes and management NALMS symposium. The awards needs to enhance the quality of lakes and are sponsored by SOLitude Lake JIM FLYNN AWARD reservoirs. Management. The NALMS Board Awarded to an organizational member to HAB took over sponsorship of the renamed the student award as the Jody have contributed the most to NALMS’s annual “Nutrient Inactivation/Alum” Connor Student Award in memory of goal. Recipient must be a NALMS symposium workshop and continues to Jody Connor, a long-time friend of Corporate member. promote the exchange of information and NALMS who was active on the Education research developments of the use of alum Committee and participated in the reviews HAB Aquatic Solutions throughout the NALMS organization. of student presentations and posters. Nomination by Shannon Brattebo HAB has been an exhibitor and/or sponsor The first-place winner receives a Award accepted by Dr. John Holz, at every NALMS symposium since their check for $200 and a plaque. Honorable Tadd Barrow, and Catherine Bosley first in 2011. mention or second-place winners receive a plaque. The Student Awards Committee is co-chaired by Alex Horne and Frank Browne. Members of the committee include Amy Smagula, Harry Gibbons, Holly Waterfield, Jennifer Graham, Ann St Amand, and Matt Albright. The awards are based on scientific merit, research design, visual aids, clarity, and presentation. The 2017 first-place winner of the student presentation award was Sarah Burnet from the University of Idaho, Moscow, for her paper “Spatial Relationship Between Nutrient Availability and Sediment Particle Size in Willow Creek Reservoir, Heppner, Oregon.” The second-place award goes to Jennifer Brentrup from Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, for her paper “The Importance of Lake-Specific Characteristics for Water Quality Across the Continental United States.” The 2017 first-place winner of the Jim Flynn Award – AHAB Aquatic SOlutions student poster session was Heidi Lieffort Award accepted by Dr. John Holz, Tadd Barrow and Catherine Bosley

16 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE president when President Anne Shortelle had to take a leave due to illness. After a long stint of voluntary service, he took over the direction of Lake and Reservoir Management as Editor in Chief; while a paid position, this is one where the job calls for a lot more than the payment covers, and Al has done a great job advancing our scientific journal. Al steps down from the editorship this year, and will remain on the Editorial Board. He has been involved for many years with the NALMS affiliate in Alberta as well. He has epitomized service to NALMS. Al Sosiak is generally quiet and unassuming, and never looks to be recognized for what he has accomplished. He continually passes credit on to others and mentors them to be better scientists and stewards of the environment. Al has done so much for NALMS and asked for nothing in return. It is most fitting we bestow the Secchi Disk Award on Al Jim LaBounty Award – A.C. Nelligan, A. Jeziorski, K.M. Rühland, A.M. Paterson and J.P. Smol Sosiak. Accepted by Clare Nelligan and Andrew Patterson from the University of Wisconsin-Stout, other scientists in Canada and working Menomonie, for her poster “Long- to find practical solutions to water Term Endothall Control of Curly- resource problems. In retirement from Leaf Pondweed in Half Moon Lake, the Province of Alberta, he has started his Wisconsin.” Honorable mention for the own consulting firm and poster session was Kyle Christianson from continues to support sound Colorado State University in Fort Collins lake management efforts. for his poster “Reduced Snowpack May He is a competent aquatic Compound Effects of Climate Warming scientist and a Certified on High-Elevation Lakes.” Students are Lake Manager. Al would encouraged to present scientific papers at be deserving of an award the NALMS symposium; it provides an for his exemplary career, excellent way to present research data and without even considering maybe win an award. We thank SOLitude his service to NALMS, but Lake Management for sponsoring the it is in this latter area where student awards. he has really shined. Al has been involved in SECCHI DISK AWARD NALMS for over 20 years Award recognizes an individual member and has been instrumental considered to have contributed the most to in many of its successes. He the achievement of NALMS’ goal. was part of the leadership team for the spectacular Al Sosiak symposium in Banff in Nomination by Ken Wagner 1998, and again provided Award accepted by Al Sosiak key support for the 2016 return to Banff. He also Al was employed by the Alberta chaired the wonderful Lake Provincial Government working with Louise symposium in 2008. lakes for many years, and his background He has been a member as a fishery scientist and water quality of the Board of Directors expert has served Alberta’s lakes well. and president of NALMS, He is known for collaborating with many and also filled in as acting Secchi Disk Award – Al Sosiak

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 17 2017 NALMS Photo Contest Results Bill Jones

ne other event associated with our annual Symposium is the NALMS Photo Contest. All NALMS members are encouraged to submit their best lake photo to Othis annual contest. The images are printed, matted, labeled without photographer’s name, and displayed on a large display board for all to see. This year 17 members submitted photos and it made for a spectacular display that garnered lots of attention. A $200 gift card is given to each first-prize winner in two categories. Attendees cast 178 votes for their favorite photos. The first-place winner in the Peoples’ Choice category was “A Little Levity at Lake Louise” by Bob Kirschner. Bob captured this photo during a hike along Lake Louise following last year’s NALMS Symposium in Banff; it’s our cover photo this issue! Second place went to “Treasured Lake – Lake Waccamaw, NC” by Diane Lauritsen. Third place went to another photo of Lake Louise by Joan Hardy entitled, “Lake Louise.” The Editors’ Choice award is voted on by the LakeLine Editor-in-Chief Bill Jones and Production Editor Cynthia Moorhead for the photo they feel would make the best LakeLine cover, based on composition, layout, and color. This year’s Editors’ Choice Award went to Dick Osgood for “Big Bluestem, Big Lake at Sunrise,” a beautiful Above: Peoples’ Choice Award – photo of Lake Superior. “A Little Levity at Lake Louise” by Bob We want to thank all the photographers who Kirschner submitted to the Photo Contest this year and we encourage all NALMS members to look for Left: Second Place – “Treasured Lake – stunning lake scenes to photograph for next Lake Waccamaw, NC” by Diane Lauritsen year’s contest. Lower Left: Third Place – “Lake Louise” by Joan Hardy

Below: Editors’ Choice – “Big Bluestem, Big Lake at Sunrise” by Dick Osgood

18 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 2017 NALMS Election Results

The annual election for officers and directors is an important way for NALMS members to provide input in the management of the Society. Our officers and directors are all volunteers who serve without pay. Thank you to all the candidates for their dedication to NALMS and thank you to all NALMS members who participated in this year’s election!

association and lake management-focused Alfred University. Todd served on the members while expanding student and NALMS Board of Directors until 2016 as faculty-based and watershed management- the representative from Region 9. He has focused membership categories. Sara is continued as a member of the finance and the lead scientist and co-owner of Arion conference planning committees. Consultants – a regional environmental consulting firm with a focus on lake and watershed management. She is an experienced leader in water quality and watershed management and a dedicated and experienced board member.

President-elect – Sara Peel Sara Peel, CLM, is serving her first term as Board Member at Large tasked with coordinating NALMS communication efforts and implementing NALMS’ communication plan. Sara previously served two terms on the NALMS Region 4 Director – executive committee as the Secretary Erich Marzolf of NALMS. Sara has over 16 years of Erich Marzolf is the director of the water quality and watershed management Division of Water and Land Resources experience. She received her B.S. in with St. Johns River Water Management biology and chemistry from Alma College District in northeast Florida. He manages and her M.S. in environmental science Treasurer – Todd Tietjen data collection and restoration activities from Indiana University’s School of Dr. Tietjen joined the Southern Nevada on lakes, rivers, wetlands, springs, Public and Environmental Affairs. She Water Authority in 2008 to work as their and and the 730,000 acres of is currently serving her second term as limnologist examining water quality land owned by the District. Erich has a the past-president for the Indiana Lakes management in Lake Mead. Prior to Ph.D. in ecology from the University Management Society, is a board member this he was an assistant professor at of California Davis where he studied on the Indiana Water Monitoring Council, Mississippi State University and a subalpine lake ecology. Erich was a and on the Purdue University School of postdoctoral researcher with the USGS post-doctoral scientist at the Oak Ridge Agriculture Dean’s Advisory Council. Grand Monitoring and Research National Laboratory where he studied While serving as the president of ILMS, Center. Todd received his Ph.D. in stream metabolism and nutrient cycling. Sara coordinated board efforts to diversify aquatic ecology from the University of Erich served on the Board of the Florida funding sources, coordinated a return to Alabama, an M.S. in aquatic biology Lake Management Society for eight years. solid financial footing, and focused on from Southwest Texas State University, building partnerships with traditional lake and a B.A. in environmental studies from

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 19 Region 7 Director – Region 8 Director – Steve Lundt Region 11 Director – Kris Hadley Michelle Balmer Steve Lundt’s love for the outdoors and Dr. Kristopher Hadley is currently Michelle Balmer is a limnologist applied science led him to a B.S. degree an aquatic xcientist with Hutchinson with the Iowa Department of Natural from Pacific University (Forest Grove, Environmental Sciences Ltd., having Resources (DNR) where she works Oregon) and an M.S. in environmental joined the company as a NSERC to help administer the State’s Lake science from Indiana University’s School industrial research and development Restoration Program. The Lake of Public and Environmental Affairs. fellow in October of 2013 after Restoration Program was created in After acquiring the two-year degree completing a post-doctoral fellowship at 2006 and works to improve water in 1999 and becoming a member of the Ontario Ministry of the Environment. quality and recreational opportunities at NALMS, Steve traveled back to Oregon Kris is a knowledgeable scientist whose publicly owned lakes around Iowa and and worked on Oswego Lake for three research and consulting experience since currently has about 20 active restoration years. While working for the Lake 2001 has been focused on the Canadian projects. Michelle started at the DNR Oswego Corporation, Steve became a Arctic, Alberta, and Ontario. Kris has a in 2012 and coordinated the state’s lake Certified Lake Manager and learned how B.Sc. in environmental sciences from the monitoring program before joining the to work for a board of directors. Then in University of Alberta and a M.Sc. and Lake Restoration team in 2015. Michelle 2002, Steve moved to Denver, Colorado Ph.D. in biology from Queen’s University. has an undergraduate degree in biology to be a water quality scientist for Metro and anthropology as well as a Master Wastewater Reclamation District. For the of Science in ecology and evolutionary past 15 years, Steve has been a member biology, both from Iowa State University. of CLMRA and two-time president (2004 and 2014), chaired the NALMS Lakes Appreciation Month committee, and has looked after Barr Lake.

NALMS 2017 by the Numbers

469 Final number of attendees. 127 Number of attendees from Colorado. 34 (New York) Largest attendance from a state other than Colorado. 40 Number of U.S. states and districts represented. 7 Number of countries represented. 41 Number of students in attendance. 18 Number of students who received travel grants through the Eberhardt Memorial Student Fund. 45 Number of technical sessions. 159 Number of oral presentations. 24 Number of poster presentations. 39 Number of exhibitors. 36 Number of competitors in the Clean Lakes Classic. 1,093 Distance in miles, as the crow flies, between Denver, Colorado, and Cincinnati, Ohio, site of the 2018 NALMS Symposium.

20 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE Student At-large Director – Sarah Burnet Sarah Burnet is pursuing her Ph.D. at the University of Idaho, where she completed an M.S. in the spring of 2016. She received a B.S. from Western Washington University. Her Ph.D. research is focused on internal loading of phosphorus to reservoirs. Specifically, she is interested in understanding the relationships between sediment type, particle size, the availability of iron, and dissolved oxygen in the release of P. This builds on her M.S. research that focused on measuring the seasonal internal phosphorus load as part of a mass balance for Willow Creek Reservoir in OR. Sarah’s previous work experience includes sampling and analysis on all five Great Lakes with Cornell University as well as collecting data and samples after the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil spill. Sarah has been a member of NALMS since 2014.

improved management tools for lakes, streams, and watersheds, including assessing the response of water bodies to pollutants and the effectiveness of At-Large Director – John Holz restoration techniques. Specific areas of expertise include lake restoration and John Holz has been appointed to fill the At-Large management, watershed management, biological indicators of water quality, Director position previously held by Sara Peel. phytoplankton ecology, lake sediment chemistry, nutrient inactivation (alum), This appointment became effective at the Annual nutrient criteria development, water quality monitoring, water quality modeling, Membership Meeting in Denver, Colorado. and internal phosphorus loading. Dr. Holz was recognized for these advancements Dr. Holz has over 25 years of experience by NALMS when he received their Technical Excellence Award in recognition in /water quality management and for Outstanding Research in Lake Restoration, Protection and Management as a research. While earning his Ph.D., and then as a faculty member and their Best Student Poster Award as a graduate student. He is professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, a long-time NALMS member, previously served as the Region 7 representative Dr. Holz’s research advanced our understanding on the NALMS Board of Directors and is an annual co-instructor of the NALMS of unique water resource issues and developed Phosphorus Inactivation and Interception Workshop.

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 21 Your NALMS Board in Action Compiled by Amy P. Smagula, NALMS Secretary

hile many NALMS members just reunite once a year at the annual NALMS Symposium, your Board of Directors is in regular communication throughout the year, with weekly staff and executive committee calls, monthly board of directors calls, and a Wmid-term and annual board meeting. Extensive e-mail threads link these meetings together so that NALMS-related business is happening year round. Beyond that, the standing committees, liaisons, workgroups, and partnerships extend the work of NALMS throughout the Society and bridge NALMS members with other like-minded societies, groups, and organizations. Basically, there is a lot going on!

One of the best ways to get a detailed analysis of what is going on at NALMS is to read the detailed mid-term and annual reports submitted by all of the individuals and groups I listed above. These reports summarize all of the details. To save you that time, here is a cheat sheet, if you will, of key activities going on with, by, and for NALMS:

NALMS Hot Topics NALMS and EPA partnered at the 2017 NALMS Symposium to host a track of talks on data derived from the National Lakes Assessment, comparisons between 2007 and 2012 data, and how results have informed lake management at national and state levels. NALMS is re-evaluating how our annual symposium is run, and by whom. Jeff Schloss will be stepping down as conference coordinator in 2019, and we will transition to run conferences either with an in-house committee of NALMS members, or hire a conference coordinator lead or company. The Board is currently evaluating all options. Student memberships are increasing, as are student-related activities. Watch for student videos on lake-related themes, as well as opportunities to network and support student activities through NALMS. A newly updated version of the publication “Your Lake and You” was released during Lakes Appreciation Month in 2017. You can download it from the NALMS website at https://z0ku333mvy924cayk1kta4r1-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Your-Lake-and-You_July-2017.pdf. Our publications (Lake and Reservoir Management journal, LakeLine magazine, and NALMS Notes e-newsletter) are direct sources of information for our members. We will be sending around a survey shortly to solicit your input on the quality and future direction of these. Please be on the lookout for that survey, and participate to share your input.

NALMS is evaluating its income sources and is seeking to diversify the Society’s revenues, both to stabilize the future of the society, and to keep membership costs and benefits fair and equitable. If you have any suggestions about grants, sustainable funding ideas, or donors, please contact the NALMS board. Our website (www.nalms.org) is due for additional updates. Please take a look at the site and let the board know what changes, if any, you’d like to see. NALMS Notes is a good way to share current lake-related news. This electronic publication is e-mailed to a wide audience that includes our membership and others. Please contact Philip Forsberg at [email protected] with any content that you would like to share. NALMS recently joined the Council of Aquatic Science Societies (CASS). This has allowed us a seat at the table to lend our voice to national issues pertaining to water and its management. An example was the ability to comment with other organizations on the proposed repeal of the Waters of the US (WOTUS) rule. The society needs to continue to participate in such activities. NALMS is looking to expand its reach, membership, and thus recognition as the go-to group for lake-related issues. We ask all of our members to promote NALMS, encourage new members, attend the conference, and help us make additional connections. Lake and Reservoir Management, the journal of NALMS, is flourishing with increased manuscript submissions, reviews and citation, and an increasing impact factor. NALMS always welcomes members to take an active role in the society. If you are interested in participating on a committee or would like to consider a future board position, please talk with any of the directors, whose contact information is listed on the NALMS website at www.nalms.org. Donate! NALMS initiated a fundraising drive with the 2017 “Giving Tuesday” event. Each of the NALMS directors has pledged to make a personal donation to NALMS, and we encourage you to donate as well. Donations can be made easily via the NALMS website at www.nalms.org. Simply click on the NALMS logo on the right side of your screen, above the word DONATE! NALMS is a 501(c) 3 organization and donations are tax deductible. NALMS promotes and recognizes “Lakes Appreciation Month” every July, when many people across the country and in many parts of the world are most likely enjoying what lakes have to offer. If you have any great ideas for activities, events, or promotions related to Lakes Appreciation Month, please reach out to our liaison Steve Lundt at [email protected] to share your ideas. A group of directors examined our membership structure at the annual board meeting in Denver, and identified possible simplifications to that structure that we will pursue early in the new year.

22 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE Success Stories

A Minnesota Story: Urban Shallow Lake Management

William Bartodziej, Peter W. Sorensen, Przemyslaw G. Bajer, Keith Pilgrim, and Simba Blood

Carp, alum, water quality, and aquatic plants was dominated by the native coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum) and flatstem Introduction alum treatment and carp management pondweed (Potamogeton zosteriformis), he Ramsey-Washington Metro approaches used to address internal P the invasive non-native Eurasian Watershed District (RWMWD) loading in Kohlman Lake. We report watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum), Tmanages surface waters in a results and relate these to MPCA and curly-leaf pondweed (Potamogeton 65-square-mile watershed located on standards that were set for the lake. We crispus). In addition, a fringe of white the eastern side of the Twin Cities discuss how the change in lake water water lily (Nymphaea odorata) encircled Metropolitan Area in Minnesota. As quality corresponded to an increase in the lake. Plant control efforts focused on part of its directive, the RWMWD leads aquatic plant cover, and the management dock areas and boat channels (Figure 2). efforts to improve the water quality of challenges that now exist. lakes that are considered “impaired” by The management plan the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Characterizing Kohlman Lake The RWMWD completed a (MPCA). Management efforts on one Kohlman is the northernmost lake comprehensive TMDL investigation for of these waters, Kohlman Lake, have of the Phalen Chain of Lakes in the Kohlman Lake where both in-lake and substantially improved water quality eastern portion of the Twin Cities (Figure watershed loading were estimated. The while also creating the need to address 1). Water flows from Kohlman Lake total P contribution from the watershed citizen expectations regarding aquatic (residence time 30 days) to the south and was estimated at 943 lbs. during an plant abundance in the lake. eventually drains into the Mississippi average precipitation year. From sediment When dealing with impaired lakes River. Kohlman Lake is polymictic, small, core analyses, the maximum potential having excessive total phosphorus (P), the and shallow (88 acres, maximum depth loading rate of P under anaerobic standard process involves Total Maximum of 12 feet, and a mean depth of 4 feet), conditions was estimated to be 9.7 mg/m2/ Daily Load (TMDL) studies that look with the littoral area covering the entire day. The loading rate of P from senescing for management practices to reduce P lake surface. Approximately 50 percent curly-leaf pondweed in the lake was inputs from both watershed and in-lake of the shoreline is in private ownership, estimated at 1.54 mg/m2/day (James et sources. In shallow Minnesota lakes, the with 37 single-family homes sharing the al. 2001). These estimates were used to two most common practices for reducing water’s edge. A majority of these residents calculate a combined average seasonal in-lake P inputs is alum treatment and are members of the Kohlman Lake internal P load of 290 lbs. The P release the reduction of bottom feeding fish, Association. from carp feeding activity was not figured such as the common carp (Cyprinus Kohlman is a popular lake for into these calculations. carpio). In the United States, carp is an recreational boating, wildlife viewing For shallow lakes like Kohlman, the invasive species that can significantly and fishing. The lake supports several state standard for P is 60 µg/L. In order to degrade lake systems. It feeds on the lake species of native fish, including bluegill reach this goal, we focused on reducing bottom, which uproots aquatic plants and (Lepomis macrochirus), black crappie both watershed and internal loading. increases water turbidity. This physical (Pomoxis nigromaculatus), northern Mass balance modeling suggested disturbance of the lake bottom can pike (Esox lucius), largemouth bass that growing season reductions of 209 facilitate the release of P into the water. (Micropterus salmoides), and stocked pounds (22 percent) of P from watershed Carp also function as a “biological pump” tiger muskie (Esox masquinongy x loading and 255 pounds (88 percent) by foraging on benthos and excreting lucius). Prior to management, even with a from internal loading would need to be metabolites into the water column. robust carp population and high P levels, achieved. The TMDL outlined numerous In 2008, Kohlman Lake was placed Kohlman Lake was not in a perpetual large-scale watershed BMP projects to be on the MPCA’s 303(d) Impaired Waters algae-dominated state. Algal blooms did implemented in a stepwise manner over List due to excessive P levels (growing take place during the summer months, the next 20 years (Aichinger and Wentz season ten-year average of 98 µg/l). Here but the lake was still able to support a 2012). Below, we provide detail regarding we provide a detailed account of the submersed aquatic plant community that the in-lake alum treatment and carp

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 23 Figure 1. Map of the Phalen Chain of Lakes. management that we used to address the pondweed and Eurasian watermilfoil. was present. Hence, a repeat treatment of internal P loading. In 2008, 95 percent of the lake area was endothall (1.0 ppm covering 95 percent treated with liquid endothall at a dose of of the lake area) was conducted to treat Alum treatment 1.0 ppm to reduce curly-leaf pondweed. the remaining curly-leaf pondweed. Spot In order to clear the lake bottom In addition, this same lake area was treatments (total area equaling less than for the alum treatment, two large-scale treated with liquid triclopyr at a dose of 10 acres) targeting these two species (nearly whole lake) herbicide applications 0.5 ppm to reduce Eurasian watermilfoil. have taken place since the last whole lake were conducted to reduce the abundance In spring 2009, Eurasian watermilfoil was treatment. of two invasive species, curly-leaf not observed, but curly-leaf pondweed

24 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE bottom disturbance and nutrient release (Bajer et al. 2016). In addition, Huser et al. (2016) found that carp mixed sediments to a depth of 6 inches, and this increased physical mixing could reduce the effectiveness of alum treatments. We also learned that bluegill sunfish, through carp egg and larvae predation, were inhibiting carp recruitment in the Phalen Chain (Silbernagel and Sorensen 2013). Mark-recapture studies revealed that young-of-year carp were migrating to the main lakes from nursery areas comprised of smaller connected shallow lakes and wetlands that experience fish winterkill (Bajer et al. 2012; Koch 2014). Long-term management called for the reduction of adult carp in the main lakes to under 100 lb. ac-1, while simultaneously eliminating carp in nursery areas and sustaining game fish communities as a natural carp bio-control. Beginning in Figure 2. A 2006 aerial photo of Kohlman Lake showing a fringe of white water lily around the 2010, we used winter netting under the shore and maintained boat lanes to open water. ice to remove adult carp (Figure 3). Over

Approximately 33,000 gallons of liquid aluminum (Al) sulfate

[Al2(SO4)3•14(H2O)] with 4.4 percent Al by weight, and 11,000 gallons of liquid sodium aluminate [NaAl(OH)4 in the hydrated form] with 10.4 percent Al by weight composed one alum treatment. Two treatments were conducted, one in fall 2009, and one in spring 2010, when lake temperatures were above 50o F. Using a barge, alum was applied to the entire lake surface area except for a 50- foot buffer zone along the lake shoreline. A 3:1 ratio (3 gallons of aluminum sulfate for every 1 gallon of sodium aluminate) was used to ensure that the pH of the lake water was maintained between 6 and 9. A GPS mapping and dosing system ensured that the treatment was evenly distributed throughout the lake. In order to ensure acceptable lake pH, minor dosing rate changes were made based on continual in-lake pH monitoring.

Carp research and management In 2009, the RWMWD began a study with the University of Minnesota to investigate common carp ecology and population dynamics in the Phalen Chain of Lakes. Carp biomass was estimated at 160 lb. ac-1 for Kohlman Lake. Biomass over 100 lb. ac-1 often has negative Figure 3. Commercial fisherman used seine nets under the ice to harvest common carp in the impacts to water quality through lake- Phalen Chain of Lakes.

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 25 the last couple of years, we set baited box-nets in the summer to trap adult carp (Figure 4). Through these efforts, we reduced the adult carp population from 8,000 to 2,000 adults in the Phalen Chain, with a biomass currently estimated at 40 lb. ac-1 in Kohlman Lake. We are now well under our 100 lb. ac-1 management goal. Through winter drawdowns, we were also able to eliminate adult and young-of-year carp in connected spawning/nursery areas.

Kohlman Lake’s response Kohlman Lake’s water quality has significantly improved since the commencement of the TMDL plan (Figure 5 a,b,c). Seasonal averages Figure 4. Common carp are harvested in the summer by using a baited box net. for P, chlorophyll-a, and Secchi depth were below the MPCA standards set for quality and reducing invasive plant and algae. However, in Minnesota, there shallow lakes. In 2020, RWMWD lakes animal species. The shallow lake water is not an agency that heads aquatic will again be assessed for impairment quality standards seemed to mesh quite plant management in state waters. The under MPCA guidelines. If Kohlman well with citizen goals for Kohlman Department of Natural Resources only Lake’s water quality remains consistent Lake. One of our educational messages permits aquatic plant control activities. over the next few years, there is the at the beginning of the project was Furthermore, the TMDL process does not possibility of “de-listing” this lake as an that aquatic plant cover would likely address aquatic plant management, and impaired water of the state for P. increase with improved water quality. the MPCA and watershed organizations The aquatic plant community This probable response was based are not legally obligated to take on plant responded to the herbicide treatments, on numerous published shallow lake management activities. Aquatic plant carp biomass reduction, and the increase studies that describe a “clear water state” management is typically directed on a in water clarity. Eurasian watermilfoil where aquatic plants take advantage local level by lake associations, cities, and curly-leaf pondweed occurrence of increased water transparencies and and counties. As it stands now, if the have remained at low levels (Figure 6), become abundant. The key issue today shoreland owners wish to control plants while coontail continued to express some with Kohlman Lake’s condition has to do in the central portion of Kohlman, this of the highest frequency of occurrence with exactly how the plant community activity would need to be directed by the levels. One native species, Canada responded to the increase in water quality. Lake Association. Frankly, members are elodea (Elodea canadensis), has become A modest increase of coontail and Canada quite aggravated about this bureaucratic abundant after the TMDL implementation, elodea may have been tolerated by situation. with occurrence levels ranging from 30 informed citizens. However, the presence to near 70 percent (Figure 7). Beginning of large expanses of surfaced plant mats Balancing lake use with in 2013, field observations indicated that with filamentous algae growing on top water quality improvement mats of surfaced vegetation, consisting seemed to be the tipping point. Many Although the RWMWD does not mainly of coontail and Canada elodea, residents around the lake were troubled have a legal obligation to take on aquatic were increasing, and these mats were by the look and described this type of plant management, we believe that it typically colonized with large expanses of algae as “bobbing expanses of green steel is worthwhile to investigate solutions filamentous algae (Figure 8). In response wool.” Floating mats of coontail migrated that will help satisfy both water quality to the increase in plant abundance, around the lake and caused a nuisance and recreation-based goals. This the RWMWD decided to support for boaters, skiers, and severely clogged effort is not motivated by hard rules, mechanical harvesting for two years on beach and dock areas. This plant response but rather goodwill towards the lake an experimental basis (Figure 9). Boating is not acceptable to a majority of the lake- users. RWMWD’s objective is to find a channels were cut and an open water area users and frustration has become evident. reasonable balance with water quality was maintained for recreation (Figure 10). regulation, watershed management, Aquatic plant management ecological function, and human use of the Water quality standards The Kohlman Lake Association, while lake resource. and citizen expectations generally recognizing the improved water One potential solution is the At the beginning of Kohlman Lake’s quality, is now seeking an agency to take possibility of supporting aquatic plant TMDL management effort, there was the lead and develop a long-term solution harvesting through a RWMWD cost- widespread support for improving water to control aquatic plants and filamentous share grant program, where the Kohlman

26 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE Lake Association may be able to seek financial assistance. A In a nearby shallow lake, Bartodziej et al. (2017) found that substantial quantities of total P were removed by plant harvesting at a reasonable cost. Strategic aquatic plant harvesting will certainly help with improving recreation and aesthetics, and will also remove phosphorus. Nutrient removal can be viewed as an ancillary benefit to harvesting. In Kohlman, this can be regarded as another tool to go along with several other P management activities. By supporting thoughtful and effective aquatic plant management, our watershed district may help lake users to better accept the changes in the aquatic plant community brought about by improved water quality. Along with this management option, we believe that it is also important to continue to educate the residents of our watershed. Specifically, we must share straightforward water quality and ecological information on shallow lakes, and effectively communicate how shallow lakes are inherently different from our deep lakes. Over time, this will aid in formulating B reasonable expectations for our shallow lakes.

Citations Aichinger, C.J. and E.L. Anderson-Wenz. 2012. Retrofitting a Major Retail Mall for Stormwater Volume Reduction. Land and Water, Sept./Oct. pp. 8-14. Bajer, P.G., C.J. Chizinski, J.J. Silbernagel and P.W. Sorensen. 2012. Variation in native micro-predator abundance explains recruitment of a mobile invasive fish, the common carp, in a naturally unstable environment. Biological Invasions, 14: 1919-1929. Bajer, P.G., M.W. Beck, T.K. Cross, J.D. Koch, W.M. Bartodziej and P.W. Sorensen. 2016. Biological invasion by a benthivorous fish reduced the cover and species richness of aquatic plants in most lakes of a large North American ecoregion. Global Change Biology, 22: 3937- 3947. C Bartodziej, W., S.L. Blood and K. Pilgrim. 2017. Aquatic plant harvesting: an economical phosphorus removal tool in an urban shallow lake. J Aquat Plant Manage, 55: 26- 34. Huser, B.J., P.G. Bajer, C.J. Chizinski and P.W. Sorensen. 2016. Effects of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on sediment mixing depth and mobile phosphorus mass in the active sediment layer of a shallow lake. Hydrobio, 763: 23-33. James, W., J. Barko and H. Eakin. 2001. Limnological analysis of Half Moon Lake, Wisconsin. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. Eau Galle Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Spring , WI. Koch, J.D. 2014. Source-sink population structure of invasive common carp in a model 521 Midwestern watershed: empirical evidence and notes on management. Master’s thesis. 522 St Paul, MN. University of Figure 5. (A): Total phosphorus in Kohlman Lake reported for two periods, Minnesota. 105 pp. before (2003-09) and after (2010-16) alum treatment and carp control; (B): Silbernagel, J.J. and P.W. Sorensen. 2013. Direct field and Chlorophyll-a in Kohlman Lake reported for two periods, before (2003-09) laboratory evidence that a combination of egg and larval and after (2010-16) alum treatment and carp control; (C): Secchi depth in predation controls recruitment of invasive common carp Kohlman Lake reported for two periods, before (2003-09) and after (2010- in many lakes of the Upper Mississippi River Basin. Trans 16) alum treatment and carp control. Am Fish Soc, 142(4): 1134-1140.

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 27 Bill Bartodziej is a natural resources specialist with the Ramsey-Washington Metro Watershed District. He has the opportunity to meld ecological restoration with water resources management in an urban setting. He supports applied research involving common carp, aquatic plants, and lakeshore restoration.

Dr. Peter Sorensen is a professor in fisheries, wildlife and conservation biology at the University of Minnesota with an interest in fish biology and behavior. Carp have been focus of his for the past decade, especially how and why they are invasive, and often function as Figure 6. Curly-leaf pondweed and Eurasian watermilfoil percent frequency of occurrence. ecosystem engineers in the Midwest.

Dr. Przemek Bajer is a research assistant professor at the University of Minnesota. He studies various aspects of the life history of common carp to understand their success as an invasive species and to develop sustainable management strategies for carp.

Dr. Keith Pilgrim, a water resources scientist at Barr Engineering Company, has been captivated by the complexity and mysteries of lakes ever since his graduate days at the University of Minnesota. His work often involves developing custom models to interpret and understand monitoring data and to estimate the outcome of management decisions. Figure 7. Coontail, Canada elodea, and surfaced filamentous algae percent frequency of occurrence. Simba Blood is the natural resources technician at the Ramsey-Washington Metro Watershed District. We'd like to hear from you! Tell us what you think of LakeLine. She leads field crews in We welcome your comments about specific articles and about the magazine in general. ecological restoration, What would you like to see in LakeLine? aquatic plant monitoring and carp management Send comments by letter or e-mail to editor Bill Jones projects. She also enjoys teaching ecology and (see page 3 for contact information). water management to citizen volunteers and school groups. c

28 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE LAKE and RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT

A scientific publication of NALMS published up to four times per year solicits Figure 8. A typical mat of surfaced filamentous algae growing on top of coontail and Canada articles of a elodea. scientific nature, including case studies.

If you have been thinking about publishing the results of a recent study, or you have been hanging on to an old manuscript that just needs a little more polishing, now is the time to get those articles into your journal. There is room for your article in the next volume. Don’t delay sending your draft article. Let the editorial staff work with you to get your article ready for publishing. You will have a great feeling of achievement, and you will be contributing to the science of managing our precious lakes and reservoirs.

Figure 9. An aquatic plant harvester was used to cut one foot under the water and collect a mix of Anyone who has made or plans to make filamentous algae and submersed vegetation. presentations at any of the NALMS conferences, consider writing your talk and submitting it to the journal. It is much easier to do when it is fresh in your mind.

Send those articles or, if you have any questions at all, contact: Ken Wagner, Editor, Lake and Reservoir Management, kjwagner@ charter.net.

If there is anyone who would like to read articles for scientific content, please contact Ken Wagner. The journal can use your help in helping the editorial staff in editing articles.

Figure 10. The aquatic plant harvester cut lanes to docks and also cleared an open water area in c the center of the lake. Strips in the surfaced vegetation were evidence of the harvester’s activity.

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 29 Success Stories

In-Lake Measures For Phosphorus Control

Brian J. Huser and Martyn N. Futter

The most feasible and cost-effective solution for long-term by a legacy of internal loading from lake sediment, this material came from management of water quality in urban lakes? outside the lake. Fixing problems in the watershed feels good, too; we are magine you are a lake manager with one, or try to restore as many as possible? tackling what we have been taught is a limited budget and a lot of lakes to Most, if not all lake managers would opt the source of the problem and we can Irestore. Also envision that you could for the latter option but this decision in actually see the restoration measures in use your budget to restore a single lake, not always as easy as it may seem. action. There is this widespread feeling or to restore 50 lakes. To help you make Anyone who has studied lake that there is a “correct” path to take when your decision, here is some background: restoration has been taught that when managing degraded lakes, and it starts in all the lakes are eutrophic, all have excess it comes to managing nutrient-rich, the watershed (external loading) and then nutrient inputs from the surrounding eutrophic lakes, focus should first be moves to the lake (internal loading). But watersheds, and all display signs of excess placed on problems in the watershed. what if this path means you have only internal phosphorus (P) loading from the This makes sense, because even in lakes enough resources to restore one lake, sediment. What would you do: restore just where nutrient inputs are dominated instead of 50? A recent study looked at

The city of Minneapolis with Lake Calhoun in the foreground. Photo courtesy of the Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board.

30 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE the costs of both external and internal signs of elevated nutrient release from the diffuse sources of P in the watershed, measures to reduce phosphorus in a sediment (internal loading) due to decades versus managing the excess P once it had chain of lakes in Minneapolis, MN, and of P accumulation from sources in the been concentrated at one place, the lake the results, at least in this case, put into watershed. sediment. question the path we’ve all learned to take In response to the degraded water when managing water quality. quality in the lakes, citizens and other How effective were different types of stakeholders formed the Minneapolis measures? The Minneapolis Chain of Lake Chain of Lakes Clean Water Partnership None of the four lakes in the project Clean Water Partnership Project (CWP) in 1990. The CWP established achieved water quality management The Minneapolis Chain of Lakes, nutrient reduction targets and then goals until after Al treatment was used surrounded by a city of over 2 million developed and implemented a plan to to control internal P loading from the people (Figure 1), receives approximately achieve these goals. Total funding for the sediment. Longevity of improved water 6 million visitors a year. Thus, it is not project was $12.4 million, the bulk of quality, however, varied greatly. Lake only an important natural resource for which was spent on measures to reduce of the Isles and Cedar Lake met surface locals, it is also important to the state for external P loading from the watershed, water quality goals for 4 and 11 years tourism. The lakes are surrounded by a and the reminder was spent on education, after Al treatment respectively, although fully developed 7,000-acre watershed, new regulatory controls, enforcement Al treatments in these lakes were based on which has transported excess nutrients to efforts, and measures to reduce internal outdated dosing methods. The treatment the lakes since development started over a loading via aluminum (Al) application to applied to Lake Harriet also reduced century ago. In addition to excess nutrient the sediment. internal P loading and improved surface inputs from the watershed, all of the Twenty-six years after the CWP water quality for five years, but was lakes in the chain displayed characteristic formed and project work began, an designed to prevent migrating blue- analysis of the green algae from utilizing phosphorus cost-effectiveness at the sediment surface in littoral areas. of the measures Therefore no improvements in water used to control quality were expected besides a reduction P levels in the in algal mat formation near the shoreline. Chain of Lakes The Al treatment in Lake Calhoun, based was published on improved dosing methodology, is (Huser et al. expected to maintain improved water 2016a). Watershed quality for approximately 20 years. measures were Even though Al treatment works, generally installed internal loading will eventually return first and the because continued P inputs from the final restoration watershed will resupply the sediment with phase was Al phosphorus leading to elevated internal treatment of lake loading, exactly as it did in the other three sediment to reduce lakes. internal P loading. The greatest reduction to external On average, loading was at Cedar Lake, where P constructed loads from the main creek were watershed reduced by over 60 percent (excluding measures were overflows, which were not measured). 50 times more Overall external loading to Cedar Lake expensive than was reduced by 49 percent, by far the best internal measures result compared to the other three lakes for P removal where external reductions were between when expressed 1 and 13 percent. Nearly one metric ton as dollars spent of legacy phosphorus was permanently per kilogram bound in the sediment via Al treatment as P removed or well. Continued external loading, even at inactivated (Figure roughly half of previous levels, has slowly 2). The large led to a return of internal loading of P to difference in cost- near pre-treatment levels. In this case, effectiveness was however, the reduction of external loading mainly related likely doubled the expected longevity of Figure 1. The Minneapolis Chain of Lakes. Water flows from Cedar to the efficiency the in-lake Al treatment (11 versus 5.3 Lake toward Lake Harriet. Graphic courtesy of the Minneapolis Park and of treating more years; Huser et al. 2016b). Recreation Board.

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 31 space low. New technologies, such as iron-enhanced sand and spent lime filters (Figure 3), have shown promise for removing sediment and binding biologically available P (and even some heavy metals). Such innovative measures, especially those reusing material from other applications, could substantially increase the cost-effectiveness of external measures. In order to even begin the discussion about which measures to use for improving water quality, however, we need concrete information about how cost-effective different measures actually are in terms of nutrient reduction. This information is non-centralized, hard to find, or generally lacking for many measures and is likely one of the main reasons why more than 50 percent of reported lake restoration cases have failed to achieve a long-term, sustainable recovery (Sondergaard et al. 2007; Gulati Figure 2. Average cost effectiveness of internal and external measures applied at the Minneapolis et al. 2008). Even with the excellent data Chain of Lakes. Note the break in the y-axis between $1,400 and $15,000 per kg P removed. provided for this study by the City of Minneapolis and the Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board, information such as But what did this extended are also based solely on P removed, and maintenance costs for external measures improvement in water quality cost? do not include any monetary benefits was difficult to obtain. Monitoring of The average cost efficiency for external from improved ecosystem services. water quality (both in and outside the measures was $1,368 per kg P removed New technological developments may lake) is too often conducted for only a (2001 dollars, Figure 2), whereas the lead to improved methods to reduce few years before and sometimes, but not average cost efficiency for Al treatment the transport of pollutants to lakes and always, for a few years after measures are was $27 per kg P inactivated (a 50:1 rivers, minimizing the cost of retrofitting applied. Rarely is monitoring conducted ratio). To put it another way, if the money in already built areas as well. But every consistently for the common life span of used for watershed measures was instead method has a lifespan and must be many external measures (approximately used to treat the P once it had reached the continually renewed or replaced over 20 years). Monitoring of nutrients in lake, Cedar Lake would have likely met time. sediment, especially the forms of P that water quality goals for approximately 270 can be released to the water, was generally years, instead of the 5.7 years gained via How can we improve cost-effective neglected until recent advancements in Al watershed management strategies. This is management of lakes? treatment methodology occurred. Costs a somewhat oversimplified calculation but As we move forward with lake for measures (design, land acquisition, it is also conservative, as operation and management, a number of small steps construction, and maintenance), can maintenance costs (for example dredging would go a long way in helping to use be even more difficult to obtain. of wetlands and removal of accumulated limited resources in the best manner Furthermore, as we saw at the Chain waste from continuous deflective possible. For example, stormwater of Lakes, performance is often over separators (CDS) and grit chambers) were treatment has focused on traditional estimated (CDS units and grit chambers) not included in the cost calculation for methods including detention ponds, which while maintenance is underestimated external measures. allow a major portion of the biologically (dredging of wetlands/ponds was needed It should be noted that focusing available forms of P (most responsible for twice as often as expected). on internal measures to manage lake algal growth) to move through the system. Monitoring of water resources has water quality will not work in all cases, To increase the removal of these forms improved recently, but far too often especially when water residence time is of P, a shift towards measures that also data needed for critical evaluation of short and external loading drives water promote biological uptake (for example, restoration efforts are lacking. Even quality, even if internal loading is high. In wetlands), has occurred. However, when monitoring is conducted, between other cases, the main inflows to the lakes the space needed for efficient uptake watershed and lake type comparisons are themselves categorized as degraded often mean this method is impractical are made difficult, for example, by the due to excess nutrients, and they must to use in the middle of urban areas measurement of different parameters or be restored as well. The calculations where land prices are high and available even different forms of P. A common

32 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE management plan, instituted at the A federal (or state) level and required when using state and or federal funds for lake management, would lead to a dataset that could arguably be worth at least as much as the ongoing management work itself. This dataset could be used to develop a measures “library,” where one could browse through different methods to reduce nutrient loading and select the most cost-effective measure(s) for a given situation. Monitoring costs money, but it is typically a fraction of the sum total of the measures needed to restore a lake. The cost may also be seen as diverting money from additional nutrient reduction measures. But this is one cost that should be paid, because the data provided will save money in the long run, helping lake managers choose the most cost-effective strategies for managing water quality, and reducing the risk for failures in the future.

Is it okay to turn natural resources into treatment systems? Finally, a number of philosophical B arguments can be made, both for and against managing P in the lake. For example, should we turn lakes with excess nutrient loading into what amounts to a treatment system, inactivating sediment phosphorus once every decade or two? On the other hand, should we take the last few natural features or recreational areas in urban environments, such as wetlands and parks, and turn them into treatment devices to reduce phosphorus in stormwater runoff? All of these resources are part of the commons, managed for individual and collective benefit. Obviously people will have different feelings towards the above questions depending on the value they place on different natural resources. But they are important questions to ask. The Minneapolis Chain of Lakes restoration project is one project, and the results should be discussed in that context. By no means do we want to imply that reducing nutrients in the watershed should not be considered. But it is a fact that we have limited resources when it comes to managing surface waters. It is also a fact that the record of successful, long- term management of lake water quality Figure 3. First-of-their-kind enhanced sand filter with 5 percent reused iron filings and spent lime has been poor. In order to succeed in the filter (A) made of dried, drinking water treatment residual (B). Designed by Barr Engineering for future, the management of surface waters the Ramsey-Washington Metro Watershed District in Minnesota. Photo A, Brian Huser; Photo B, Keith should be based on maximizing water Pilgrim. quality in the most cost-effective and

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 33 scientifically sound manner possible. We may also need to change how we think about lake management in urban areas, with respect to both where we focus our resources, and the timescales we work to. River Cruising We need to move from a single project Restoring Water Quality in mindset to an ongoing commitment to managing water quality in urban lakes. Bald Eagle Lake, Minnesota This holds true irrespective of whether internal, external, or a combination of both types of measures are applied. Joe Bischoff, Matt Kocian, Brian Beck, and William F. James

References Huser, B.J., M. Futter, J.T. Lee and M. Perniel. 2016a. In-lake measures for phosphorus control: The most feasible and cost-effective solution for long- term management of water quality in AMAWATERWAYS • UNIWORLD urban lakes. Water Res, 97: 142-152. VIKING RIVER CRUISES • AMERICAN QUEEN STEAMBOAT Huser, B.J., S. Egemose, H. Harper, AVALON WATERWAYS • AND MORE! M. Hupfer, H. Jensen, K.M. Pilgrim, K. Reitzel, E. Rydin and M. Futter. 2016b. Longevity and effectiveness of aluminum addition to reduce sediment phosphorus release and restore lake TOM DAVENPORT water quality. Water Res, 97: 122-132. Travel Advisor Sondergaard, M., E. Jeppesen, T.L. MAKING YOUR DREAMS A REALITY Lauridsen, C. Skov, E.H. Van Nes, 219.706.5137 R. Roijackers, E. Lammens and R. [email protected] Portielje. 2007. Lake restoration: www.sumactravelservices.com Successes, failures and long-term Thomas Davenport_Cruise Planners effects. J Appl Ecol, 44(6): 1095-1105. FL ST# 39068, CST# 2034468-50, HST# TAR-7058, WA ST# 603-399-504 Gulati, R.D., L.M.D. Pires and E. Van Donk. 2008. Lake restoration studies: Failures, bottlenecks and prospects of new ecotechnological measures. Limnologica, 38(3-4): 233-247. Large Lake Aeration System Engineering

Brian Huser is a limnologist who has worked as a consultant and within academia for more than 15 years.

Martyn Futter is an environmental scientist who has worked in academia and government for close to 30 years. Both Brian and Martyn are 844-432-4303 currently associate www.vertexwaterfeatures.com professors (Docent) at the Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet) in Uppsala, Sweden. c Visit us online at: nalms.org

34 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE Success Stories

Restoring Water Quality in Bald Eagle Lake, Minnesota

Joe Bischoff, Matt Kocian, Brian Beck, and William F. James

Using adaptive watershed and lake management Lake. Water clarity was relatively poor with a summer average Secchi depth Introduction Background around 1.4 meters. ake restoration can be a frustrating Bald Eagle Lake is a 1,071-acre endeavor, with managers and recreational lake located in the northeast Restoration planning and Lstakeholders spending countless portion of the TCMA, about 10 miles implementation hours and millions of dollars often north of the City of St. Paul (Figure 1). Being one of the premier recreational achieving only small, incremental changes While Bald Eagle Lake is relatively deep lakes in the northern TCMA, Bald in their lake’s water quality. Because of with a maximum depth of 39 feet, over Eagle Lake has long been a focus for the often-undetectable changes in water 60 percent of the lake area is littoral, management efforts by local stakeholders. quality during the restoration process, expected to support significant aquatic In 1991, a Clean Water Partnership stakeholders routinely ask for examples of vegetation. The lake is a key regional grant was used to evaluate the lake’s successful lake restorations to ensure they resource and is heavily used for open phosphorus budget, which identified are on the right path. The restoration of water and ice fishing, swimming, and JD1 as a primary source of TP to Bald Bald Eagle Lake is a success story where boating. The lake is routinely stocked Eagle Lake. RCWD relied on these study the perseverance and dedication of the with walleye and muskellunge, making results to pursue watershed and wetland Rice Creek Watershed District (RCWD), the lake a popular fishing destination in restorations to reduce TP loading from the Bald Eagle Area Association (BEAA), the TCMA. JD1. and local stakeholders paid off in Bald Eagle Lake and its 10,835-acre As RCWD and BEAA pursued immediate and significant improvements watershed reside in a rapidly developing watershed phosphorus load reduction in water quality and lake ecology. The part of the TCMA with approximately projects, questions remained regarding path to restoration for Bald Eagle Lake 37 percent of the watershed currently a the role of internal phosphorus loading in was not without its trials and tribulations, mixture of residential and commercial the lake’s phosphorus budget. “Internal including high restoration costs and developments. The remaining land use phosphorus loading” is a term used to difficult decision points throughout the is a mix of low intensity agriculture and describe phosphorus movement from lake process. Some of the challenges included undeveloped land. Bald Eagle Lake has sediment to the water column. Internal determining when watershed phosphorus three primary inputs including loading is primarily caused by the release load reduction opportunities were Judicial Ditch 1 (JD1), County Ditch of phosphorus from sediments under exhausted, deciding on the appropriate 11 (CD11), and direct drainage through low oxygen (anaerobic) conditions. In time to turn to in-lake management, and numerous stormwater pipes surrounding Minnesota lakes, sediment phosphorus practicing patience, waiting to see results the lake. Both JD1 and CD11 drain large, release is typically controlled by the after spending millions of hard-earned hydrologically altered wetland complexes reduction of iron during these anaerobic dollars in restoration costs. The path prior to discharging to the lake. CD11 conditions, releasing mobile phosphorus to success required strong stakeholder also receives stormwater from downtown into the porewater. Since anaerobic support, a dedicated project sponsor, and White Bear Lake, Minnesota. conditions regularly occur in Bald Eagle innovative technical leadership to reach Prior to restoration, Bald Eagle Lake Lake during summer stratification, this aggressive restoration goals. Years of hard had poor water quality dating back to process was expected to contribute work and dedication culminated in one the 1980s, with summer average total phosphorus to Bald Eagle Lake. Rooted of the premiere lake restoration success phosphorus (TP) concentrations around aquatic plants are also thought to stories in the Twin Cities Metropolitan 72 µg/L. The lake was very productive translocate phosphorus from sediments Area (TCMA). during this period with chlorophyll-a during their growth phase releasing concentrations averaging 29 µg/L. Late soluble phosphorus into overlying water season cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) during dieback. This process can be blooms were common in Bald Eagle especially problematic with curly-leaf pondweed where senescence occurs in

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 35 in 2003, this time dividing the load between sediment phosphorus release, resuspension from carp, and phosphorus release from curly-leaf pondweed dieback that occurs in midsummer. It is important to note that the authors of that plan recognized the high level of uncertainty in those divisions. Finally, in 2007, RCWD decided to collect sediment cores from the deep area of the lake and measure sediment phosphorus release under anaerobic conditions as a part of a TMDL study. Results of the TMDL confirmed the role of internal loading in Bald Eagle Lake and solidified RCWD’s desire to pursue an internal load control project while still addressing the watershed on an opportunistic basis.

Moving from the watershed and into the lake As RCWD pursued watershed phosphorus load reduction projects and curly-leaf pondweed management, local stakeholders began to get frustrated with the lack of progress made in reducing TP concentrations in Bald Eagle Lake (Figure 3). Several high-priority watershed projects were already completed, including a large stormwater reuse project on a golf course, 10 neighborhood raingardens, and 6 shoreline stabilization projects with total costs exceeding $1,000,000. Stakeholders were concerned that future watershed practices would take a long time to implement. The District also continued its efforts to control curly- leaf pondweed in the hopes of decreasing TP concentrations in the lake, spending over $600,000 in targeted harvesting and herbicide applications. Recognizing that the return-on-investment for lower- priority watershed projects would not be favorable and that curly-leaf pondweed management was having minimal effect on TP concentrations, RCWD and BEAA decided to turn their focus to internal loading, specifically sediment phosphorus Figure 1. Bald Eagle Lake including sediment sampling sites. release. To control sediment phosphorus the middle of the growing season. Finally, RCWD pursued several phosphorus release in Bald Eagle Lake, RCWD benthic feeding fish can cause internal budget updates to quantify Bald Eagle pursued an aluminum sulfate (alum) loading by disturbing the sediments Lake’s internal load. In 1998, the nutrient treatment to permanently bind mobile during feeding activities. These processes budget was updated using literature sediment phosphorus. Alum is applied to needed further investigation in order to values for sediment phosphorus release lakes as a liquid subsequently forming guide critical in-lake management actions and general assumptions regarding the aluminum hydroxide, a solid precipitate for Bald Eagle Lake. temporal and spatial extent of anaerobic that settles to lake sediments. Aluminum Recognizing that internal loading conditions in the lake (Figure 2). The hydroxide attracts and permanently binds may be an important source to the lake, phosphorus budget was again updated

36 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE types of watershed practices completed in the TCMA was compared to the cost of an alum treatment on a per pound of TP removal basis (Figure 4). Diffuse watershed practices such as gardens were the most expensive since they had relatively low impact on phosphorus loading. As practices increased in size and adopted the use of adsorption media such as iron enhanced sand filters, cost Figure 2. Evolution of the phosphorus budget for Bald Eagle Lake showing various attempts to efficiencies increased significantly. The quantify internal phosphorus loading. The 2011 budget included laboratory measurements of five alum projects reviewed for this anaerobic sediment phosphorus release. comparison were by far the most cost- effective projects even though initial costs can be daunting. This analysis allayed the fears of spending such a large sum of money on the alum treatment as compared to spending more money on watershed practices.

Alum Longevity As the District considered an alum treatment, there was a general concern from regulators that if watershed phosphorus loading wasn’t sufficiently reduced, the alum treatment would get buried by new phosphorus, limiting the long-term effectiveness of the project. To address this concern, phosphorus sedimentation was estimated from the TMDL lake response model to estimate the amount of time expected to replace inactivated sediment phosphorus. Using this approach, it was estimated that without any reductions in watershed loading, the alum treatment could last as long as 22 years (Figure 5). An additional Figure 3. Epilimnetic total phosphorus concentrations during various stages of restoration of Bald 25 to 75 percent reduction in watershed Eagle Lake. phosphorus loading could extend the life of the alum treatment between 7 and 40 sediment phosphorus removing it from aluminum-bound P (James 2011; James years. The District had already achieved the internal phosphorus loading cycle. and Bischoff 2015). Two treatment zones some reductions in watershed phosphorus 2 However, some questions remained were identified, prescribing 100 g Al/m loading suggesting the project would last regarding when to pursue an alum in areas greater than 15 feet deep and 50 longer than the typical 30-year life span 2 treatment, what it would cost, and whether g Al/m in shallow areas demonstrating of a watershed BMP at a lower cost per it would be effective for the long term. high mobile P in the sediment. This dose pound removed. targeted a reduction in mobile phosphorus Alum Dose and Cost Determination in the top 6 centimeters of sediments to Adaptive alum application To estimate costs and evaluate control sediment phosphorus release. The Recent research and experience the long-term effectiveness of an cost for completing the alum treatment suggested that application of the entire alum treatment, sediment cores were was estimated at just under $900,000. alum dose at one time might not achieve collected from eight sites in the lake established sediment targets. Furthermore, to measure phosphorus that is mobile Cost Effectiveness recent studies suggested that the alum under anaerobic conditions (redox-P) Prior to investing in the alum could settle on top of the denser sediment to develop an alum dose for the lake treatment for Bald Eagle Lake, in-lake surface instead of mixing into the (Figure 1). Sediments from each site were costs were compared to the cost of sediment, limiting reaction between the exposed to increasingly higher doses of further watershed TP load reductions for alum and mobile phosphorus (James alum in the laboratory until the measured other restoration projects in the TCMA. 2017). We used an adaptive application mobile P (redox-P) was converted to The 30-year life cycle cost for several

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 37 Figure 4. Project cost and phosphorus removal efficiency for watershed and in-lake Best Management Practices.

alum treatment ranged between 2 and 12.5 mg/m2/day with the highest rates found in the deepest area of the lake (Figure 9). Following application of the initial half dose, anaerobic sediment phosphorus release was reduced between 12 and 91 percent with the greatest reductions occurring in the shallow areas of the lake. Phosphorus release in the deepest area of the lake where release rates were the highest, showed only a 12-percent reduction in phosphorus release. Wind and drift during application might have moved the aluminum floc out of this region during even though records showed that the applicator had gone over this area and applied at the prescribed rates. Since release rates were reduced greater than expected in the Figure 5. Estimates of the number of years it will take to replace mobile phosphorus inactivated shallow areas and less than expected in through phosphorus deposition using the Canfield-Bachmann model. Estimates included lower the deeper area, the application areas were sedimentation rates as watershed phosphorus loading is reduced. adjusted to apply more alum in the deeper areas of the lake in 2016 (Figure 7). Some approach, where the dose was split Half of the prescribed alum dose of the shallower areas that achieved their between two years, 2014 and 2016, with was applied in 2014 by HAB Aquatic goals did not receive a second dose, while sediment monitoring one year following Solutions using precise application the alum dose for the deep area of Bald application of the initial half dose (Figure software to ensure target doses were Eagle Lake was doubled to ensure mobile 6). The purpose of the split dose was to applied appropriately (Figures 7 and 8). phosphorus immobilization in the targeted increase the reaction time of the alum Sediment cores were collected from 4 area. with mobile phosphorus and to allow for sites in 2015 to measure progress toward The second alum application occurred application adjustments between the alum achieving sediment targets. Anaerobic in 2016 using the adjusted application applications. sediment phosphorus release prior to the areas and aluminum concentrations with

38 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE Figure 6. The adaptive alum application approach used in Bald Eagle Lake. the continued goal of reducing sediment is now meeting Minnesota’s deep lake Changes in aquatic vegetation phosphorus release. Sediment cores eutrophication standard of 40 µg/L Prior to the improvements in water were collected in 2017 and measured for summer average total phosphorus for clarity, annual aquatic plant surveys anaerobic sediment phosphorus release. the first time in over 30 years (Figure indicated limited species richness even Release rates were reduced at all sites 3). Epilimnetic total phosphorus with successful curly-leaf pondweed between 86 and 99 percent with the deep concentrations were significantly reduced management, which reduced the site (Station S50) demonstrating almost in Bald Eagle Lake following the initial distribution and density of the invasive no phosphorus release (Figure 9). The alum application in Spring 2014, with species in Bald Eagle Lake. Herbicide reallocation of alum to target areas where summer average concentrations dropping treatments in the mid-2000s targeted 80- sediment phosphorus release reductions from a long-term summer average of 73 100+ acres while recent target areas (2014 were less than expected was a success. µg/L to 25 µg/L. Maximum hypolimnetic to 2017) were reduced to 20-40 acres. All of the sites had minimal sediment phosphorus concentrations were reduced Stem density within the treatment areas phosphorus release and essentially met the from a pre-alum average of 150 µg/L to declined from about 600 stems/m2 in 2003 established goal of controlling sediment 64 µg/L after the treatment, demonstrating to about 10 stems/m2 in 2015. Floristic phosphorus release (Figure 9). that internal loading was significantly Quality Index (FQI) scores (Nichols 1999) reduced. Average summer chlorophyll-a for the vegetation community remained Water quality and vegetation response concentrations dropped from a long-term poor with the vegetation community Water Quality Response average of 31 µg/L to 9 µg/L and Secchi dominated by invasive and tolerant Bald Eagle Lake responded to the depth improved from a long-term average species indicative of poor water quality alum applications extremely well and of 1.4 meters to 2.3 meters. (e.g. curly-leaf pondweed, coontail).

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 39 Figure 7. Alum application areas and rates used in the initial half dose applied in spring of 2014 and the adjusted half dose applied in spring of 2016.

While the decline in curly-leaf pondweed did not improve lake water quality or species diversity, it did create an opportunity for increased growth of native plants following the alum treatment. Following the increase in water clarity, aquatic vegetation species richness improved from an average of about 16 species per plant survey to nearly 20. FQI scores increased from an average of 21, which was below the median score for Bald Eagle’s ecoregion (Radomski and Perleberg 2012), to nearly 25, which is in the upper 3rd quartile for the ecoregion (Figure 10). Additionally, the spatial extent of higher species richness improved with more native taxa being found per sample point (Figure 11). Overall, the changes in aquatic plant communities indicate improvement in the overall health of the ecosystem.

Long-term management Figure 8. HAB Aquatic Solutions’ alum application vessel used to precisely apply alum to Bald While the alum treatment was Eagle Lake at the prescribed alum dose. successful in restoring water quality

40 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge Steve McComas, of Blue Water Science, for sharing aquatic plant survey data; Keegan Lund, April Londo, and Kylie Cattoor, of the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, for sharing aquatic plant survey data; Terry Noonan, Louis Soukup, and John Manske, of Ramsey County Public Works, for providing water quality and phytoplankton data; Eric Macbeth, of the City of Eagan for providing project costs; and the Bald Eagle Area Association for providing critical local Figure 9. Laboratory measurements of anaerobic sediment phosphorus release rates (n=3) for monitoring sites prior input and partial funding to the alum treatment, following the initial alum application, and after the final alum application. Final alum doses for the alum treatment. (g-Al/m2) are included for reference. References James, W.F. 2017. Phosphorus binding dynamics in the aluminum floc layer of Half Moon Lake, Wisconsin. Lake Reserve Manage, 33: 130-142. James, W.F. and J.M. Bischoff. 2015. Relationships between redox-sensitive phosphorus concentrations in sediment and the aluminum:phosphorus binding ratio. Lake and Reserv Manage, 31(4): 339-346. James, W.F. 2011. Variations in the aluminum:phosphorus binding ratio and alum dosage considerations for Half Moon Lake, Wisconsin. Lake and Figure 10. Mean species richness and Floristic Quality Index scores for Bald Eagle Lake before Reserv Manage, 27(2): 128-137. and after the alum treatment. Error bars indicate standard error. Pre-alum, n = 17 years; post- Nichols, S.A. 1999. Floristic quality alum, n = 4 years. assessment of Wisconsin lake plant communities with example applications. Lake and Reserv Manage, 15(2): 133- in Bald Eagle Lake, several challenges high phosphorus concentrations. RCWD 141. remain to protect water quality for the continues to work with the BEAA and Radomski, P. and D. Perleberg. 2012. long term. The primary tributary to other local partners to implement large- Application of a versatile aquatic Bald Eagle Lake flows through a large scale stormwater retrofit projects and macrophyte integrity index for wetland complex, Schuneman Marsh, small-scale stormwater treatment systems Minnesota lakes. Ecological Indicators, that has demonstrated periodic release (i.e., raingardens). Continuing to decrease 20: 252-268. of soluble phosphorus that can bypass external phosphorus loads protects the settling ponds and cause algal blooms in investment in alum by increasing its the lake. Several urban subwatersheds longevity (Figure 5). still contribute untreated stormwater with

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 41 Figure 11. Spatial distribution and species richness of aquatic vegetation as the number of native taxa per sample point. Figure courtesy of Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.

Joe Bischoff is a Brian Beck is a principal limnologist with geochemist with Wenck Wenck Associates, Inc. in Associates in Golden Next Issue – Golden Valley, MN. Joe’s Valley, MN. His work Spring 2018: work focuses on lake focuses on sediment and reservoir restoration geochemistry, water Removal and management quality modeling, and throughout the Upper contaminant fate and Dam removal is becoming a more Midwest. Specific transport. Brian enjoys areas of expertise include internal phosphorus understanding how sediments impact water common event, and these projects loading, shallow lake restoration, and nutrient quality and developing innovative solutions to are large, expensive and have management. Joe is currently co-chair of the improve sediment quality. many intended and unintended NALMS policy committee. William (Bill) F. consequences. Matt Kocian is an James is a professor This issue will explore various aquatic ecologist for the and research elements related to dam removal, Rice Creek Watershed aquatic ecologist District. He plans and at the University of including ecological, financial, implements a monitoring Wisconsin – Stout. His technical, and regulatory aspects program to evaluate research interests are of such projects. Articles for this short- and long-term in lake and reservoir changes in aquatic phosphorus cycling issue are due by February 15, with a ecosystems. He also and eutrophication management. His career in publication timeline for late March. manages lake and projects. limnology spans 38 years with over 50 peer- reviewed publications. He is also an associate c editor for Lake and Reservoir Management. c

42 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE Success Stories

A Decade of Common Carp Research and Management in Minnesota Przemyslaw G. Bajer

Insights for managers

The common carp ommon carp is a large (~ typically 600-800 mm; 2 – 3 ft.) fish that Cwas introduced to North America in late 1890s in response to requests from European settlers. Quickly after the introduction, it became clear that common carp (or “carp”) can have devastating effects on lakes. Carp root in the bottom while looking for food and in the process, it stirs up the sediments, uproots aquatic plants, and releases sediment-bound nutrients into the water (Vilizzi et al. 2015) (Figure 1, 2). In place of rooted plants that disappear, microscopic algae and cyanobacteria take over making the water look like “pea soup.” Some cyanobacteria are harmful to humans and pets because they produce toxins. The use Figure 1. Commercial fishermen catching carp in seine nets in Midwestern North America.Photo: of such lakes for recreation is therefore Gary Sullivan, The Wetlands Initiative. limited. Lakes invaded by carp are also often impaired for water quality due to excessive nutrient concentrations. Although it has been known for decades that carp can have negative impacts on lakes in North America, efforts to successfully control them have been relatively rare, other than through whole-lake poisoning or de-watering. For example, a handful of lakes are drawned- down in Minnesota each year to affect winter freeze-out and eradicate carp. Also, the life history of carp has been relatively poorly documented. For example, prior to 2010, there was not a single publication on processes that regulate dietary preferences of larval carp or their survival in North American lakes. The research conducted in Minnesota over the last decade contributed several important pieces of information about the life history of carp and management strategies for this Figure 2. Aquatic macrophytes uprooted by common carp in Hennepin Hopper Lakes, Illinois, species. I will summarize these findings USA. Photo: Gary Sullivan, The Wetlands Initiative.

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 43 here to make them easily accessible to lake managers. These findings resulted from the work of many people, who are included on the referenced publications, thus I will refer to them as “our findings.” Our findings are restricted largely to the lakes of central Minnesota (Temperate Forest Ecoregion; TFE), and to some extent also lakes of southern Minnesota (Great Plains Ecoregion; GPE). Most of the systems we studied were within urban or agricultural watersheds. Our work complements other recent research on common carp in the Midwest, especially in South Dakota and Iowa (many of those papers are reviewed in Vilizzi et al. 2015).

How abundant are the carp in Minnesota and why? Carp populations show strong gradient of abundance across Minnesota. Lakes of NE Minnesota (Northern Forest Ecoregion) are generally not inhabited by this species. However, carp are nearly ubiquitous in central and southern Minnesota, with many lakes Figure 3. Abundance (catch, kilograms per gillnet) of common carp in lakes of three ecoregions being inhabited by very abundant carp in Minnesota. NF = Northern Forests, ETF = Eastern Temperate Forests, GP = Great Plains. populations (biomass > 200 kg/ha; see Also shown is the species richness of aquatic macrophytes, which is used to assess impact of carp. below). Approximately ~ 23 percent of Modified after Bajer et al. 2016. lakes in the Temperate Forest ecoregion have abundant carp populations, and 70 percent in lakes of the Great Plains (Figure 3) (Bajer et al. 2016). Whether carp can become invasive is primarily regulated by its ability to have offspring in different habitat types. Carp’s reproductive success, or survival of their young, appears to be regulated by a hierarchy of ecological filters, as indicated by an analysis of carp recruitment across 100s of lakes in Minnesota (Bajer et al. 2016). First, for reasons that are not clear, carp appear to be unable to recruit in lakes of northeastern Minnesota. This may be due to very low primary productivity of those systems and low abundance of food for larval carp (Figure 4). Over 20 years of fish surveys by the DNR, no small carp were ever caught in those lakes, and the abundance of adults is also very low or none. Carp do not appear to be facing Figure 4. Common carp larvae after feeding for 20 days with water and zooplankton collected such recruitment bottlenecks in lakes from an oligotrophic (top) mesotrophic (middle) or eutrophic (bottom) lake in Minnesota. From of ETF or GP ecoregions, most of Lechelt and Bajer (2016). which are eutrophic or hypereutrophic. In these regions, carp’s reproductive and fry, such as the bluegill sunfish with low densities of bluegills, such as success appears to be driven primarily (Lepomis macrochirus) (Figure 5). In winterkill-prone marshes, abundance by the abundance of small predatory lakes with healthy bluegill populations, of YOY (young of year) carp is often fishes that forage on carp eggs, larvae, carp recruitment is usually nil. In lakes extremely high. Carp have evolved

44 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE winterkill events in adjacent marshes (Lechelt and Bajer 2016). Carp populations appear to be driven by slightly different dynamics in shallow lakes in southern and western Minnesota (GP ecoregion); although carp populations have not been studied in detail in those types of systems. Those systems often do not support abundant bluegill populations due to shallow depth and periodic occurrence of summer and winter hypoxia. Consequently, carp are able to produce young more consistently within the lakes and fewer of them might migrate into adjacent marshes. Recruitment in such systems is thought to be density dependent: few young carp are found in lakes with very high abundance of adults or older siblings, but production of young might increase in response to adult removal.

Effect of carp biomass on ecosystems: shallow vs deep lakes Effects of carp on ecosystems can be quite complex, and vary among lakes and lake-types. To facilitate a synthesis of observed trends, it is useful (although simplistic) to split lakes into two distinct categories, with the understanding that many lakes fall in-between these conditions: (1) shallow lakes (usually < 3 m max depth), well mixed year- round and whose entire bottoms can be colonized by macrophytes and (2) deep lakes where thermal stratification sets up in early summer and persists through fall (although periodical mixing can occur) and where macrophytes can only occur in the littoral, because other parts of the lake are too deep for the plants to grow (light Figure 5. Top: Winter fish kills (winterkills) cause massive mortality of native fish (along with penetration). While carp have been shown carp that overwinter there) in shallow marshes and lakes in Minnesota. These events create to impact various characteristics of water “predator-free” patches of habitat within systems of interconnected lakes and marshes. Adult quality (clarity, turbidity, chlorophyll-a, carp migrate to such system from deeper lakes in the spring to spawn. This photograph was taken suspended solids, nutrient concentrations), shortly after ice-out (photo: P. Bajer). Bottom: bluegill sunfish is an important predator on carp and biota (macrophytes, plankton, eggs and larvae in Minnesota. Flushing the stomach content of this individual revealed hundreds invertebrates, fish, waterfowl), we will of carp eggs (photo: Chris Chizinski). focus on macrophytes, water clarity, and total phosphorus (TP), because these are strategies to exploit bluegill-free habitats 2017). Many young carp perish in the best documented and of main interest. as nurseries for their young by employing marshes before they disperse, especially Impacts of carp appear to be more spring spawning migrations from lakes during severe winters. For this reason, severe and multifaceted in shallow lakes. into marshes. After spawning, most carp populations do particularly well if This is illustrated by a carp eradication adults return to the lakes, while the young marshes winterkill every three to five experiment in Lake Casey in St. Paul disperse into lakes. Dispersal of young years, giving the young plenty of time to (area 5 ha, max depth 1 m). Initially, is poorly documented, but it appears that disperse before a next winterkill occurs this small lake was inhabited by ~ 6,000 relatively few young disperse in the first (Figure 5). This explains why carp carp (biomass 500 kg/ha), it had virtually and second year of life, but then dispersal populations in metro lakes are dominated no macrophytes, very turbid water, and increases in year three (Lechelt et al. by strong year classes that coincide with high TP (Bartodziej et al. 2017). After

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 45 removal, macrophytes blanketed the that is not associated with ecological level in carp biomass allows for relatively entire lake, water clarity increased, and damage, and manage populations healthy macrophyte community to TP declined by 48 percent (Bartodziej et accordingly. While defining such a develop. However, if possible, biomass al. 2017). Similar responses were reported threshold, we chose the decline in aquatic should be reduced to ~ 50 kg/ha to allow from other shallow lakes in the region. macrophytes (density and diversity) as an for full recovery of macrophytes. This suggests that in shallow lakes, carp index of carp’s impact because this impact has strong effect on macrophytes, water is very clear, direct, and consistent across Steps involved in developing clarity, and TP (Ginger et al. 2017). The shallow and deep lakes (see above). It is successful carp management experiment in Lake Casey also illustrated useful to focus on macrophytes in shallow Developing a strategy to control that management of carp, which allowed areas (< 2 m), to avoid confounding common carp populations is not for the recovery of macrophytes that were effects of water clarity (i.e.. in shallow necessarily straightforward given the then harvested from the lake, was a cost- areas, macrophytes are rarely limited relatively complex life history of this effective P removal strategy ($670 per 1 by light, so carp is the main driver, but species. For example, in chains of kilogram of P removed [Bartodziej et al. in deep areas 2017]). macrophytes Effects of carp on deep lakes can be limited appear to be subtler and are much less by clarity documented than in shallow lakes. This regardless of is exemplified in a carp removal in Lake carp abundance). Susan (Bajer and Sorensen 2015). Lake We conducted Susan (35 ha; 5 m max depth) is thermally several stratified during July-October, but it whole-lake briefly de-stratifies in the summer during manipulations windy days. This system was inhabited to determine by approximately 4,000 carp (biomass the relationship 307 kg/ha), which were then reduced to between carp 40 kg/ha using selective removal (winter biomass and seining). Before removal (2008), the lake macrophytes had relatively turbid water year-round (Figure 6). These (Secchi depth < 2 m), and only sparse experiments littoral (< 2 m depth) vegetation (cover showed that < 10 percent). Removal of carp was at 50 kg/ha, associated with an increase in littoral effects of carp macrophytes (>50 percent cover by 2010), on macrophytes a significant increase in water clarity in were minor, at May and June (Secchi ~5 m). However, 100 kg/ha ~50 removal of carp had no appreciable effect percent declines on TP concentrations. Analyses of thermal in macrophyte profiles showed that TP was driven by cover occurred, abiotic internal loading: TP accumulated and at 200 kg/ha in hypoxic hypolimnion during calm almost no rooted summer periods and was brought to the vegetation surface during windy days, causing rapid remained in increase in epilimnetic TP in mid-summer. lakes (Figure This process was independent of carp 6). For practical abundance. This experiment suggested purposes, that in deep lakes, carp impact primarily 100 kg/ha is the ecology of shallow, well-mixed areas, often used as but have little effect on offshore and deep a management (below thermocline) areas. Shallow areas threshold for represent biodiversity hotspots in deep carp populations lakes. because reducing carp Is there a threshold in carp biomass to that biomass that managers should aim for? level is more Carp are almost impossible to affordable than Figure 6. Macrophyte cover (top) and species richness (bottom) is shallow eradicate. Thus, it is more practical to say to 50 kg/ areas (< 2 m depth) of lakes with different carp biomass. From Bajer et al. determine a threshold in their abundance ha, and such a 2016.

46 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE interconnected lakes, a single winterkill- The number of carp caught per hour is mm ) trapnets to look for age-0 carp. prone marsh or stormwater pond might used to estimate the density and biomass At the same time, a sample of adult carp, constitute key carp nursery that needs of carp per hectare using published ~ 10-20 per lake, is implanted with radio to be identified before management equations (Bajer and Sorensen 2012). It is transmitters in all major water bodies. commences, in which case barriers to recommended that these initial estimates These fish are followed during spring to adult movement or juvenile dispersal are verified using mark-recapture document the routes of their spawning might be needed. Locating carp nurseries analyses, especially when removal migrations. Adult carp often home to within the landscape and determining methods are tested (see below). nurseries they were born in, so a strong migration routes for adults and juveniles Following the initial assessment, a migration suggests a key nursery at its is very important. It is a good idea to first more detailed analysis of the population end. collect key data on carp abundance and is conducted. This is done primarily to Management of carp populations processes that drive it within a particular determine past patterns in recruitment. needs to include selective and effective lake or chain of lakes over one or two Recruitment history is determined by removal methods. It is recommended seasons, before management occurs, to ageing a sample of the population (100- that one or several of such methods are avoid costly management mistakes. 200 carp) and plotting the abundance of tested in the early stage of management As a first step, carp abundance should each age class. This shows how often development to assess the feasibility be estimated in all bodies of water within “strong year classes” occur. Ageing and efficacy of removal, which can a management unit, to determine if it analysis also informs about the longevity, vary considerably among lakes. In the exceeds the management threshold, and mortality rate, and growth rate of the carp. Midwest, carp are known to form tight by how much. Among commonly applied To determine which lakes/marshes winter aggregations. These can be located sampling techniques, boat electrofishing in the watershed function as sources of using the radiotagged individuals, and surveys appear to be most reliable in recruits, all waterbodies are surveyed in removed using large seine nets (Figure 7). quantifying carp abundance and biomass. late summer or fall with fine-mesh (~ 10 This strategy can be quite effective. For

Figure 7. Winter seining for carp in Lake Susan, Minnesota. Top left: “submarines” used to pull rope between holes; the rope is then used to pull the net under the ice. Top right: putting net into the lake. Bottom left: final stage of the seine with carp caught in the “bag” of the net. Bottom right: debris on the bottom can ruin a seine by lifting the lead line above the bottom allowing carp to escape.

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 47 example, in Lake Lucy (36 ha), 94 percent be used to “run” different management carp in small midwestern lakes. of carp (685 individuals) were removed scenarios and single out those that are North American Journal of Fisheries in a single haul. In Lake Riley (120 ha), most likely to be efficient, practical, and Management, 32: 817-822. 89 percent of population (~6,900 carp) cost effective. Bajer, P.G. and P.W. Sorensen. 2015. were removed in three hauls. In Lake Effects of common carp on phosphorus Gervais (95 ha), 52 percent population Final thoughts concentrations, water clarity, and (~3,500 carp) were removed in a single While we advise local watershed vegetation density: a whole system haul), but subsequent several hauls were districts and lake managers on how to experiment in a thermally stratified unsuccessful. In Lake Susan (35 ha), manage common carp in Minnesota, lake. Hydrobiologia, 746: 303-311. approximately 80 percent were removed several common issues occur. First, Bartodziej, W.M., S.L. Blood and K. in one haul (~ 3,000 carp). However, managers often tend to overlook the Pilgrim. 2017. Aquatic plant harvesting: this strategy was less effective in Long fact that carp are very mobile, and that An economical phosphorus removal Lake (68.8 ha), where two seine hauls lake chains rather than individual lakes tool in an urban shallow lake. Journal conducted during two consecutive winters need to be managed. Within chains of of Aquatic Plant Management, 55: 26- captured <5 percent of population (300 lakes, some systems might function 34. carp). Success was also low in Lake as overwintering sites, while entirely Ginger, L.J., K.D. Zimmer, B.R. Herwig, Staring (< 10 percent population caught different ones might function as nurseries, M.A. Hanson, W.O. Hobbs, G.E. Small per seine). In each of those cases, carp and carp can extensively migrate between and J.B. Cotner. 2017. Watershed aggregations could be easily located. the two. These dynamics need to be vs. within-lake drivers of nitrogen: However, the nets either snagged on recognized and documented, for example, phosphorus dynamics in shallow lakes. debris on the bottom, or the carp escaped by using telemetry. Second, managers Ecological Applications, 27: 2155- from the area before the net could be instinctively focus on removing the adult 2169. “landed.” Also, if unsuccessfully targeted carp, while neglecting efforts to manage Lechelt, J.D. and P.G. Bajer. 2016. multiple times, carp can easily learn recruitment of juveniles. Third, while Modeling the potential for managing how to escape from the nets. The long- carp management often begins with invasive common carp in temperate term efficacy of winter seining in the much enthusiasm and financial support, lakes by targeting their winter same ecosystem has not been evaluated managers often do not fully appreciate aggregations. Biological Invasions,18: but avoidance behaviors might pose a the long-term commitment and planning 831-839. challenge. It is also important to realize needed to keep carp populations at low Lechelt, J.D., M.J. Kocian and P.G. that each seining event requires extensive level; the amount of “maintenance” will Bajer. 2017. Low downstream preparation, repeated telemetry surveys vary among individual lakes. Despite dispersal of young-of-year common and a crew of at least 10 people. these limitations, evidence from our carp from marshes into lakes in the As an alternative to winter seining, whole-lake experiments shows that carp Upper Mississippi River region and carp can also be removed in the summer, removal usually has strong positive effects its implications for integrated pest by conditioning them to aggregate within on various components of ecosystems management strategies. Management of areas baited with food attractants (Bajer (macrophytes, water clarity, nutrients), Biological Invasions, 8: 485-495. et al. 2010). An experiment in Lake and that these benefits often outweigh the Vilizzi, L., A.S. Tarkan and G.H. Copp. Susan (35 ha) showed that 70 percent of challenges and costs associated with carp 2015. Experimental evidence from carp were attracted to the bait at night management. causal criteria analysis for the effects (at the same time), after only few days of common carp Cyprinus carpio of baiting. This suggests that baited traps References on freshwater ecosystems: A global could be used to manage carp populations. Bajer, P.G., M.W. Beck, T.K. Cross, perspective. Reviews in Fisheries However, this approach has not been J.D. Koch, W.M. Bartodziej and P.W. Science & Aquaculture, 23: 253-290. aggressively pursued. Sorensen. 2016. Biological invasion by a benthivorous fish reduced the cover Developing a model of the population and species richness of aquatic plants in Przemek Bajer is a Once abundance estimates are most lakes of a large North American research assistant conducted, recruitment patterns ecoregion. Global Change Biology, 22: professor at the documented (i.e., how often strong 3937-3947. University of Minnesota. year classes occur and by how many Bajer, P.G., H. Lim, M.J. Travaline, He studies various individuals are they comprised), nurseries B.D. Miller and P.W. Sorensen. 2010. aspects of the life located, movement patterns mapped, and Cognitive aspects of food searching history of common carp removal methods assessed, it is useful behavior in free-ranging wild Common to understand their to construct a model of the population. Carp. Environmental Biology of Fishes success as an invasive This might start as a “conceptual” 88: 295-300. species and to develop sustainable management model that simply puts all these pieces Bajer, P.G. and P.W. Sorensen. 2012. strategies for carp. c together. However, it is even more useful Using boat electrofishing to estimate to develop a numerical model that can the abundance of invasive common

48 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE Success Stories

A True Fish Story in a Public Connecticut Lake

Cynthia Stevens

Grass carp conquer Eurasian Watermilfoil historically were vacation retreats for New Yorkers in the 1970s evolved into n 1997, Ball Pond became the first was named, had been rattled by studies full-time residences on small lots, putting public lake in New England to that showed how grass carp in other additional stress on septic systems in Iintroduce nonnative sterile triploid lakes had decimated macrophytes, and a 250-acre watershed. The Ball Pond grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) to negatively impacted water clarity and fish Advisory Committee (BPAC) pushed hard control invasive Eurasian watermilfoil community structure. The Connecticut for an organic approach to control the (Myriophyllum spicatum), a plague DEP balked at granting us a liberation milfoil which, at that time, covered some well known to North American lake permit for our own grass carp and we 32 percent of Ball Pond. Its members managers. Twenty years later, the key fought an uphill battle to get them. appointed by the First Selectman in 1995, people responsible agreed that not only BPAC was created to find a solution had the grass carp essentially eliminated The problem and end the virtual civil war between our milfoil, but that “nothing bad Ball Pond (Figure 1) is a residents on the South end of Ball Pond happened” in the process. While this mesotrophic, 80-acre lake in who obtained DEP permits for copper may seem a cavalier attitude, understand Southwestern Connecticut with limited sulfate and diquat applications and those that the Connecticut Department of plant and fish diversity; it has an average on the North end who opposed any use of Environmental Protection (DEP) as it then Secchi disk reading of 10 feet. What chemicals because of the potential health

Figure 1. Ball Pond at sunrise. Photo: Jane Didona.

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 49 risks. Back then the nonprofit Friends them to chop and shred vegetation. Their the State in 1996, the DEP’s Lakes of Ball Pond (FoBP) hired a harvester ancestors hail from the Amur River that Management Program in the Bureau of for several summers to combat native flows along the Siberian, Mongolian, and Water Management opposed it. coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum) and Chinese borders in Eastern Asia. They’re BPAC enlisted the help of the Najas (Najas guadalupensis), but we still brown on top with a cross-hatch pattern, Friends of Ball Pond to mount a petition had too many weeds and the machine silver on the sides, and white on the belly drive but the petitions weren’t enough may actually have introduced the milfoil. (Figure 2). to sway the DEP. It wasn’t until two We also tried other approaches like hand Though homely to the naked eye, limnologists, Tim Simpkins and George raking and benthic barriers, then three of carp in general have a glorious tradition Benson, designed a research project us took a course in dredging because at in China where fish have always been around the carp stocking that the State the time it seemed the most viable option. important to the diet. Besides fishing was enticed to approve a permit for Ball It wasn’t. Dredging proved much too some 2,300 lakes and 1,500 rivers, Pond. The study would measure water expensive. Chinese peasants have farmed common quality, plants, and the fish population, BPAC committee member George carp in small ponds for some 3,000 and importantly, look at the long-term Buck first presented grass carp as a years. Because of their abundance, fish effects of the grass carp. solution based on his experience in generally represent wealth, regeneration, The Connecticut DEP was further 1985 when he had grass carp fingerlings and freedom in their culture. Elegant concerned how grass carp would affect air shipped from Arkansas to stock and delicate fish motifs have appeared Najas guadalupensis, a naiad listed as a the four-acre pond he shares with five in Chinese art and on their porcelain for species of special concern in Connecticut, neighbors, as well as the pond of a friend centuries. even though it had been identified in in Ridgefield, 30 minutes south of New Normal grass carp with 48 Massachusetts and as far north as Lake Fairfield. George received the heavily chromosomes (diploid) can cause a lot Champlain in Vermont. To protect the drugged and stressed fish at New York’s of damage to native plants if overstocked Najas, we built cages or exclosures on LaGuardia Airport, loaded them into his or not sterilized, which is why great three plots in the pond to keep out the Jeep, and dropped off the first batch to care has been taken since a technique carp. However, as the study progressed, his friend where the half that survived was developed in 1983 to alter their we realized the exclosures protected did a good job eating his weeds. By the genetic code during fertilization. The the milfoil from the carp because the time the weary carp arrived at George’s eggs are shocked with pressure or hot milfoil over ran the najas inside them. house, they were spent. However, or cold water, creating an extra set of This was a positive result because the George was convinced of their efficacy. chromosomes (triploid condition) in each exclosures acted as our control habitat Ultimately after Ball Pond’s success, he cell to prevent reproduction. To confirm to demonstrate how the weeds would became a leading proponent of stocking the triploid condition blood cells are grow without carp grazing. As a control it grass carp in nearby Candlewood, a tested when the fish reach 4 to 12 inches. proved that the decline in the milfoil was 5,400-acre manmade lake, and was an The triploid grass carp normally live 10 to not caused by any other factors except eager consultant to the Candlewood 12 years, although in our colder climate the grass carp grazing. All other possible Lake Authority (CLA) through their they may last 15 years. causes of a decline in the lake’s milfoil, application and stocking process in 2015. such as climate, other predation, disease, A versatile fisherman, George said when Project approval etc., were ruled out since the milfoil he recommended grass carp years earlier, When the Town of New Fairfield in the exclosures thrived and reached people recoiled in shock and horror. submitted our first carp application to 100 percent coverage, while outside the

Our solution Connecticut is still the only New England state that permits sterile triploid grass carp as an aquatic vegetation management tool. These fish are ravenous eaters and if not managed properly, can devastate the food supply of native species while compromising the photosynthesis of green plants and the oxygen it produces. Grass carp (white amur) were introduced to the United States in 1963 for aquatic weed control by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in cooperation with Auburn University, since no native fish could compete with their plant-eating prowess. This species has two rows of teeth in the throat which allow Figure 2. Grass carp.

50 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE exclosures the milfoil was declining. The grass carp were the only independent variable in the study because the carp were introduced in to the lake and were not stocked in the exclosures.

The initial stocking In October 1997 a tanker truck drove up from Arkansas and released 400 10- to 12-inch grass carp in Ball Pond or 15 per vegetated acre, and we stocked much lower quantities eight times after that, including 75 in 2016. We never lost a fish in the stocking process. To document the effects of the grass carp, five transects were established in Ball Pond so that aquatic plants could be harvested from the same places each year through collection by SCUBA (Figure 3). One hundred bags of plant material were weighed, dried, and reweighed. Besides milfoil, we had the native coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum), the Najas and Elodea (elodea nutalli), a new variety. While the New Fairfield team monitored plants and water quality, the State Fisheries Division sampled Ball Pond’s fish community with an electrofishing boat semi-regularly from 1990 to 2014.

Positive results Funding in 2015 through DEEP’s (DEP is now the Department of Energy and Environmental Protection) Aquatic Invasive Species Grant Program, matched by the Friends of Ball Pond and private donations, enabled us to hire Mark June- of AER Limnology, who is a statistician, limnologist, plant ecologist, Figure 3. Ball Pond bathymetric map showing vegetation transects. and NALMS Certified Lake Manager (CLM), to compute the data George of fish species was directly related to Squantz Pond. They too required high- Benson, as principal investigator, had changes in the macrophyte community level intervention to make it happen. gathered from 1997 to 2014 and annually or enhanced competition (June-Wells et When former DEEP Commissioner Daniel filed with the State. In April 2017 Mark al. 2017). There were several welcomed Esty met with property owners from the and eight co-authors, including Peter surprises: no increase in algae or turbidity five towns around Candlewood in his Aarrestad and Bob Jacobs from the State, and the grass carp seemed to prefer the “Commissioner in Your Corner” series, he published the results (June-Wells et al. milfoil to the native najas. From these got an earful about the mess on the lake 2017). results, we concluded that a well-managed and apparently was convinced something The study found water quality stayed grass carp program could work in other besides drawdowns needed to be done. the same from 1997-2014, as did the fish milfoil-infested Northern mesotrophic A carp permit was issued and 3,866 carp community density/diversity. During lakes. were stocked in 2015 with a $50,000 the study period, Bluegill (Lepomis Significantly, the success on Ball grant from DEEP, along with matching macrochirus) density and Largemouth Pond was a forerunner to the introduction contributions from the surrounding Bass (Micropterus salmoides) size of grass carp in Candlewood Lake, which municipalities and a foundation grant. distribution increased. Given the was battling 400 to 500 acres of Eurasian As part of the management program, constraints of the study, it wasn’t able to watermilfoil despite regular drawdowns, an additional 48 carp were fitted with determine if the reduction in the number and the subsequent approval to stock surgically implanted tracking devices

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 51 to enable further study on movements and feeding habits for a two-year time span (the life of the implanted battery). A supplemental stocking of 4,452 carp was approved and implemented in 2017 to increase the overall population, provide a staggered age range and raise the stocking rate to 15 carp per vegetated acre (Figure 4). To this day Ball Pond does an annual SCUBA aquatic plant survey. We also continue to collect annual samples for dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, and temperature. Over 20 years the grass carp project cost about $8,000 for the fish and their transport, far less than chemical applications, and by 2007 we had cleared all but a few odd strands of milfoil.

The future The grass carp aren’t a total solution, however; all along we employed suction harvesting near the shore to complement our main strategy. And in the interests of full disclosure, Ball Pond’s not finished with weeds by a long shot. While we celebrate conquering Eurasian watermilfoil, coontail took over in its absence and proved even worse to manage. Whereas the carp ate the milfoil from the top down like a lawnmower, they eat around the coontail, which leaves ugly masses of the stuff floating on top and denuded caverns underneath. For years BPAC argued with the State that we needed to increase the carp stocking rate from 15 to 20 per vegetated acre because this native plant is denser and more hazardous to swimmers who could easily get tangled up. However, this past summer threw us a welcome curve: even the coontail was decimated and Ball Pond never looked better. Either the carp got hungrier or a cold spring thwarted weed growth, or some combination of the two. We’ll see what happens next summer. Figure 4. Former CLA Executive Director Larry Marsicano lending a hand in stocking References Candlewood Lake. June-Wells M, T. Simpkins, A.M. Coleman, W. Henley, R. Jacobs, P. Aarrestad, G. Buck, C. Stevens and G. Ostermann, Matthias. 2006. China, Persia Press and IBM, and Benson. 2017. Seventeen years of grass and Japan. The Ceramic Narrative. during retirement carp: an examination of vegetation University of Pennsylvania Press, at Naugatuck Valley management and collateral impacts in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Community College in Ball Pond, New Fairfield, Connecticut, Connecticut. She is a Lake Reserv Manage, 33(1): 84-100. trustee of Union Savings Nash, C.E. 2010. Chapter 2: Seeds in Cynthia Stevens has been chairman of the Ball , headquartered in Antiquity. The History of Aquaculture. Pond Advisory Committee for 20 years. In her Danbury, CT. c Wiley & Blackwell. London, England. work career, she was employed by The Associated

52 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE Success Stories

The Evolution of a Model Volunteer Lake Protection Program

Maggie Shannon, Alexa A. E. Junker, Philip J. Nyhus, Catherine R. Bevier, and F. Russell Cole

Introduction indicates that behavior change can pressure on neighbors to join the program. aine’s nearly 6,000 lakes be promoted most effectively at the The signs, and the concern for the lake generate an estimated $3.5 to community level through direct inter- they represent, may serve as incentives to M$6 billion in annual economic personal contact. For this reason, participate in LakeSmart. Lastly, because activity and support 52,000 jobs, while programs that rely heavily on media the evaluation site visits are arranged to providing 400,000 Mainers with clean advertising may be effective in raising accommodate homeowner schedules, drinking water (Schuertz et al. 2001). awareness for social, environmental, or convenience for the participating property This resource is at risk from increased health issues, but rarely bring about actual owners increases. developmental pressure, nutrient runoff, changes in social behavior. Programs As chronicled in an early review of and the compounding effects of global that make use of traditional marketing the LakeSmart program (Welch and Smith climate change. Regulatory approaches, tools and view the promoted behavior 2008), staff from the DEP, concerned including mandatory shoreland zoning and as a product to be sold may be equally about the increase in development restrictions on construction and dredging, ineffective because encouraging people on the shorelines of Maine lakes and have helped lake managers mitigate to adopt a new behavior is much more associated water quality problems, these risks. However, these top-down, complex than simply altering their met with leaders in the lake protection enforcement-based approaches have preferences for one product over another. community in 2001 to gauge the need and not been sufficient to eliminate threats It turns out that real behavior change potential for a community-based social to Maine’s lakes or stem water quality cannot be accomplished using only the marketing program to help mitigate the declines. advertising toolbox. environmental impact from shoreline LakeSmart, an innovative voluntary The Maine Department of properties. Their vision was to combine certification program, is a promising Environmental Protection (DEP) designed landscaping BMPs and education efforts tool to address these challenges. Based LakeSmart to include several tools with incentives, recognition, and social on the principles of community-based proposed by social marketing theory. pressure. After two years of planning, social marketing, the LakeSmart The educational workshops serve a the DEP developed LakeSmart, a homeowner education and recognition dual function, spreading knowledge comprehensive lake protection program program promotes positive conservation about lake-friendly management that would train lakeshore residents in behavior by lake shore residents and practices (communication) and soliciting the use BMPs, conduct property visits to rewards practices that help stem the flow participants for LakeSmart (commitment). assess existing runoff problems, suggest of nutrient runoff and septic , The incorporation of a combination of mitigation strategies for improvement, important sources of lake pollution. From easy-to-implement best management and issue an award sign that could be humble beginnings (Welch and Smith practices (BMPs) with ones requiring displayed on the property to acknowledge 2008), LakeSmart – now operating on more extensive changes also exemplifies exemplary land management. The DEP 39 lakes and 1 river in 13 of Maine’s commitment in the LakeSmart design. initially partnered with the Soil &Water 16 counties – has become one of the The LakeSmart sign (Figure 1), posted Conservation District (SWCD) to conduct most effective voluntary lake protection in visible locations on both the road- and the site visits so that DEP staff could programs in the country. the lake-side of LakeSmart properties, avoid the impression they were part of an embodies several social marketing tools. “undercover” code enforcement program. Concepts behind LakeSmart and the The sign serves as a prompt to remind The LakeSmart property evaluation early years of the program awardees to engage in the sustainable is divided into four sections to emphasize behaviors for which the sign was the potential for nutrient runoff from each The LakeSmart program was awarded and to increase the visibility of of these sources and to communicate their designed using concepts of community- the program to neighbors and visitors importance for mitigation efforts: (1) the based social marketing to encourage and (communication). The signs help promote driveway and parking area; (2) structures maintain sustainable behavior (McKenzie- LakeSmart practices as the apparent and septic system; (3) yard, recreation Mohr 2006). Social psychology research norm in the community, exerting social areas, and footpaths; and (4) buffer and

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 53 Figure 1. A composite figure showing the LakeSmart award sign for posting on the road- and lake-sides of a property and examples of landscaping best management practices promoted by LakeSmart: (A) an effective buffer with multiple layers of vegetation; (B) a manicured professionally designed buffer; (C) a mulched, winding path to the shoreline; (D) vegetated, curved path to the shoreline; and (E) a stable water access near a steep slope at the end of a lakeside path, also showing stabilizing rip-rap at the shoreline. water access. Only residents whose properties score well in all four categories during the LakeSmart evaluation receive LakeSmart certification. Those properties that score well in at least one, but not all four categories, receive a commendation recognizing their effort and encouraging them to keep improving their properties, and then seek re-evaluation. Every property owner receives a detailed description of the reviewer’s findings and, if appropriate, illustrated instructions for implementing the suggested BMP’s (Figure 2). In the summer of 2003, the DEP began to offer BMP workshops on shoreline LakeSmart landscaping and maintenance, and to conduct Figure 2. steps recommended during a LakeSmart evaluation and installed at a evaluations of existing practices (Welch shoreline property to slow the flow of nutrient laden runoff into an adjacent lake. and Smith 2008). The pilot phase of LakeSmart lasted two years (2003- 16 counties, primarily in the southern that classroom-based workshops were 2005) during which time the program and eastern parts of the state. The good sources of information, but was operational, but the messaging and effectiveness of the new LakeSmart relatively ineffective tools for moving evaluation protocols were being fine- program was evaluated by the DEP using residents to action, the DEP transformed tuned. By 2005, LakeSmart had spread phone and mail surveys, interviews, and these workshops to shorter and more to 32 different lakes in 8 of Maine’s focus groups. In response to feedback interactive “Walk ’n Talk” sessions. The

54 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE new format consisted of a tour of two and the DEP began to develop a training of LakeSmart was fully transferred to properties to familiarize attendees with program for volunteers who would the MLS, which immediately began to the appearance and function of BMPs, conduct pre-evaluation “screenings” transform and reinvigorate the program and the implementation of the LakeSmart of properties (Figure 3). The volunteer by building on its positive experience evaluation process. screeners would determine whether a with volunteer evaluators during the DEP- The DEP program evaluation also property had the potential to receive the Maine COLA two-watershed pilot project. revealed the importance of “sparkplugs,” LakeSmart award enabling the DEP to The MLS expanded the volunteer network local residents who, through their focus the SWCD evaluations on properties to incorporate all eleven lakes that were enthusiasm for lake protection, were with a high likelihood of receiving the still actively pursuing LakeSmart, and able to spur their communities into award. From 2008 to 2011, Maine COLA began promoting the program again action (Welch and Smith 2008). These and the DEP co-trained volunteers for a knowing that LakeSmart, with its focus “sparkplugs” exemplify the social pilot program running in two watersheds. on preventing nutrient runoff through marketing communication tool (i.e., These volunteer screeners enabled education and the use of BMPs, could be using a credible source to disseminate LakeSmart to reach more lakeshore an important lake protection tool. information). The role of “sparkplugs” residents in the pilot watersheds and In the four years that the MLS has as local catalysts for the program was operate more flexibly and inexpensively managed LakeSmart (2013–2016), the emphasized in the minor program than when SWCD adjustments that resulted from the post- evaluators were pilot assessment. used exclusively. The DEP also decided to emphasize changing resident behavior by A new dawn: establishing a new norm for lake-friendly LakeSmart and practices and adopting the 15-percent the Maine Lakes “rule” proposed by Everett Rogers Society (Rogers 2003). Rogers observed that In early 2011, once 15 percent of a community has Maine COLA, visibly adopted a new behavior, this in the process of behavior tends to become the norm. changing its name This concept of social diffusion was to the Maine Lakes incorporated into the LakeSmart program Society (MLS), by shifting the management focus on big volunteered to lakes from lake associations to individual assume sole road associations, where the 15-percent management participation threshold might be exceeded of LakeSmart more quickly (Welch and Smith 2008). when the state New lake associations wishing to join began trimming the LakeSmart program were required programs that to meet certain criteria to ensure that were not actually DEP time and money would be spent mandated by state effectively (Welch and Smith 2008). or federal law, Only active lake associations with a high including many membership among shoreline residents run by the DEP. were considered for LakeSmart. Each lake The LakeSmart association was asked to make a three- program was year commitment, during which they suspended after a would actively promote LakeSmart and record season in pursue the goal of reaching 15-percent 2011 (Figure 4), LakeSmart certification among shoreline and the DEP and properties. Lake associations were also the MLS began asked to select a local leader to act as a to develop a LakeSmart “sparkplug” and appoint a strategy that would person to handle scheduling of property allow this highly evaluations. successful and Recognizing the scheduling effective program inflexibility and increased funding to continue. required to employ SWCD staff as After an inactive LakeSmart evaluators, the Maine 2012 season, Congress of Lake Associations (COLA) management Figure 3. The China Lake, Maine, volunteer LakeSmart evaluation team.

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 55 program has expanded rapidly, both in terms of awards granted per year through 2015 (Figure 4), and in the number of participating lakes (Figure 5). Although the figures are not final for 2016, the number of LakeSmart awards has almost doubled to at least 226 (up from 117 in 2015), and the number of participating lakes has expanded to 53. The MLS continues to actively reform program management, relying more heavily on lake associations to administer LakeSmart and functioning as a service provider for LakeSmart. As such, the MLS helps participating lake associations implement the program by providing promotional material, organizing regional training workshops for LakeSmart volunteers, providing on-site and on-call coaching, communicating regularly with local “Team Leaders,” and recognizing the Figure 4. The number of LakeSmart Awards by year from 2003 to 2015 under Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) and Maine Lakes Society (MLS) leadership. The program was importance of volunteer advancement inactive during the change in leadership in 2012. Data obtained from the Maine Lakes Society. and support. The day-to-day scheduling of screenings and evaluations is now the responsibility of participating lake associations. Current training for volunteer LakeSmart screeners and evaluators consists of two parts: (1) an all-day introduction to lake science, the LakeSmart program, BMPs, available resources, and two or three site visits to practice using the evaluation tool; and (2) a half-day workshop where screeners- or evaluators-in-training conduct supervised property evaluations on their home lakes. The MLS believes that this revised training procedure has led to greater scientific understanding for property owners and more consistent property evaluations.

The future of LakeSmart Although LakeSmart has become a highly successful lake protection tool, enhancements are planned for future Figure 5. The number of lakes active in the LakeSmart program in the years 2003 to 2015 seasons. In response to increased demands u1000nder Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) and Maine Lakes Society (MLS) for training, volunteer supervision, leadership. A lake is defined as “active” if at least one shoreline property received an award in a and outreach to lake associations, the given year. Lakes where properties only received commendations (certificates of recognition), but MLS hopes to convert some of the most no full awards were not considered “active” for the purpose of this figure. Data obtained from the experienced volunteer evaluators to Maine Lakes Society. paid local LakeSmart representatives. The MLS plans to offer fewer full-day help change the norm for lake-friendly with LakeSmart, increases the program LakeSmart training workshops in selected landscaping best practices. profile in the community, and serves as an locations rather than offering numerous The LakeSmart award period will incentive to property owners to maintain workshops at multiple locations to small be limited to five years beginning in their property at LakeSmart standards. groups on an as needed basis, and to re- 2017, but shoreline property owners Establishing new or expanding existing emphasize the 15 percent threshold for may apply for LakeSmart recertification. relationships with member-rich groups LakeSmart participation on all lakes to This change guarantees ongoing contact to increase participation in LakeSmart is 56 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE another goal. Recently, the MLS initiated Based Social Marketing. Online Edition. Catherine R. Bevier, a partnership with Maine Audubon (a New Society Publishers. Ph.D., is a professor of 150-year-old conservation organization Rogers, E. 2003. Diffusion of Innovations. biology at Colby College. with a large membership base) to create Fifth Edition. Free Press: New York. Bevier offers courses the Loon Smart merit badge program Schuertz, J., K. Boyle and R. Bouchard. in animal behavior, (detailed in the summer 2016 Maine 2001. The Effects of Water Clarity on vertebrate natural Audubon newsletter, Habitat), which can Economic Values and Economic Impacts history, and comparative be earned by LakeSmart awardees who on Recreational Uses of Maine’s Great anatomy. Her research make efforts to provide nesting habitat Ponds. Maine Agricultural and Forest program focuses on for waterfowl, especially the iconic loon Experiment Station Misc. Report 421, amphibian ecology, including the resistance of (Figure 6). The adverse effect of poor University of Maine. frog species to infectious diseases. Bevier and lake water quality on property values will Welch, B. and C. Smith. 2008. From pilot collaborators Cole and Nyhus recently completed also be emphasized in presentations and to statewide. LakeLine, 28(3): 27-32. a five-year NSF funded study investigating the educational materials to help attract new impact of shoreline development on biotic and LakeSmart participants. Finally, studies abiotic characteristics of littoral and riparian have reported that a strong sense of Maggie Shannon is habitats of in the Belgrade Lakes watershed. community is a driver of participation in the director of policy conservation efforts (Chapin and Knapp for the LakeSmart Philip J. Nyhus, Ph.D., 2015), so the MLS plans to continue Program for the Maine is associate professor fostering a strong sense of community Lakes Society (MLS). and director of the among shoreline residents through its The MLS is dedicated to environmental studies activities and sponsorships. preserving the ecological, program at Colby By 2020, the MLS hopes for a robust recreational, aesthetic, College, Maine. Nyhus LakeSmart presence on all 172 Maine and social value and is an expert in large lakes classified as “impaired” or “high benefits of Maine Lakes through education, animal conservation and priority” by the DEP (presence on 27 of advocacy and action. A past president and current using of GIS techniques these lakes now). Once LakeSmart more board member of the Belgrade Lakes Association, to investigate conservation questions. He is a fully expands its footprint within Maine, Shannon also serves as a board member of the member of the board of the Maine Lakes Society the MLS plans to license the program Belgrade Regional Conservation Alliance and and has collaborated with Cole and Bevier on for use in other states, so this innovative, chairs its Lake Trust. A graduate of Wellesley Colby lake studies for more than a decade. community-based social marketing College, Shannon received the People’s Choice program can be available to organizations Award from the Natural Resources Council of F. Russell Cole, in any region with an interest in using this Maine, is a Purpose Prize Finalist, and lives in a Ph.D., is the Oak approach to help protect their lakes. hand-built home on the shores of Great Pond in Professor of Biological Rome. Sciences emeritus Literature cited and former director Chapin F.S. and C.N. Knapp. 2015. Sense of the environmental of place: A process for identifying and studies program at negotiating potentially contested visions Colby College. His of sustainability. Environmental Science teaching and research and Policy, 53: 38-46. projects on Maine lakes span three decades, McKenzie-Mohr, D. 2006. Fostering including collaborations with Bevier, Nyhus, and Sustainable Behavior: Community- others investigating the impacts of shoreline development on riparian and littoral habitats in the Belgrade Lakes watershed.

Alexa A.E. Junker graduated from Colby College in 2016 as an environmental science major after completing an honors thesis on the development of the LakeSmart program. Figure 6. Loon Smart merit badge developed She is now completing through a partnership between the Maine requirements for a master of science degree in Lake Society and Maine Audubon (above) and environmental change and management at the redesigned LakeSmart Award sign with Loon University of Oxford. c Smart merit badge incorporated (at right).

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 57 Maíra Mucci Student Corner Mitigating algal blooms and eutrophication – the importance of system analysis and in-lake measures

Background phosphorus (P) can blur the view on lake of cyanobacteria nuisance. SA must also ver-enrichment of surface waters rehabilitation. Those in favor of only have a biological make-up, for instance, with nutrients is becoming a major P removal provide numerous field data know the fish stock and composition/ Oworldwide water quality issue in which P reductions were effective abundance of macrophytes. Finally, SA resulting in cyanobacteria blooms that can (Lürling and Oosterhout 2013; Schindler must have a societal cost-benefit analysis reach high densities through excessive et al. 2008; Waajen et al. 2016). Those including the severity of the problem. For growth and accumulations at the water in favor of a joint N:P enrichment show example, in underdeveloped countries surface. These cyanobacterial blooms and that an addition of both nutrients results where people have health issues or can surface scums are a threat to human and in more phytoplankton biomass (Paerl et die when their only drinking water source animal health as many cyanobacteria can al. 2016). However, further enrichment is contaminated by cyanobacteria is a produce potent toxins. to decipher the element that is limiting more critical issue than contamination in Rapid world population growth, has limited predictive value to determine recreational water bodies in the developed urbanization, increased fertilizer use, which element should be reduced. It only world, where drinking water is supplied and climate change are aggravating indicates which element should not be from safe sources (Figure 1). A proper SA eutrophication. Globally, around 80 increased. In theory, only one element will guide to the most promising set of percent of the wastewater released to need to be reduced to prevent massive measures to mitigate blooms. the environment is without adequate proliferations of nuisance cyanobacteria. treatment, and the high upfront Based on the capacity to form insoluble Measures to mitigate blooms investment costs imply that it will take salts with aluminium, calcium, iron, Types many years before effective treatment lanthanum and other metals, P-control There are three types of measures will be implemented in underdeveloped is the single most logical target. This to mitigate cyanobacterial blooms: (1) countries and countries in transition statement is well understood between lake public-oriented, which is aimed to inform (WWAP – United Nations World Water managers and finds strong support in the the public about potential hazards and will Assessment Programme 2017). This does literature (Schindler et al., 2016, 2008). not diminish the nuisance; (2) symptom- not, however, mean citizens and users Hence, I will not discuss nitrogen control oriented, including interventions aimed of the receiving waters must wait until here, but focus on P control. to directly target the cyanobacteria (e.g., catchment and point source reductions algaecides, biological control, physical lead to improved water quality. Several System analysis approaches); and (3) source-oriented, in-site repetitive interventions can be Cyanobacteria nuisance is a global which aim to decrease nutrient loading applied to bring relief in which geo- problem and its solution seems simple: (e.g., catchment control, dredging, engineering techniques might be powerful. to limit P. However, each system is chemical P inactivation). Nonetheless, a mere copy-pasting of unique and sources of P may differ, interventions should be avoided as each which may require different solutions for Scenarios water body has its own unique features. each system. Then there are also lakes, SA output will result in four major Consequently, each identified problem like the oligotrophic North Patagonian different possible scenarios as the main should be subjected to a thorough lakes, that may develop cyanobacterial source of cyanobacterial nuisance and lake system analysis prior to action. nuisance from accumulations of low each of these scenarios will have preferred The purpose here is to emphasize the water column density cyanobacteria and interventions and limitations. importance of a system analysis for not from nutrient load. Thus, to mitigate For the first scenario, external load as a successful restoration plan and the cyanobacterial blooms in a successful the main source, the preferred solution is importance of in-lake measures to mitigate way, the first step is to understand the to diminish external sources of P. In some cyanobacteria blooms and eutrophication. problem through a system analysis (SA) cases, catchment control is impossible consisting of a nutrient balance, biological or will take time such as in developing B N-P controversy make-up, and a cost-benefit analysis. A countries where large investments The continued discussion if nitrogen nutrient balance considers if the external are needed to implement wastewater (N) should also be reduced along with load, internal or both are the main driver treatment. In-lake actions to bridge the

58 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE time before catchment actions are in place sulphate, hydrogen peroxide) have been A would provide an added benefit. used to directly target cyanobacteria For the second scenario, internal (symptom-oriented). The resulting cell load as main source, in-lake actions lysis, however, implies potential risks to effectively remove the nutrient rich from release of intracellular toxins and sediment from previous external load, or thus should be avoided in drinking water Student Corner as a result of years of related low external reservoirs. Such in-site actions should inputs can be considered. Alternatively, rapidly destroy the bloom bringing amendments to immobilise P in the immediate improvement of the water sediment can be applied. In case of quality and access to the water for perennial blooms, also the cyanobacteria drinking, fishing, and irrigation in a could be targeted directly for a rapid safe, easy, and cheap way. There are, response. however, also many self-claimed curative The third scenario with external and measures in the market promising B internal load as drivers requires catchment “magic solutions,” yet without scientific control followed by internal P load underpinning and unclear mechanisms. reduction through in-lake actions to speed Water authorities should be aware of up recovery. In case catchment control such doubtful methods and be critical in is not possible or too expensive repeated implementing anything without a proper interventions might be needed. This also SA. applies to hard to tackle diffuse loads. For the fourth scenario where Synthesis biomass accumulation is significant, Harmful cyanobacterial blooms are repeated in-lake actions that directly increasing worldwide and despite studies target the cyanobacteria is the most for almost a century, mitigation remains a straightforward approach (e.g., screen to huge challenge to water authorities. One prevent scum inflow, skimming, use of of the reasons behind the challenge in C algaecide). mitigating it successfully is to understand In all of the above provided and accept that there is no single magical scenarios, in-lake measures are useful solution. Each system is unique and to target the remaining P source, speed the cyanobacterial bloom may have up recovery, and minimize the nuisance. different causes as are the previously cited Particularly in cases where the only techniques (P-immobilization, dredging, source of drinking water is suffering algaecides, “Flock and Lock”) have their from blooms, a fast and safe solution limitations in improving water sources. seems most appropriate, even if it is not Thus, a broad-scale generalization long-lasting and needs repeating. Here, (copy-paste of methods) will not bring geo-engineering materials can be used, for successful restoration; a mitigation plan example flocculants (e.g., Polyaluminium must always include a proper system chloride – PAC, iron chloride, chitosan) analysis and experimental tests on Figure 1. 4.1 million people affected in to flock the cyanobacteria in the ongoing various scales (tubes, microcosm, and Bahia state (Brazil) without potable water bloom followed by natural soils or enclosures) before a field application can in 2017. (A) shows the only water source modified clays (e.g., lanthanum-modified be performed (Figure 3). a family had for six months; they filtered bentonite – LMB) used as ballast to sink the water with cloths (B) and boiled before consumption. (C) shows the difference in the flocked cyanobacteria out of the water References color between the water they were drinking column, whilst simultaneously adsorbing Lürling, M., E. Mackay, K. Reitzel and and the potable one. The family reported phosphate from the water column and B.M. Spears. 2016. Editorial – a critical constant diarrhea and afterwards the woman hampering P efflux from the sediment. perspective on geo-engineering for discovered a small nodule in her liver. This Flock & Lock technique (Lürling eutrophication management in lakes. Although they do not know if the symptoms and van Oosterhout 2013) has been Water Res, 97:1–10. doi:10.1016/j. were caused by the water, it seems a case implemented effectively a few times in watres.2016.03.035 of cyanotoxin ingestion. (Source: http:// The Netherlands (Figure 2). Alum, or Lürling, M.and F. van Oosterhout. 2013. g1.globo.com/bahia/noticia/2017/04/ aluminium chloride applications, are Controlling eutrophication by combined pior-seca-em-73-anos-traz-fome-e-faz- other broadly applied interventions, bloom precipitation and sediment populacao-dividir-agua-com-animais.html) primarily in the USA. Dredging is an phosphorus inactivation. Water option, however, a cost-benefit analysis Res, 47:6527-6537. doi:10.1016/j. must be done carefully including the way watres.2013.08.019 of dredging. Algaecides (e.g., copper

Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE 59 treatment. Water Res, 97:83–95. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.034 WWAP – United Nations World Water Assessment Programme. 2017. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2017. Wastewater: The Untapped Resource. Paris.

Maíra Mucci is a Ph.D. candidate at Wageningen University (The Netherlands) advised by Dr. Miquel Lürling. Her research focuses on methods to mitigate cyanobacteria bloom and eutrophication, mainly through geo-engineering approach. c Figure 2. “Flock and Lock” technique applied in Lake De Kuil (The Netherlands). Lanthanum modified bentonite (LMB) was applied to act as a ballast followed by ACP to flock and sink all the Planktothrix rubescens filaments, and after one day, deep injection of LMB was done to control P release from the sediment (Waajen et al. 2016).

Paerl, H.W., J.T. Scott, M.J. McCarthy, U.S.A., 105:11254-8. doi:10.1073/ S.E. Newell, W. Gardner, K.E. Havens, pnas.0805108105 D.K. Hoffman, S.W. Wilhelmand Waajen, G., F. van Oosterhoutand and and W.A. Wurtsbaugh. 2016. It takes G. Douglas. 2016. Management of two to tango: When and where dual eutrophication in Lake De Kuil (The nutrient (N & P) reductions are needed Netherlands) using combined flocculant to protect lakes and – Lanthanum modified bentonite downstream ecosystems. Environ Sci Technol, acs. est.6b02575. doi:10.1021/ acs.est.6b02575 Schindler, D.W., S.R. Carpenter, S.C. Chapra, R.E. Hecky and D.M. Orihel. 2016. Reducing phosphorus to curb lake eutrophication is a success. Environ Sci Technol, 50:8923- 8929. doi:10.1021/acs. est.6b02204 Schindler, D.W., R.E. Hecky, D.L. Findlay, M.P. Stainton, B.R. Parker, M.J. Paterson, K.G. Beaty, M. Lyngand and S.E.M. Kasian. 2008. Eutrophication of lakes cannot be controlled by reducing nitrogen input: results of a 37-year whole- Figure 3. Tests at various scales from controlled and replicated laboratory experiments to whole experiment. applications yielding the knowledge of all possible side effects or different possible measures (source: Lürling et Proc Natl Acad Sci al. 2016).

60 Winter 2017 / NALMS • LAKELINE at DISTILL THE BEST Get BUSY NALMS QUALITY DATA WITH PROGRAMS • Inland HAB Program • Lakes Appreciation Month • Professional Certification • Student Awards Efficiently collect, analyze and report data • Student Programs from in-situ monitoring devices, volunteer sampling programs, laboratory results and COMMITTEES many more sources • Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws • Financial Advisory Automate QA / QC of information on • Grants, Marketing, and Fundraising water quality and quantity for decisions, • Nominating models and planning • Policy • Publications Easily chart, graph, map and report data • Outreach and Education for compliance and public education

More at kisters.net/NA/algal-blooms GET MORE INFORMATION ONLINE AT AT WWW.NALMS.ORG OR CONTACT SARA AT [email protected] KISTERS North America 916.723.1441 | [email protected] NALMS 38th International Symposium of the 2018

Cincinnati North American Lake Management Society Ohio

Now Trending: October 30 through Innovations in Lake Management November 2, 2018 The Ohio Lake Management and Indiana Lakes Management societies are excited to welcome NALMS to the Midwest's “Queen Hilton Netherland Plaza City,” Cincinnati, Ohio. On the shores of the mighty Ohio, the river and was impounded to serve modern navigation; those impoundments now function like a series of lakes. Cincinnati is also home to a Duke Energy burgeoning craft-brewery industry that is certain to be one focus for Convention Center conference outings. With Thomas More College's field station, active urban reservoir projects, and Environmental Protection Agency research facilities nearby, we'll find plenty Cincinnati, Ohio to see, do, learn. Our region is also bordered by the Great Lakes to the north, and our conference theme is well served by recent cutting-edge efforts to understand and mitigate western Lake Erie's press-grabbing eutrophication issues.

Join us at one of the nation's most opulent masterpieces of art-deco architecture, the award- winning Hilton Netherland Plaza, a short walk from sessions at the convention center.

Potential Topics: Monitoring Technologies, Autonomous Sampling, Remote Sensing, Large Data Sets, Toxins in Source Waters, Nutrient and Water-quality Management, Utilizing Citizen Science, Harmful Algal Blooms, Great Lakes, Interbasin Water Management, Combatting Invasive Species, Riverine Impoundments as Lakes, Environmental DNA, Geospatial Applications

Propose a session or topic! Call for papers will be available at nalms.org in January 2018

For sponsorship or general information, contact NALMS: nalms.org, 608-233-2836

For other details, contact conference co-chairs David Culver ([email protected]), Eugene Braig ([email protected]), or Sara Peel ([email protected])