OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 56 NO. 1 WINTER 2006 PUBLISHED BY THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF The Archaeological Society of Ohio BACK ISSUES OF OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST 1956 thru 1967 out of print Term 1968 - 1999 $ 2.50 Expires A.S.O. OFFICERS 1951 thru 1955 REPRINTS - sets only $100.00 2006 President John Mocic, Box 170 RD #1, Dilles Bottom, OH 43947 2000 thru 2002 $ 5.00 (740)676-1077. 2003 $ 6.00 2006 Vice President Rocky Falleti, 5904 South Ave., Youngstown, Add $0.75 For Each Copy of Any Issue OH 44512, (330) 788-1598. Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are generally 2006 Immediate Past President Brian G. Folz, 14 West College Ave., out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to business office Westerville, OH 43081, (614) 425-2111. for prices and availability. 2006 Executive Secretary George Colvin, 220 Darbymoor Drive, Plain City, OH 43064 (614) 879-9825. 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President: Steven Kish, 3014 Clark Mill Rd., Norton, OH 44203 (330) 753-7081 PUBLICATIONS Their Fires Are Cold Chapter Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: President: Kevin Boos, 5710 Old Railroad, Sandusky,OH 44870 (419) 627-6254 Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $40.00 add $4.50 P-H Walhonding Valley Chapter Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H President: Vince Fry, 28449 County Rd. 25, Warsaw, OH 43844 (740) 824-5171 Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H Wolf Creek Chapter The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$25.00 add $2.50 P-H President: Richard Henry, 685 Miller Rd., Waterford, OH 45786 (740) 984-2199 NEW BUSINESS MANAGER Peggy Potter, 6478 Winchester Blvd., Suite 120, Canal Winchester, OH 43110 Business Phone 1-800-736-7815 ASO WEBSITE - www.ohioarch.org TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE President's Page 3 Front Cover Information 3 Ladies and gentlemen of the ASO, Ohio's Smallest Hopewell Pipes by John C. Rummel & Chris K. Balazs 4 Notes on the Wray Figurine by Ray Tanner 5 Another year has passed and we are about to converge on the open Molly's Rock , Muskingum County, Ohio fields in search of secrets that early man left behind. Some of us may be by Brian DaRe & Jeff Carskadden 6 lucky enough to find the artifacts intact and others may not - perhaps Hafted Shaft Scrapers by Carl Harruff 13 A Historic Brass Trade Axe by Annette Keerhan 13 only broken pieces - but evidence nevertheless. The ASO has a calendar The Humble Turtle, An Unlikely Model for Effigy Pipes of events to keep everyone well entertained. by D. R. Gehlbach 14 Important is the upcoming election of Society officers and trustees - An Unusual Slate Disc by Rick Waibel 16 A Large Intrusive Mound Point by George Coyle 16 don't forget to vote! The Hopewell symposium in May will give attendees Three Fine Zaleski Flint Points by John Shotts 17 an opportunity to further their knowledge about North America's most A Surface Found Heavy Duty Point important culture - don't miss it! The summer chapter sponsored shows by Fred Groseclose 17 Grooved Hammer Stones Shine at January ASO Meeting are always a great success - if your chapter wants to sponsor a summer by Michael Rusnak 18 show, now is the time to contact the Vice President, Mick Van Steen. An Ashtabula County Discovery by Sam Speck 20 Dates will be published in the journal and are awarded on the first come The Seltenright Bird by Kenny Simper 21 A Licking County Blade by John Mocic 21 basis - you might consider a joint venture with another chapter. Second Symposium I want to thank all the ASO members who donated items for the Hopewell: Origins, Artistry and Culture 22 silent auction - and congratulations to the winners in the field find con­ Giles Samual Booth Hempstead, A Bio-Bibliographic tests. I will personally try to attend all chapter events this year and meet Note on a Pioneer Portsmouth Archaeologist by James L Murphy 26 new members. Notched Ovate Banners by Jacob Royer 28 Reply to Prufer by Jonathan Bowen 30 God bless and take care. Feurt Site Artifacts at the Clark County Historical Society by Robert W. Morris 31 In Memoriam: Charles Sofsky 1920-2006 Respectfully yours, by Thomas R. Pigott & OlafH. Prufer 37 Obituary Dr. Robert E. Bell 38 John M. Mocic, President A Small Paleo Indian Site in Perry County, Ohio by Mick Van Steen 39 The Archaeological Society A Cannel Coal Rectangular Gorget by Sam Speck .... 39 of Ohio Kokosing Chapter 2005 Annual Field Finds Winners. . . 40 A Turtle Effigy Boatstone by Sam Speck 41 A Quill Basket by James T Porter 41 An Unusual Hopewell Gorget by Dave Root 42 Obituaries: John Zakucia 42 Exhibits not problem at Historical Center by James L Murphy 43 American Society for Amateur Archaeology letter .... 43 Bob Converse to Speak at Greenville 43 In Memory of Richard Hinkle 43 Back Cover Information 43 Letter from the Ohio Historical Society to the Archaeological Society of Ohio 44 Letters to the Editor 45

Front Cover: Hopewell Copper The Hopewell people of Ohio were prehistory's most Hopewell Farm which weighed thirty-six pounds. prolific users of copper. This malleable metal was obtained On the front color plate are four Hopewell copper celts from the Keweenaw area of Michigan's Upper Peninsula. and a pair of copper ear spools. The 8 3/4 inch celt on the Although the Hopewell people never learned the art of left was taken from a mound near Hamilton, Ohio, by pio­ smelting metal, they fashioned copper into such things as neer archaeologist James McBride around 1840. Center is a breastplates, ear spools, head ornaments, cutouts and celt from the Grove-Merrit collection of Dayton, Ohio, which other decorative objects by pounding, grinding and primi­ came from a mound in Montgomery County. Upper right is a tive annealing. Copper, when freshly polished, is an attrac­ copper celt found in a house garden a few blocks from tive and lustrous metal and one can imagine a Hopewell downtown Circleville and first collected by Dr. Gordon leader decked out in his, or her, copper adornments. Meuser. The copper ear spools were found on Campbell's Island west of Hamilton, Ohio, in association with a conch A Hopewell icon is the copper celt, many of which have shell dipper. The small celt at the bottom was found on the been found at Hopewell sites. In fact, what may have surface between Chillicothe and Omega on the Scioto River, been the largest copper artifact in North America was a perhaps on the Harness Farm - a gift from Robert Harness. copper celt found by Warren K. Moorehead at the OHIO'S SMALLEST HOPEWELL PIPES by John C. Rummel Chris K. Balazs 478 Burns Drive North P.O. Box 778 Westerville, Ohio 43082-6026 Gambier, Ohio 43022

near the center of the tomb among frag­ through my mound files to see if there were mented human remains destroyed by the any existing or destroyed mounds in the dragline. The pipe is made from pink and vicinity of the farm. In 1960, Don McBeth white Ohio pipestone, and measures as fol­ published a brief report about a mound lows: ^%" long; %" wide; 12!&" high; %" bowl near Bourneville, Ohio that was being diameter (Altick, 1941 and Balazs, 2005). destroyed in 1959 during the widening and From here, the pipe "disappeared" until it resurfacing of U.S. Route 50. During the ended up as #3611/5 in the Dr. Gordon F. construction, workers discovered a series Meuser collection in Columbus, Ohio. It is of burials covered with flat sandstones and interred with several objects, including a Figure 1. Ohio's Two Smallest Hopewell Pipes. unknown how Meuser acquired the pipe, Left: Ross County, Ohio; Right: Clark County, Ohio but it quite possibly came from Altick who copper breastplate, copper earspools, maintained a personal collection of artifacts. grizzly bear canines, pearls, galena and an This article is being written after a Meuser obviously liked the pipe as he pro­ incised bone whistle fashioned from the decade-long search for the small platform vided the following description in his cata­ right human radius of a middleaged female pipe on the right in figure 1 came to an end logue: "Extremely rare miniature platform (McBeth, 1960a ; Baby, 1961). A later exca­ in December, 2005. 1 received a call from pipe of pink pipestone with curved base and vation of the remaining portions of the fellow collector and friend, Chris K. Balazs, flared bowl. A true Hopewell Culture pipe, mound revealed additional earspools, a asking me what I knew about a small pink found with a burial in the Hopewell Mound 1 copper gorget and a conch shell dipper Ohio pipestone platform pipe that was pic­ mile East of Harmony, Clark County, (Porter and McBeth, 1960). Given the prox­ tured on the cover of the Spring, 1975 Manring Mound" (Meuser, 1970). imity of the farm where the pipe was found issue of Ohio Archaeologist. I told him it At some point, prior to the dispersal of Dr. and the location of the mound, it is quite was originally collected by Arthur Altick Meuser's collection in the early 1970's, the possible the effigy pipe was originally in the and Edwin Dille from Manring Mound #1 pipe was acquired by Max Shipley, another mound and the dirt pushed out into the near Harmony in Clark County, Ohio in the well-known collector from Columbus, Ohio. field during the construction of the road. 1940's; from there it went to Dr. Gordon Max had the pipe published in two journals Meuser (#3611/5) and was sold to Max in the 1970's (Ohio Archaeologist, 1975; References Cited Shipley prior to Meuser's sales in the early The Redskin, 1974), which, until now, pro­ 1970's. It sold in the Shipley sale, howev­ vided some details about the pipe. This Altick, Arthur R. er, I lost track of it from that point, so need­ graceful little pipe was sold at the auction of 1941 Manring Mound, Tomb of the Mound less to say, I was very excited when he told Shipley's collection on May 29, 1988, and Builders. Unpublished field notes in the me he was the proud, new owner of the the purchaser retained it until selling it to possession of the Clark County Histor­ ical Society, Springfield, Ohio. pipe (Balazs, 2005). I told Chris that I Chris K. Balazs in December, 2005. owned the smallest known Hopewell effigy Baby, Raymond S. pipe from Ohio, and we should get them The Ross County Pipe 1961 A Hopewell Human Bone Whistle. A together for an article to provide addition­ monograph of the Ohio Historical This pipe was found in 1983 on the Society, February, 1961. Reprinted from al information on the two smallest Ohio Arrington Farm near Bourneville in Ross American Antiquity, Vol. 27, No. 1, Hopewell pipes in private collections. County, Ohio. A well-known local collector, 1961. Gary Davis, acquired the pipe from the Balazs, Chris K. finder and retained it in his personal collec­ The Manring Mound Pipe 2005 Personal Communication with John C. In 1940, Arthur Altick was visited by tion for several years. The pipe was shown Rummel, 28 December 2005. Charles Culp at the Clark County Historical to many collectors, including the late Max McBeth, Donald Society Museum in Springfield, Ohio. The Shipley, who speculated on the depicted 1960a "Bourneville Mound, Ross County, effigy and the small proportions of the pipe. purpose for the visit was to show him a large Ohio," Ohio Archaeologist, 10(1), Jan­ It was later procured by Charles Bingaman shell bead that he had found on the George uary, 1960, pp. 12-14. Manring farm, located in Harmony Township. for his collection, and I first viewed the pipe Meuser, Dr. Gordon F. On the farm were two mounds that were in September, 1993 while examining his 1970 Catalogue of the Archaeological Collec­ collection of prehistoric artifacts. A few being graded down for a house site. Altick tion Gathered by Dr. Gordon Frederick had visited the farm in 1919 and recorded weeks later, during a break of the Hopewell Meuser of Columbus, Ohio Assisted by mound number one as being 250 feet N-S, Conference in Chillicothe, I drove back to Dr. Dewitt C. Lavender of Mansfield, 200 feet E-W and 25 feet high (Altick, 1941; Mr. Bingaman's residence and was able to Ohio. Begun in the Year 1914. Volume Morris, 2004), however, when he arrived at purchase the pipe from him. 2, Class Number 5, Numbers 2500- the site in March, 1940, the area was leveled The pipe is 13/" long, %" wide, %" high, 3690, Class Number 5C, Numbers 1- and littered with cremated remains. Many has a bowl diameter of %", and is fashioned 276. Copied in 1970. individuals had collected objects from the from catlinite found in Minnesota, thus clas­ Morris, Robert W. site, and the majority were later acquired by sifying it as an exotic material for Ohio 2004 "The Manring Mound Site, Clark or donated to the Clark County Historical Hopewell. The effigy is hard to discern as the County, Ohio," Ohio Archaeologist, Society Museum. Among the objects still in upper half of the body was broken and pre- 54(1), Winter, 2004, pp. 4-9. private hands were a single copper earspool, historically salvaged and polished, however, Porter, Tom and Donald McBeth a copper pin, flint bifaces and the diminutive the tail is present and exhibits cross-hatch­ 1960 "An Additional Note on the Bourneville platform pipe described and depicted in this ing. Based on the tail, position of the sitting Mound, Ross County, Ohio," Ohio article. According to Altick's notes, the mammal and comparison with other Ohio Archaeologist, 10(4), October, 1960, pp. 112-115. Hopewell pipe was found by Mr. Edwin Dille, Hopewell effigy pipes, I believe this pipe rep­ who accompanied Altick to the site and resented either a beaver or a raccoon. Shipley, Max 1974 "Figure 66," The Redskin, 9(2), p. 79. assisted in the excavation of an exposed As virtually every Ohio Hopewell effigy tomb. The pipe, and earspool, were found pipe has been found in a , I went 1975 "Front Cover," Ohio Archaeologist, 25(2), Spring, 1975. 4 NOTES ON THE WRAY FIGURINE by Ray Tanner 812 W. 33rd St. Covington, KY

The one thing I learned from the Wray enemy, at this point who can say. figure is that everything has a proper In Mexico, sculptures of priest wearing place, a meaning and a reason for being skins of sacrificial victims to honor the there. Such as its overall size, the seated god Xipe, who was known as the "Flayed posture of the figure and how the clothing One," or "our Lord the Flayed God," are is shown. It was placed in that way to well known. For examples of stone carv­ show a moment in time from long ago. ings showing priest and human skins as Whatever was happening was there for well as stone masks that represent flayed one and all to see. faces please see "Before Cortes, Sculp­ I have tried to understand why the ture of Middle America" the Metropolitan artist/sculptor carved the figure so round Museum of Art 1971. and life like, yet showed the head on the If as I have suggested, the head is in lap and the legs so flat. The fact a flayed skin, it does not mean that artist/sculptor had more than enough there is any connection to "Xipe" or to room between the knees to carve the scalping. head in high relief, or in three fourths The bearskin costume seems to be of round, I have never had the opportunity two parts; a pair of pants or leggings that to hold and examine the Wray figure or a go above the knees, and a robe or coat cast from it, so I could never say why it that covers the Shaman's head and was made so flat. Perhaps there is a fault upper torso and drops slightly below the in the stone that does not show in the knees. Similar costumes are well known photos. At the same time photos can be among historic Indians and are indicated confusing. For instance in some of the in some Adena and Glacial Kame burials. photos the eyes of the Shaman seems to Another point of interest is the fact that have been hollowed out, perhaps to hold ear spools on the Shaman hang about an inlay, like the hollowed out eyes on the one half their diameter below the life size stone mask. At the same time Shaman's chin. To hang that low he other photos such as the two photos in would have had to have some very long the summer issue 2005 of the Ohio ear lobes. On the other hand the ear Archaeologist (cover photo and on page spools on the other head seems to be 24) the Shaman's eyes are carved in the more or less in the proper position. The round or high relief, with what seems to ear on most people would be located on be a dot suggesting a pupil. an imaginary line between the low part of Regardless of which way the Shaman's the eyebrow and the corner of the mouth. eyes are carved, the treatment of the This position changes with age, most Finally the left arm of the Shaman is Shaman's eyes are different than the eyes noticeably in men. bent with the hand on the bearskin's on the bearskin cloak or robe, as well as On the Shaman this could be nothing, head. Some form of gesture of contempt being different from the head on the but again there is enough room to have or of honor, or just a bit of comic relief as Shaman's lap. Perhaps this was to show placed the ear spools up the side of the the Shaman tries to keep his hat on that the Shaman's eyes were meant to face and into a more anatomical position. during a gust of wind. show that they were alive. Perhaps this was unintentional or perhaps Many questions remain. For one, what But back to the flat treatment of the it could have been done to show an age kind of stone was used? Where does it head on the lap. It finally became difference, or a different group of people, come from? Is it found in Ohio? When apparent that this artist/sculptor carved it a class difference, or nothing at all. and who carved the piece of sculpture flat on purpose, it was intended to be flat. There is also a "U" shaped object and why? Why would he do this? It is not a human above the ear of the flayed head that may head. Instead it is a person's face, flayed or may not be part of the ear. It could be REFERENCES: or skinned with the hair draped below the meant to show the upper part of the ear, knees to the floor or ground. though I doubt it. The "U" shape is sepa­ Henry Clyde Shetrone Shetrone makes mention of human rated by a relief difference, a low area 1930 "The Mound Builder" page 103. Human skulls that had cut marks that suggested between the "U" and what I consider to Skulls as Burial Trophies. the skin and flesh had been removed with be the actual top of the ear. A shape like Ohio Archaeologist. Volume 55 No. 3 flint tools. These skulls could be evidence a backward question mark lightly carved Summer 2005. Photos cover and page of skinning to obtain the flayed face, or upward from the ear spool seems to 24 the face could be a byproduct of enclose or mark the boundary of the ear's "Before Cortes: Sculpture of Middle removing the flesh from the skull. interior. America." A centennial Exhibition at The skinning would be up the back of Again the reason for the "U" shape, I the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Sep­ the neck and into the hairline, and then have no idea at this point. All I can sug­ tember 30, 1970 through January removing the skull. At this point, I would gest is a hair or ear ornament somehow 1971. Catalogue by: Elizabeth Kennedy Easby and John F. Scott. Illustrations consider this skin an extreme form of attached above the ear. But again if the 277-278. scalping, or perhaps the beginning of artist/sculptor felt that something was some type of taxidermy specimen. This unimportant it went into the composition could have been a revered ancestor or an of the carving.

5 MOLLY'S ROCK PETROGLYPH MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO by Brian DaRe Jeff Carskadden Rayland, Ohio Zanesville, Ohio

Introduction had answered his question. on a bench just above the rock. Shown in Molly's Rock is a thirty-four foot high By the time Schneider wrote his article Figures 5 and 6 are artifacts from a site sandstone cliff along the main branch of about the rock, the stories surrounding along Symmes Creek just three-tenths of Symmes Creek in Madison Township, this natural feature were likely already a mile downstream, known to local collec­ northern Muskingum County, Ohio (Fig­ engrained in the rural folklore for this sec­ tors simply as site MA-71. This previously ures 1 through 3). The cliff can easily be tion of Muskingum County. We know that unpublished material, also found by the seen from County Road 40, which runs the rock had been called Molly's Rock senior author in the 1960s, includes a directly in front of the site. In this article prior to the publication of Schneider's Paleo-lndian fluted point preform, Piano we will discuss the history of Molly's story because the postcard pictured in lanceolates, and various Archaic and later Rock, including the validity of the legends Figure 3 depicting the rock has a style point types. (Four fluted points were surrounding its name, and the three his­ consistent with those produced from found at the nearby Hatfield Site.) Unfor­ toric-period glyphs found on the rock. 1916 to 1930. This particular card has a tunately these fields are no longer culti­ white border, which indicates that it prob­ vated and, along with Molly's Rock, are Molly's Rock Legends ably dates to the latter half of this period currently owned by the Ohio Department The late Norris F. Schneider (1898- (Richard Gartley, personal communica­ of Natural Resources. 1993) was a highly regarded historian and tion). However, at best we can only trace Of particular interest are the Archaic journalist in the Muskingum Valley. He is the origin of the naming of the rock back points shown in Figure 7. These were best known for writing a series of news­ about a quarter of a century or so before found by a collector about forty years paper articles on Muskingum County his­ Schneider's story. For instance, the two ago in a small rock shelter located just tory which appeared every Sunday from published nineteenth-century Muskingum 375 feet downstream from Molly's Rock, County histories (Everhart 1882; Good- 1939 to 1979, and sporadically through along the same sandstone outcrop. This speed 1892) do not mention anything the 1980s until his eyesight failed. He shelter can only be seen when the leaves about a Molly's Rock in their Madison always seemed to have a flair for finding are off the trees (Figure 8). The sheltered Township sections. This suggests, but a good story to give to his readership, area is fairly small and the ceiling is low, does not prove, that the actual naming of and his rendition of the Molly's Rock leg­ and we suspect that these points may the landmark occurred sometime after ends is certainly no exception. In fact, his have been carried into the shelter by these histories were published. We also newspaper article about the rock, pub­ wounded animals. could not find any reference to Molly's lished in 1946 in the Zanesville 77mes The main overhang at Molly's Rock Signal, had been so convincingly written Rock in Sutor (1905) or Lewis (1927), but these writers covered mostly biographical could have provided temporary shelter that County Road 40 appeared as "Mol­ for Indian hunting parties, but to our lies Rock Road" on local township maps themes and probably were not concerned with a topic like Molly's Rock. In other knowledge no one has ever excavated at by the 1950s. (Not "Molly's Rock Road" the base of the cliff. However, the bed of because the U.S. Post Office has not words, the fact that these latter two writers did not mention the rock does not Symmes Creek is only about three feet allowed an apostrophe in an address lower than the sheltered area, and we since around 1890.) prove one way or the other if it had already been named. suspect that any archaeological deposits One of the legends tells of a white girl would probably have been scoured away named Molly who was captured by by periodic flooding. The floor of a Indians and held at their camp above the Prehistoric Indian Activity Near smaller overhang along the east edge of rock. She escaped and jumped over the Molly's Rock the rock is about six to eight feet higher cliff, presumably to her death. In another The now heavily mined Symmes Creek and would have also provided some version of the legend, a girl named Molly valley was at one time rich in archaeolog­ shelter, but slope wash and falling debris became distraught and jumped off the ical sites, in part due to the outcropping from historic quarrying activities (dis­ cliff when her lover was killed in the Civil of high quality in the cussed below) have prohibited any War. A local farmer told Mr. Schneider in area. The prolific multicomponent Hatfield archaeological investigations. 1946 that a girl named Molly, who lived at site (DaRe et al. 2001) is located just four- a nearby sawmill, had an unwanted baby tenths of a mile upstream from Molly's The Petroglyph and threw it over the cliff. She took the Rock, and numerous other sites have Rumors have persisted over the years body back to the mill and buried it in a been recorded along Symmes Creek in that there was a prehistoric petroglyph on pile of sawdust. On the lighter side, professional contract archaeological sur­ Molly's Rock. Because of the abundance another story tells of a peddler traveling veys (for example Weller Von Molsdorff of archaeological sites in the area, through the township who stopped near 1997). Many of the artifacts found at Hat­ including Horseshoe Cave with its char­ the rock and asked a local farm woman field and nearby sites were made from coal drawings located less than two miles what the place was called. The woman flint quarried at those local outcrops. away near Adamsville (Carskadden and was milking a cow named Molly, and just There is other evidence of prehistoric Morton 1982), it would not have been as the peddler asked the question the activity in the immediate vicinity of Molly's surprising to us that a petroglyph existed cow kicked over the milk bucket and the Rock. Shown in Figure 4 are several arti­ on Molly's Rock. women yelled out "Molly." The peddler facts found by the senior author in the went on his way, thinking that the woman The authors made several cursory 1960s in the once cultivated field located examinations of the cliff face during var-

6 ious visits to the rock over the years, but had something to do with one or more of bons. This mill was sold to a Lloyd Dillon could not find a petroglyph. However, on the Molly's Rock legends, or some other then later to a D. F. Kinney who operated our last visit to the rock in 1991, the event that occurred in the neighborhood, the mill in 1882. However, nowhere in any authors made a concerted effort to sub­ cannot be determined at this time. of these records could we find a Molly that stantiate these rumors once and for all, would have been in the immediate family and the three engravings shown in the Dating the Petroglyph of any one of these sawmill owners. accompanying photographs were found. As early as the mid-1830s a number of Regarding the girl who lost her lover in They depict a horse, a cross, and a houses and a church were constructed of the Civil War, records show that 584 men person with a widebrimmed hat (Figures locally quarried stone in Madison and from Muskingum County lost their life 9, 10, and 11). Although made with a neighboring Salem townships. These during the war, with fourteen men from steel chisel and obviously not prehistoric, stone structures were usually built fairly Madison Township perishing during the their discovery did verify that there were close to a quarry, often on the same farm conflict (King 1866). Unfortunately, we carvings on the rock. or property, since the roads were not could not find a Molly that died during the We also discovered during our 1991 visit improved to the point that heavy loads Civil War in any of the 21 cemeteries of that roughly three feet of sandstone had could be transported any distance. Quar­ Madison Township. Consequently, we been quarried away at the top of the cliff. rying for building stone could have could not verify Schneider's account of This local resource for building stone would occurred at Molly's Rock as early as the this legend. not have gone unnoticed by the early resi­ 1860s. The John B. Slack house, located Schneider's story about a girl named dents of Madison Township because local just upstream from the cliff (Figure 12), Molly who was captured by Indians at first industry and home building in the mid-nine­ was built between 1860 and 1866 (Bush showed a little more promise. There were a teenth century depended upon it (Watson et al. 1986; Weller Von Molsdorff 1997). number of Indian villages during the latter and Acker 1997). In fact, the glyphs were Although the exterior walls of the house half of the 18th century in present-day found on the floor of the quarried area and were brick, the foundation of the house, Muskingum and nearby Coshocton coun­ on a vertical wall marking the back face of the first and second floor windowsills, ties. Some of these villages were relatively the quarry, making them later than the portions of the interior fireplaces and the close to Molly's Rock. The village quarrying activities. nearby barn foundation were composed of Wakatomika, for example, situated Both the cross and the horse are on a of sandstone blocks. According to the along the near the horizontal panel about 32 inches from last occupants of the house, John and modern town of Dresden,was only five and each other and close to the edge of the Ester Hatfield, these stones were in fact a half miles "as the crow flies" northwest of cliff at its most intimidating location. The quarried from the top of Molly's Rock. the rock. By the close of the French and horse is about 10 inches high and nearly The Hatfield family resided in the old Indian War numerous white captives were being held in these villages, including an 16 inches from the head to the tip of its Slack house from 1963 through 1989, at unknown number at Wakatomika tail. The cross takes up an area about 12 which time a coal company purchased (Carskadden and Morton 1997). The inches by 17 inches with single and the land. The house was destroyed by double grooved lines extending from it. names of the captives at Wakatomika mining operations shortly after the picture during this period are unfortunately not These probably represent rays that are in Figure 12 was taken. sometimes seen with the symbol of the known. When Colonel and Throughout much of the 19th century his army marched into the Muskingum Christian cross. The similar groove widths and up until the 1980s, when coal mining and groove depths could indicate that the Valley in the fall of 1764 to secure the companies began purchasing most of the release of white captives, among the 206 same person carved both figures. land around Molly's Rock, the rock had Although these two factors by themselves men, women, and children surrendered to always been accessible to the public. him were two women named Molly (Booth do not prove this conclusively, further Consequently, we will probably never analysis of the initial strike angle and con­ 1994). These were Molly Cartmill and Molly know who carved the figures. We do Metch, and both had been captured in sistency in vertical touchup strike marks know, however, that they are later than could indicate that they were made with Augusta County, Virginia. Neither were the 1860s, when the quarrying occurred accompanied by children when they were like or similar tools using a similar carving on top of the rock. technique. Such an analysis could go a released. It is not known, however, at which Indian town they were being held, long way in determining if one individual Some Final Comment on the made both glyphs. nor is it known if either of these two Legends women were anywhere in the vicinity of The third glyph, the person with the We researched a number of old Musk­ Molly's Rock during their captivity. wide-brimmed hat, is on a vertical panel ingum County atlases, cemetery records, about 22 feet back from the edge of the and other genealogical references for In 1774, during Dunmore's War, five cliff. The brim of the hat measures 12 Madison Township in an attempt to vali­ more white captives were taken to inches in length. The individual depicted date any of the legends given by Wakatomika. The names of these individ­ in this glyph is facing upstream toward Schneider. Regarding the baby in the saw­ uals are known, and none were named the old Slack (later Hatfield) farmhouse. dust pile legend, we found that there were Molly. It was during this latter war that the This glyph appears to have been carved three sawmills along Symmes Creek (Ever- Symmes Creek valley, according to tradi­ with a different tool than the other two, hart 1882). By 1818 Alexander Struthers tion, was the scene of a major skirmish with a narrower groove width and a more built a sawmill on the South Branch of between a party of Shawnee warriors from pointed groove depth. Symmes Creek. It changed hands a Wakatomika and an army of Virginians led by Angus McDonald. (See Carskadden This glyph is also noticeably less visible number of times in the early years with Peter Varner operating the mill in 1866. and Morton 1997 for a summary of the on the rock when compared with the accounts.) This skirmish reportedly began other two because it is not at a comfort­ The Shirer brothers, Valentine and David, built a mill on the North Branch of just two and a half miles southeast of able eye position which would be Molly's Rock on the old William Denison expected from a glyph on a vertical Symmes Creek in 1833. Ownership of the mill eventually went to William Gaumer farm. McDonald's men went on to destroy panel. Consequently, this glyph probably Wakatomika, but the Shawnee women represents a different carving episode, and Thomas Pharis. A third sawmill was built just above the mouth of Symmes and children and the five captives had and may be totally unrelated to the other already been removed to the Shawnee vil- two. Whether or not these three glyphs Creek by James John and James Gib­

7 lages along the Scioto. There is no men­ very special thanks to Terry Stotts for DaRe. Brian, Patty DaRe and Jeff Carskadden tion of anyone named Molly in the various also sharing with us additional genealog­ 2001 The Hatfield Site, Muskingum County, accounts of McDonald's campaign. ical information as well as some of her Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 52(1):4-15. pictures of Molly's Rock, and to Bruce Everhart, J. F. Concluding Observation Riddle and Louis Wojcicki for their com­ 1882 History of Muskingum County, Ohio. Although rumors of prehistoric carvings ments on earlier drafts of this article. We A.A. Graham, Columbus. on Molly's Rock turned out to be untrue, need to also thank Cyndie Gerken for Goodspeed Publishing Company nevertheless some interesting glyphs, proofreading our article and providing 1892 Biographical and Historical Memoirs of dating to the historic period (post 1860s) professional editing. The senior author Muskingum County, Ohio. The Good- were found. Unfortunately these glyphs would also like to thank his wife, Cathy speed Publishing Company, Chicago. could not provide us with any definitive Jo DaRe, for her encouragement in com­ pleting this project. King, J. W. clues as to the authenticity of the legends 1866 Silent Dead. Logan and Dodd, recounted in Norris Schneider's news­ Zanesville, Ohio. References paper article. The search for Molly, how­ Lewis, Thomas W. ever, took us on a grand tour of Madison 1927 Zanesville and Muskingum County, Booth, Russell H., Jr. and nearby Salem Township. During our Ohio. S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, travels along the back roads we saw the 1994 The Tuscarawas Valley in Indian Days 1750-1797. Gomber House Press, Chicago. locations of the nineteenth-century saw­ Cambridge, Ohio. Schneider, Norris F. mills, cemeteries, and old homesteads 1946 Madison Township. Times Signal, that are probably tied in some way to the Bush, David R., Mark Kollecker, Judith Thomas, and Jare Cardinal. Zanesville, Ohio (January 6th issue). various legends surrounding the rock. 1986 Cultural Resources Within the Pro­ Sutor, J. Hope posed 1500 Acre Mining Permit Area in 1905 Pasf and Present of the City of Acknowledgements Muskingum County, Ohio. Report sub­ Zanesville and Muskingum County. S.J. The writers would like to thank James mitted to Muskingum Mining Incorpo­ Clark, Chicago. Morton for accompanying the authors on rated, Dresden, Ohio, by David R. this adventure, as well as several former Bush, Inc., Eastlake, Ohio. Watson, Nettie Grace and Betty Acker 1997 Stonemasons of Muskingum County, property owners and former residents of Carskadden, Jeff and James Morton Madison Township who shared with us 1982 Adamsville Rock Drawings. Ohio Ohio in the 1800's. Muskingum County Genealogical Society, Zanesville, Ohio. their own versions of the Molly's Rock Archaeologist 32(3):4-7. legends. We would like to thank Richard 1997 Where the Frolics and War Dances are Weller Von Molsdorff, Ryan J. Gartley for helping us date the postcard Held: The Indian Wars and the Early 1997 An Incidental Boundary Revision of Molly's Rock, and Doug Kreis of the European Exploration and Settlement of Addendum for Phase I and Limited Muskingum County Chapter of the Ohio Muskingum County and the Central Phase II Archaeological Survey for Genealogical Society for providing us Muskingum Valley. Occasional Papers Permit Application #D-1030-3, Madison in Muskingum Valley Archaeology No. Township, Muskingum County, Ohio. with genealogical information on some of 20, The Muskingum Valley Archaeolog­ Applied Archaeological Services, the old Madison Township families. A ical Survey, Zanesville, Ohio. Columbus, Ohio.

8 •MMMBM Figure 1 (DaRe and Carskadden) A portion of the USGS Adamsville quadrangle showing the location of Molly's Rock, the nearby Hatfield site, and other sites mentioned in this article. The location of Angus McDonald's 1774 skirmish with the Shawnee is approximate.

Li'ikiVV'-K.jB*^- i

*DUJI'« lurk. AftaranUlr. Vfcta. Figure 2 (DaRe and Carskadden) Photograph taken in 1991 of Molly's Rock, Madison Township, Muskingum County. Symmes Creek is in the foreground. Co-author Brian DaRe is standing at the Figure 3 (DaRe and Carskadden) Unused postcard base of the cliff, and the are on top of the cliff directly above him. 0f Molly's Rock. The card is a "white border" type and dates 1916-1930.

9 Figure 4 (DaRe and Carskadden) Early Archaic point fragments and a drill surface collected by the senior author on the once cultivated bench just above Molly's Rock.

Figure 5 (DaRe and Carskadden) Piano lance­ olate point fragments and a fluted point pre­ form (bottom row left) found by the senior author near Molly's Rock on site MA-71.

Figure 6 (DaRe and Carskadden) Archaic and later artifacts found by the senior author near Molly's Rock on site MA-71.

Figure 7 (DaRe and Carskadden) Some of the projectile points found by a collector in the small rock shelter just downstream from Molly's Rock.

10 Figure 8 (DaRe and Carskadden) Photograph taken in 1991 of the small rock shelter just 375 feet downstream from Molly's Rock. Artifacts found in this shelter can be seen in the previous figure.

m I \ •

Figure 9 (DaRe and Carskadden) Carving of a horse, found on the top of Molly's Rock.

11 Figure 10 (DaRe and Carskadden) Carving of a cross, found on the top of Molly's Rock.

Figure 11 (DaRe and Carskadden) Carving of a person with a wide- Figure 12 (DaRe and Carskadden) Photo taken in 1991 of the then aban­ brimmed hat, found on the top of Molly's Rock. doned John B. Slack house, built between 1860 and 1866. The founda­ tion of the house and nearby barn were constructed of sandstone blocks quarried from the top of Molly's Rock. Since "no regional or national sig­ nificance" was associated with the owners of the house (Ohio Historic Inventory form MUS-1299-4), the coal company was allowed to demolish it shortly after this photo was taken.

12 HAFTED SHAFT SCRAPERS by Carl Harruff Sparta, Ohio

Shown are six hafted shaft scrapers from my collection. All are surface finds from Knox County and vicinity. The top three are made of Flint Ridge flint and the bottom examples are of Coshocton flint. Several basal styles are seen in the type from Archaic to Hopewell indicating that these tools were used by many cultures.

Figures 1 (Harruff) Six hafted shaft scrapers from Ohio. Largest 3'A in.

A HISTORIC BRASS TRADE AXE by Annette Keerhan 509 Huron Bellefontaine, Ohio 43311

This brass trade axe was sold in a box of miscellaneous items at a household goods sale in Bellefontaine, Ohio. Although I don't know much about it, I am told that the steel bit has probably rusted away. It is decorated with a series of engravings, and I am also told, is probably English in origin and may date to the pre-Revolutionary War period. Any other information from our readers will be appreciated.

Figures 1 (Keerhan) Brass trade axe from the 1700's.

13 THE HUMBLE TURTLE, AN UNLIKELY MODEL FOR EFFIGY PIPES by D.R. Gehlbach

Among all of the animals depicted on tion to one's personal possessions and the photograph are deep abrading lines Pre-Columbian effigy pipes the members help establish a higher level of status in on the underside of the subject. A pop­ of the turtle family seem unlikely subjects. the local community. ular theory holds that these abrasions The turtle's slow lumbering movements The turtle depicted on smoking instru­ were made at the time the pipes were and lifeless appearances on a floating log ments also may have represented a clan disposed of in order to release the spirit or river bank in the afternoon sun, pro­ or lineage identifier. In this regard the or soul of the effigy thus terminating its vide few clues about their roles as fea­ effigy pipes were probably used only functional value. A pipe this well sculpted tured effigies on smoking pipes. during private observances involving only had to be an important part of the socio- the lineal group and closely associated religious paraphernalia of its owner(s). It Why Were They Portrayed? individuals. The pipes were used to main­ is suggested that these so-called "altar" The primary reasons for sculpting tur­ tain a positive relationship with important pipes were used communally for the pur­ tles on prehistoric pipes was not based forces in the spirit world and were prob­ poses previously discussed. The pipe on their lifestyles but more likely on tradi­ ably maintained for multiple generations. displays what has been described as tional beliefs about their origins and sym­ Turtle effigy depictions were first seen Mississippian influence craftsmanship, bolic roles in the prehistoric cosmos. on a few Middle Woodland Hopewell the likely result of foreign infiltrations into Historic Period Indian societies believed platform pipes. But they were more Late Prehistoric populations in the Mid­ that most if not all of the amphibians numerous on specimens from the Late west. The pipe is made of compact sand­ came from an ancestral lower world, Prehistoric Period and likely manufac­ stone and measures almost 5%" by about which lies beneath the Earth's surface. tured between 1000 AD to 1600 AD. 3/4". It was found in 1942 at the south Traditions held that not only did they orig­ Figures 1 and 2 are two views of a edge of Mt. Vernon in Knox County, Ohio inate in this lower world but also that this rather crude sandstone turtle head effigy and formerly was in the well-chronicled was the place where certain events on pipe carved in the round. Of special note Dr. Meuser collection. Earth were controlled. Potentially harmful are the subject's nostrils and turned up The final figure is perhaps the most spirits, which affected such things as snout suggesting an alligator snapping interesting of the featured turtle pipes. It one's health, security and mortality, lived turtle as the pipe maker's model. The is a massive limestone full figure effigy in the lower world. The turtle effigies were pipe is similar to a small number of sim­ having a diameter of about 7" at its likely perceived as symbolic emissaries of ilar Mississippian-influence effigy pipes widest point. The turtle's features are these spiritual forces that in turn deter­ deposited in mostly riverine locations intricately carved and appear to be mined the welfare of humans. As a result, throughout the Midwest. Most have been the carved replicas deserved a degree of found on the surface with few if any somewhat exaggerated. They include the appeasement as "power animals" or associated artifacts. The pipe has two elaborate shell design, the oversized shell "animal guardians." large engraved circular eyes in addition to itself, the turtle's head and facial details and its feet and tail (not shown). Addi­ The believed that smoking the tapered turned up nose. The turtle's mouth is indicated by an engraved line tional decorations were added around the their animal-effigy pipes helped them base of the pipe. It is evident the pipe visualize power animals. They were also extending around the base of the nose. was intended to show singular artistic able to communicate and/or merge with The pipe measures 4" by 3" and was expression and was probably regarded them while in smoke-facilitated trances. found in Scioto County, Ohio. as a sacred image. As such it served as Figure 3 shows another version of a an important device for carrying out rit­ turtle effigy pipe. This full figure pipe is Other Considerations uals and was highly valued by its Missis­ also carved in the round. Its features are Another reason for crafting turtle effigy sippian owners. Because of its design depicted in some detail. The turtle's pro­ pipes was to portray an authentic image and absence of wear it was likely carved that would display the turtle's distinctive truding legs are a prominent feature and near the end of the Late Prehistoric qualities and at the same time create a its flattened head is authentically Period. It was found on Lindley Creek in one-of-a-kind or singular product. The depicted. Also incised are the turtle's pipe would have been an important addi­ eyes, nostrils and mouth. Not shown in Polk County, Missouri.

14 Figures 1 & 2 (Gehlbach) Turtle head effigy pipe, sandstone, Scioto County, Ohio.

Figure 3 (Gehlbach) Full figure turtle effigy pipe, sandstone, Knox County, Figure 4 (Gehlbach) Massive full figure turtle effigy pipe, limestone, Lindley Ohio. Creek, Polk County, Missouri.

15 AN UNUSUAL SLATE DISC by Rick Waibel South Charleston, Ohio

This strange artifact was originally col­ lected by the late Parker Melvin of Cincinnati. It is made of slate and is seven inches across. On the obverse side are a number of gouges or incisings which could have been made by sharp­ ening bone tools. These gouges appear to be random with no particular pattern. Two small indentations are similar to those sometimes found on stone gorgets - often called misdrillings, are only about an eighth of an inch deep and do not go completely through the piece. If they were intended as possible suspension holes they would have supported a rather heavy artifact. This artifact is well-made and finely pol­ Figure 1 (Waibel) Obverse and reverse of 7 inch slate disc. ished and obviously a great deal of care went into its manufacture. Beyond that, it is difficult to understand its purpose.

A LARGE INTRUSIVE MOUND POINT by George Coyle Utica, Ohio

This 3% inch Intrusive Mound point was found in Wood County, Ohio. It is made of Upper Mercer flint and as is normal with the type, is very thin and well chipped.

Figure 1 (Coyle) Intrusive Mound point from Wood County.

16 THREE FINE ZALESKI FLINT POINTS by John Shotts Mt. Vernon, Ohio

Shown are three fine points from my collection. All are made of jet black Zaleski flint. On the left is a Heavy Duty point, center is a Hopewell point and on the right is a Notched Base. The Heavy Duty is slightly less than four inches long.

Figure 1 (Shotts) Three Ohio Zaleski flint points.

A SURFACE FOUND HEAVY DUTY POINT by Fred Groseclose Mt. Vernon, Ohio

I found this fine Heavy Duty point several years ago near Mt. Vernon, Knox County, Ohio. It had been plowed out of an abandoned fence row. The point is 3'A inches long and is made of highly patinated Coshocton flint. It has the classic shape and delicate chipping style typical of Heavy Duty points.

Figure 1 (Groseclose) Heavy Duty point from Knox County.

17 GROOVED HAMMER STONES SHINE AT JANUARY ASO MEETING by Michael Rusnak 4642 Friar Rd. Stow, OH 44224 Grooved hammer stones may be Another grooved hammer stone exhibit court places grooved hammer stones in among the most unassuming artifacts. At was compiled by Tony DeRegnaucourt the very early Late Archaic period, about first glance, they're not much to look at. and Elaine Holzapfel (figure 4). In an ear­ 4,000 to 5,000 years ago, and reports They don't have the colors of flint ridge lier issue of Ohio Archaeologist (Vol. 54 that most examples are made of various blades or the artistry of banded slate arti­ #4), DeRegnacourt published a detailed kinds of igneous rock. He notes that facts. Compared to archaic grooved axes study of grooved hammers, where he many examples are found in two areas of that they resemble, grooved hammer classified them into eight major types. Ohio, including Williams, Wood, Lucus stones are relatively small. In fact, some The most common type is what he refers and Van Wert Counties and Darke, appear to have been recycled from to as a "Ball Peen Hammer Type," Miami, Mercer, Butler and Preble Coun­ broken axes. Most are battered and show because of its resemblance to the ties, as well as parts of neighboring signs of heavy use. At the January 2006 modern hammer. Interestingly, he also Indiana and Michigan. ASO meeting in Columbus, a sizable proposes that a few of the small round Much thanks to these ASO members number of them were exhibited side by stones that have a narrow groove might for sharing their artifacts and thoughts on side in two fine displays. A close look at have been used for a bola. DeRegna­ this little-studied kind of tool. these humble tools revealed a fascinating and versatile tool for some cultures of the Late Archaic period. Danny Crissinger of Dublin, Ohio and Bill Likens of Unionville (figure 1) pre­ sented a two-table display of grooved hammer stones and pitted stones. Most of their pieces were personally found and a few were acquired. The two ASO mem­ bers, who frequently field hunt together, have found a number of examples in Union and Madison Counties. Part of their exhibit can be seen in figure 2. The large sampling of grooved hammer stones allowed for a comparison of the variety of shapes and sizes that this tool type can take. Figure 3 illustrates three typical examples of grooved stones, while figure 4 shows a rare grooved hammer with a fluted depression running along the top, similar to some Archaic % grooved axes. The pieces in the exhibit vary in length - some as small as two inches in length while others are approxi­ mately 5 inches. Most are made of var­ ious kinds of igneous rock - hard stone, and a few are granite. One piece was sandstone and one was quartz. Nearly all of the examples bore the marks, breaks and scars of heavy use. Likens commented that the hammer stones may have been all-purpose tools and used for many tasks. Crissinger agreed, noting that they were probably a multi purpose tool, but he added that the size or weight differences may have indi­ cated some specific uses, just as modern steel hammers come in different weights for heavy or more delicate work. Figure 1 (Rusnak) Danny Crissinger (left) and Bill Likens with their exhibit.

18 Figure 2 (Rusnak) Crissinger's hammer and pitted stones from Madison & Union Counties. All but one are personal finds.

Figure 3 (Rusnak) Three examples of grooved hammer stones. Figure 4 (Rusnak) Hammerstone with a fluted depression along the top. The hammer is made of granite. JVJKD HAM \U1*M ONES

Figure 5 (Rusnak) DeRegnaucourt & Holzapfel's hammer stone display.

19 AN ASHTABULA COUNTY DISCOVERY by Sam Speck Fredericktown, Ohio

This exceptionally large Early Adena point and expanded center Adena gorget were found during a ground-leveling operation for an oil well in Ashtabula County, Ohio. Both pieces had been heavily burned. The flint spear had been broken but the remaining portion was seven inches long. When restored this spear was eleven inches long making it one of the longest for the type known. The expanded center gorget is undrilled. Probably a third of such gorgets were not drilled but other­ wise completely finished as is this example. The large spear is made of Indiana hornstone and the gorget is made of banded slate.

Figure 1 (Speck) Undrilled Adena expanded center gorget and eleven inch (restored) Early Adena spear from Ashtabula County, Ohio.

20 THE SELTENRIGHT BIRD by Kenny Simper Hamilton, Indiana

About 1980 I was having my car worked on in Butler, Indiana. While waiting for it to get finished, I was approached by a gen­ tlemen named Pete Seltenright who, through his fellow workers, knew I had a passion for collecting birdstones. He told me he had one. A few days later I found myself at his home, admiring his little gem. Naturally, the next question was would he consider selling it and, of course, the usual answer was no. Years later I heard the sad news that Pete had passed away and that his wife had moved. I never forgot about Pete and his little bird and thought I would probably never see it again. More years passed when I found out where his wife had moved which was sur­ prisingly only about eight miles from my Figure 1 (Simper) The Seltenright Bird. home. Thinking Ima June, Pete's wife, may not want it, I gave it one more try. Ima June and I met on December 31, 2005 and she location is in Eastern DeKalb county, eye is formed of a band on one side of the allowed the bird to migrate eight miles Indiana, exactly one mile north of Butler on head. The tail is triangular in cross section south to Hamilton. the south side of County Road 61. and both typically drilled holes are intact. During my visit, I wanted to learn every The artifact is made from very dark The length is slightly less than average detail about the bird. She wasn't sure who green slate with wide cloudy-like black birdstones, measuring 3% inches long. found it, Pete or his father, Alby, but it was bands. It has a classy profile with a long found on the family farm in the 1930's.This neck, and like many birdstones, a natural

A LICKING COUNTY BLADE by John Mocic Box 170, 1 Valley Drive Dilles Bottom, Ohio 43947

I found this blade while surface hunting near Flint Ridge in Licking County, Ohio, in May of 2005. It of course is made of Flint Ridge flint and won first prize in the Field Finds contest at the annual May meeting of the ASO. It is well-chipped and is 3'A inches long.

Figure 1 (Mocic) Adena Blade found in Licking County.

21 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO PRESENTS ITS SECOND SYMPOSIUM HOPEWELL: ORIGINS, ARTISTRY AND CULTURE At the Midwest Hotel and Conference Center 4900 Sinclair Road, Columbus, Ohio at the junction of Morse Road and 1-71

Friday and Saturday May 19th and 20th 2006 in conjunction with ASO Annual Meeting in May

This symposium will feature experts on the Hopewell culture Society. This gathering will present the attendees with an from over much of eastern North America. They will present the opportunity for one-on-one conversations with presenters. Dis­ archaeology, art, artifacts, and origins of America's most highly plays will feature some of the most unique and rare Hopewell developed culture and its impact on prehistoric groups in the artifacts known. There will be a book and picture room. For fur­ eastern United States. It will be a once-in-a-lifetime opportu­ ther information contact Mick Van Steen, 5303 Wildman Road, nity to see rare slides of Hopewell artifacts in the British South Charleston, Ohio 45314 - phone 937-766-5411 or any Museum, the Field Museum of Chicago and the Ohio Historical Society officer.

THE PRESENTERS

Dr. Darlene Applegate is a native of eastern Ohio and received her Bachelor's Degree in Anthropology and Geology from Miami University in 1986, and earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees from the Ohio State University in 1991 and 1997. She is currently Associate Professor of Anthropology at Western Kentucky University. Her research interests include lithic analysis, bio-archaeological analysis, mortuary archaeology, cave and rockshelter archaeology, and settlement archaeology. Her most recent publication is " Systematics in the Middle Ohio Valley," co-edited with Robert Mainfort and released in September, 2005 by The University of Alabama Press.

Robert N. Converse has served as Editor of the Ohio Archaeologist, the quarterly journal of the Archaeological Society of Ohio, for over 35 years and has served as Trustee, Vice President and President of the Society. He has written over 300 arti­ cles, essays, editorials and papers on archaeology. His well-respected books, include The Glacial Kame Indians, Ohio Flint Types, Ohio Slate Types, The Meuser Collection and Ohio Stone Tools. His most recent publication, The Archaeology of Ohio, is a magnum opus that details the 11,000 year prehistory of cultures in Ohio and the Valley. He has consulted with and provided appraisals for the , the Dayton Museum of Natural History, the Ohio Historical Society, the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History, the Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum in addition to other museum and historical societies.

22 Dr. William C. Dancey is Associate Professor of Anthropology at The Ohio State University. His principal research concerns the Woodland period of Discovery of America (Ohio Archaeological Council, 1994) and co-editor of Ohio Hopewell Com­ munity Organization (Kent State Press, 1997). A paper of his entitled "The Enig­ matic Hopewell of the Eastern Woodlands" appeared in North American Archaeology, edited by T. Pauketat and D. Loren. He is a past-President of the Ohio Archaeological Council and currently President of the Licking County Archae­ ology and Landmarks Society.

Tony DeRegnaucourt is a private Archaeological Consultant with UMVARM - Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Museum in Arcanum, Ohio. He earned a BA degree in Anthropology from the University of South Florida and is currently a MA candidate in Anthropology at Ball State University. He served as a Contract Archaeologist for UMVARM and the Indiana Department of Highways during which time he was involved in over 500 projects that uncovered several hundred prehis­ toric and historic sites in 14 states. His most recent investigations have centered around the forts erected during 's campaign against the Ohio Indians. He has published his findings from the excavations of three of the sites, in addition to an archaeological investigation at Prophetstown, 1805-1808 and a lithic book, entitled, Prehistoric Chert Types of the Midwest.

Dr. Richard M. Gramly is the founder of the American Society for Amateur Archae­ ology (ASAA), an organization of avocational archaeologists he created in 1994. He received a Bachelor's of Science degree in Geology from the Rensselaer Polytech- nice Institute in 1968, and completed his Master's and Doctorate degrees in Anthropology at Harvard University in 1970 and 1975. As an undergraduate, he served as a Field Archaeologist for the New York State Museum under the guid­ ance of Drs. William A. Ritchie and Robert E. Funk. Prior to founding ASAA, Dr. Gramly held previous positions at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, the Maine State Museum, The Buffalo Museum of Science and Canisius College. He is the well-respected author of 16 monographs and over 200 essays that have appeared in natural science journals.

23 Dr. Barbara Harkness is a retired Assistant Professor of Anthropology from Kent State University. She earned her Bachelor's of Science degree in Elementary Edu­ cation and Master's Degree in Anthropology from The Ohio State University and her Doctorate degree in Anthropology from The Union Graduate School. She also served as an Instructor at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro and East Carolina University in Greenville, North Carolina. During her tenure at Kent State University, she also served as a Director and Coordinator for Latin American studies. Her field work has included investigations at the Laura Site, a Glacial Kame site in Wayne County, Ohio, the Mantua Glass Works in Portage County, Ohio, Mound City and Seip Works in Ross County, Ohio and at Teotihuacan in cen­ tral Mexico. Her research on Hopewell Lithics and Iconography has been published in a number of journals and presented at many archaeological conferences.

Dr. Robert W. Morris is an Emeritus Professor of Geology at Wittenburg University in Springfield, Ohio. Dr. Morris earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in Geology at Duke University in 1963 and his MA and Ph.D. degrees in Geology and Paleon­ tology from Columbia University in 1969. His Ph.D. dissertation concerned Upper Cretaceous microfossils, especially foraminifers, from the Mesaverde Group in northwestern Colorado. Beginning in 1968, he taught in the Geology Department at Wittenburg for 35 years, retiring in 2003. During his career, he has done field work in Nevada, Colorado, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, the Georgia Sea islands, and the Bahamas. He has written or co-authored a number of papers on Invertebrate Paleontology and Paleoecology. He has been supported by grants from the National Science Foundation, the American Museum of Natural History & J.E. Noble Founda­ tion, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. He has been a member and Regional Collaborator of the Archaeological Society of Ohio for over 25 years and has written more than 20 articles that have appeared in the Ohio Archaeologist. He is currently a volunteer curator and research associate at the Clark County Historical Society and the Department of Geology at Wittenburg University.

Dr. Paul J. Pacheco is an Associate Professor of Anthropology at SUNY College at Geneseo, a small, selective public liberal arts college in New York State. He earned a Bachelor's of Science in Anthropology from the University of Utah and Master's and Doctorate degrees from The Ohio State University. His primary research interest is the domestic settlement patterns of the Ohio Hopewell popula­ tions, and his dissertation in 1993 focused on the Hopewell settlement patterns in the Licking Valley. He organized the Ohio Archaeological Conference on Ohio Hopewell in 1993, and three years later, he edited the proceedings in a volume entitled, A View from the Core: A Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology. In 1997, Bill Dancey and he co-edited Ohio Hopewell Community Organization published by Kent State University Press. His latest investigations have been conducted at the Brown's Bottom #1 Site in Ross County, Ohio.

24 Dr. Olaf H. Prufer is a full-time Professor of Anthropology at Kent State University. He was born in Berlin, Germany and earned his Bachelor's, Master's and Doctorate degrees at Harvard University. He has conducted archaeological fieldwork in India, Germany and the United States where he has concentrated on Ohio Archaeology. He has published 25 books and monographs and over 150 professional articles. He is well-known for his publications on the McGraw Site (1965), the Blain Village Site (1970) and more recently on Archaic Traditions in Ohio and Kentucky. In 2006, his book, Caves and Culture: Ten Thousand Years of Ohio Culture will be published.

John C. Rummel is an independent scholar residing in Westerville, Ohio with his wife and two children. He attended Mount Vernon Nazarene College in Mount Vernon, Ohio and earned degrees in History and Communications. Although his cur­ rent profession is in the field of finance, he is an independent scholar in History and is presently writing a book on Lord Dunmore's War of 1774. His collecting interests include rare 18th century historical documents, historic bows and arrows and pre­ historic Hopewellian art. His interest in the Middle Woodland period and Hopewell influences has spanned the last 15 years and during this time, he has compiled a personal library of over 500 reports and articles, in addition to a growing photo­ graphic library, on the subjects of Hopewell and the Middle Woodland period. He has written a number of articles for the Ohio Archaeologist and has served as a Trustee for the Archaeological Society of Ohio for the past six years. He has spoken to several chapters of the Archaeological Society of Ohio, various historical soci­ eties and participated in the 1993 OAC conference on Hopewell in Chillicothe, Ohio.

Dr. Michael D. Wiant is the Director of the Museum in Lewiston, Illinois. He received a Bachelor's of Social Sciences degree and Master's degree in Sociology/Anthropology from Illinois State University and Master's and Doctorate degrees in Anthropology from Northwestern University. He has studied the Native American cultures in the Illinois River Valley since 1972 and directed excavations at the Koster and Napoleon Hollow sites, both deeply stratified, multi-component locations in Illinois with the latter having a large element of Havana/Hopewell. He has authored and edited a number of publications on Illinois prehistory, including an upcoming publication on Illinois Hopewell and Late Woodland mounds exca­ vated by the late Dr. Gregory Perino from 1950-1975.

Portion of a human effigy crafted from "ivory" found on Altar Number 1 in Mound 25 of the Hopewell Mound Group, Ross County, Ohio. Image courtesy of Dr. Barbara Harkness.

25 GILES SAMUEL BOOTH HEMPSTEAD, A BIO-BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTE ON A PIONEER PORTSMOUTH ARCHAEOLOGIST by James L. Murphy 3030 Sawyer Drive Grove City, Ohio 43123

Reprinting of G.S.B. Hempstead's 1875 for sport or food. Hempstead theorized eter in 1888; similarly, the larger two "Archaeological & Topographical Map of that after learning to hammer copper in horseshoe mounds were described in Portsmouth" (Converse 2005) and Hemp­ the Midwest, the prehistoric inhabitants 1875 as 105 feet across the heel and in stead's 1885 pamphlet and accompa­ migrated southward, being able to melt 1888 as 150 feet across, while the nying map (Bower 2005) focuses and mold copper by the time they reached smaller horseshoe formations were attention on one of Ohio's lesser known Arkansas and Texas. twelve feet across in 1875 and ten feet archaeologists and incidentally draws Although familiar with pipestone from across in 1888. For example, in 1888, attention to the fact that there were actu­ the "Coteaure des Praires," Hempstead Hempstead describes the "Temple ally two, slightly different, maps, the one does not mention the Ohio pipestone Mound," southeast and across the Ohio reproduced by Converse apparently outcropping near Portsmouth and appar­ River from Portsmouth, as 20 feet high, at being the earlier. ently thought all of the Mound City pipes the center of a circle 150 in diameter, sur­ rounded by three segmented earthen Like many early Ohio archaeologists, were made of Minnesota catlinite. Famil­ walls; by 1888, the mound had been Giles S. B. Hempstead (1794-1883) was a iarity with led him astray in reduced to six feet in height. The earlier medical doctor with a great interest in believing that Kinney's Hill, a large hill of paper gives the height of the Temple archaeology and the natural sciences. He circumalluviation at Portsmouth, was an Mound as 45 feet high, the inner circle was born in New London, Connecticut, artificial mound. The natural river terraces being 168 feet in diameter. It also pro­ but the family moved to Marietta in 1802. he also thought were in large part man- vides the diameter of the outermost cir­ In 1810, Hempstead studied law for a made. Hempstead concurred with Lucas cular embankment as 640 feet and year in the office of Governor Return Sullivant's idea that a line of signal dimensions of the top of the Temple Jonathan Meigs, then attended Ohio Uni­ mounds extended from Portsmouth up Mound as 50 by 75 feet, the longer axis versity at Athens, receiving a B.A. in the Scioto as far as at least Pickaway oriented north-south. These measure­ 1813, at which time he began the study County. The large amount of work ments are not included in the later paper. of medicine. Licensed to practice in required to build all of these earthworks Similarly, the curious hexagonal enclo­ 1816, he first located at Waterford, then was evidence of a slave caste necessary sure to the west of the Temple Mound is Athens, Guyandotte, West Virginia, and for their construction, and Hempstead simply described in 1888 as "nearly finally at Portsmouth. From 1858 until thought that decipherable hieroglyphics destroyed by cultivation." But the 1875 1872, he resided at Hanging Rock, in might someday be discovered to give us paper states that the hexagon was 120 Lawrence Co., before returning to "the whole history of this wonderful feet on its longer sides and 75 feet on the Portsmouth. people." One of his more gratuitous errors was believing that the mound shorter. When first observed the embank­ Hempstead's observations on local builders had domesticated the ground ments were four feet high and the ditch archaeology originally appeared in the sloth and used it in clearing the forests three feet deep but it had been nearly lev­ Portsmouth Tribune in the winter of 1875 prior to building their earthworks, and eled by 1875. and also appeared in a 19 page pam­ that many of the earthworks were used phlet, apparently with the map repro­ There are only a few significant differ­ either to keep animals out of cultivated duced by Converse, although the copy ences in the two maps. Notable differ­ fields or as animal pens. The Kentucky available to me lacks the map. The pam­ ences are the presence in the later map "Old Fort" he considered to have been phlet was aptly subtitled "With Some of an additional mound in the "Hunting built not for defense but as an animal trap Speculations upon the Origin and Destiny Ground" complex along the Ohio River or as a pen for domesticated animals. He of the ," for the publica­ southwest of Springville, Kentucky, and persisted in the belief that the mound- tion consisted largely of typical 19th cen­ the square enclosure there being more builders "were more educated, cultivated tury speculation. Hempstead envisioned rectangular in appearance. But the differ­ and farther advanced in civilization" than a "rough stone age" contemporaneous ences in actual measurements and the later Indians and derives them from with the mammoth, cave bear, "cave descriptive detail between the two Atlantis, while "Tartars" crossed the lion," hairy rhinoceros and the reindeer, accounts, as well as sites mentioned in Bering Strait and spread into Mexico and followed by the polished stone era or the one report and not in the other, Central America shortly before the cata­ "epoch of tamed animals" and a final require anyone interested in the archae­ clysm that destroyed Atlantis and created metallic age. ology of the Porstmouth area to be a vast inland sea that covered the mid- familiar with both publications. Hempstead had viewed some of the continent and restricted the Indians to the Mention should also be made of an earthworks as early as 1806 (presumably eastern seaboard. Finally, the "Great Ice 1879 pamphlet by Hempstead titled the Marietta earthworks, when he would Age" forced the moundbuilders to Archaeology. Development of the North have been twelve years old). The dis­ migrate southward into Mexico and Cen­ American Continent. Only a single copy of covery of decayed logs in the embank­ tral America. ments suggested to him that the parallel this pamphlet, in the Newberry Library of walls were originally built of timber and Such speculation is largely absent from Chicago, has come to light, and it was dis­ then filled with earth, to serve as a barrier Hempstead's later paper, which is more covered only within the last year. Like his against the large animals of that period, descriptive, but each paper contains first work, it is filled with much specula­ estimating original walls four feet thick and some information not found in the other, tion, but Hempstead was hampered by a 20-30 feet high. He classified the earth­ although his measurements do not lack of understanding regarding the rela­ works as protective enclosures; sepul­ always agree. The "Citadel," which con­ tive ages of the Paleozoic Mid-continental chral, sacrificial, and temple mounds; tained Portsmouth's famous "horseshoe sea, the Pleistocene, and the Hopewell animal mounds; and hunting grounds for mounds" was described as 500 feet in Culture. He gave credence to the legend trapping large animals and securing them diameter in 1875 and as 600 feet in diam­ of Atlantis. Following the penultimate

26 Figure 1. (Murphy) G.S.B. Hempstead from Nelson Evans' History of Scioto County, Ohio (1903) glaciation he envisioned a huge mid-conti­ electrochemistry, although mercifully Material originally published in the nental sea created by a catastrophic flood Hempstead never goes into detail about Portsmouth Tribune, winter, 1875. that destroyed most of the prehistoric this. His most valuable contribution to Hempstead surveyed and platted all inhabitants of the region; the remnants Ohio archaeology remains the maps works in the vicinity of Portsmouth as early as 1875. were an easy conquest for the Aztecs who accompanying his 1875 and 1883 papers. then came down the western coast from 1879 Archaeology. Development of the North the Bering Strait. As for the pioneers from American Continent. Portsmouth: Tri­ Atlantis, they settled at the Ohio Bower, Jerry bune and Republican Print. Hopewellian sites, their excursions for 2005 Additional Information on the Archaeo­ 1883 The Mound Builders: A Particular and copper, mica, and obsidian expedited by logical Map of Portsmouth, Ohio. Ohio Minute Description of the Ancient Earth their having the horse, as well as domesti­ Archaeologist 55(3): 10, 2 fig. Works of Portsmouth, Ohio. Portsmouth: Blade Publishing Co. 8 p. cated mammoths. Interestingly, their Hempstead, Giles Samuel Booth Reprinted in Ohio Archaeologist 55(3): demise is ascribed to climatic change, 1875 Antiquities of Portsmouth and Vicinity: With Some Speculations upon the 10-13 as A Particular and Minute advance of the last glacier, which drove Description of the Ancient Earth Works them southward through Alabama, Missis­ Origin and Destiny of the Mound Builders. Portsmouth, Ohio: McFarland of Portsmouth, Ohio. sippi, and Texas to Mexico. Somehow, all & Elick. the requisite tectonics is connected with

27 FROM OUR OLD FILES: NOTCHED OVATE BANNERS by Jacob Royer

The notched ovate has long been a Hardin County, Ohio. H. C. Wachtel has The right hand piece in the middle row is favorite type bannerstone among collec­ another one found in Preble County, Ohio. smooth green slate from Seneca Co., Ohio. tors. Here are pictured seven of these On the opposite page are pictured six The left piece in lower row is green banners from the collection of the writer. notched ovates in reduced size. The one slate, found near Zanesfield, Logan The one above came from an old collec­ to the left in the top row came from County, Ohio. tion near Marion, Ohio, presumably Southern Michigan. It is green slate with The lower right corner piece is from found in that general locality. It is of a few white stripes, from Frank Burdett. Darke County, Ohio. This specimen must finely banded green slate of the exact The right hand banner is from the Edw. have lain on the surface a long time. One size illustrated. This type banner is cut Payne collection. Hardin County, Ohio. side is weathered quite brownish, the out at the notches unusually wide and Dark brownish green, rather roughly other much greener. deep, so that the resulting shape sug­ weathered. gests the half moon. The left piece in the middle row is from This article by Jacob Royer of Dayton, There is another of this half moon type Geo. Kiefer's collection, of beautiful Ohio, appeared in Volume 6, No. 2, 1956 in the Ohio State Museum of about the banded slate and a bit of paneled edge of the Ohio Archaeologist. Royer was one same size, pictured in Knoblock's book along the notches. From near Piqua vil­ of Ohio's early collectors who passed on Bannerstones, page 383. It is from lage site, Miami County, Ohio. away in the late 1950s.

28 Notched Ovates From Collection of Jacob Royer, Davton, Ohio - 47 -

29 REPLY TO PRUFER by Jonathan Bowen

I was pleased to note that Olaf Prufer plex, I am glad that Prufer correctly noted from this mound. The cranium is relatively (2005) took the time to read and com­ that I stated that it is the northernmost complete, distinctly masculine, and ment on my recent article concerning Madisonville phase village shows no deformation. I would like to radiocarbon dates from the lower Scioto site in the Scioto drainage. He then men­ emphasize that Adena-style cranial defor­ drainage (Bowen 2005). However, I must tions the Madisonville presence at Seip, mation is a single trait, and does not itself correct some of his erroneous conclu­ on Paint Creek. However, the Madis­ indicate the presence of any "culture." sions. I will do so in order of their appear­ onville component at Seip, while note­ The study of the temporal and spatial dis­ ance. In order to save space, however, I worthy, is extremely limited, perhaps the tribution of this trait is an interesting topic will correct one of Prufer's pervasive mis­ result of the activity of only a single day, in itself. understandings at the outset. Several certainly not a settlement. While on the times, he stated that I used his published topic, I should note that this year I was 6 - Dr. Prufer is mistaken when he works as my source for information able to explore an apparently isolated refers to the radiocarbon dates from Har­ regarding a number of archaeological Madisonville Fort Ancient hearth at the ness Farms as "fairly meaningless" loci. On the contrary, all such data were Armbuster locality (33FE233) on Sugar because of "vague associations." Actu­ based on my own observations over Run, a tributary of Paint Creek in Fayette ally, the Harness samples each come three decades. In referencing Dr. Prufer's County. I will submit an article on that from specific archaeological features. Of publications, I was merely attempting to topic shortly. Also, this year I was privi­ course, none necessarily have any rela­ give all due recognition to a colleague leged to record an isolated Madisonville tion to other items found on the surface, who had done important research in the Fort Ancient rimsherd that was plowed or in other features. Sadly, such is the general areas from which the samples up near a tributary of the Scioto River in case with all dated samples everywhere were obtained, and to provide the inter­ Union County, at a locality now desig­ (although I wish that it wasn't - it would ested reader with sources to learn more nated as 33UN382. Again, both of these save a lot of effort!). about the prehistory of the area. loci apparently represent very short-term activities, perhaps only overnight camps. Lastly, it is apparent that Dr. Prufer and Now for the site-specific errors: As to Dr. Prufer's objection that the I have very different philosophies 1 - The Station Prairie Late Archaic Morrison complex is not immediately at regarding the submission of samples for faunal assemblage was indeed recovered the present day mouth of Salt Creek, it is radiocarbon analysis. As he notes, it is from the midst of the Station Prairie site, a matter of perspective. How close is customary for him to submit only sam­ the 1796 settlement, by Alva McGraw, close? ples with excellent proveniences, con­ Emmitt Barnhart, and others working on Sadly, at least the unexcavated por­ texts, and associations, so that the data-yield for money spent will be maxi­ their own. While Prufer's own work in tions of the Madisonville Fort Ancient mized. In the best of all possible worlds, adjoining areas, which he describes in Morrison complex settlements have been I, and probably all archaeologists, would detail, is interesting in its own right, it is taken away in gravel shipments years do the same. However, these particular irrelevant to his claims. ago, as far as anyone knows. While nobody prefers radiocarbon samples samples were not recovered under ideal conditions. Consequently, we must use 2 - The sample derived from the from vague contexts, no better ones will what we have. "human female" at "The Mound" (NOT a likely ever become available, so one uses constructed mound, but an erosional what one has. Fortunately the deer In closing, I would like to thank those remnant, as noted in my article) has a assemblage that Alva McGraw recovered individuals, living and dead, who made context exactly as described. In the is a useful data set in its own right. The these radiocarbon analyses possible. I 1940's and 1950's, before Dr. Prufer per­ ages of the mandibles suggest that the would also like to emphasize again that formed any work in the area, Alva deer population was undergoing only all of the facts presented in the original McGraw excavated about 30 flexed light harvest pressure. This is consistent article are indeed accurate. burials from this geological feature. with other Madisonville-horizon deer Again, the subsequent work that Dr. mandible assemblages throughout Ohio. References Prufer carried out in the area was inform­ ative, but irrelevant to his argument. 5 - Regarding the Harness-C Mound, Bowen, Jonathan E. the skeletal remains were indeed plowed 2005 Recently Obtained Accelerator Mass into. However, salvage excavations Spectrometer Radiocarbon Dates from 3 - For clarification, the site on the the Lower Scioto Drainage. Ohio revealed that the crania were still present, Caldwell property where Alva McGraw Archaeologist 55(1): 43-44. excavated the Fort Ancient feature is and largely intact. Thus, both provided Prufer, Olaf H. "Caldwell's Bluff." excellent data. I would like to note that I was recently shown the remains of the 2005 Radiometric Dates for the Central Scioto Valley. Ohio Archaeologist 55(3): 4 - Regarding the Morrison site com­ third set of human remains recovered 26-28.

30 FEURT SITE ARTIFACTS AT THE CLARK COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY by Robert W. Morris, Department of Geology Wittenberg University Springfield, Ohio 45501 Introduction lage site. It contains over 90 photographs the Feurt site which included the following: The focus of this paper is a collection of showing the incredible variety of artifacts Jan. 9; Feb. 10,13; March 13; April 1; July artifacts from the famous Feurt Site, found, as well as some of the burials. I 29; Sept. 4, 11, 26; and Nov. 13. By 1939, Scioto County, Ohio which have been in found it to be the most useful reference in perhaps Copeland and his colleagues had the collections of the Clark County Histor­ my study of the Copeland collection dug the best portions of the site and thus ical Society for the past 65 years. This col­ items. In addition, Oehler's report on the only 6 days were spent in the field, as fol­ lection, which could be called the Turpin Site (1973) and Hanson's report on lows: Feb. 19; March 8, 19; April 28; and Copeland collection, consists of nearly the Buffalo Site (1975) are excellent Ft. Dec. 17 and 27. 400 items donated to the CCHS on Feb­ Ancient references. According to Mills, In addition to the dates on the artifacts, ruary 24, 1940 by Dr. Stanley G. Copeland, 345 burials were excavated from Feurt many have letter designations following then Director of the Ohio State Archaeo­ mounds #1, 2, and 3, as well as 63 burials the date such as: K-C or D, and a few logical and Historical Society. About that from the village site, yielding an overall have the names Glenn or Norma. time or subsequently, Dr. Copeland, total of 408 burials. Considering the large According to Don Gehlbach and Jim assisted by Arthur Altick, Curator and Sec­ number of burials, only a very small Hawks (personal comm. 2005), the letters retary of the CCHS, set up a display of the number had bead necklaces and other K-C probably refer to that item having collection in the Clark County Historical items associated with the burial. I have no been found jointly by Phil Keintz and Society Museum, which was then located knowledge of the fate of these burials or Stanley Copeland on that date. The D in Memorial Hall, Springfield, Ohio. The associated burial items. Perhaps they probably refers to an item found by CCHS has long since moved from that reside today in the collections of the Ohio Dorothy Good, who often collected at the location and its home is now the Heritage Historical Society in Columbus? site with Stanley Copeland and her hus­ Center in downtown Springfield. During According to Virginia L. Weygandt (1995), band, Ernie Good. The names Norma and the past year (January - April 2005) the any human remains which were part of Glenn probably refer to items found by writer has had the opportunity to inven­ the Copeland collection plus skeletal Norma Copeland (Stanley's wife) and tory, number, and catalog this collection of remains from several other sites at the Harley Glenn, another of Stanley Feurt artifacts. CCHS were sent to Dr. Paul W. Sciulli, Copeland's friends. Further analysis of Department of Anthropology, The Ohio this information indicates that Phil Keintz Brief History of the Feurt Site State University, in 1988 for study. He rec­ and Stanley Copeland collected together ommended reburial since the bones were The Feurt Site is a well known Ft. in late July and throughout August and taken out of context relative to the spe­ Ancient village site located about 5 miles October 1937. Dorothy Good collected cific sites and it was unclear what remains north of Portsmouth, Ohio on the east with Stanley Copeland from October came from exactly what site. Thus, in side of the Scioto River. It was named for through December 1937; also in January, 1989, the human remains from the Feurt Mr. William C. Feurt who owned the 400 February, March and November 1938; site and several others were reburied in a acre farm on which the site is located. and in February, March and December private ceremony at an undisclosed loca­ The site is situated on a river terrace or 1939. It is interesting to note that dates in tion in Clark County, Ohio. For additional plateau about 40 feet above the Scioto November, December, January and Feb­ information see Morris (2005). River floodplain and was hunted by local ruary indicate that cold weather did not collectors ever since the land was first deter the collecting activities of this plowed and farmed during the 1800's. Information derived from the group. Some of these artifacts were Over the years, Mr. Charles Wertz of artifacts probably surface finds; however, the Portsmouth, Ohio probably amassed the The Feurt artifacts in the Copeland col­ majority were dug from old refuse pits largest collection of Feurt material. lection number nearly 400 items and many and other locations on the site. Based on According to Mills (1917), the earliest are labeled in black India ink with a desig­ the dated items, it is evident that an archaeological exploration of the Feurt nation such as: Feurt or Feurt's or F or assortment of artifacts were usually col­ site was by Professor Warren K. Moore- Feurt Village Site, Scioto Co. In addition, lected on a given day. For example, on head on behalf of the OSAHS (Ohio State at least 177 items have the date of collec­ August 11, 1937, Stan Copeland and Phil Archaeological and Historical Society) in tion, i.e. month - day - year, for example Keintz collected the following: 2 bone 1896. His excavations mainly involved the 6-18-37, inked on the item. The earliest awls, 2 knives, a bird bone bead, a bone three Feurt mounds which occurred on dated item is a bone tool dated February needle, a heavy duty scraper, and an the site. In 1916, William C. Mills, assisted 17, 1937 and the last dated item is a pot­ animal jaw fragment. On November 11, by H. C. Shetrone, further excavated the sherd found on December 17, 1939. It is 1937, Dorothy Good collected 4 pot­ mounds, as well as the village site itself. thus assumed that the bulk of these arti­ sherds, a bone awl, a drill, a knife, a trian­ According to Mills (1917), the overall site facts were collected from early 1937 to gular point, and a bird bone bead. originally covered about 5 acres; however, late 1939. Based on the dates, the due to extensive gravel deposits under­ greatest amount of digging by Copeland Artifacts in the Copeland Collection lying the site, at least one or more acres and his friends was during 1937 when a The artifacts comprising this collection had been quarried away for gravel prior to total of 30 different days were involved. represent a typical assemblage of what Mill's exploration in 1916. Thus, a wealth These specific dates were as follows: Feb. one would probably expect from a Ft. of artifacts and perhaps burials were lost 17; March 16, 17; April 18, 28; May 4, 5, 6, Ancient habitation site. Because the Ft. during these quarrying operations. 9, 16, 19, 23; June 4, 18; July 5, 18; Aug. Ancient people were active hunters and Mills' extensive report of 1917 is prob­ I, 11, 20, 22; Oct. 3, 17, 21, 25, 3 1; Nov. farmers who also fished and gathered ably the most detailed record of the II, 14; and Dec. 1, 7, 19. During 1938, a mussels from nearby rivers and streams, archaeology of the Feurt mounds and vil­ total of 10 days were spent collecting at one can normally expect to find animal

31 bones and bone tools, mollusc shells and are made of tan or brownish chert and Mills comments that discoidals were shell items, triangular points, drills, other average about 2 inches in length. At least extremely abundant at the Feurt site, as stone tools, and beads of various types. 5 heavy-duty chert tools which might rep­ well as other Ohio River sites in Adams, In addition, since they were also prolific resent small celts, and knives are illus­ Brown and Hamilton Counties, and potters, potsherds are usually common on trated in Figure 5. These items are rather Portsmouth collectors had hundreds of a Ft. Ancient village site. The collection thick and range from 2A to 3'A inches in them in their collections. includes 85 potsherds of variable size length. Hanson (1975) illustrated several Whetstones. Another sandstone artifact including 21 with attached handles and similar tools which he refers to a chert found at the Feurt site and common on 21 rimsherds with several styles of lugs picks. Note the largest item in Figure 5 many Ft. Ancient sites is the abrading attached. The potsherds are shell-tem­ shows the original Copeland label in stone or whetstone (Figure 8). Sandstone pered, a typical Ft. Ancient trait, whereby black ink, i.e. FEURT 8-11-37 K-C. is a common sedimentary rock which, crushed mollusc shell fragments were Pre-Ft. Ancient artifacts. Mills' report because it is commonly composed of mixed into the clay as temper, prior to reveals that the Feurt site had been occu­ quartz sand grains cemented together, forming a pot. Details of these Feurt pot­ pied by earlier prehistoric cultures long enables it to function quite well as a nat­ sherds will be presented in another paper. before the Ft. Ancient people arrived. Evi­ ural abrasive. The mineral quartz has a dence of Archaic presence at the site are hardness of 7 on the Mohs Hardness Lithic Tools. Triangular projectile points. the large dovetail and notched-base dove­ scale and thus is able to scratch and The bow and arrow was used by the Ft. tail points, illustrated by Mills, which had abrade any minerals or rock materials Ancient people as their primary weapon, as been collected by Charles Wertz in earlier which are below 7 in hardness. Thus, well as for hunting game animals such as years. Wertz also found turkeytail blades, quartz sandstone can function very well deer, elk, bear, wolves, turkeys and smaller evidence of the Red Ocher people. At as a natural "sandpaper" with the size of game. The distinctive triangular points least 9 pre-Ft. Ancient lithic items occur in the sand grains determining whether it (Figure 1), as well as triangular knives (Figure the Copeland collection, several of which has a fine, medium or coarse abrasive 2), are a diagnostic component of the Ft. are shown in Figure 6. The largest is a texture. The groove worn in the whet­ Ancient culture. About 32 triangular points notched spear point of brown chert, stone (Figure 8) no doubt resulted from occur in the collection and range from 1 to heavily patinated, with the tip and part of sharpening bone tools or other imple­ VA inches in length, whereas the 14 trian­ the base broken. Other items include 3 ments. Mills (1917), Oehler (1973), and gular knives range from about 2 to 2% stemmed points, 2 notched points, a Hanson (1975) all illustrate similar inches. Hanson (1975) in his analysis of the Hopewell point and bladelet, and a abraders, or whetstones used for sharp­ Buffalo Site (Putnam County, West Virginia), broken, possible lanceolate point. ening and polishing. illustrates two different varieties of triangular Discoidals. A very common lithic item Problematic objects. Several problem­ arrowheads; the fine triangular, a well found on many Ft. Ancient sites are round, atic lithic items occur in the collection, chipped point from a chert flake, and the flat stone discs or discoidals. A total of 30 one of which is shown in Figure 9. This crude triangular, a thick crude point chipped discoidals occur in the collection and rep­ pointed black slate item is broken at one from pebble chert cores. Both varieties are resent several different types. The most end, pointed at the other and has small present in the Copeland collection, as well common variety is made of fine-grained, notches or tally marks along one edge as some serrated triangular points. In addi­ tan to brown sandstone and averages and near the tip of the other edge. It is tion, many of the Feurt points and knives are about 2'/? inches in diameter (Figure 7). too thin and soft to have functioned as a made from a light tan to tan-gray, low Most have been abraded ("sanded") on tool. Mills illustrates (1917, Fig. 44, n. 2) a quality chert which might be the Brush both top and bottom surfaces which are black slate effigy ornament which is very Creek chert. Converse (1994) mentions that flat, as well as along the edges; however, similar in appearance and size, but gives many Ft. Ancient sites from Hamilton to some are unfinished and remain rough no additional information. The Copeland Scioto Counties along the Ohio River con­ along the edges. Mills mentions that the item is probably a thin piece of black tain triangular points and celts made from Feurt people made use of the Waverly slate which has split away from an effigy this particular chert. Mills (1917) reports that sandstone (a Mississippian age rock for­ ornament, much like the Mills' specimen. several of the burials excavated at the Feurt mation in the area) to make discoidals, Cannel coal objects. Two small cannel site had triangular points embedded in the some types of pipes, effigy stones, and coal items occur, both of which are inter­ bones and skeletal remains. abrading stones. In addition to sandstone preted to be beads (Figure 10). One is Dr/7/s. Approximately 33 drills of two discoidals, one small hardstone discoidal, part of a highly polished bead, pointed at different varieties occur in the collection. which is concave on both sides and made one end and broken at the other. It The majority (about 75%) have a flared of pinkish speckled granite occurs (Figure appears nearly identical to the cannel base and are somewhat triangular in 7). Ft. Ancient people also manufactured coal claw effigy beads from the Hardin shape with a straight to slightly curved discs or discoidals from potsherds (Figure Village site in Greenup County, Kentucky, basal edge (Figure 3). These are no doubt 8). Flat potsherds were roughly chipped illustrated by Converse (2003). The the same type which Hanson (1975) into a rounded, disc shape, then abraded missing end would be the portion of the refers to as expanded base chert drills. ("sanded") to a smooth edge and sur­ bead having the drilled hole. The other Eight of the Feurt drills have a straight faces. Hanson (1975) illustrates the same artifact (Figure 10) is a small, nearly sym­ rod-like form, no flare, and are analogous type of discs from the Buffalo Site. Three metrical, 6-sided cannel coal item which to Hanson's bipointed chert drills. Most small sandstone discoidals, each with a is probably an un-drilled bead. drills range in length from about VA to VA hole drilled through the center also occur inches and are made of tan to tan-gray (Figure 9). These range in size from 1 to VA Antler. Bone & Shell tools. The Ft. Brush Creek chert. inches in diameter and may have been Ancient people were active hunters and used as large beads or ornaments. None Perforators, Knives & Scrapers. according to Mills, deer bones comprised of the discoidals in the collection show Approximately 12 pointed tools which more then 50% of the total animal bones any type of engraving or ornamentation. might have been used as perforators or at the Feurt site. In addition to hunting As Converse (2003) and Oehler (1973) larger drills occur in the collection, sev­ game animals and birds for food, these mention, discoidals may have functioned eral of which are illustrated in Figure 4. people utilized and recycled large as some type of game stones; however, These are narrow, thick, pointed at one amounts of bone for tool manufacture. their actual use is still uncertain. A tongue- end and range from about 1 'A to 2 inches Antler tools. The tips (tines) of deer in-cheek question might be - did Ft. in length. Another lithic tool form are antlers were commonly used to fashion Ancient people invent or play checkers? ovate knives or scrapers (Figure 4). Most antler projectile points. Eight antler tips,

32 some showing the effects of being partly cut and snapped off, occur in the collection (Figure 11). Mills reports finding caches of antler tips at the Feurt site. A beautiful 2XA inch antler point (Figure 11) also occurs in the collection. It is highly polished and has a tapering conical hole drilled into the widest end toward the tip which would enable it to fit onto the end of an arrow shaft. Several other antler sections which may have functioned as flakers and other tools also occur. until Bone tools. Bone tools of various types are usually found on Ft. Ancient sites. Awls are one of the most common bone tools and several varieties occur in the collection. Eleven awls made from the ulna bones of deer (or elk) occur (Figure 12) and range in length from 3% to 5'A inches. The wide end of the ulna bone forms a natural handle, whereas the other end had been abraded to form either a sharp or more rounded point. The whetstones mentioned earlier were no doubt used to sharpen and polish awls and other bone items, such as needles and hairpins. In flltlf addition to deer ulna awls, ten split bone awls also occur. Two are illus­ Figure 1 (Morris) Triangular projectile points. Some are well trated (Figure 13), the largest probably having been made from a broken chipped; some are serrated; some are crude varieties. Black point bone beamer. Bone beamers are tools used to scrape flesh and tissue (lower left end) is 1 1/2 inches long. from hides and were made by splitting or cutting a deer leg bone longi­ tudinally with the two edges being used as scrapers, like a draw knife (Oehler, 1973). Several broken beamers occur in the collection (Figure 13), as well as one which has been modified into a chisel. The thickness of this bone chisel suggests it may be from an elk? Ft. Ancient people obviously used bone tools until they were exhausted and often recycled broken bone tools into a new form for further use. llff» Turkeys provided another source of bone used to make awls and related tools. The metatarsal bones of the turkey were commonly used to make awls which are sharpened to a point at one end (Figure 14), Six turkey bone awls occur in the collection and range from 3 to 4% inches in length. They are distinctive in appearance due to their partly hollow nature and grooved exterior. Another interesting item is the turkey bone spur (Figure 14). One end of the spur is obviously pointed, while the wider end is attached to a portion of the leg bone. Perhaps these were Ifffl used as very short awls or perforators or even as drills? In conclusion, Figure 2 (Morris) Triangular Ft. Ancient knives. The knife (lower left bone awls were very common tools and were probably used as perfora­ end) is 2 3/4 inches long. tors for punching through leather and sewing. Mills suggests other uses may have been as eating utensils, much like we use a fork and for opening freshwater mussels, much like we would use a clam knife. Mills illustrates a large variety of decorated bone pins which were probably used as hairpins and hair ornaments, as well as bone needles which have holes drilled through one end to form the eye. None of those items occur in the Copeland collection; however, about two WWII dozen thin bones and bone splinters sharpened to a point at one end do occur (Figure 15). Some of these are turkey bones; others are bone splinters and a few are claws. Some may actually be broken needles or were used as thin perforators. Bird bone beads. Mills (1917) reports a variety of bead necklaces found with various burials at the Feurt mound and village sites. He illus­ trates four bird bone bead necklaces consisting of from 19 to 23 or more elongate, highly polished beads. These beads range from VA to Will! 2% inches in length and are made from the wing bones of large birds, Figure 3 (Morris) Drills, illustrating both the flared base and straight such as hawks, eagles, herons, owls, turkeys, ducks and geese. rod-like varieties. Because bird wing bones are hollow and tubular, they represent the raw material for ideal beads. One need only to cut the bone evenly at the desired length. The Copeland collection contains at least 45 bird bone beads, 13 of which are strung (Figure 16). The beads range in length from % to 2A inches with some exhibiting good polish: however, none are engraved with incised circles as illustrated by Mills (1917, Fig. 12). The largest bead (Figure 16) has a small hole through one side and may be the broken portion of a whistle-like object, several of which are illus­ trated by Mills (1917, Fig. 83). Hanson (1975) also found eleven bird- bone whistles at the Buffalo site, two of which he illustrates (Fig. 68). Shell objects. Two disc-shaped shell beads occur in the collection and are A and % inches in diameter respectively (Figure 17). They are made from a clam or mussel shell and appear identical to the shell disc beads found with Burial No. 3 in the Feurt village site and illustrated by Mills (1917, Fig. 16). Another shell bead found by Copeland (Figure 17) ••••« is oval in shape having a large hole at one end and appears to be made Figure 4 (Morris) Five chert perforators or larger drills (upper row). from the columella of a marine snail. Two mollusc shell items (Figure 17) Six ovate knives (mainly lower row). Ovate knife (right end, upper are made from clam or mussel shells and might be either unfinished row) is colorful Flint Ridge flint and almost 2 inches long. shell ornaments or shell scrapers.

33 Summary The preceding discussion and figures illustrate the majority of arti­ facts comprising the Feurt collection which Dr. Stanley G. Copeland presented to the Clark County Historical Society in 1939 and for­ mally donated in 1940. As mentioned earlier, 85 potsherds are also included in the collection and details of these will be presented in another report. Other items in the collection which have not been discussed here include two ungrooved hammerstones, nine irreg­ ular pieces of red hematite, portions of three broken pipe bowls, several problematic items, and about ten small animal bones and teeth. Arthur Altick (1939) in his Secretary's Report for the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Clark County Historical Society states that "...the material donated by Dr. Stanley Copeland of Columbus, rep­ resenting specimens he dug from the celebrated Feurt Village site, Scioto County, Ohio represents a good cross-section of artifacts from that renowned Ft. Ancient site and what would take weeks of excavating at this time to even hope to duplicate."

Acknowledgments Figure 5) (Morris) Heavy duty chert celts and knives. The largest tool is The author sincerely thanks Virginia L. Weygandt, Senior Curator a 3'A inch, tan brown chert celt which shows the original Copeland label: FEURT 8-11-37 K-C. of the Clark County Historical Society, for permission to study in detail and photograph the Feurt site material. The author spent Jan­ uary through April 2005 carefully cataloging and numbering the Feurt artifacts for the CCHS and appreciates and thanks Kasey Eichensehr, Archivist at the CCHS, for her periodic assistance during this process.

References

Altick, Arthur R. 1939 Secretary's Report for the 42nd Annual Meeting, The Clark County Historical Society (Clark County Museum). Converse, Robert N. 1994 Ohio Flint Types. The Archaeological Society of Ohio. 2003 The Archaeology of Ohio. The Archaeological Society of Ohio. Hanson, Lee H. Jr. 1975 The Buffalo Site. Report of Archeological Investigations, West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Morgantown. Mills, William C. 1917 The Feurt Mounds and Village Site, The Ohio Archaeological and His­ torical Quarterly, vol. XXVI, no. 3, Columbus. Morris, Robert W. Figure 6 (Morris) Pre-Ft. Ancient artifacts from the Feurt site. The large 2005 A Glacial Kame Burial at Park, Clark County, broken spear point of brown chert is 4'A inches long. Ohio, Ohio Archaeologist 55 (3): 14. Oehler, Charles 1973 Turpin Indians. Cincinnati Museum of Natural History. Weygandt, Virginia L 1995 Collections of the Clark County Historical Society - Scope and Con­ tent (unpublished CCCH report).

Figure 7 (Morris) Discoidals. Sandstone discoidals are left and center in both rows. In the upper right is a 1.5 inch diameter sandstone cone. In the lower right is a 2% inch diameter biconcave, granite discoidal.

Figure 8 (Morris) Five discoidals made from potsherds (center and left). The white specks in the potsherds are pieces of crushed shell used as temper. A sandstone abrader (whetstone) is figured on the right. 34 Figure 9 (Morris) Bottom row - three small sandstone discoidals with cen­ Figure 10 (Morris) Cannel coal items. Broken claw effigy bead (bottom); tral holes; the one at left end is 1 inch in diameter. Broken black slate effi­ probable undrilled bead (top). gy ornament (top).

Figure 11 (Morris) Five deer antler tips (tines), several showing preliminary Figure 12 (Morris) Assortment of deer ulna bone awls; some with sharp polishing. An excellent 2'A inch, polished, antler (right end points, others with rounded points. Note the original Copeland labels (in of row). black ink) on several awls.

Figure 13 (Morris) Assorted bone tools. Possibly all are broken bone Figure 14 (Morris) Turkey bone tools. Five metatarsal bone awls (center) beamers, two of which have been recycled into split bone awls (second and five turkey bone spurs (bottom and left). from top and bottom) and one into a chisel (third from top). Bottom awl is 7'A inches in length.

35 Figure 15 (Morris) Small, thin, bone awls and perforators. Size ranges from 1 1/2 to 3 inches in length.

Figure 16 (Morris) Bird bone beads. A string of 13 beads encircles other assorted single beads. Note the large diameter, 2 1/4 inch long bead with the small hole in the side, which may be part of a broken bird bone whistle.

Figure 17 (Morris) Mollusc shell items. Two shell disc beads (top); a 1 1/8 inch shell bead made from a snail columella, (left); 2 shell scrapers or unfinished orna­ ments (bottom center and right).

36 IN MEMORIAM CHARLES SOFSKY 1920-2006 by Thomas R. Pigott Olaf H. Prufer Southington, OH Kent State University

Archaeology has lost a dedicated avo- Valley. The Society's survey work in the activities involved assisting Pigott in his cational practitioner with the passage of Mahoning Valley led to the formal registra­ 1986 excavations on the late prehistoric Charles "Chuck" Sofsky on January 27, tion of the first sixty sites for Trumbull Purdy Village in Trumbull County, Ohio. 2006, in Dania Beach, Florida. He was County, under the numbers 33TR1 - Finally, spin-offs from his field interests born July 9, 1920, in Bentleyville, Penn­ 33TR60, at the Carnegie Museum. At the were Sofsky's detailed investigations into sylvania, where he grew up and gradu­ time no such formal registration system the intricacies of projectile point typology, ated as class valedictorian at the age of existed in Columbus. As a result of these and his preoccupation with the identifica­ seventeen. While he had the intellect and labors, the Carnegie Museum in 1957 tion of flint and chert varieties. The latter inclination for higher education, fate had named Sofsky an Honorary Field Asso­ led him to conduct fieldwork at the Plum other designs for him. When his father ciate. This close association with Pennsyl­ Run, Sky Hill and other quarries in Ohio died, Sofsky became the sole provider for vania, his never-forgotten home, is and . his mother, sister and an aunt. reflected in many of his activities with var­ Self-critical to a fault, he had little love for In World War II, Sofsky was con­ ious chapters of the Society for Pennsyl­ either professional obscurantists or mind­ scripted in 1943 and served as a cryptog­ vania Archaeology and with other less artifact collectors. The legacy of his rapher with the U.S. Army Signal Corps in archaeologists from the Carnegie archaeological efforts and their documenta­ New Guinea, the Philippines and Japan. Museum. He was also associated as a tion is housed in the Sofsky Archives, main­ During the war, he married his high regional contributor with the Archaeolog­ tained by Pigott in Southington, Ohio. All of school sweetheart, Ethel Frederick, who ical Society of Ohio in the 1950's. his extensive site collections have either survives him, as do Lloyd and Lenny, two When in 1960, Olaf H. Prufer, then been drawn by Sofsky himself, or digitally of their four children. After the war, the Curator of Archaeology at the imaged by Pigott, who also has organized Sofskys briefly lived in California before Museum of Natural History and Assistant Sofsky's extensive field and other notes. In this endeavor Prufer serves as a profes­ settling in Warren, Ohio, where from 1946 Professor of Anthropology at Case Insti­ sional resource and advisor with the aim of to 1948 they operated a restaurant. From tute of Technology, began his survey of ultimately making all of these data available 1949 until his retirement in 1973, Sofsky Ohio fluted points, the legendary Arthur for publication. worked as a production foreman at George Smith ("Old Sarge"), author of the Republic Steel's Coke Plant in Warren. Sawmill Site report (1960), recommended After all is said and done, however, Although higher education eluded him, Sofsky to Prufer as a source of informa­ there was much more to Sofsky than his restless and lively interest in tion. From this grew a deep personal being a meticulous archaeologist. He was mankind's past steered him in the direc­ friendship and most fruitful collaboration also an avid outdoorsman, pursuing deer, tion of archaeology. The Mahoning River that was to last until Sofsky's death. wild turkey and trout in the hills and ran virtually at his doorstep in Warren, Together they published, in 1965, the streams of his beloved Western Pennsyl­ vania. He was a boon companion, who, and he soon learned that the Mahoning influential McKibben Site report (Prufer with his lively conversation, guitar and Valley was rich in unexplored prehistoric and Sofsky 1965). During these years, keyboard, entertained generations of field Indian sites. Sofsky was a self-described Sofsky also participated in Prufer's exca­ crews with his inexhaustible repertoire of "doer," whose motto was: "If you want to vations at Peters Cave (Prufer and songs, ditties and stories. The world is a see something done, do it!" His lack of McKenzie 1966), at Blain Village (Prufer different place without Sofsky in it, and formal academic education did not pre­ and Shane 1970) and, through 1966-68, his passing has left a void in the lives of vent him from becoming a serious ama­ at the major late prehistoric Libben Ceme­ those who knew him. teur, in the 19th century sense of the tery and Village Site in Ottawa County, word. In this spirit, in 1953 he founded Ohio, as yet only partially published. the Warren Archaeological Society (WAS), During these years, Sofsky also found References which was to grow to a membership of time to excavate in depth other sites in Mayer-Oakes, W. J. more than fifty like-minded enthusiasts. Ohio and Pennsylvania, among which the 1955 Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Valley, Before disbanding in 1956, the Society, most noteworthy are the Archaic Hoffaker Carnegie Museum, Annals 34. under Sofsky's leadership, was able to Site in Trumbull County, Ohio, and the Prufer, OH. and D.H. McKenzie conduct salvage excavations at the Byler exceedingly productive, historic, largely Mound, a.k.a. the West Farmington 1966 Peters Cave: Two Woodland Occupa­ pre-Civil War, Evans Bridge Site in Mercer tions in Ross County, Ohio. Ohio Mound, in northern Trumbull County; at County, Pennsylvania. This material is in Journal of Science 66(3):233-253. the late prehistoric Morgan Village, along the process of professional analysis by Prufer, OH. and S.E. Pedde the Mahoning River south of Warren; and Prufer's son Keith and his wife, Beth, who at the Stow Rockshelter in Summit 2000 Archaeology and History of Investiga­ teach at Wichita State University in tions at Stow Rockshelter, Summit County, Ohio (Prufer and Pedde 2000). Wichita, Kansas. Sofsky's most ambitious County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 50(4): In the absence of any meaningful field project, and perhaps his crowning 33-42. interest and support from the Ohio Histor­ achievement, was his immense excava­ Prufer, O.H. and O.C. Shane ical Society, then the official "professional" tion at the mostly Early Archaic Erskine 1970 Blain Village and the Fort Ancient Tradi­ custodian of Ohio's archaeological riches, site in Mahoning County, Ohio. These tion in Ohio. Kent State University Press. Sofsky turned to the Carnegie Museum in operations lasted from 1974 through Prufer, O.H. and C. Sofsky , Pennsylvania. There William J. 1981. It was here, that Thomas Pigott first 1965 The McKibben Site (33Tr-57) Trumbull Mayer-Oakes, the Curator of Archaeology, became acquainted with Sofsky, and County, Ohio. Michigan Archaeologist gladly made use of the Warren Archaeo­ where he first met Prufer, during the 1978 11(1): 9-40. logical Society in a major survey project field season in which Prufer participated Smith, A.G. that was, in 1955, to lead to his classic with a field crew from Kent State and 1960 The Saw Mill Site, Erie County, Ohio. work entitled, Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Akron State Universities. His final field Ohio Archaeologist 10(3): 84-97. 37 OBITUARY DR. ROBERT E. BELL

It is our sad task to report the passing Gordon Meuser of Columbus, Jacob the Identification of certain American of Dr. Robert E. Bell. He was born on July Royer of Dayton, Gilbert Dilley of Akron, Indian Projectile Points, known to collec­ 16, 1914, in Marion, Ohio to Harry Thew A. T. Wehrle of Newark and Dr. Copeland tors as the Bell/Perino, type guides, in and Clara Stouffer Bell. Following a short to name a few. He respected these 1958. A few of his many other publica­ illness, he passed away at his home in people and would never forget the impor­ tions include The Harlan Site, Artifacts of Norman, Oklahoma on January 1, 2006, tant role of the amateur in archaeology. Oklahoma and the Prehistory of Okla­ at the age of 91. He was preceded in He enrolled at Ohio State University in homa. Along the way Dr. Bell was always death by his wife of 66 years, Emily Vir­ 1936. It was here that he met and married available to all that sought his counsel. ginia Merz Bell of Washington Court his wife and companion, Virginia in 1938. He was instrumental in directing many House, Ohio. He is survived by his They transferred to the University of New individuals who became distinguished in daughter Patricia and son David and their Mexico where he participated in fieldwork their fields by leading them by example. families, as well as relatives in Ohio and at Chaco Canyon, San Jon and Sandia He had a broad vision of what his life's across the United States. Cave before receiving his BA with honors work was about and left behind a When he was ten years old young in 1940. That fall he began graduate work roadmap for others to follow. Robert began hunting arrowheads with at the University of Chicago. He received His work and influence was not his father in the fields around Marion, his MA in June 1943, before serving three restricted to just Oklahoma or the United Caledonia and Morral, Ohio. This was the years with distinction in the Army Medical States. He did sabbatical work in New Corps in Europe during World War II. He beginning of a lifetime interest in archae­ Zealand, Polynesia, Ecuador and the returned to the University of Chicago and ology. During this time he would become highlands of South America. At home, his received his Ph.D. in 1947. He took a friends with other collectors in the area special interests were Caddoan and teaching position with the University of such as Tommy Jevas, Bob Phelps and Southern Plains cultures with involvement Oklahoma Anthropology Department, Elmer Bondley, all of Marion, as well as in dating methods, field techniques, which became his lifetime profession. Elmer's brother Dr. C. J. Bondley of Bell lithics analyses, Early Man Studies, arti­ Throughout his long and distinguished Center. For his graduation present his fact typology and archaeological photog­ father took him on a trip visiting archaeo­ career he was involved with the growth and development of the department. He raphy. In retirement he continued to logical sites as far away as Arkansas, pursue a longtime hobby of stamp col­ where he heard about the mounds near was instrumental in setting up the Okla­ lecting. Spiro, Oklahoma. After high school he homa Archaeological Survey in 1968. worked in the antique trade traveling from During his tenure at the University he In 2004, he turned 90. That year he had Ohio to Arkansas and Missouri looking to served in various curator positions at the his book Ferdinandina published, as well acquire antiques. During these trips he Stovall Museum (now the Sam Nobel as being the main collaborator on the traveled to The Spiro Mound where he Museum). After 33 years, he retired in book, The Spiro Mound: A Photo Essay. witnessed the digging at the site. He felt 1980, but continued to serve the Univer­ He was truly one of the giants in the field there was a lot of information about sity as Professor Emeritus until his death. of archaeology. We have lost an irreplace­ able friend. Larry and Chris Merriam ancient cultures being lost by the com­ In 1952 he, along with a number of mercial excavations. As a result he avocational archaeologists, founded the decided to become a trained archaeolo­ Oklahoma Anthropological Society to Contributions may be sent in Dr. Bell's gist to learn more about America's pre­ help bring professionals and amateurs name to Oklahoma Anthropological history. In Ohio he had been acquainted together. He began the landmark four Society, Route No. 1, Box 62B, Cheyenne, with many of the old time collectors. Dr. volume series on point typology, Guide to OK 73628.

38 A SMALL PALEO INDIAN SITE IN PERRY COUNTY, OHIO by Mick Van Steen Cedarville, Ohio

I recently acquired these two fluted points from their finder. They indicated an apparently small Paleo campsite in Perry County, Ohio, perhaps located there because of the nearby flint quarries. Other Paleo points have appeared in displays at ASO meetings and it is pos­ sible that there may be other small early sites in this county.

Figure 1 (Van Steen) Obverse and reverse of two Coshocton flint fluted points from near Summerset, Perry County, Ohio.

A CANNEL COAL RECTANGULAR GORGET by Sam Speck Fredericktown, Ohio

This rare cannel coal gorget was found near Millersburg in Holmes County, Ohio. It is slightly more than four inches long and 2A inches wide. It is engraved on both surfaces with an indecipherable pattern.

Figure 1 (Speck) Cannel coal gorget from Holmes County, Ohio.

39 KOKOSING CHAPTER 2005 ANNUAL FIELD FINDS WINNERS

Each year the Kokosing Chapter of the ASO holds field finds contests at monthly meetings held at the Knox County Career Center in Mt. Vernon, Ohio. 1st, 2nd and 3rd place winners of each category are eligible to compete in an annual contest. The 2005 winners are shown below.

Nancy Bouton - Jim Wyant - Slate category Small Flint category Nancy won 1st place in the July Jim won 1st place in the monthly and the annual con­ June monthly and the tests with a rare Archaic sand­ annual contests with a stone atlatl weight she found in white Flint Ridge chal­ Knox County measuring 2% cedony Archaic corner inches long, 1 inch wide, % inch notch he found in Knox thick on each end and % inch County measuring % of thick in the center. an inch long and % inch wide.

Gail Morey - Stone category Tom Debolt - Gail won 1st place in the May Flint category monthly and the annual con­ Tom won 1st place in the tests with a grey/green Archaic June monthly and the bell pestle he found in Knox annual contests with a County measuring 5% inches very colorful (predomi­ high with a 2 inch diameter nantly red) Flint Ridge handle expanding to a 3'A inch Archaic knife he found in triangular shaped base. Knox County measuring 4/4 inches long and 13/4 inches wide. r~v v< -J

• r

Paul Hothem President of the Kokosing Chapter of the ASO presented Bob Converse with a plaque commemorating his service to the Kokosing Chapter at the chapter's January kick-off meeting held on Thursday evening, January 19th, 2006. Bob was the kick-off speaker for the chapter when it was organized in January 2000 and has continued to speak each year for the chapter's January meeting. The Kokosing Chapter always has a greater crowd at the January meeting mostly due to Bob's reputation and quality programs on the various prehistoric cultures.

40 A TURTLE EFFIGY BOATSTONE by Sam Speck Fredericktown, Ohio

This strange boatstone was found in a garden northeast of Perrysville in Ashland County, Ohio. It is made of sandstone and has the engraving of what appears to be a turtle on the upper surface. The mouth and eyes are clearly engraved while the back has the geometric pattern of a turtle shell.

Figure 1 (Speck) Three views of sandstone turtle effigy boatstone found in Ashland County, Ohio.

A QUILL BASKET by James T. Porter 303 Broadway St. Wheeling, WV

In 1871 sea captain Robert Webb of Five Islands Nova Scotia was given this birch bark and quill container made by the MicMac Indians of Nova Scotia. Until the late 1800s the Indians used vegetable dyes to color the quills, later aniline dyes were used. Robert Webb was the great grandfa­ ther of Mrs. Robert Ferry of St. Clairsville, Ohio, from whom I obtained it.

Figure 1 (Porter) Quill and birch bark container made by the MicMac Indians.

41 AN UNUSUAL HOPEWELL GORGET by Dave Root Harbor Springs, Michigan

This gorget was found in Berrien County, Michigan. It is 4% inches long and is made of banded slate. Similar gorgets have been associated with the Hopewell culture although they are extremely scarce. This example is highly stylized and has the pointed ends similar to Hopewell pentagonal pendants. It has been through a number of old collections and was originally collected by Judge Edward Payne of Springfield, Illinois.

Figure 1 (Root) Expanded Center Hopewell gorget from Michigan.

OBITUARIES JOHN ZAKUCIA

Long-time member of our Society, John Zakucia passed away in Pittsburgh and was involved in many archaeological projects in Campbell, Ohio, in December at age 89. John was a US Navy in northeastern Ohio. He founded the Beaver County Chapter of veteran and served in WWII. John was an avid avocational the Pennsylvania Archaeological Society and co-founded the archaeologist andwas a field associate of the Carnegie Museum King Beaver Chapter of the ASO.

42 EXHIBITS NOT PROBLEM AT HISTORICAL CENTER by James L. Murphy Grove City, Ohio Saturday, February 18, 2006 Looking beyond the glowing press At the state level, both the public and Ohio Historical Society administrators release announcing two new "traveling academia would be better served by may need to hire yet another consultant exhibits" (Dispatch, Feb. 3), the Ohio His­ increased online visual access to cata­ in order to learn that the decline in admis­ torical Society's new "REV It Up" pro­ loged materials (Ohio Memory, OhioPix) sions is not because of the quality of the gram might more accurately be called and maintaining interpretative exhibits. But First Ohioans archaeological exhibit, "Ratchet It Down," for it indicates a basic it is far cheaper to turn exhibit space into which remains accurate, relevant and predilection for history on the cheap. areas for "audience engagement activities" even interactive. Interpretative exhibits are expensive to (translation: classroom space) and thus Could it be that restricted hours, a $4 develop, and quality suffers when expertise possibly skim some money from Ohio's parking fee and $7 fee for adult admis­ is discarded with older employees; far already beleaguered education system. sions are factors in the decline? The cheaper to outsource history, to lease trav­ Museum teaching should incorporate quality of the exhibits certainly is not the eling exhibits and simply add a veneer of interpretative exhibits, not replace them. explanation for a similar steady decrease local artifacts. The "visible storage" concept Visitors to the old Ohio State Museum in use of the society's archives library, from touted as a replacement for existing exhibits still complain that more material was more than 50,000 in 2000 to under 27,000 is trendy but certainly not designed to pro­ exhibited there than in the "square in 2005. (Precise visitation figures are vide context and interpretation and is more doughnut by the fairgrounds," and now impossible to abstract from the society's suitable to larger Museums such as the history seems to be repeating itself. haphazard annual reports but are given as Smithsonian or those specializing in specific Revitalization of exhibits is one thing, over 16,000 in 2001 and 8,868 in 2005.) subjects such as art or anthropology. vitiation is quite another.

BOB CONVERSE TO AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR AMATEUR ARCHAEOLOGY SPEAK AT GREENVILLE P.O. Box 821 978-685-5744 North Andover, MA Editor Bob Converse will speak at the Shawnee Prairie asaa-persimmonpress.com 01845-0821 Park District Center on June 3rd, 2006 at 7 pm. The subject of his talk and slide program will be the Paleo Indians of Ohio. He will discuss the latest evidence and the constantly changing theories of how and when the first humans occu­ Dear ASAA Member, pied North and South America and Ohio in particular. He will Enclosed is a very special monograph, TWO ESSA YS by Society exhibit many 12,000 year old fluted points and tools of the benefactor Edmund (Ted) Carpenter. The work has appeared under the Paleo Indians and encourages others to bring their speci­ Persimmon Press imprint. It is the "winter offering" to the Membership in lieu of a journal. In July/August will appear a normal red-and-black mens for display. For further information call 937-548-0165. issue focusing upon Arkansas and southern Missouri. TWO ESSA YSisa remarkable production, well-crafted of top quality »-« raw materials and unique in both structure and content It is also potentially controversial, as it involves the easily bruised egos of certain power- In Memory of mongers. Ted Carpenter, an archaeologist by training and world-view, when he was Board member of the Heye objected to the behavior of some staff Richard (Rick) Hinkle and Board Members. He effectively put brakes upon runaway behaviors; however, it cost him dearly. This book is his story as well as a biography of DOB 12/31/52 George G. Heye and the history of the Museum of the American Indian. DOD 8/19/05 Between its covers one reads about the developing science of anthropology and archaeology. One is saddened by the failure to realize all that may have been. Gone but not forgotten, I know it sounds cliche, but For a few months you are afforded an opportunity to procure as many Rick and I have been ASO members for a long time. as five (5) additional copies of TWO ESSAYS at 40% LESS THAN THE Many might remember him as he wheeled his chair COST OF MANUFACTURING. Each book cost $35.00 to produce. You may purchase them for $21.00 each plus $5.00 postage (1-5 copies). around the different displays talking to each person Distribute them as you see fit. This book is destined to become a classic and as he looked over their displays. a rarity as only 2,000 copies +/- were printed. Act upon this opportunity; do He always had a great disposition and a curiosity for not let it slip by! I am grateful to Ted Carpenter for the support he has given us and his all things historic. He always enjoyed the opportunity faith in the inteUectualism of the ASAA Membership. Our Society is like no to go afield in search of those things we all look for. other, and we should be proud of what has been accomplished since 1994. I will in one sense miss my long time friend and Sincerely, colleague; but yet remember his great attitude and his kidding me when 1 would show him a new find and he would say Richard Michael array, PhD Organizer "It's just a rock." Roger Snell +~* BACK COVER: The Archie Diller Dovetail. Four and three quarter inches long, this Dovetail is from Marion County, Ohio. On the right is the Tom Porter Dovetail which is 5% inches long and was found in Ross County, Ohio. Collection of Ken Simper, Hamilton, Indiana.

43 LETTER FROM THE OHIO HISTORICAL SOCIETY TO THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO

A Message from the Ohio have pledged to provide opportunities for ASO Code has these sections that deal with Historical Society members, along with other groups interested in OHS/ASO cooperation and consultation: Recently, the Archaeological Society of Ohio the State's archaeological heritage and resources, 149.30 Powers of the Ohio Historical Society has mounted a campaign to dissuade OHS to participate in the planning we undertake for The public functions of the Ohio Historical from removing its 20-year-old exhibit, The First new exhibits and programs at the Historical Society shall include.... (M) Taking inventory, in Ohioans, from the Ohio Historical Center in Center. One significant opportunity will occur this cooperation with the Ohio arts council, the Columbus. We appreciate the concern and fall, when we begin the planning process for the Ohio archaeological council, and the archaeo­ interest and we respect the right of those who new long-term galleries. logical society of Ohio, of significant desig­ disagree with our decision. nated and undesignated state and local sites Unfortunately, we have found that those who Repatriation and keeping an active registry of all designated have been most "vocal" in seeking to dissuade ASO has retracted and acknowledged that it sites within the state; and us from removing The First Ohioans exhibit misstated OHS Deputy Executive Director Rachel have at times conveyed misinformation - about Tooker's previous responsibilities at the Minnesota 149.54 Survey and salvage work permit: rules. our exhibit plans, our repatriation policies, our Historical Society and erred when it attributed to staff members, and our plans for archaeology her "an activist agenda" that included planning to In order to ensure that archaeological survey in general. repatriate culturally unaffiliated Native American and salvage work on public lands, dedicated materials from the OHS collections. OHS has archaeological preserves, and registered state We met with ASO leaders and interested stated numerous times in the past, and we state archaeological landmarks is conducted in a sci­ members at ASO's January meeting to share again here: the Society does not have a hidden entific manner, the director of the Ohio histor­ information about our plans prior to issuing any agenda regarding repatriation. We will abide by all ical society shall, in consultation with the Ohio public announcement. Once it was clear the applicable state and federal laws and by the eth­ archaeological council and the archaeological extent of the misinformation that was being ical standards of our profession, including the society of Ohio, adopt and may amend or communicated by persons displeased with our standards of the American Association of State rescind rules, in accordance with Chapter 119 plans, we asked for a follow-up meeting. In and Local History and the American Association of the Revised Code, prescribing minimum subsequent conversations with ASO's officials, of Museums. We take into serious consideration education, training, and experience require­ we requested the opportunity to correct the the wealth of historical information contained in ments for personnel in charge of or otherwise most egregious of the misstatements that have our archaeological collections and want to do as engaging in archaeological survey and salvage been made since the end of January. We appre­ much as we can - today and in the future - to work, and prescribing scientific methods for ciate and thank ASO's leadership for the oppor­ share this important information with the general undertaking such activities. tunity to provide information via this journal. public, scholars, and others. We acknowledge that the ORC does direct Setting Straight the Record OHS to consult with ASO on the matters The Society's Commitment to Archaeology included in the citations above, and we also Exhibits at the Ohio Historical Center While some may feel that the Society is feel that it would be beneficial for our two The removal of the nearly 20-year-old The First turning its back on its heritage as an organization organizations to stay in closer communication Ohioans exhibit is the first step we are taking to concerned with archaeology in Ohio, in fact, our on other matters related to archaeology. To actions of recent years show otherwise. The begin a transformation of the visitor experience ensure that this happens on a more regular Ohio Historical Society remains committed to at the Ohio Historical Center in Columbus. Our basis, we will establish a group to advise OHS aim is to engage more people in Ohio's rich her­ archaeology and to sharing our knowledge and collections with others, both at the flagship site on archaeology issues. We would include in itage, including its ancient past. During the that group representatives of the ASO, the coming years, the entire museum floor will be in Columbus and at several of our historic sites and museums around the state. Ohio Archaeological Council (OAC), and other transformed into new long-term galleries, along stakeholder groups. We plan to convene such with flexible space for shorter-term featured We continue to support conducting and a group no later than this coming fall. exhibits, displays focusing on specific aspects of facilitating archaeology research. This summer, our collections, and varied public programs. We we are working with Wright State University to The Society's research policies will also develop a floor plan that makes the conduct field work at Fort Ancient in Warren ASO has expressed concern that the Society Center's 57,000 square feet of museum space County. We are currently formulating plans to has established onerous policies and proce­ easier to navigate. Our long-term exhibits will raise funds for a comprehensive scientific dures that restrict access to our collections by integrate history, natural history and archaeology. excavation of the newly discovered circle there. researchers. The fact is that we do have strict In the short-term, we are presenting a series of Important archaeological research continues policies regarding the use and review of the traveling exhibits produced by other organiza­ at in Miami County and at many of collections in our care. We do so out of a con­ tions and complemented by items from our own our historical sites, such as the sites related to cern for their long-term preservation. Our poli­ collections. The first of these exhibits opens May President U.S. Grant and abolitionist John cies are not, however, dissimilar from those of 27 and will be installed on the second floor of the Rankin in Brown County. other museums in the country. Ohio Historical Center. In the fall, we will begin And, we are expanding our efforts to foster OHS remains committed to working with showing changing exhibits in gallery space cre­ archaeology education. With funding from the members of the ASO, the OAC and other inter­ ated in part from space vacated by The First National Endowment for the Humanities, this ested parties to foster research into Ohio's Ohioans exhibit. summer we will conduct workshops for com­ ancient past. As a result of our meeting with On July 8, about three months after we close munity college faculty from around the country, ASO representatives, we have agreed to review The First Ohioans, new displays featuring archae­ helping them to incorporate Ohio's rich archeo- our policies and procedures for responding to ological artifacts will open at the Ohio Historical logical heritage into their teaching. This work­ research requests. We also agreed to review Center. The displays include some 673 artifacts, shop series is one of only seven in the country our copyright and photo-duplication policies, with 615 from among the artifacts that were in The funded by NEH, and is the only series focused including the cost structure for using images. First Ohioans, as well as 58 artifacts, some of on archaeological collections and sites. which have never before been displayed. Signa­ Clearly, OHS remains committed to archae­ A Desire to Work Together ture items that will return to display in July include ology. We do so, however, within the context of Although we could write more about the the Adena Pipe, the Mica Hand, the Wray Figurine an organization that has an important responsi­ erroneous information that ASO has conveyed and the Tremper Pipes. This project should not be bility and specific state directed mandates to about OHS actions and intent regarding viewed as some sort of makeshift, short-term fix preserve and interpret the entire Ohio historical archaeology, we believe it is time to stop the to display our archaeology artifacts until we story for all people, and all time periods, from grumbling and to start working together more develop the planned long-term exhibits. Rather, it ancient times to the present day. effectively. We at OHS would rather have our constitutes the first of several displays that will two organizations productively engaged in focus on our collections. These displays are an Required Consultation with ASO improving preservation and education integral part of our long-term vision for the visitor ASO has raised concerns regarding whether regarding Ohio's ancient past, and we will look experience at the Center. OHS meets the mandate of the Ohio legislature to, in ASO's words, "seek advice of and con­ forward to working with members of the ASO It will take several years to complete all of the in pursuit of this effort. changes we envision for the museum floor. We sultation with the ASO." The Ohio Revised 44 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

To Whom It May Concern:

The intention of the Ohio Historical Society to dismantle a successful permanent exhibit about Ohio archaeology, sacrificing it to temporary exhibit space, is poorly conceived. Any argument that the archaeology exhibit has failed "to pull its weight" and attract visitors to the OI IS Center in Columbus ignores an important fact, namely, successful exhibits require a catalogue and promotion. A well-illustrated catalogue circulates far and wide and ultimately brings people into museums to behold what they have read. Although the Ohio archaeology exhibit in Columbus has been open to the public for more than 15 years, one looks in vain for a catalogue or even a minimal checklist about the marvelous artifacts on display. Why has the Ohio Historical Society chosen to keep its brightest "light under a bushel"? Now there comes a new Director to the Ohio Historical Society who not only has little interest in scholarship, collection research, and catalogue- writing but also she would undo a costly exhibit in order to risk all upon a series of temporary exhibitions. Has there been no thought given to building upon what already exists and periodically changing just portions of the permanent archaeology exhibit? Surely there are Board Members of the OHS who would question the wisdom and justification for a bold move that would do away with die best that the OHS Center has to offer? Those who are aware of Rachel Tooker's previous employment within the museum world, realize that she harbors an agenda, smouldering beneath the surface, which would ruin me public's access to a common cultural past. Ohio has no room for such cavalier, narrow-mindedness; Tooker's and the OHS Board's folly should be exposed for what it is.

Richard Michael Gramly, PhD North Andover, MA (978-685-5744) February 6, 2006

Letter to the Editor

To Representative Faber Ohio House of Representatives

Dear Representative Faber

DO NOT support HB 346 which would create a check-off box at bottom of Ohio Individual Income Tax Form that would allow taxpayers receiving refunds from the state to allocate a portion of their refund to the Ohio Historical Society. The Ohio Historical Society would then use that money to make small county and local historical societies jump through the hoop to get their own county-earned money back. In addition, it would become politically motivated. The worst part is that county and local historical societies would see money go from their own counties to the OHS and then the OHS would use it for administration and their own sites. If you truly want to help local historical societies, simply give that money directly to them, where the money originated.

Sincerely Joyce Alig, Director Mercer County Historical Society Former OHS Board Member 3054 Burk - St. Henry Road St. Henry, Ohio 45883

45 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

ROBERT L. CURRY, D.D.S. 2809 Bell Street /&# Zanesville, OH 43701

(740) 453-8098

March 14, 2006

Dear Honorable State Senator Padgett;

I am writing to you to protest the Ohio Historical Society's action in making a decision to remove one of the greatest Native American history and prehistory displays within the state of Ohio, and in the mid-west area of the country. Ohio, much like Indiana, Kentucky, Illinois and Tennessee has quite a background with a rich heritage in both archeological studies and artifacts that when displayed remind us of these great people and their times of living thousands of years in the land that we now call Ohio. In the past three years, my wife, Jeanette, and I have visited the Cahokia Museum twice in CoUinsville, Illinois (near St. Louis, Missouri). This is one of the most impressive Native American museums that I have visited and yet our heritage and past history in Ohio should rival these displays. You see, I enjoy Native American collections, history, and their prehistoric times while living in these lands. I give talks about their flint artifacts and time periods to our elementary students as well as adults to show the values of these items that these people left behind while living, hunting, and having their villages on Ohio's soil. These great people were great caretakers of the land and it's resources and we should all know this from our museums. If the Ohio Historical Society is allowed to downsize or "put in storage" any of their display, it would be a tremendous disservice to our children and adults that already do not know enough about the great caretakers of Ohio's lands. I am a member of the Archeological Society of Ohio and a Patriot Sponsor Member of the Ohio Historical Society, but now these two groups are at odds and I would drop my support of the Ohio Historical Society if this great display were downsized. It is the greatest exhibit they have. As a previous teacher and a person interested in both Ohio's past and future, Senator Padgett, we would like for you to intercede with the Ohio Senate and stop this travesty of the "shelving" of this great display. Thank you for your time and for the great work that you put in for the great State of Ohio. Also, good luck in the future as our Lt. Governor.

Sincerely,

Robert L. Curry, D.D. S. v

46 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

John Hammond 2234 Bristol Rd. Upper Arlington, Ohio 43221 The Honorable Geoffrey C. Smith Ohio House of Representatives 77 South High Street Columbus, Ohio 43215

Dear Representative Smith,

As a member of one of Ohio's oldest pioneer families, I grew up exceptionally aware of our state's rich archaeological history, and appreciative of our unique public collections of historic and prehistoric artifacts. Ohio's prehistoric artifacts, particularly those under the control of the Ohio Historical Society, comprise what many experts consider to be the most comprehensive material record of American prehistory in existence. These irreplaceable archaeological treasures are both a public property and a public trust. Imagine then how grieved I have been to recently learn that an important part of this public trust is not only about to be deliberately hidden from the people of Ohio, but that some of its most valuable material might thereby be more quietly seized and systematically destroyed by religious extremists. The Ohio Historical Society, under the encouragement of a new executive director with outspoken sympathies for Native American "repatriation" (read here seizure and reburial) religious activists, has quietly begun the process of both reducing its Ohio Prehistory displays to a fraction of their traditional size and secreting the remaining artifacts away from the taxpaying public. In view of what has happened in other states, under the direction of people with similar known "repatriation" sympathies, this is an ominous signal for Ohio. From 1990 to 2002, when they were tripped up by a federal court decision, radical activists moving under the cover of the federal 1990 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) seized and buried ancient skeletons from various state museum collections, including some of the most scientifically valuable human skeletal remains in the world. Recent discoveries that had been carbon-dated at over 10,000 years old, and which the best forensic scientists in America determined to be completely unrelated to Native groups claiming them as ancestors, were summarily appropriated and buried by political activists using Native religion as a pretext for their actions. These included finds of revolutionary significance in Nevada, Idaho, and in particular Minnesota, whence comes the Ohio Historical Society's new executive director, Ms Rachel Tooker Ms. Tooker has made known her professional pride in having "repatriated artifacts from all the museums in Minnesota". On assuming her duties, her first directives effectively crippled many pending archaeological investigations of ancient burials in Ohio, and she has been instrumental in the recent decision to radically reduce the OHS displays of Ohio's prehistoric museum artifacts. The OHS museum, built by Ohio's taxpayers, is in danger of becoming at best an inaccessible vault hiding Ohio's prehistory from her citizens, and at worst a potential distribution center for the "repatriation" and destruction of some of Ohio's most precious archaeological heritage. If my concerns seem alarmist, consider this. In the notorious Kennewick controversy in the Pacific Northwest, it took a six-year legal battle and ultimately a 73-page 2002 federal court decision to prevent tribal activists from seizing and burying the most important prehistoric remains ever found in North America, a 9400 year-old human skeleton, nearly complete, bearing no racial affinity whatever to groups classically defined as Native American. This discovery has revolutionized scientific understanding of the peopling of North America, much to the discomfiture of radical Native activists who have been ruthless in their efforts to stifle further research When they lost the Kennewick court case, they shifted their efforts to lobbying in Washington DC. (where their casino-wrought millions are now a big part of the bad smell from the Abramoff scandal) to change the wording of NAGPRA to accommodate their radical agenda Certain senators have considered legislation sympathetic to their views (and their political dollars), and the possibility of an amendment that would reinvigorate the activists' efforts is very real, making for an immediate threat to Ohio's own museum collections. For OHS personnel sympathetic to the activists' agenda, which includes diminishing much of the Society's ancient artifact display, it requires only a quiet wait for a commensurate diminishing of public awareness of the value of this priceless collection for them to work under the political radar. This needs little OHS initiative, only passive acquiescence to "repatriation" pressures at the right political moment. As a voter and a lifelong educator with a passion for preserving the public heritage of America in general and Ohio in particular for future generations, 1 must make my concerns known to my elected representatives. This situation warrants a very close legislative scrutiny of the Ohio Historical Society's state budget, its official policies regarding public access to prehistoric materials, and crucially, its sentiments regarding radical repatriation activities. As it now stands, OHS planning and policy is potentially in deep conflict with its larger legal and historic responsibility to the taxpayers of the State of Ohio Thank you for your time and interest regarding this matter.

Sincerely, John Hammond Upper Arlington 43221 (614)326-0975

47 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.