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Soil Organic Matter Quality and Composition in a Postfire Scotch Pine Forest in Tolyatti, Samara Region

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Soil Organic Matter Quality and Composition in a Postfire Scotch Pine Forest in Tolyatti, Samara Region FULL COMMUNICATION SOIL BIOLOGY Soil organic matter quality and composition in a postfire Scotch pine forest in Tolyatti, Samara region Ekaterina Maksimova1,2, and Evgeny Abakumov1,2 1 Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 16th Liniya V. O., 29, St. Petersburg, 199178, Russian Federation 2 Institute of Ecology of Volga River Basin, Tolyatti, Russian Federation Address correspondence and requests for materials to Ekaterina Maximova, [email protected] Abstract Evaluation of humus accumulation and humification rates was conducted on soils affected by surface and crown fires during 2010 forest fires near Tolyatti (Samara region, Russia). Three key soil plots were studied for estimating SOM quality changes under the forest fire effect. Total carbon and nitrogen content, as well as Сhumic acids/Cfulvic acids (Cha/Cfa) ratios, were estimated to evaluate the dy- namics of soil recovery. Humic acid powders were extracted from soils and ana- lyzed by elemental composition and 13C-NMR spectroscopy to assess changes in structure and composition. The data indicate that the burning of a forest floor and humic horizon led to humus losses and decreases in total carbon stocks and content. As a result of the fires, the content of humic acids in the pyrogenic horizon increased. Greater increases in the degree of organic mat- ter humification were observed for surface fires than for crown fires. Fire also lead to the formation of humic acids with an increased proportion of aromatic compounds than in control soils, which indicates the degradation of carboxylic and aliphatic groups of molecules under the burning effect. This corresponds well with the decrease of the proportion of hydrogen when comparing the el- Citation: Maximova, E., and Abakumov, E. SOIL BIOLOGY 2017. Soil organic matter quality and emental composition of burned soil with that of mature soil. composition in a postfire Scotch pine forest in Tolyatti, Samara region. Bio. Comm. 62(3): Keywords: soils, wildfires, postfire soil development, humic acids, soil organic 169–180. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/ matter spbu03.2017.303 Author’s information: Ekaterina Maximova, orcid.org/0000-0002-2449-2180; Researcher ID: O-8872-2014; Evgeny Abakumov, Dr. Sci., Introduction Professor, orcid.org/0000-0002-5248-9018, Researcher ID: B-5291-2013 Forest ecosystems affected by wildfires show successional changes, which are Manuscript Editor: Prof. Cezary Kabala, Institute of Soil Science and Environmental caused by both internal and external environmental changes. Succession is defined Protection, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, as the gradual development of a plant community and soil in a changing environ- Poland; ment. Investigation of soil properties in ongoing plant community successions is Received: July 5, 2017; an informative tool for understanding and interpreting soil-biota interactions, and Revised: November 21, 2017; it provides effective solutions for the elaboration of recovery processes. A number Accepted: November 22, 2017; of studies on successional changes and their relation to initial soil formation have Copyright: © 2017 Maximova, and Abakumov. This is an open-access article been published (Huggett, 1998; Cerli et al., 2008; Abakumov, 2009; Abakumov, distributed under the terms of the License Maksimova, Lagoda and Koptseva, 2011; Abakumov and Frouz, 2009). Agreement with Saint Petersburg State University, which permits to the authors an Soils play an essential role in determining biogeochemical Earth cycles, as unrestricted distribution and self-archiving well as hydrological and erosional cycles. Soils contribute to basic human needs free of charge. such as food, clean water and clean air, and they are a major carrier of biodiver- Funding: This work was supported by a grant of the Russian Scientific Foundation, sity; soils sustain life and can change a climate. Moreover, the soil system deter- project 17-16-01030. This study was partially supported by analytical analyses performed mines the goods, services and resources available to humankind (Mol and Kees- at the Centre for Magnetic Resonance and stra, 2012; Keesstra et al., 2016). at the Centre for Chemical Analysis and Materials Research of Research Park of Pyrogenic processes are widely distributed phenomena, significantly affect- St. Petersburg State University. ing pedogenesis and numerous environmental processes (Vasil’evskaya, 1986; Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Certini, 2005, 2014; Cerdà and Doerr, 2008; Certini et al., 2011; Pereira et al., 170 BIOLOGICAL COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 62, issue 3, July–September, 2017 | https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu03.2017.303 2014, 2015). Numerous groups are studying the role of — Formation of a hardly hydrolyzable component, forest fires in the natural dynamics of forest cover be- “black carbon”. cause fires are the most important environmental factor Numerous studies (Schulze, Wirth, and Heimann, determining the structure and dynamics of forest devel- 2000; Almendros, Gonzalez-Vila, and Martın, 1990; opment and, hence, the environmental status of a forest. Gonzalez-Perez, González-Vila, Almendros, and Knick- Soils subjected to extreme impacts are specific objects er, 2004; Nadporozhskaya et al., 2006) suggest that the that attract great attention of researchers (Sorokin, 1983; quality of SOM undergoes certain changes after fires, but Diaz-Ravina, 1996; Abakumov, Maksimova, Lagoda and these changes are incompletely understood and warrant Koptseva, 2011; Antipova and Prokhorova, 2012; Ze- further research. There are numerous data of carbon and nova et al., 2012). However, there have been few studies nitrogen content and stocks dynamics after fires (Bal- devoted to the assessment of the soil ecological state in dock and Smernik, 2002; Gonzalez-Perez, González- subboreal ecosystems and, particularly, in insular pine Vila, Almendros, and Knicker, 2004; Zhao et al., 2012; stands within the forest-steppe zone immediately after Michelloti and Miesel, 2015), but not many published forest fires. results about the alteration of SOM quality (Certini et al. As identified by previous works, fire has an -im 2011; Mastrolonardo et al., 2015). Few works have been portant impact on soil properties (Certini, 2005, 2014; published regarding the investigation of the humic sub- Mataix-Solera et al., 2011; Jain et al., 2012; Bergeron et stances’ molecular composition (Knicker, 2007; Alexis, al., 2013; Guénon et al., 2013; Dymov and Gabov, 2015; Rumpel, and Knicker, 2010). Maximova and Abakumov, 2015; Pereira et al., 2015; The working hypothesis of this research is that forest Pereira, Rein, and Martin, 2016; Keesstra et al., 2016; fires’ influence on the SOM system is expressed not only Van Eck et al., 2016). After a fire, there is an accumula- in content and stocks of organic carbon and nitrogen but tion of ash on the topsoil (Pereira et al. 2014), leaching of in the quality, namely on elemental and molecular com- some nutrients into deeper horizons (Bodi et al., 2014), position scale, and there is a significant difference be- over-compaction of the surface, accumulation of crusts, tween the impact of surface and crown fires. Alteration and transformation of soil structure (Mataix et al., 2011). of organic matter quality is essentially pronounced in its Soil organic matter (SOM) content is a key compo- fraction compositions, assessed in the base of humic- nent of the carbon cycle in forest ecosystems and is of fulvic acids ratios as well by atomic ratio of humic acids particular interest in pyrogenic associations. The most and their molecular composition dynamic part of soil is organic matter, including the mi- In this context we aimed to characterize SOM dy- crobial community. These affect the soil’s physical and namics after spontaneous forest fires occurred near chemical properties and become a driving factor in suc- Tolyatti city (Samara region, Russia) in 2010. In order to cession. analyze a SOM system of postpyrogenic soils, the follow- Changes in SOM caused by fire or high tempera- ing objectives were set: (1) to assess the total humus con- ture lead to the formation of so-called “pyrogenic C”, or tent and group humus composition, and to analyze SOM pyromorphic humus (Gonzalez-Perez, González-Vila, quality indicators; (2) to carry out an elemental analysis Almendros, and Knicker, 2004). “Black carbon” forms of SOM and humic powders; and (3) to study 13C-NMR during heating to 250–500 oC with incomplete com- spectra of postpyrogenic soil humic acids, with special bustion of wood residues (Baldok and Smernik, 2002). reference to the C functional groups. Thus, fire significantly alters the molecular structure of various organic substances, resulting in the formation of new substances resistant to oxidation (Schulze, Wirth, Materials and methods and Heimann, 2000). STUDY MATERIALS Gonzalez-Perez, González-Vila, Almendros, and Knicker (2004) have classified the following changes in The extreme summer temperatures of 2010 were criti- humic substances in their comprehensive review of the cally important to the appearance of wildfires in Russia. impact of fire on soil organic matter: Hot weather began in the middle of July and expanded to — Total removal of external oxygen-containing the whole area of European Russia, Ukraine and Eastern functional groups, leading to the formation of sub- Europe. The extreme heat led to drought and wildfires stances with low solubility
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