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Youth: Realities and Challenges for Achieving Development with Equality

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Youth: Realities and Challenges for Achieving Development with Equality Youth: realities and challenges for achieving development with equality Social Development Social DANIELA TRUCCO HEIDI ULLMANN Editors Youth: realities and challenges for achieving development with equality Daniela Trucco Heidi Ullmann Editors Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) Santiago, March 2016 ECLAC Books 137 Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary Antonio Prado Deputy Executive Secretary Laís Abramo Chief, Social Development Division Ricardo Pérez Chief, Publications and Web Services Division This book was edited by Daniela Trucco and Heidi Ullmann, Social Affairs Officers with the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), in the framework of the project “Social inclusion of youth in the context of increasing violence and insecurity with a focus on Central America”, financed by the United Nations Development Account. The editors are grateful to Ernesto Rodríguez for his valuable comments on all the chapters, and to Daniela Huneeus for editorial support. They also wish to thank Martín Hopenhayn, former Chief of the Division of Social Development, for his advocacy of youth issues on the agenda of ECLAC and the region, and for his support for this project in particular. The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Organization. Cover design: María Luisa Avaria United Nations publication ISBN: 978-92-1-329031-6 (print) ISBN: 978-92-1-057533-1 (pdf) ISBN: 978-92-1-358030-1 (ePub) Sales No.: E.15.II.G.12 LC/G.2647-P Copyright © United Nations, 2016 All rights reserved Printed at United Nations, Santiago S.15-01235 This publication should be cited as: Daniela Trucco and Heidi Ullmann (eds.), Youth: realities and challenges for achieving development with equality, ECLAC Books, No. 137 (LC/G.2647-P), Santiago, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), 2016. Applications for the right to reproduce this work, either in whole or in part, are welcomed and should be sent to the Secretary of the Publications Board, United Nations Headquarters, New York, N.Y. 10017, United States. Member States and their governmental institutions may reproduce this work without prior authorization, but are requested to mention the source and inform the United Nations of such reproduction. Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................. 13 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 15 Bibliography ............................................................................................ 18 Chapter I The master key to the social inclusion of young people: education and employment Andrés Espejo, Ernesto Espíndola ............................................................ 19 A. What young people are doing: an analysis ................................ 21 B. Young people who are studying: access to the education system and progression from one level to the next .............................................................. 25 C. Youth employment ......................................................................... 35 D. Young people who are not attending school and are not in paid employment .................................................. 46 E. Policy recommendations ............................................................... 53 1. Flexible, relevant educational and training services ........... 54 2. Facilitating the transition from education to more suitable, higher-quality jobs and promoting the formation of a legal and public policy framework that will provide young people with opportunities to obtain decent work and establish career paths ................ 57 3. Promoting the creation of information systems to support evidence-based coordination between the education system and the labour market ....................... 60 Bibliography ............................................................................................ 60 4 ECLAC Chapter II Health and young people in Latin America and the Caribbean Heidi Ullmann ........................................................................................... 63 Introduction ............................................................................................. 63 A. Overview of youth health in Latin America and the Caribbean .......................................................................... 65 1. What do young people in Latin America and the Caribbean die from? ................................................... 65 2. Youth and morbidity: what diseases affect young people? ........................................................................... 67 B. Sexual and reproductive health inequalities among young women in the region .......................................................... 69 C. Access to health services ............................................................... 76 D. Other youth health issues: drug use and mental health ........................................................................... 79 1. Licit and illicit drug use ........................................................... 80 2. Youth mental health: there is no health without mental health .............................................................. 87 E. Policies and programmes: promoting a healthy life ................. 91 1. Health policies and programmes: an overview ................... 91 2. Health policies and programmes: what could be improved? ............................................................................. 97 3. Recommendations .................................................................... 99 Bibliography .......................................................................................... 100 Chapter III Inclusion and contexts of violence Humberto Soto, Daniela Trucco .............................................................. 105 A. Violence and youth ...................................................................... 105 1. Multidimensional nature of violence: manifestations in youth ......................................................... 106 2. Multicausality of violence: enablers .................................... 110 3. Ubiquity of violence: youth spaces or spheres ................... 115 B. Gender and violence in youth .................................................... 117 1. Gender as a risk factor in becoming a victim or perpetrator of violence in youth ...................................... 118 2. Youth as a factor in the perpetration of gender violence .................................................................. 120 3. Violence against women in gangs ........................................ 121 C. School violence ............................................................................. 122 1. Peer violence at school: some figures .................................. 124 2. The technology factor in the equation ................................. 128 D. Collective violence in the city ..................................................... 130 1. Homicide as the ultimate expression of direct violence ..................................................................... 131 Youth: realities and challenges for achieving development with equality 5 2. Organized participation in violence: gangs and drug trafficking ............................................................... 136 E. Alternatives for moving towards peaceful coexistence .......... 141 1. A youth vision of settings free of violence .......................... 142 2. Policies and programmes addressing youth violence ....... 142 3. Recommendations for youth inclusion in contexts of violence ................................................................................ 148 Bibliography .......................................................................................... 152 Chapter IV Young people’s access to culture in the digital era in Latin America Guillermo Sunkel ..................................................................................... 155 Introduction ........................................................................................... 155 A. Access to cultural goods .............................................................. 158 B. Digital media: access and use ..................................................... 163 C. Access to culture through digital technologies ........................ 170 D. Cultural programmes: the promotion of well-being ............... 177 1. Promotion of access to culture .............................................. 178 2. Art and culture as a mechanism of social inclusion .......... 180 3. Building digital skills for the production of cultural goods and cultural expression .............................................. 182 4. Recommendations .................................................................. 184 Bibliography .......................................................................................... 186 Chapter V Political participation, commitment to democracy and priority issues for young people in Latin America, 2000-2013 Carlos F. Maldonado Valera .................................................................... 189 Introduction ........................................................................................... 189 A. The electoral participation and mobilization of young people ............................................................................ 193 B. Individual
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