NOTES

Notes to the Introduction

1. J. A. Epstein, 'The Constitutionalist Idiom', in his Radical Expression: Political Language, Ritual and Symbol in England, 1790-) 850 (New York, 1994), pp. 3-28. 2. D. Nicholls, 'The English Middle Class and the Ideologi• cal Significance of , 1760-1886', Journal of Brit• ish Studies, 24 (1985), pp. 415-33. 3. David Cannadine, 'The Past and the Present in the Eng• lish Industrial Revolution', Past and Present, 103 (1984), pp. 131-72. 4. N. R. Crafts, British Economic Growth during the Industrial Revolution (Oxford, 1985), pp. 68-9. 5. R. Gray, 'Class, Politics and Historical "Revisionism"', Social History, 19 ( 1994), p. 211. 6. Neville Kirk, 'History, Language, Ideas and Post-modern• ism: a Materialist View', Social History, 19 (1994), pp. 221- 40. 7. Jon Lawrence and Miles Taylor, 'The Poverty of Protest: Gareth Stedman jones and the Politics of Language - a Reply', Social History, 18 (1993), p. 5. 8. Patrick Joyce, Visions of the People: Industrial England and the Question of Class, 1840-1914 (Cambridge, 1991);james Vernon, Politics and the People: A Study in English Political Culture, c. 1815-1867 (Cambridge, 1993); Richard ~rice, 'Historiography, Narrative and the Nineteenth Century', Journal of British Studies, forthcoming. 9. Gareth Stedman Jones, Languages of class: Studies in Eng• lish Working Class History 1832-1982 (Cambridge, 1983). 10. E. F. Biagini and A. J. Reid (eds), Currents of Radicalism: Popular Radicalism, Organized Labour and Party Politics in Britain 1850-1914 (Cambridge, 1991).

189 Notes

11. Duncan Tanner, Political Change and the Labour Party 1900- 1918 (Cambridge, 1990). 12. Michael Savage, The Dynamics of Working-Class Politics. The Labour Movement in Preston, 1880-1940 (Cambridge, 1987). 13. Frank O'Gorman, 'Campaign Rituals and Ceremonies: The Social Meaning of Elections in England 1780-1860', Past and Present, 135 (1992), pp. 79-115. 14. Paul Pickering, 'Class without Words: Symbolic Communi• cation in the Chartist Movement', Past and Present, 112 (1986). pp. 144-62. 15. P. Mandler, Aristocratic Government in the Age of Reform: Whigs and Liberals, 1830-1850 (Oxford, 1990); J. Parry, The Rise and Fall of Liberal Government in Victorian Britain (New Ha• ven, 1993). 16. Paul Adelman, Victorian Radicalism: The Middle-Class Experience 1830-1914 (London, 1984), p. 2. 17. Quoted in Lucy Brown, 'The Chartists and the Anti-Corn Law League', in Asa Briggs (ed.), Chartist Studies (Lon• don, 1959), p. 348. 18. John Vincent, The Formation of the British Liberal Party (Lon• don, 1972). 19. D. A. Hamer, The Politics of Electoral Pressure: A Study in the History of Victorian Reform Agitations (Brighton, 1977); and D. A. Homer, Liberal Politics in the Age of Gladstone and Rosebery (Oxford, 1972). 20. Jon Lawrence, 'Class and Gender in the Making of Urban Toryism, 1880-1914', English Historical Review, 108 (1993), pp. 629-52. 21. Biagini and Reid (eds), op. cit., p. 243.

Notes to Chapter 1: The Eighteenth-Century Context

1. E. P. Thompson, 'Eighteenth-Century English Society: Class Struggle without Class?', Social History, 3 (1978), pp. 133-65. 2. Linda Colley, 'Eighteenth-Century Radicalism before Wilkes', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 31 (1980), pp. 1-19. 3. E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (London, 1968), pp. 74-6; J. Brewer, Party Ideology and Popular Politics at the Accession of George III (Cambridge,

190 Notes

1976), ch. 9; G. Rude, 'Collusion and Convergence in 18th• Ceo tury Political Action', in his Paris and London in the Eighteenth Century: Studies in Political Protest (London, 1970), pp. 319-40. 4. G. Rude, 'The Gordon Riots: A Study of the Rioters and their Victims', in ibid., pp. 268-92. 5. G. Claeys, Thomas Paine: Social and Political Thought (Bos• ton, 1989), pp. 6-19. 6. For a useful introduction to Habermas, see Geoff Eley, 'Rethinking the Political: Social History and Political Culture in 18th and 19th Century Britain', Archiv fur Sozialgeschichte, 21 (1981), pp. 427-57. 7. A. Sheps, 'The American Revolution and the Transforma• tion of English Republicanism', Historical Reflections, 2 ( 1975)' pp. 3-28. 8. C. Hill, 'The Norman Yoke', in J. Saville (ed.), Democracy and the Labour Movement (London, 1954), pp. 11-66. 9. E. C. Black, The Association. British Extra-Parliamentary Pol• itical Organization, 1769-1793 (Harvard, 1963); T. M. Parssinen, 'Association, Convention and Anti-parliament in British Radical Politics, 1771- 1848', English Historical Review, 88 ( 1973), pp. 504-33. 10. G. Newman, The Rise of English Nationalism: A Cultural His• tory 1740-1830 (London, 1987), ch. 7. 11. ]. Seed, 'Gentleman Dissenters: The Social and Political Meanings of Rational Dissent in the and 1780s', His• torical Journal, 28 ( 1985), pp. 299-325. 12. C. Berry, 'The Nature of Wealth and the Origins of Vir• tue: Recent Essays on the Scottish Enlightenment', His• tory of European Ideas, 7 (1986), pp. 85-99.

Notes to Chapter 2: Radicalism, Revolution and War

1. Olivia Smith, The Politics of Language 1791-1819 (Oxford, 1984), p. 36. 2. H. T. Dickinson, British Radicals and the French Revolution 1789- 1815 (Oxford, 1985), pp. 25-36. 3. M. Philp, 'The Fragmented Ideology of Reform', in M. Philp ( ed.), The French Revolution and British Popular Poli• tics (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 50-77.

191 Notes

4. G. Claeys, 'The French Revolution Debate and British Pol• itical Thought', History of Political Thought, 11 (1990), pp. 59-80. 5. G. Claeys, Thomas Paine: Social and Political Thought (Bos• ton, 1989), ch. 8. 6. I. Hampsher-Monk, 'John Thelwall and the Eighteenth• Century Radical Response to Political Economy', Histori• cal journal, 34 (1991), pp. 1-20. 7. J. Dinwiddy, 'Interpretations of Anti-Jacobinism', in Philp (ed.), op. cit., pp. 38-49. 8. A. Goodwin, The Friends of Liberty: The English Democratic Movement in the Age of the French Revolution (London, 1979), chs 7 and 8. 9. Memoir of Thomas Hardy, in D. Vincent (ed.), Testaments of Radicalism: Memoirs of Working-Class Politicians 1790-1835 (London, 1977), p. 51. 10. Linda Colley, 'Whose Nation? Class and National Conscious• ness in Britain 1750-1830', in Past and Present, 113 (1986), pp. 97-117. 11. C. Emsley, 'Repression, "Terror" and the Rule of Law in England during the Decade of the French Revolution', English Historical Review, 100 (1985), pp. 801-25. 12. Quoted in Goodwin, op. cit., pp. 384-6. 13. Hampsher-Monk, op. cit., pp. 1-3. 14. Malcolm Chase, The People's Farm: English Radical Agrar• ianism 1775-1840 (Oxford, 1988), chs 2 and 3. See also H. T. Dickinson's introduction to his edition of The Politi• cal Works of Thomas Spence (Newcastle, 1982). 15. J. A. Hone, For the Cause of Truth: Radicalism in London 1796-1821 (Oxford, 1982), pp. 117-35. 16. P. Mandler, Aristocratic Government in the Age of Reform: Whigs and Liberals, 1830-1850, pp. 17-22. 17. E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (London, 1968)pp. 515-42. 18. C. Emsley, 'The Home Office and its Sources of Informa• tion and Investigation', English Historical Review, 94 ( 1979), pp. 532-61. 19. Roger Wells, Insurrection. The British Experience 1795-1803 (Gloucester, 1983), chs 5-8. 20. John Foster, Class Struggle and the Industrial Revolution. Early Industrial Capitalism in Three English Towns (London, 1974), p. 38.

192 Notes

21. Alan Booth, 'Popular Loyalism and Public Violence in the North-west of England, 1790-1800', Social History, 8 (1983), pp. 295-314, and Alan Booth, 'Food Riots in the North• west of England 1790-1801 ', Past and Present, 78 (1977), pp. 84-107. 22. Marianne Elliott, 'The "Despard Conspiracy" Reconsidered', Past and Present, 75 (1977), pp. 46-61. 23. J. L. Baxter and F. K. Donnelly, 'Sheffield and the Eng• lish Revolutionary Tradition 1791-1820', International Re• view f!f Social History, 20 ( 1975), pp. 398-423. 24. Peter Spence, 'The Rise and Fall of Romantic Radicalism: England 1800-1810', unpublished PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. 25. A. D. Harvey, Britain in the Early Nineteenth Century (Lon• don, 1978), pp. 245-6. 26. Dror Wahrman, 'National Society, Communal Culture: an Argument about the Recent Historiography of Eighteenth• century Britain', Social History, 17 (1992), pp. 43-72. 27. J. E. Cookson, The Friends of Peace: Anti-war Liberalism in England 1793-1815 (Cambridge, 1982). 28. N. C. Miller, 'John Cartwright and Radical Parliamentary Reform, 1808-1819', English Historical Review, 83 (1968), pp. 705-28. 29. J. R. Dinwiddy, 'Sir and Burdettite Rad• icalism, History, 65 (1980), pp. 17-31. 30. J. R. Dinwiddy, "'The Patriotic Linen-Draper": Robert Waithman and the Revival of Radicalism in the City of London, 1795-1818', Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 46 (1973), pp. 72-94. 31. Hone, op. cit., ch. 4. 32. George Spater, William Cobbett: The Poor Man's Friend, 2 vols (Cambridge, 1982), vol. ii, pp. 314-16. 33. G. Rude, Protest and Punishment (Oxford, 1978), pp. 13- 26, 52-8. 34. John Bohstedt, Riots and Community Politics in England and Wales 1790-1810 (London, 1983), and John Bohstedt, 'Women in English Riots 1790-1810', Past and Present, 120 (1988), pp. 88-122. 35. A. J. Randall, 'The Shearmen and the Wiltshire Outrages of 1802: Trade Unionism and Industrial Violence', Social History, 7 ( 1982), pp. 283-304. 36. J. R. Dinwiddy, 'Luddism and Politics in the Northern Coun-

193 Notes

ties', Social History, 4 (1979), pp. 33-63. 37. John Rule, The Labouring Classes in Early Industrial Eng• land 1750-1850 (London, 1986), pp. 278-9. 38. J. R. Dinwiddy, 'Bentham's Transition to Political Rad• icalism, 1809-10', Journal of the History of Ideas, 35 (1975), pp. 683-700.

Notes to Chapter 3: The Radical Mass Platform

1. John Belchem, 'Orator' Hunt: Henry Hunt and English Working• Class Radicalism (Oxford, 1985), ch. 2. 2. H. Hunt, Memoirs of Henry Hunt, Esq., 3 vols (London, 1820- 2), vol. ii, p. 75. 3. Belchem, op. cit., pp. 53-4. 4. T. M. Parssinen, 'The Revolutionary Party in London, 1816- 20', Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 45 ( 1972), pp. 266-82. 5. lain McCalman, Radical Underworld. Prophets, Revolutionar• ies and Pornographers in London, 1795-1840 (Cambridge, 1988), ch. 5. 6. Belchem, op. cit., pp. 58-70. 7. John Belchem, 'Radical Language and Ideology in Early Nineteenth-century England: The Challenge of the Plat• form', Albion, 20 (1988), pp. 247-59. 8. Quoted in Belchem, 'Orator' Hunt, p. 65. 9. J. Stevens, England's last Revolution: Pentrich 1817 (Buxton, 1977); M. Thomis and P. Holt, Threats of Revolution in Britain 1789-1848 (London, 1977), pp. 44-61. 10. Journals of the House of Commons, 73 (1818), Appendix, p. 778. 11. Belchem, 'Orator' Hunt, pp. 84-90. 12. 'A Radical Reformer', Observer, 6 February 1819. 13. Quoted in Belchem, 'Orator' Hunt, p. 94. 14. Ibid., ch. 4. 15. J. Epstein, 'Understanding the Cap of Liberty: Symbolic Practice and Social Conflict in Early Nineteenth-Century England', Past and Present, 122 (1989), pp. 75-118; John Belchem, 'Republicanism, Popular Constitutionalism and the Radical Platform in Early Nineteenth-Century England', Social History, 6 (1981), pp. 1-32. 16. Belchem, 'Orator' Hunt, pp. 98-112.

194 Notes

17. Ibid., pp. 112-32. See alsoJ. Stanhope, The Cato Street Con• spiracy (London, 1962); and P. B. Ellis and S. M. A'Ghobhainn, The Scottish Insurrection of 1820 (London, 1970). 18. T. W. Laquer, 'The Queen Caroline Affair: Politics as Art in the Reign of George IV', Journal of Modern History, 54 ( 1982), pp. 417-66; Anna Clark, 'Queen Caroline and the Sexual Politics of Popular Culture in London, 1820', Rep• resentations, 31 ( 1990), pp. 4 7-68; Craig Calhoun, The Ques• tion of Class Struggle: Social .Foundations of Popular Radicalism during the Industrial Revolution (Oxford, 1982), pp. 105- 15. 19. Quoted in Linda Colley, 'The Apotheosis of George III: Loyalty, Royalty and the British Nation, 1760-1820', Past and Present, 102 (1984), p. 124.

Notes to Chapter 4: Ideology, Public Opinion and Reform

1. John Belchem, 'Orator' Hunt. Henry Hunt and English Working• Class Radicalism (Oxford, 1985), pp. 151-7. Joel Wiener, Radicalism and Freethought in Nineteenth-Century Britain: The Life of Richard Carlile (Westport, 1983), ch. 5; lain McCalman, 'Unrespectable Radicalism: Infidels and Por• nography in Early Nineteenth-Century London', Past and Present, 104 (1984), pp. 74-110; J. A. Epstein, 'Reason's Republic: Richard Carlile, Zetetic Culture and Infidel Stylistics', in his Radical Expression: Political Language, Ritual and Symbol in England, 1760-1850 (New York, 1994), pp. 100-46. 2. lain McCalman, 'Females, Feminism and Free Love in an Early Nineteenth-Century Radical Movement', Labour His• tory, 38 (1980), pp. 1-25. 3. Lion, 24 july and 9-23 October 1829. 4. I. Prothero, Artisans and Politics in Early Nineteenth-Century London: John Cast and his Times (London, 1981), chs 9 and 10. 5. Noel Thompson, The People's Science: The Popular Political Economy of Exploitation and Crisis 1816-34 (Cambridge, 1984), chs 4-8. 6. J. F. C. Harrison, Robert Owen and the Owenites in Britain

195 Notes

and America: The Quest for the New Moral World (London, 1969); Barbara Taylor, Eve and the New Jerusalem: and Feminism in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1983). 7. Poor Man's Guardian 21 June 1834. 8. Parry, The Rise and Fall of Liberal Government in Victorian Britain (New Haven, 1993) ch. 1. 9. J. R. Dinwiddy, From Luddism to the Reform Bill in England 1810-1832 (Oxford, 1986), pp. 13-18. 10. A. Tyrell, joseph Sturge and the Moral Radical Party in Early Victorian Britain (London, 1981), ch. 5. 11. Ian Dyck, 'William Cobbett and the Rural Radical Plat• form', Social History, 18 ( 1993), pp. 185-204. 12. John Cannon, Parliamentary Reform 1640-1832 (Cambridge, 1973), ch. 9. 13. Mandler, Aristocratic Government Age of Reform: Whigs and Liberals, 1830-1850 (Oxford, 1990), pp. 128-30. 14. J. Stevenson, Popular Disturbances in England 1700-1870 (London, 1979), pp. 218-27; Thomis and Holt, Threats of Revolution in Britain 1789-1848 (London, 1977), pp. 85-99. 15. Prothero, op. cit., pp. 268-92. 16. D. J. Rowe (ed.), London Radicalism 1830-1843: A Selection from the Papers of Francis Place (London, 1970), pp. 48-64. 17. Clive Behagg, Politics and Production in the Early Nineteenth Century (London, 1990), ch. 4. 18. Belchem, 'Orator' Hunt, ch. 8 and p. 276. 19. Prothero, op. cit., pp. 293-6. 20. Quoted in Belchem, 'Orator' Hunt, pp. 274-5. 21. R. Sykes, 'Trade Unionism and Class Consciousness: The "Revolutionary" Period of General Unionism', in J. Rule (ed.), British Trade Unionism 175~1850 (London, 1988), pp. 178-99. See also, Stewart Weaver, john Fielden and the Politics of Popular Radicalism 1832-1847 (Oxford, 1987), pp. 81-112; and R. G. Kirby and A. E. Musson, The Voice of the People: john Doherty, 1798-1854 (Manchester, 1975), pp. 274- 302. 22. Destructive, 7 June 1834. 23. P. Hollis, The Pauper Press: A Study in Working-class Radical• ism of the 1830s (Oxford, 1970); Joel Wiener, The War of the Unstamped. The Movement to Repeal the British Newspaper Tax, 1830-1836 (Ithaca, 1969). 24. Frank O'Gorman, 'The Unreformed Electorate of Han• overian England: The Mid-Eighteenth Century to the Re-

196 Notes

form Act of 1832', Social History, 11 (1986), pp. 44-7. 25. Parry, op. cit., p. 99. 26. B. L. Kinzer, The Ballot Question in Nineteenth-Century Eng- lish Politics (New York, 1982), pp. 16-50. 27. Tyrell, op. cit., ch. 6. 28. Mandler, op. cit., ch. 5. 29. Cobden to F. W. Cobden, 5 October 1838, in J. Morley (ed.), The Life of Richard Cobden (London, 1903), p. 126. 30. Gareth Stedman Jones, 'Rethinking Chartism' in his Lan• guages of Class: Studies in English Working Class History 1832- 1982 (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 174-5. 31. Northern Star, 23 June 1838, quoted in James Epstein, The Lion of Freedom: feargus O'Connor and the Chartist Movement, 1832-1842 (London, 1982), p. 97.

Notes to Chapter 5: Radicalism and Class

1. Dorothy Thompson, The Chartists (London, 1984), pp. 57- 64. 2. Carlos Flick, The Birmingham Political Union and the Move• ment for Reform in Britain 1830-1839 (Folkestone, 1978), ch. 7. 3. R. Sykes, 'Early Chartism and Trade Unionism', in James Epstein and Dorothy Thompson (eds), The Chartist Experi• ence: Studies in Working-class Radicalism and Culture, 1830- 1860 (London, 1982), pp. 159-62. 4. James Epstein, The Lion of Freedom: Feargus O'Connor and the Chartist Movement, 1832-1842 (London, 1982), chs 3 and 4. 5. K. Judge, 'Early Chartist Organization and the Conven• tion of 1839', International Review of Social History, 20 ( 1975), pp. 370-97. T. M. Kemnitz, 'The Chartist Convention of 1839', Albion, 10 (1978), pp. 152-70. 6. J. Bennett, 'The London Democratic Association', in Epstein and Thompson (eds), op. cit., pp. 87-119. 7. T. M. Kemnitz, 'Approaches to the Chartist Movement: Feargus O'Connor and Chartist Strategy', Albion, 5 (1973), pp. 67-73. 8. Clive Behagg, Politics and Production in the Early Nineteenth Century (London, 1990), pp. 202-18.

197 Notes

9. R. Sykes, 'Physical Force Chartism: The Cotton District and the Chartist Crisis of 1839', International Review of Social History, 30 (1985), pp. 207-36. 10. David Jones, The Last Rising: The Newport Insurrection of 1839 (Oxford, 1985); Ivor Wilks, South Wales and the Rising of 1839: Class Struggle as Armed Struggle (London, 1984). 11. A. J. Peacock, Bradford Chartism 1838-1840 (York, 1969), pp. 34-53. 12. Eileen Yeo, 'Some Practices and Problems of Chartist Demo• cracy', in Epstein and Thompson (eds), op. cit., pp. 345- 80. 13. Eileen Yeo, 'Christianity in Chartist Struggle 1838-1842', Past and Present, 91 (1981), pp. 109-39. 14. Quoted in Yeo, 'Some Practices and Problems', p. 351. 15. Epstein, Lion of Freedom, pp. 236-49. 16. D. A. Hamer, The Politics of Electoral Pressure: A Study in the History of Victorian Reform Agitations (Hassocks, 1977), ch. 5; Norman McCord, The Anti-Corn Law League (London, 1958). 17. R. Bellamy, 'Introduction', in R. Bellamy (ed.), Victorian Liberalism: Nineteenth-Century Political Thought and Practice (London, 1990), pp. 1-14. 18. B. Harrison and P. Hollis, 'Chartism, Liberalism and the Life of Robert Lowery', English Historical Review, 82 ( 1967), pp. 503-35; B. Harrison, 'Teetotal Chartism', History, 58 (1973), pp. 193-217. 19. W. Lovett, Life and Struggles of William Lovett in his Pursuit of Bread, Knowledge and Freedom (London, 1876), ch. 13. 20. Lucy Brown, 'The Chartists and the Anti-Corn Law League', in Asa Briggs (ed.), Chartist Studies (London, 1959), pp. 342-71. 21. A. Tyrell, Joseph Sturge and the Moral Radical Party in Early Victorian Britain (London, 1981), ch. I 0. 22. T. Cooper, The Life of Thomas Cooper (London, 1872), p. 222. 23. Epstein, Lion of Freedom, pp. 273-86. 24. See John Foster's 'Introduction', in Mick Jenkins, The Gen• eral Strike of 1842 (London, 1980). 25. G. S. Jones, 'Rethinking Chartism', in his Languages of Class: Studies in English Working Class History 1832-1982 (Cam• bridge, 1983), pp. 174-8. See also, P. Mandler, Aristocratic Government in the Age of Reform: Whigs and Liberals, 1830- 1850 (Oxford, 1990), pp. 200-01.

198 Notes

26. Epstein, Lion of Freedom, pp. 249-57. Sec also Joy MacAskill, 'The Chartist Land Plan', in Briggs (ed.), op. cit., pp. 304- 41; and A. M. Hadfield, The Chartist Land Company (New• ton Abbot, 1970). 27. E. J. Hobsbawm and G. Rude, Captain Swing (London, 1973); R. Wells, 'Rural Rebels in Southern England in the 1830s', in Clive Emsley and J. Walvin (eds), Artisans, Peas• ants and Proletarians 1760-1860 (London, 1985), pp. 131-7. 28. David Jones, 'Thomas Campbell Foster and the Rural La• bourer: I nccndiarism in East Anglia in the 1840s', Social History, 1 (1976), pp. 5-43. 29. Dorothy Thompson, op. cit., pp. 129-51. For a less critical view, see David Jones, 'Women and Chartism', History, 68 (1983), pp. 1-21. 30. Anna Clark, 'The Rhetoric of Chartist Domesticity: Gen• der, Language and Class in the 1830s and 1840s', Journal of British Studies, 31 (1992), pp. 62-88. 31. Jutta Schwarzkopf, Women in the Chartist Movement (Lon• don, 1991), ch. 7. 32. ErncstJones, 'A Song for May', Labourer (1847), p. 193. 33. John Belchem, '1848: Feargus O'Connor and the Collapse of the Mass Platform', in Epstein and Thompson (eds), op. cit., pp. 269-310. See also, David Goodway, London Chartism, 1838-1848 (Cambridge, 1982), pp. 80-5, 106- 25; and John Saville, 1848. The British State and the Char• tist Movement (Cambridge, 1987). 34. John Belchem, 'English Working-class Radicalism and the Irish, 1815-50', in S. Gilley and R. Swift (eds), The Irish in the Victorian City (London, 1985), pp. 85-97. 35. 'L'Ami du Pcuple', Northern Star, 23 December 1848. 36. Paul Adelman, Victorian Radicalism: The Middle-Class Experience 1830-1914 (London, 1984), pp. 23-7. 37. Harney to Engels, 30 March 1846, in F. G. and R. M. Black, The Harney Papers (Assen, 1969), pp. 239-45. 38. H. Weisser, British Working-class Movements and Europe 1815- 1848 (Manchester, 1975), pp. 154-71. 39. Margot Finn, After Chartism. Class and Nation in English Rad• ical Politics, 1848-1874 (Cambridge, 1993), ch. 2. 40. F. B. Smith, Radical Artisan. William james Linton 1812-97 (Manchester, 1973), ch. 5. 41. Tyrell, op. cit., ch. 13. 42. John Belchem, '"Temperance in all things": Vegetarianism,

199 Notes

the Manx Press and the Alternative Radical Agenda of the 1840s', in M. Chase and I. Dyck (eds), Living and Learn• ing: Essays in Honour of]. }~ C. Harrison (forthcoming). 43. Cobden to Bright, 23 December 1848 and 1 October 1849, in J. Morley (ed.), The Life of Richard Cobden (London, 1903), pp. 502-04 and 515. Manchester Examiner and Times, 17 November 1849. 44. N. C. Edsall, 'A Failed National Movement: The Parlia• mentary and Financial Reform Association', Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 49 ( 1976), pp. 1 08-31. 45. R. Quinault, '1848 and Parliamentary Reform', Historical journal, 31 ( 1988), pp. 831-51. 46. G. Claeys, 'Mazzini, Kossuth and British Radicalism, 1848- 1854', journal of British Studies, 28 (1989), pp. 225-61. 47. Belchem, '1848', pp. 299-304. 48. G. Claeys, Citizens and Saints. Politics and Anti-Politics zn Early British Socialism (Cambridge, 1989), ch. 7. 49. John Belchem, 'Chartism and the Trades, 1848-1850', Eng• lish Historical Review, 98 (1983), pp. 558-87.

Notes to Chapter 6: Radicalism, Liberalism and Reformism

1. Quoted in Neville Kirk, Labour and Society in Britain and the USA, 2 vols (Aldershot, 1994), vol. ii. p. 181. 2. Trygve Tholfsen, Working-Class Radicalism in Mid-Victorian England (London, 1976), ch. 4. 3. M. Arnold, Culture and Anarchy (London, 1869), pp. 36-7. 4. J. Parry, The Rise and Fall of Liberal Government in Victorian Britain (New Haven, 1993), chs 8 and 9. 5. Miles Taylor, 'The Old Radicalism and the New: David Urquhart and the Politics of Opposition, 1832-1867', in E. F. Biagini and A . .J. Reid ( eds), Currents of Radicalism: Popular Radicalism, Organized Labour and Party Politics in Britain 1850-1914 (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 23-48. 6. John Vincent, The Formation of the British Liberal Party (Lon• don, 1972). 7. D. A. Hamer, The Politics of Electoral Pressure: A Study in the History of Victorian Reform Agitations (Brighton, 1977), chs 8-13. 8. Quoted in Asa Briggs, The Age of Improvement (London,

200 Notes

1959), p. 492. 9. Vincent, op. cit., pp. 195-244. 10. Patrick Joyce, Visions of the People: Industrial England and the Question of Class, 1840-1914 (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 47-9. 11. Margot Finn, After Chartism. Class and Nation in English Rad• ical Politics, 1848-1874 (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 186-7. 12. Nigel Todd, The Militant Democracy: Joseph Cowen and Victo• rian Radicalism (Whitley Bay, 1991); Owen Ashton, W. E. Adams: Chartist, Radical and journalist (Whitley Bay, 1991). 13. Royden Harrison, Before the Socialists: Studies in Labour and Politics 1861-1881 (London, 1965), ch. 6. 14. F. M. Leventhal, Respectable Radical. George Howell and Vic• torian Working-class Politics (London, 1971), ch. 2. 15. Finn, op. cit., chs 5 and 6; Stan Shipley, Club Life and Social• ism in Mid-Victorian London (London, 1971). 16. H. Collins, 'The English Branches of the First International', in Asa Briggs and John Saville (eds), Essays in Labour His• tory (London, 1960), pp. 242-75. 17. R. Harrison, 'Professor Beesly and the Working-class Move• ment', in ibid., pp. 205-41. See also, M. E. Rose, 'Rochdale Man and the Stalybridge Riot: The Relief and Control of the Unemployed during the Lancashire Cotton Famine', in A. P. Donajgrodski, Social Control in Nineteenth-Century Britain (London, 1977), pp. 187-91. 18. Finn, op. cit., pp. 238-9; E. F. Biagini, Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform: Popular Liberalism in the Age of Gladstone 1860- 1880 (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 268-75. 19. Leventhal, op. cit., pp. 71-89. 20. Finn, op. cit., pp. 239-54. 21. Paul Adelman, Victorian Radicalism: The Middle-Class Expe• rience 1830-1914 (London, 1984), ch. 3. John Gibbins, 'J. S. Mill, Liberalism and Progress', in R. Bellamy ( ed.), Vic• torian Liberalism: Nineteenth-Century Political Thought and Prac• tice (London, 1990), pp. 268-75. 22. S. Coltham, 'The Bee-Hive Newspaper: Its Origins and Early Struggles', in Briggs and Saville (eds), op. cit., pp. 174- 203. 23. R. Harrison, Before the Socialists, ch. 3. 24. Leventhal, op. cit., ch. 5. 25. R. Harrison, Before the Socialists, pp. 290-302. 26. Jonathan Spain, 'Trade Unionists, Gladstonian Liberals,

201 Notes

and the Labour Law Reforms of 1875', in Biagini and Reid (eds), op. cit., pp. 109-33. 27. F. A. D'Arcy, ' and the English Repub• lican Movement, 1868-1878', Historicaljournal, 25 (1982), pp. 367-83. See also, Jon Lawrence, 'Popular Radicalism and the Socialist Revival in Britain', journal of British Stud• ies, 31 (1992), pp. 169-70. 28. Dorothy Thompson, 'Queen Victoria, the Monarchy and Gender', in her Outsiders: Class, Gender and Nation (Lon• don, 1993), pp. 179-82. 29. D'Arcy, op. cit., pp. 374-83. See also N.J. Gossman, 'Re• publicanism in Nineteenth-Century England', International Review of Social History, 7 (1962), pp. 51-60. 30. Todd, op. cit., ch. 8. 31. Biagini, op. cit., pp. 292-3. 32. !hid., passim. See also the introduction in Biagini and Reid (eds), op. cit., pp. 1-19. 33. Joyce, op. cit., p. 68. 34. R. McWilliam, 'Radicalism and Popular Culture: The Tichborne Case and the Politics of "Fair Play'", in Biagini and Reid (eds), op. cit., pp. 44-64. 35. Paul Johnson, 'Class Law in Victorian England', Past and Present, 141 (1993), pp. 147-69. 36. Patrick Joyce, Work, Society and Politics: The Culture of the Factory in Later Victorian England (London, 1982), pp. 189- 91.

Notes to ~hapter 7: Gladstone, Lib-Labism and New Liberalism

I. D. A. Hamer, Liberal Politics in the Age of Gladstone and Rosehery (Oxford, 1972) ch. 1. 2. J. R. Vincent, Pollhooks: How Victorians Voted (Cambridge, 1967)' p. 45. 3. K. D. Brown, 'Nonconformity and Trade Unionism: The Sheffield Outrages of 1866'; and Reid, 'Old Unionism Re• considered', in E. F. Biagini and A. J. Reid (eds), Currents of Radicalism: Popular Radicalism, Organized Labour and Party Politics in Britain 1850-1914 (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 86- 105 and 214-43.

202 Notes

4. John Shepherd, 'Labour and Parliament: The Lib-Labs as the First Working-class MPs, 1885-1906', in ibid., pp. 187- 213. 5. E. F. Biagini, Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform: Popular Lib• eralism in the Age of Gladstone 1860-1880 (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 357-8. 6. Ibid., p. 50. 7. R. Gray, 'Class, Politics and Historical "Revisionism'", Social History, 19 (1994), p. 214. 8. Quoted in Biagini, op. cit., p. 206. 9. Linda Walker, 'Party Political Women: A Comparative Study of Liberal Women and the Primrose League, 1890-1914', in Jane Rendall (ed.), Equal or Different: \'fomen's Politics 1800-1914 (Oxford, 1987), pp. 165-91. l 0. Jon Lawrence, 'Popular Radicalism and the Socialist Re• vival in Britain', .Journal of British Studies, 31 (1992), pp. 173-5. II. Quoted in H. Pelling, The Origins of the Labour Party (Ox• ford, 1965), p. 224. 12. J. Parry, The Rise and Fall of Liberal Government in Victorian Britain (New Haven, 1993), p. 223. 13. D. A. Hamer, The Politics of Electoral Pressure: A Study in the History of Victorian Reform Agitations (Brighton, 1977), chs 8-13. 14. Parry, op. cit., chs 10-12. 15. Paul Adelman, Victorian Radicalism: The Middle-Clas.1 Expe• rience 1830-1914 (London, 1984), ch. 5. 16. D. A. Hamer (ed.), The Radical Programme, 1885 (Brighton, 1971). 17. Ibid., p. xxxi. 18. W. D. Rubinstein, Men of Property. The Very Wealthy in Brit• ain since the Industrial Revolution (London, 1981), pp. 62- 3 and 106-7. 19. James Cornford, 'The Transformation of Conservatism in the Late Nineteenth Century', Victorian Studies, 7 ( 1968), pp. 35-66. 20. Quoted in .J. P. Dunbabin, 'British Elections in the Nine• teenth and Twentieth Centuries: a Regional Approach', English Historical Review, 95 ( 1980), p. 261. 21. D. Powell, 'The New Liberalism and the Rise of Labour, 1886-1906', Historicaljournal, 29 (1986), pp. 369-93. 22. A. B. Cooke and J. Vincent, The Governing Passion: Cabinet

203 Notes

Government and Party Politics in Britain 1885-86 (Brighton, 1974), chs 2-6. 23. Parry, op. cit., pp. 292-303. 24. M. Bentley, The Climax of Liberal Politics. British Liberalism in Theory and Practice 1868-1918 (London, 1987), p. 137. 25. G. L. Bernstein, Liberalism and the Liberal Politics in Edwardian England (Boston, 1986), p. 10. 26. D. Brooks (ed.), The Destruction of Lord Rosebery. From the Diary of Sir Edward Hamilton, 1894-1895 (London, 1986). 27. Quoted in H. V. Emy, Liberals, Radicals and Social Politics 1892-1914 (Cambridge, 1973), p. 106. 28. John Gibbins, 'J. S. Mill, Liberalism and Progress', in R. Bellamy ( ed.), Victorian Liberalism: Nineteenth-Century Political Thought and Practice (London, 1990), p. 107. 29. R. Bellamy, 'T. H. Green and the Morality of Victorian Liberalism', in Bellamy (ed.), op. cit., pp. 141-2. 30. M. Freeden, 'The new Liberalism and its Mtermath', in ibid., p. 177. 31. P. F. Clarke, Liberals and Social Democrats (Cambridge, 1978), ch. 2. 32. Freeden, op. cit., pp. 182-3.

Notes to Chapter 8: Labour's Turning-point?

1. See the essays by Reid, Thane and Tanner in E. F. Biagini and A. J. Reid ( eds), Currents of Radicalism: Popular Rad• icalism, Organized Labour and Party Politics in Britain 1850- 1914 (Cambridge, 1991). 2. Stanley Pierson, Marxism and the Origins of British Social• ism: The Struggle for a New Consciousness (Ithaca, 1973). 3. Stephen Yeo, 'A New Life: The Religion of Socialism in Britain 1883-1896', History Workshop]ournal, 4 (1977), pp. 5-56. 4. Paul Adelman, Victorian Radicalism: The Middle-Class Experience 1830-1914 (London, 1984) p. 8. 5. H. J. Perkin, 'Land Reform and Class Conflict in Victo• rian Britain', in J. Butt and I. F. Clarke (eds), The Victori• ans and Social Protest (Newton Abbot, 1973), pp. 177-217. 6. Nigel Todd, The Militant Democracy: Joseph Cowen and Victo• rian Radicalism (Whitley Bay, 1991) ch. 10.

204 Notes

7. Owen Ashton, W E. Adams: Chartist, Radical and journalist (Whitley Bay, 1991). 8. Quoted in Jon Lawrence, 'Popular Radicalism and the Socialist Revival in Britain', journal of British Studies, 31, (1992) p. 178. 9. D. C. Richter, Riotous Victorians (Ohio, 1981), ch. 8. 10. E. P. Thompson, William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary (2nd edition, London, 1976), pp. 479-81. 11. Richter, op. cit., ch. 9. 12. Lawrence, 'Popular Radicalism', pp. 175-9. 13. E. P. Thompson, William Morris, pp. 366-579. S. Coleman and P. O'Sullivan (eds), William Morris and News from No• where (Bideford, 1990). 14. Tony Brown (ed.), Edward Carpenter and Late Victorian Rad• icalism (London, 1990). 15. Quoted in D. Kynaston, King Labour. The British Working Class 1850-1914 (London, 1976), p. 127. 16. Pierson, op. cit., ch. 5. 17. Lawrence, 'Popular Radicalism', pp. 179-85. 18. H. Pelling, The Origins of the Labour Party (Oxford, 1965), pp. 59-69. F. Reid, 'Keir Hardie's Conversion to Socialism', in A. Briggs and J. Saville (eds), Essays in Labour History 1886-1923 (London, 1971), pp. 17-46. 19. Lawrence, 'Popular Radicalism', p. 181. 20. Quoted in James Hinton, Labour and Socialism. A History of the British Labour Movement 1867-1974 (Brighton, 1983), p. 52. 21. John Lovell, British Trade Unions 1875-1933 (London, 1977), pp. 20-9. 22. E. P. Thompson, 'Homage to Tom Maguire', in Briggs and Saville ( eds), Essays in Labour History, p. 311. 23. Pelling, op. cit., ch. 6. David Howell, British Workers and the 1888-1906 (Manchester, 1983), chs 12-17. 24. Pelling, op. cit., pp. 132-9. 25. David Clark, Colne Valley: Radicalism to Socialism (London, 1981), pp. 2, 32-6, 50-2 and 125-6. 26. Neville Kirk, Labour and Society in Britain and the USA: Chal• lenge and Accommodation, 1850-1939 (Aldershot, 1994), ch. 2. 27. Richard Price, Labour in British Society: An Interpretative History (London, 1986), chs 5 and 6. 28. J. Saville, 'Trade Unions and Free Labour: The Background

205 Notes

to the Taff Vale Decision', in Briggs and Saville, Essays in Labour History, pp. 317-50. 29. H. Pelling, Popular Politics and Society in Late Victorian Brit• ain (London, 1979), pp. 76-8.

Notes to Chapter 9: Liberals, Labour and the Progressive Alliance

1. Martin Pugh, The Making of Modern British Politics 1867- /939 (Oxford, 1982), pp. 117-18 2. M. Bentley, The Climax of Liberal Politics: British Liberalism in Theory and Practice 1868-1918 (London, 1987), p. 29. 3. P. F. Clarke, Lancashire and the New Liberalism (Cambridge, 1971). 4. A. W. Purdue, 'The Liberal and Labour Parties in North• East Politics 1900-1914: The Struggle for Supremacy', In• ternational Review of Social History, 26 (1981), pp. 1-24. 5. K. 0. Morgan, 'The New Liberalism and the Challenge of Labour: The Welsh Experience, 1885-1929', inK. D. Brown (ed.), Essays in Anti-Labour History (London, 1974), pp. 159- 82. 6. Avner Offer, Property and Politics 1870-1914. Landownership, Law, Ideology and Urban Development in England (Cambridge, 1981), ch. 22; B. B. Gilbert, 'David Lloyd George: Land, the Budget and Social Reform', American History Review, 81 (1976), pp. 1058-66. 7. Quoted in D. Powell, 'The New Liberalismn and the Rise of Labour, 1886-1906', Historical journal, 29 (1986), p. 391. 8. Quoted in R. Barker, 'Socialism and Progressivism in the Political Thought of Ramsay MacDonald', in A. J. A. Morris (ed.), Edwardian Radicalism 1900-1914 (London, 1974), p. 124. 9. Pat Thane, 'Labour and Local Politics: Radicalism, Democ• racy and Social Reform, 1890-1914', in E. F. Biagini and H. J. Reid (eds). Currents of Radicalism: Popular Radicalism, Organized Labour and Party Politics in Britain 1850-1914 (Cam• bridge, 1991), pp. 261-70. 10. Quoted in David Martin, '"The Instruments of the People"?: the Parliamentary Labour Party in 1906', in D. Martin and D. Rubinstein (eds), Ideology and the Labour Movement (Lon• don, 1979), pp. 135-6.

206 Notes

11. Duncan Tanner, 'Ideological debate in Edwardian Labour Politics: Radicalism, Revisionism and Socialism', in Biagini and Reid (eds), op. cit., pp. 271-93. 12. A. F. Reid, 'Old Unionism Reconsidered', in Biagini and Reid (eds), op. cit., pp. 240-1. 13. P. Thane, 'The Labour Party and State "Welfare'", in K. D. Brown (ed.), The First Labour Party 1906-1914 (Beckenham, 1985), pp. 183-216. 14. Chris Wrigley, 'Labour and the Trade Unions', in ibid., pp. 129-57. 15. Quoted in Alun Hawkins, 'Edwardian Liberalism and In• dustrial Unrest: A Class View of the Decline of Liberal• ism, History Workshop Journal, 4 ( 1977), p. 157. 16. Joseph White, 'A Panegyric on Edwardian Progressivism', journal of British Studies, 16 (1977), pp. 145-52. 17. D. Clark, Colne Valley: Radicalism to Socialism (London, 1981) ch. 11. 18. James Hinton, Labour and Socialism. A History of the British Labour Movement 1867-1974 (Brighton, 1983), p. 94. 19. Quoted in Wrigley, op. cit., p. 150. 20. John Lovell, British Trade Unions 1875-1933 (London, 1977) pp. 46-9. 21. Roy Douglas, 'Labour in Decline, 1910-14', inK. D. Brown (ed.), Essays in Anti-Labour History, pp. 105-25. 22. Patricia Hollis, 'Women in Council: Separate Spheres, Public Space', in Jane Rendall (ed.), Equal or Different: Women's Politics 1800-1914 (Oxford, 1987), pp. 194-5, and 209. 23. J. Liddington and J. Norris, One Hand Tied Behind Us: The Rise of the Women's Movement (London, 1978), pp. 120-37. 24. G. L. Bernstein, 'Liberalism and the Progressive Alliance in the Constituencies, 1900-1914: Three Case Studies', His• torical journal, 26 (1983), pp. 617-40. 25. Martin Petter, 'The Progressive Alliance', History, 58 (1973), p. 51. 26. Quoted in M. Freedcn, The New Uberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform (Oxford, 1978), p. 149. 27. David Martin, op. cit., p. 142. 28. W. H. Fraser, 'The Labour Party in Scotland', in K. D. Brown ( ed.), The First Labour Party, p. 60. 29. Ross McKibbin, The Evolution of the Labour Party 1910-1924 (Oxford, 1974), p. 245

207 Notes

30. Jon Lawrence, 'Class and gender in the Making of Urban Toryism, 1880-1914', English Historical Review, 108 (1993), pp. 629-52. 31. H. C. G. Matthew, R. I. McKibbin and J. A. Kay, 'The Fran• chise Factor in the Rise of the Labour Party', English His• torical Review, 91 (1976), pp. 723-52. 32. Pugh, op. cit., pp. 141-4. 33. Martin Pugh, 'Labour and Women's Suffrage', in K. D. Brown (ed.), The First Labour Party, pp. 233-53; Liddington and Norris, op. cit., passim.

Notes to the Conclusion

l. M. Hart, 'The Liberals, the War and the Franchise', Eng• lish Historical Review, 97 ( 1982), pp. 820-32. 2. R. Harrison, 'The War Emergency Workers' National Com• mittee 1914-1920', in A. Briggs andj. Saville (eds), Essays in Labour History 1886-1923 (London, 1971), pp. 211-59; J. Winter, Socialism and the Challenge of War: Ideas and Poli• tics in Britain, 1912-18 (London, 1974), ch. 7. 3. Duncan Tanner, 'Ideological Debate in Edwardian Labour Politics: Radicalism, Revisionism and Socialism', in E. F. Biagini and A. J. Reid ( eds), Currents of Radicalism: Popu• lar Radicalism, Organized Labour and Party Politics in Britain 1850-1914 (Cambridge, 1991), ch. 13. 4. Ross McKibbin, 'Class and Conventional Wisdom: The Con• servative Party and the "Public" in Inter-war Britain', in his The Ideologies of Class (Oxford, 1990), pp. 259-93.

208 FURTHER READING

Given the vast amount of material published on radicalism for the 'long' nineteenth century covered in this study, it is diffi• cult to keep a guide to further reading within manageable pro• portions. What is offered here is neither a comprehensive bibliography nor a definitive selection, but a list of some of the more important and useful titles for those coming new or relatively new to the subject. Details of specialized texts are provided in the notes. There are several introductory surveys, covering significant parts of the period, including E. Royle and J. Walvin, English Radicals and Reformers 1760-1848 (Brighton, 1982); D. G. Wright, Popular Radicalism: The Working-Class Experience 1780-1880 (Lon• don, 1988); Paul Adelman, Victorian Radicalism: The Middle-Class Experience 1830-1914 (London, 1984); and Clive Behagg, La• bour and Reform: Working-Class Movements 1815-1914 (London, 1991), which includes study guides and some source material. Among the useful shorter-scale surveys are two Historical Associ• ation Studies: H. T. Dickinson, British Radicalism and the ~French Revolution 1789-1815 (Oxford, 1985) and J. R. Dinwiddy, From Luddism to the First Reform Bill (Oxford, 1986). Following his untimely death, many of Dinwiddy's incisive articles on popu• lar radicalism, moderate reform, Luddism, Benthamism and Chartism have been reprinted in Radicalism and Reform in Brit• ain, 1780-1850 (London, 1992), essential reading for all stu• dents of early nineteenth-century British history. For the later period, the essays edited by Richard Bellamy on Victorian Liber• alism: Nineteenth-Century Thought and Practice (London, 1990) pro• vide a useful starting-point for the intellectual and philosophical development of radicalism. Unfortunately, collections of documents on radicalism tend to cover a short time-span, with the exception of S. MacCoby's outdated selection in The English Radical Tradition, 1763-1914

209 Further Reading

(London, 1952). One way to approach 'primary' material is through radical autobiographies, many of which can be found in secondhand bookshops. David Vincent has edited a useful anthology, Testaments of Radicalism: Memoirs of Working-class Poli• ticians 1790-1885 (London, 1977). In terms of theory and method, E. P. Thompson's manu• men tal The Making of the English Working Class (London, 1963) remains essential reading for its inspirational emphasis on agency and culture. Some students may find the post-Thompson 'linguis• tic turn' less accessible. The foundation text here is Gareth Stedman Jones's essay 'Rethinking Chartism', in his Languages of Class (Cambridge, 1983). Post-structuralism merges with post• modernism in the recent cultural studies of Patrick Joyce, Visions of the People (Cambridge, 1991), and James Vernon, Politics and the People: A Study in English Political Culture c.1815-1867 (Cam• bridge, 1993), both of which stress the continuity of radical• ism and its populist register. M. Savage, The Dynamics of Working-class Politics (Cam bridge, 1987) offers an alternative sociological methodology which accounts for local variations. To turn from general theoretical and methodological issues to the topics and themes explored in individual chapters, the political ideas and 'mental furniture' of eighteenth-century and reformers are best approached through H. T. Dickinson, Uberty and Property: Political Ideology in Eighteenth-Century Britain (London, 1977); William StaH'ord, Socialism, Radicalism and Nostalgia: Social Criticism in Britain, 1775-1830 (Cambridge, 1987); Gregory Claeys, Thomas Paine: Social and Political Thought (London, 1989); and, for a more 'cultural' reading, Dror Wahrman, 'National Society, Communal Culture: An Argument about the Recent Historiography of Eighteenth-Century Brit• ain', Social History, 17 ( 1992). John Brewer, Party Ideology and Popular Politics at the Accession of George Ill (Cambridge, 1976) includes an excellent analysis of Wilkes's commercialization of politics, to be read in conjunction with George Rude's essays on collusion, convergence and the crowd in his Paris and Lon• don in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1970). On the develop• ment of extra-parliamentary tactics, see E. C. Black, The Association: British Extra-parliamentary Organization, 1769-1793 (Harvard, 1963); and T. M. Parssinen, 'Association, Conven• tion and Anti-parliament in British Radical Politics', English His• torical Review, 88 (1973). For the 1790s, Albert Goodwin, The Friends of Liberty: The English

210 Further Reading

Democratic Movement in the Age of the French Revolution (London, 1979), remains the standard work, but some exciting new ap• proaches, linguistic and otherwise, are illustrated in M. Philp (ed.), The French Revolution and British Popular Politics (Cam• bridge, 1991). For the domestic and international dimensions of underground activity during the war years, see Roger Wells, Insurrection: The British Experience, 1795-1803 (London, 1982); and Marianne Elliott, Partners in Revolution: The United Irishmen and France (New Haven, 1982). The middle-class approach is examined most fully in]. E. Cookson, The Friends of Peace: Anti• war Liberalism in England 1793-1815 (Cambridge, 1982). There are a number of scholarly biographies of radicals promi• nent in the post-war movement (and beyond), including I. J. Prothero, Artisans and Politics in Early Nineteenth-Century Lon• don: john Cast and his Times (London, 1981); George Spater, William Cobbett: The Poor Man's Friend, 2 vols (Cambridge, 1982); John Belchem, 'Orator' Hunt: Henry Hunt and English Working• class Politics (Oxford, 1985); Joel Wiener, Radicalism and Freethought in Nineteenth-Century Britain: The Life of Richard Carlile (Westport, 1983); and Dudley Miles, Francis Place 1771-1854: The Life of a Remarkable Radical (Brighton, 1988). For import• ant reassessments of the Spenceans and tavern radicals of the period, see lain McCalman 's remarkable reconstruction of 'unrespectable radicalism' in his Radical Underworld: Prophets, Revolutionaries and Pornographers in London, 1795-1840 (Cam• bridge, 1988); and Malcolm Chase, The People's Farm: English Radical Agrarianism 1775-1840 (Oxford, 1988). Critical engage• ment with the new cultural approach is to the fore in James Epstein's important articles, now published as a collection of essays, Radical Expression: Political Language, Ritual and Symbol in England, 1790-1850 (New York, 1994). Various ideological developments are analysed in W. Thomas, The Philosophic Radicals: Nine Studies in Theory and Practice 1817- 1841 (Oxford, 1979); Noel Thompson, The People's Science: The Popular Political Economy of Exploitation and Crisis 1816-34 (Cam• bridge, 1984); and Gregory Claeys, Machinery, Money and the Millennium: From Moral E-conomy to Socialism, 1815-1860 (Princeton, 1987), and also in his Citizens and Saints: Politics and Anti-poli• tics in Early British Socialism (Cambridge, 1989). Despite its title, Barbara Taylor, Eve and the New Jerusalem: Socialism and Femi• nism in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1983) is restricted to Owen ism.

211 Further Reading

The concluding chapters of John Cannon, Parliamentary Re• form 1640-1832 (Cambridge, 1972) provide the best analysis of the 1832 Act. For the subsequent development of middle-class radicalism, see B. L. Kinzer, The Ballot Question in Nineteenth Century English Politics (New York, 1982); N. McCord, The Anti• Corn Law League (London, 1958); and Alex Tyrell's study of the leading 'anti-everythingarian', Joseph Sturge and the Moral Radical Party in Early Victorian Britain (London, 1987). Stewart Weaver's study of john Fielden and the Politics of Popular Radical• ism 1832-1847 (Oxford, 1987) shows how one radical indus• trialist was drawn towards protectionism. Such is the continuing flood of literature on Chartism that a revised and updated edition of the standard bibliography - J. F. C. Harrison and Dorothy Thompson (eds), Bibliography of the Chartist Movement, 1837-1976 (Hassocks, 1976)- is currently in prepara• tion. Certain works deserve special mention: Dorothy Thompson, The Chartists (London, 1984), the best general study; James Epstein, The Lion of Freedom: Feargus O'Connor and the Chartist Movement, 1832-1842 (London, 1982), an exemplary exercise in the rehabilitation of a radical 'demagogue'; and J. Schwarzkopf, Women in the Chartist Movement (London, 1991), the first full• length (if not entirely convincing) study of the subject. The new stress on continuity, asserted most forcibly in E. F. Biagini and A. J. Reid {eds), Currents of Radicalism: Popular Rad• icalism, Organized Labour and Party Politics in Britain 1850-1914 (Cambridge, 1991), has brought an end to the comparative neglect of the post-Chartist decades. The standard studies of mid-Victorian radicalism by F. E. Gillespie, Labor and Politics in England 1850-67 (Durham, 1927), and by Royden Harrison, Before the Socialists: Studies on Labour and Politics 1861-81 (London, 1965), have now been complemented (if not superseded) by Margot Finn, After Chartism: Class and Nation in English Radical Politics, 1848-1874 (Cambridge, 1983); and by Neville Kirk's Lancashire-based study of The Growth of Working-Class Reformism in Mid-Victorian Britain (London, 1985). Similarly, there is a new look to the history of mid-Victorian liberalism, most stridently expressed in E. F. Biagini's revisionist study of Liberty, Retrench• ment and Reform: Popular Liberalism in the Age of Gladstone, 1860- 1880 (Cambridge, 1992). Of the new biographies of mid-Victorian radicals, the most lively is Nigel Todd, The Militant Democracy: joseph Cowen and Victorian Radicalism (Whitley Bay, 1991).

212 Further Reading

The emphasis on radical continuity and the popular appeal of Gladstonian Liberalism has called into question the signifi• cance of new Liberalism. Liberalism, it seems, already resonated with a working-class audience before the adjustment to 'class politics' charted in P. F. Clarke's pioneering study of Lanca• shire and the New Liberalism (Cambridge, 1971). Whatever the electoral consequences, the intellectual development of new Liberalism still merits study, for which the best starting-point is M. Freedcn, The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform (Oxford, 1978). On the impact of socialist ideology and its adaptation to British political culture, see S. Pierson, Marxism and the Origins of Brit• ish Socialism: The Struggle for a New Consciousness ,(Ithaca, 1973); Stephen Yeo, 'A New Life: The Religion of Socialism in Brit• ain 1883-1896', History Workshop journal, 4 (1977); and, with fashionable emphasis on continuity, Jon Lawrence, 'Popular Radicalism and the Socialist Revival in Britain', journal of Brit• ish Studies, 31 ( 1992). For the emergence of 'green' issues in the socialist-radical agenda, see S. Coleman and P. O'Sullivan (eds), William Morris and News from Nowhere (Bideford, 1990). Henry Pelling, The Origins of the Labour Party (2nd edition, Oxford, 1965) is still the best introduction when read in con• junction with his collection of essays, Popular Politics and Society in Late Victorian Britain (2nd edition, London, 1979), which includes his contribution to the controversial debate on La• bour and the downfall of Liberalism. For a brief introduction to this long-running historiographical controversy, see John Belchem, Class, Party and the Political System in Britain 1867- 1914 (Oxford, 1990). Duncan Tanner, Political Change and the Labour Party 1900-1918 (Cambridge, 1990) provides a more detailed and localized discussion. Students should also consult the two collections of essays edited by K. D. Brown: Essays in Anti-Labour History (London, 1974), and The First Labour Party (Beckenham, 1985). On women, radicalism and the vote, see Patricia Hollis, La• dies ·Elect: Women in English Local Government 1865-1914 (Ox• ford, 1987);Jill Liddington and Jill Norris, One Hand Tied Behind Us: The Rise of the Women's Suffrage Movement (London, 1978); Jane Rendall (ed.), Equal or Different: Women's Politics 1800-1914 (Oxford, 1987); and Brian Harrison, 'Class and Gender in Modern British Labour History', Past and Present, 124 ( 1989).

213 INDEX

abolitionism, see anti-slavery Benbow, William, 43, 77 Abraham, William ('Mabon'), Bentham, Jeremy, 36; see also 130, 132 utilitarianism Adams, W. E., 110, 151 Bentley, Michael, 142, 167 Administrative Reform Bernard, Simon, 109 Association, 105 Bcsant, Annie, 158 Amalgamated Society of Railway Biagini, E., 125, 129-31 Engineers, 163-4 Birmingham, 46, 62-3, 77, 84, American Civil War, 102, 112-13, 108, 132, 137 116 Birmingham Labour Association, , 123, 155 134 anti-Catholicism, 10-11, 127 Birmingham Political Union, 62, Anti-Corn Law League, 7, 71, 74-6 80, 82-6, 94, 100, 113, 138 birth control, 53 anti-parliaments, see conventions Blackburn, 127 anti-slavery, 37-9, 58, 69-71, 84 Blackstone, William, 48 Applegarth, Robert, 113 Blanc, Louis, 95 Arch; Joseph, 124 Blandford, Marquis of, 59 Arnold, Matthew, 104 Blanketeers, 43 Asquith, H. H., 168, 183-4 Blatchford, Robert, 160-1, 178 Association for the Preservation 'Bloody Sunday' (1887), 153-4, of Liberty and Property 156, 158 against Republicans and Boer War, 145, 184 Levellers, 19 Bohstedt, John, 33 Attwood, Thomas, 69 Bradford, 78-9, 92, 161-2, 178 Bradford Labour Union, 160 Bacon, Thomas, 44 Bradlaugh, Charles, 121-3 Bagguley, John, 43 Brand, Thomas, 31-2 Baines, Edward, 107 Brandreth, Jeremiah, 44 ballot, 13, 42, 68-70, 108, 113, Bridges, J. H., 110 129 Bright, John, 71, 94, 97, 105, Bamford, Samuel, 43 107-8,113-14,117,125,140, Barnsley, 75 142, 150 Beales, Edmond, 111, 113, 117 , 61 Bee-Hive, 110, 116, 134 British Association for Beesley, E. S., 110-11, 113 Promoting Co-operative Bellamy, Richard, 144 Knowledge, 62

214 Index

British Forum, 31 Claeys, Gregory, 17 British Socialist Party, 175 Clarion clubs, 161-2, 175, 182 Broadhurst, Henry, 121, 131, class, 2-8, 14, 28, 36, 46, 73, 85, 158 95, 109, 131, 176, 179, 186-8 Brougham, Henry, 28-9, 38, 43 Club and Institute Union, 180 Brunner, Sir John, 167 Cobbett, William, 29, 31-3, 38, Bryce, James, 116 43, 58, 66, 69, 76 Burdett, Sir Francis, 29-32, 38-9, Cobden, Richard, 71, 82, 94, 42, 50 96-8, 100, 105, 113, 140, 150 Burgess, John, 160 Cold Bath Fields meeting Burgh, James, 13 (1833), 64 Burgh, 14, 17-18, 28 Colne Valley, 162, 171, 175 Burns, John, 152, 158-60 Combination Acts, 26, 34-5, 53 Burritt, Elihu, 96 Commonwealthmen, 11, 13 Burt, Thomas, 120 communism, 3, 94, 99 Bussey, Peter, 78 Complete Suffrage Union, 83-6 Comte, A., 104, 110 Cadbury family, 167 Congreve, Richard, 122 Campbeii-Bannerman, Sir conservatism, I, 17-20, 27, 70-1, Henry, 168 94, 138-9, 144; see also Canning, George, 57-8 Toryism and the Tory Party cap of liberty, 47, 118 constitutionalism, 1, 7, 20-2, 24, 'Captain Swing' riots, 88-9 27, 36, 40, 42, 47-8, 52, 60-1, Carlile, Richard, 51-3, 55 76-9, 82, 90-2, 104-5, 109, Carlisle, 46 156, 187-8 Carlyle, Thomas, 154 Contagious Diseases Act, 133, Carpenter, Edward, 155-6 135 Cartwright, Major John, 12, Convention of Cintra, 28 29-30, 32-3, 38-9, 42 conventions, 13, 19, 24, 42, 44, Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, 64, 74-9, 92, 100 Viscount, 28 Cooper, Thomas, 85 Catholic Association, 57 co-operation, 81, 87, 100, 103, Catholic emancipation, 58 164, 185 Cato Street conspiracy (1820), , 69-71, 84, 94, 96, 49 102, 150 caucus system, 124, 127, 132-6, corresponding societies, 19 148 Corrupt and Illegal Practices Chamberlain, Joseph, 120, Act (1883), 133 135-40, 142, 150, 167, 169 cotton famine, 112 Champion, H. H., 157 'Country Party', 11, 29, 59 Chartism, 5-7, 13, 27, 38, 42, Cowen, Joseph, 109, 113, 123-4, 51, 64, 66, 72-3, 74-101, 109, 134, 151-2 Ill, 113-14, 116-17, 122-3, Cremer, W. R., 113 138, 154, 187 Crimean War, 105, 107 Chartist Land Company, 87-90 Criminal Law Amendment Act, Chew, Ada Nield, 182 119-21 Christian Socialists, 96, I 00, 119 Cuffay, William, 93 church and king riots, 26 Curran, Pete, 171 Churchill, Winston, 168, 171, 175 Davis, W. J., 134 civic humanism, II, 36 Dawson, George, 113

215 Index

deism, 18, 52; see also infidelism, Freeden, Michael, 145 secularism freedom of the press, 52-3 'Democratic Friends of All freehold franchise associations, Nations', 95 82, 97-8 'democ-soc' radicalism, 91, French Revolution, 16, 22, 76 99-100, 111-12, 116, 121, friendly societies, 87-8, I 03, 123, 149, 15I 120, 124 Derby, 6I, 65 Frost, John, 79 Derby, Lord, I07, II4 Despard, Colonel Edward Gardiner, A. G., 166 Marcus, 25-7, 39 Garibaldi, 111, 117 Dewsbury, 79 Gast, John, 45 Dilke, Sir Charles, 122 gay rights, 155 Dinwiddy, John, I8, 57 George III, 9-10, 15, 21 Disraeli, Benjamin, 8, 107, II4, George IV, 49 1I8,135 George, Henry, 150-1, 158 disestablishment, 70, 106, 128, Gerrald, Joseph, 19 132, 135, 137, 143 Gladstone, Herbert, 166, 176 dissent, see Nonconformity Gladstone, W. E., 8, 106-8, 112, dock strike (I889), I58-9 114, 116-19, I25, 128, 131, Drummond, Samuel, 43 135-6, 140-3, 151, 174 Dundee, 75, 86 Glasgow, 66, 75 'Glorious Revolution', 1, 12 economical reform, 13, 31, 37 Glynn, G. G., 118 , 16, 19 Godwin, William, 22, 52 Edinburgh Review, 31 Gordon riots (1780), 10 Edwards, George, 49 Grand National Moral Union of Emmet, Robert, 27 the Productive Classes, 65 Engels, F., 95, Ill, 151 Gray, Robbie, 3, 131 Epstein, James, 52 Grayson, Victor, I71, I75 Essays in Reform ( 1867), 115 Great Northern Union, 75 ethical socialism, I49, 158, 175 Green, T. H., 144 Evans, Thomas, 40 green politics, 155-6 Examiner, 31 Grey, Charles, 2nd Earl, 24, 31, 59-60 Fabians, 156-8, 164 factory reform, 72-3, 102 Habeas Corpus, suspension of, Fawcett, Henry, 1I3 20, 26, 43 'Fellowship of the New Life', Habermas, Jiirgen, 12 I 56 Hales, John, I23 female reform societies, 46-7, Hall, Charles, 54 89 Hamer, D. A., 82 feminism, 53, 55, 133, 155 Harcourt, Sir William, 143 Fielden, John, 66, 69 Hardie, J. Keir, 157, 160-2, 164, financial reform, 98, I47 I78 Finn, Margot, 95, I09, Ill Hardy, Thomas, 2I, 24 food riots, 21, 26, 38 Hare, Thomas, 116 Fortnightly Review, 13 7, 139 Hartington, Marquis of, I40 Foster, John, 26 Hampden Club, 32-3, 38-9, 42-4 Fox, Charles James, 24, 30 Harney, George Julian, 77, 91, Fraternal Democrats, 95 93, 95, 100, 110, 153

216 Index

Harrington, James, 11-I2, 22 Irish Confederates, 92-3 Harrison, Frederic, I 10, 119, 122 Italy, 102, 110 Harrison, Royden, 120 Hazlitt, William, 50 Jacobinism, 16-22, 25, 27, 41, Healey, Joseph, 43-4 44, 77, 110, I53 Henderson, Arthur, 183 Jeffrey, Francis, 31 Hill, Revd William, 86 Johnson, Paul, 126 Hinton, James, 175 Johnston, John, 43 Hobhouse, L. T., 144 Jones, Ernest, 93-100, 109, Hobson, Charles, 134 112-13 Hobson, J. A., 144 Jones, Gareth Stedman, 5 Hodgskin, Thomas, 54 Jones, John Gale, 3I Hollis, Patricia, I77 Jones, William, 79 Holyoake, George Jacob, 100, Joyce, Patrick, 4-5, 126 113 Home Rule (Ireland), 128, I40-3 Kenealey, Thomas, 126 Hornby, Sir H., 127 Kennington Common meeting household suffrage, 13, 24, 30-3, (1848), 91-2 36, 38-9, 42, 81, 84, 97-8, Knight, Robert, 130 114, 118, 138 Kossuth, L., 99 Howell, George, 112-13, 117-20, 131 Labour Church, 161 Hughes, Thomas, 119 Labour Electoral Committee, Hume, Joseph, 69, 97, 113 157 Hunt, Henry ('Orator'), 29, 31, Labour Party, 8, 129, 132, 146, 38-42, 45-9, 51, 61, 63-5, 72, 147, 164-5, 168, 170-83, 184-8 76 Labour Representation Hunt, Thornton, 100 Committee, 163-4, 166, 169 Hyndman, H. M., 152-5, 175 Labour Representation League, 119-20 Idealists, 144 labour theory of value, 42, 54-6, imperialism, 145, 151, 168 88 Independent Labour Party, 134, labourism, 148, 159, 173, 187 I61-4, 171, 175, 177-8, 183 laissez-faire, 2, 34, 53, 73, 82, industrial revolution, 2-4 I03-4, 110-1I, I44, 147, 166 infidelism, 50, 53, 1 00; see also Land and Labour League, 12I-3, deism; secularism 153 informers, 25-6, 41, 45; see also Land League, 151 spies land reform, 23, 40, 87-90, 92, insurrectionism, 24-7, 34-5, 39, 100, I22, 124, 137, 150-1, 4I, 43-4, 49, 78-9, 91, 93 169 International Democratic Land Tenure Reform Association, 12I-2 Association, 150 International Working Lawrence, Jon, 156-8 Men's Association (First Leader, 100 · International), 11-13, 122, 150 League of Universal Ireland and the Irish, 25-7, 46, Brotherhood, 96 64, 90-3, 107, 127, 128, 136, Leeds Parliamentary Reform 140-3, 151, 153-4, 157, 167, Association, 84 181-2; see also Home Rule Leno, J. B., II3 (Ireland) Lever, Sir William, 167

217 Index

Liberal Party, 7, 101, 104-7, Manchester Combination 114-16,118,120,122,132-46, Committee, 75 147, 157, 164-5, 166, 171-4, Manchester Committee for 178-9, 182-3, 184-7 Peace and Reform, 35 liberal Toryism, 57-8, 60 Manchester Guardian, 57, 166, 175 liberalism, I, 5-8, 14, 24, 28, Mann, Tom, 158-9 31, 51, 56, 59-60, 82, 95-7, Margarot, Maurice, 19 103, 112, 115-16, 124-7, 130-2, Martin, David, 179 137-46, 14 7-9, 160-1' 166-74, Marx, Eleanor, 158 178; see also progressivism Marx, Karl, 54, 95, Ill, 123, Liberation Society, 106, 135 149, 151-3, 156 Lib-Labism, 116,118-21,123-7, Massingham, H. W., 166 129-32, 134, 138, 140, 147-52, Mazzini, G., 95-6, 99, 110, 123, 157-9, 162-4, 173, 176-7 151 Lichfield, Earl of, 119 Melville, Henry Dundas, 1st Linton, W. J., 100, 110 Viscount, 28 Liverpool, 139 Merrie England, 161 Liverpool Financial Reform Metropolitan Radical Association, 98 Association, 153 Lloyd George, David, 150, Metropolitan Trades Union, 61-2 168-71, 174, 184 Miall, Edward, 83 local politics, 5, 177-9 middle-class radicalism, 2, 7-8, Locke, John, 12 14-15, 24, 28, 36, 56-9, 61-2, London, 13, 16, 21-2, 25-6, 30-2, 66-71, 82, 94-8, 103-4, 114-16, 35, 46, 93, 138-9, 153 121-3, 135, 150 London Corresponding Society, Midland Union of the Working 17, 21, 25-6, 30-1, 38 Classes, 63 London County Council, 156 Mill, James, 57 London Democratic Association, Mill, John Stuart, 68, 116, 144, 77, 153 150 London Trades Council, 110, miners, 129-30, 132, 134, 163, 116 174, 176-7 London Working Men's Miners Federation of Great Association, 74, 81, 116 Britain, 163, 173, 176 Lovett, William, 83-4, 95 'Ministry of All the Talents', 29 Lowe, Robert, 116-17 Mitchel, John, 92-3 Lucraft, Benjamin, 112-13, 116 Mitchell, Joseph, 43-4 Luddism, 27, 33-5, 38 'moral radicals', 58, 69, 71, 96 Lynne, Dan, 103 Morley, John, 143 Morris, William, 154-6 McDonald, Alexander, 120 Muir, Thomas, 19 MacDonald, Ramsay, 134, 166, municipal socialism, 125, 137, 178 170, 172, 176 McDouall, Peter Murray, 86 National Agricultural Labourers McKibbin, Ross, 180 Union, 124 McMillan, Margaret, 178 National Association of Magna Charta Association, 126 Organized Trades, 10 I Mahon, J. L., 157 National Association for Malthusianism, 53 Promoting the Political and Manchester, 16, 20, 45, 47, 71, Social Improvement of the 85-6, 93, 108, 139 People, 83

218 Index

National Association for the O'Connor, Feargus, 72-3, 74-9, Protection of Labour, 62 81' 84, 86-92, 98-9 National Association of United Odger, George, 113, I22 Trades, 101 Ogilvie, William, 54 National Charter Association, 'Old Corruption', 2, 32-3, 59, 80-1, 83-4, 88-9, 95, 100, 109 99, 138, 147 National Charter League, 99 'Old price' riots, 30 National Education League, 136 Oliver the spy (W. J. Richards), national efficiency, 145 44 National Federation of Women organization of labour, 9I, 95, Workers, 182 99 National Insurance, 171-2, 174 Orsini affair, I 08-9 National League for the Orwell, George, 155 Independence of Poland, Ill Osborne judgement (1909), 174, National Liberal Federation, I83 136, 142 Owen, Robert, 65 National Political Union, 62 Owen ism, 55, 66, I 00, 122 National Reform Union, 113-14, 117 Paine, Thomas, 12, 16-I9, 51, National Regeneration Society, 53-4, 87 66 Palmer, Thomas, 19 National Republican League, Palmerston, Viscount, 98, 104-9, 123 II4, 142 National Union of Women's Pankhurst, Christable, 183 Suffrage Societies, 183 Pankhurst, Mrs E., 177, 183 National Union of the Working Paris Commune, 122-3 Classes, 61-2, 64 parliamentary Radicals, 67-9, natural rights, 12, 16-18, 52 74, 105, 122 naval mutinies, 25 Parry, Jonathan, 104, 106, 140-1 'new Liberalism', see Parssinen, Terry, 39 progressivism paternalism, 34-5, 72, 101, I03, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 22, 46, 115, 127 109 peace movements, 28, 30, 96-8, Newcastle Programme, 142, 167 135, 184-5 Newport, 78-9 Peace Society, 96 Nine Hours League, 123 Peddie, Robert, 79 Nonconformity, 12, 14, 17, 28, Peel, Robert, 87, 94, I35 57, 69-71, 83, 104, 106, Pentrich rising (1817), 44 129-36, 149, 154, 158, 167-8, 'People's Budget' (I909), 168-9, 172, 180 17I 'Norman Yoke', 12 People's Charter Union, 95 Northern Star, 76, 79, 86, 88 People's International League, 95 Northmore, Thomas, 32 People's Suffrage Federation, I83 Norwich, 16, 19 Perceval, Spencer, 28, 32 Nottingham, 16, 44, 61 Peterloo, 47-9, 56, 58, 63, 77, 94 'Philosophic' Radicals, 51, 67-9 O'Brien, James Bronterre, 67, Pitt, William, 26, 30 78, 91, 100-1, 112, 121, 123 Place, Francis, 23, 30, 53, 62, 74 O'Brien, William, 153 Platt, Robert, I 03 O'Connell, Daniel, 57-8, 68, Poland, 102, 110-II 74-5, 90 Political Protestants, 46

219 Index

Political Unions, 59, 61 Rosebery, Earl of, 143 Poor Law, 72-3, 74, 125-6, 133, Rowntree family, 167 177-8, 182 Ruskin, John, 154 Poor Man's Guardian, 55-6, 63 Russell, Lord John, 58-9, 68, 70, populism, 6, 8, 22, 27, 33, 40, 98, 107, 114 49, 105, 122, 126, 128, 131, Russia, 105 143, 160, 180-1, 188 Positivists, 103, 110, 112-13, Salisbury, Third Marquis of, 115, 119-20, 122 139, 146 post-modernism, 3 Salvation Army, 153 post-structuralism, 3-5 Savage, Michael, 5 Potter, George, 116-17, 119 School Boards, 132-3, 177-8, 182 Preston, 109 Scotland, 14, 17, 19-20, 49, 180 Price, Richard, 14, 17 Scott, C. P., 166, 168, 175 Priestley, Joseph, 17 Scottish Labour Party, 157 Primrose League, 133-4 Scottish Land and Labour 'Progressive Alliance', 177, 179, League, 157 183, 184 Scottish rising (1820), 49 progressivism, 137-40, 143-6, Second International, 159 166-75, 178-9, 181, 184-7 secularism, 100, 153-4; see also Progressive Review, 143-4 deism; infidelism proportional representation, Seditious Meetings Prevention 116, 146 Act, 43, 45 protectionism, 10 I, 105, 152 Shaw, George Bernard, 156, 173 Sheffield, 16, 19, 79, 119 Queen's affair (1820), 49-50, 58 Sidmouth, First Viscount, 47 Silcock, Helen, 182 Rainbow Circle, 143-6 Six Acts, 49-50 Reform Acts: First (1832), 7, Skirving, William, 19 59-64, 67, 69-72; Second Smith, Adam, 14, 54 (1867), 116-18, 124-5, 132; Social Democratic Federation, Third (1884-5), 136, 138-9, 151-4, 157-9, 161, 164, 171, 146; Fourth (1918), 185 175 Reform League, 113-14, 117-19, socialism, 5, 8, 18, 74, 91, 95-6, 121 99-100, 115, 137-9, 149-63, repression, 20-1, 23-4, 26-8, 43, 166,170,172-3,177,179, 49, 93 181, 185-7 republicanism, 11-12, 16, 18-19, Socialist League, 154, 160 47, 52-3, 91, 95, 109, Ill, Society for Constitutional 116, 121-3 Information, 13 revolutions of 1848, 90-1, 95, Society of the Supporters of the 99, 102 Bill of Rights, 11 Reynolds, G. W. M., 113 Society of United Britons, 25 Reynolds's Newspaper, 125-6, 134, Spa Fields meetings (1816-17), 154, 156 39-42 Ricardo, David, 51, 53-4, 57 Spence, Peter, 27 Rights of Man, 12, 16, 18 Spence, Thomas, 22, 54, 87 Ritchie, D. G., 144 Spenceans, 27, 40, 43 Rochdale, 103, 112 spies, 25, 43-4, 77; see also Roebuck, J. A., 108 informers Rogers, Thorold, 113 Stansfield, James, 113

220 Index

Stead, W. T., 158 Two Acts (1795), 21 Stewart, Dugald, 14 Tyrell, Alex, 70 Sturge, Joseph, 84, 96-7 Sykes, Robert, 66 'Unauthorized Programme', syndicalism, 65, 175-6, 186 137-40 Unemployed Poor League, 121 Taff Vale, 164, 171 unemployment, 121, 149, 152-3, Tanner, Duncan, 5, 186 171 tariff reform, 137, 167, 180 Union for Parliamentary Tawney, R. H., 172 Reform, 32-3 'taxes on knowledge', 49, 67 Union Societies, 46 Taylor, J. E., 56 United Englishmen, 25 Taylor, P. A., 113 United Irishmen, 25 temperance movement, 70, 81-2, United Kingdom Alliance, 106, 106, 131, 135, 180 135 Test and Corporation Acts, 14 unstamped press, 67 Thelwall, John, 18 Urquhart, David, 105-6, 108 Thistlewood, Arthur, 41, 44, 49 utilitarianism, 24, 36, 51, 57, Tholfsen, Trygve, 103 144, 149 Thompson, Edward, 10, 25, 160 Thompson, George, 98 Vegetarian Society, 96-7 Thorne, Will, 158-9 Vernon, James, 5 Tichborne claimant, 126-7 Victoria, Queen, 121-2, 153 Tillett, Ben, 160, 171 Villiers, B., 179 Todd, Nigel, 132 Tolpuddle martyrs, 66 Waithman, Robert, 30 Tooke, Revd John Horne, 11, Walcheren campaign, 28, 31 29 Wales, 78-9, 130, 132, 168 Toryism and the Tory Party, 8, Walker, Linda, 133 10, 58-9, 72-3, 101, 107, Walpole, Spencer, 117-18 114, 118, 121, 127, 133, 139, War Emergency Workers' 142-4, 149, 152-3, 164-5, National Committee, 185 167-8, 174, 178, 180-2, Warren, Sir Charles, 153 187-8; see also conservatism; Watson, Dr James, 39-41, 44, 48 liberal Toryism Watson, James, Jr, 41, 48 trade cycle, 51, 90, 123-4, 158 Webb, Sidney, 185 trade unionism, 26, 45, 53-4, Wellington, Duke of, 35, 59 62, 64-6, 72-3, 75, 85-7, West Ham, 160, 178 100-1, 103, 110-21, 123-4, Westminster Committee, 30, 38 i30, 139-40, 148-9, 152, Westminster Review, 57 157-60, 163-4, 170, 173-6, Whigs, 7, 10, 12, 14-15, 21, 23-4, 182, 185 28-32, 43, 50, 58-61' 63-4, Trade Unionists' Manhood 66, 68-70, 77, 85, 87, 105-6, Suffrage and Vote by Ballot 119, 135, 140-2 Association, 110 Whitbread, Samuel, 30 trades councils, 160, 162 White, George, 81 Trades Disputes Act, 170-1 Williams, Zephenia, 79 Trades Union Congress, 119-21, Wilkes, John, 9-14, 31 152, 157-60, 162, 164, 171, Wilson, George, 94, 113 176 Wilson, J. Havelock, 160 Trevor, John, 161 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 22

221 Index women, 46-7, 50, 55, 89-90, working-class radicalism, 2, 33-6, 124, 133, 155, 177-8, 182-3; 44-6, 59-60, 64-6, 71, 85-7, 95, women's suffrage, 89-90, 116, 102-5, 115, 131, 148, 180, 185-8 124, 133, 177, 181-3 Wright, Thomas, 126 Women's Co-operative Guild, Wrigley, Chris, 174 182 Wyvill, Revd Christopher, 13-14, Women's Labour League, 183 30, 39 Women's Social and Political Union, 183 York, Frederick, Duke of, 28 Women's Trade Union League, 182 zetetics, 53

222