History of Reading Terminal Market 9

REINVENTING PHILADELPHIA’S READING TERMINAL MARKET

Ada W. Ng Interior Design

In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Master of Art Corcoran College of Art and Design Washington DC Spring 2011

THESIS STATEMENT

This thesis redefines the role of public markets in the 21st century by creating a new sustainable interior space within Philadelphia’s Reading Terminal Market, while preserving its historic characteristics and renewing the functionality of the interior architecture to enhance the overall retail, social and cultural experience.

ABSTRACT

Historically, public markets served as the economic, cultural and social foundation of many cities such as Leadenhall Market in London, United

Kingdom, Jardin Juarez and Market Hall in Juchitan, Mexico, and West Side

Market in Cleveland, OH. With the rise of chain grocery stores and supermarkets, most of the markets were forced to close due to a decrease in patronage. The remaining public markets changed from their traditional function to a fast-food court in order to remain financially viable. A few surviving public markets, such as Philadelphia’s Reading Terminal Market, strive to operate as true public markets, which consist of vendors selling produce, fish, meats, baked goods, specialty food, plants, and flowers. This thesis focuses on exploring the role of public markets in the 21st century by implementing architectural solution to and preserves their historic characteristics and cultural values. Philadelphia’s Reading Terminal Market, operating since 1893, was carefully and critically examined and a design proposal was developed to convert it into a modern day public market.

Research included studying the historic and present-day function of public markets. Typologies of arcades, markets and malls were also surveyed.

Programmatic and schematic designs were explored to develop the design proposal, which identified new traffic patterns, architectural and sustainable elements including more efficient ventilation systems, more adequate

v bathroom facilities for number of patronage and employees, and a demonstration kitchen. In the effort to raise cultural and community awareness, a new space is allocated to exhibit the rich history of the Market as well as to showcase art from local artists.

The intention of this project is to create a new interior space within the

Reading Terminal Market, which preserves its historic, and renews the functionality of the interior architecture and enhances the retail, social and cultural experience for the visitor.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction 2

2. Public Markets in the Twentieth century 4

3. History of Reading Terminal Market 9

4. Typology 17

5. The Site Selection 19

6. Program & Schematic Design 21

7. Conclusion 29

8. Endnote 30

9. Bibliography 32

10. Appendix 34

vii

INTRODUCTION

For centuries, public markets have been an integral element of cities.

At its peak, a market was a bustling center of a community’s commerce and culture. During the urbanization and industrialization of the 19th and 20th centuries, the thriving tradition of indoor market halls in the U.S. was virtually obsolete. Most closed, were torn down, or were adapted for other uses. One of the few surviving markets is the Reading Terminal Market, located in a

National Historical Landmark building on 12th Street between Arch and Filbert

Streets in Downtown Philadelphia, PA. It is one of the nation’s oldest farmers’ markets. With the new food trends of “organic” food and rediscovering benefits of locally-grown food, this presents a tremendous reinventing opportunity for public markets in today’s world of mega shopping malls and retail chains.

The average American lifestyle is different than it was when the market was constructed. Our practices and habits have changed. Food shopping destinations transformed from open-air street markets to uniform aisles in supermarkets. Transportation system went from the steam-powered train to the underground subway. However, access to fresh food remains a

2 significant part of American culture. By exploring the functionality of this historic space and evaluating the way that people interact within it, improvement can be made to greatly enhance the retail experience there.

For over 118 years, the Reading Terminal Market has offered

Philadelphians and visitors a unique retail and social experience. This public market contains 80 vendors selling a variety of items including prepared food and baked goods, fresh produce, flowers, books and household goods.

TripAdvisor.com ranks this market the fifth most popular attraction in

Philadelphia, with more than 100,000 customer visits every week. As one regular customer expresses, “it is not another trip to the grocery store. It is a destination.” Even though this is a vibrant market, architectural improvements are desperately needed to make the space functional and not just a public market. Since its operation, this historic market has undergone many modifications, updates and additions that provided quick fix to immediate needs rather than created by design planning. The Reading Terminal Market is more than a shopping and eating destination. For generations, patrons and vendors have cherished fond memories that market environment fosters. The design challenge is to create an interior space that will preserve its historic appeal and promote interaction between patrons and merchants while at the same time offering new positive experience through the implementation of architectural design elements.

PUBLIC MARKETS IN 21ST CENTURY

The role of neighborhood public markets has changed through the course of history, which is primarily because of urbanization. Originated from medieval Europe, many public markets operated on an open, ground floor of a public building such as a courthouse or town hall. They were one of the most important components of a town or city’s public space, where urban residents obtain food into the mid-nineteenth century. All early public markets began as open-air street markets. The first American public market was the Great Street market, established by Governor Winthrop in Boston in

1634.1 Due to the chaotic nature of open-air markets and city expansion, they quickly gave way to long and narrow, enclosed market structures by the end of the eighteenth century. They remained one of the primary places to buy food in American cities until the beginning of the twentieth century.

Markets occupied a central role in the civic and political life of

American cities. As the commercial core of the city, many retailers depended on the market for business. According to a nineteenth century observer of a New York City market, “(t)he amount of business conducted within them (markets) is enormous, …but even this is surpassed by the

4 aggregated transactions of the street stands and retail stores in the immediate vicinity.”2 The civic and social composition of public markets was, as James M. Mayo, Ph.D., author of The American Grocery Store: the Business

Evolution of an Architectural Space, describes, “colorful, active, and a political reflection of American’s economic life.”3 The marketplace was typically the setting for fairs, festivals, and carnivals, where “groups found an opportunity and a place for collective public expression.”4

Before the independent grocer and the chain store ultimately out- performed them, cities reaffirmed their commitment to public markets at various points during the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first two decades of the twentieth. As cities began expanding, demand for market space was increasing as a result of increased use by vendors and shoppers. Market structures also evolved and moved out of streets. They became square in shape, integrating into street blocks, as the long, narrow structures formally used were both more expensive than square, on-the-block structures and less efficient.5 In addition, new food system innovations such as incorporating both retailing and wholesaling under one roof and providing cold storage on site improved the public market experience for both its vendors and customers.

Despite new public market construction in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth, the overall decline of public markets has continued. By the end of the nineteenth century,

5 around half of American cities no longer had a public market, due to heightened price competition from private food distribution sources such as big chain supermarkets and grocery stores. Public markets were losing customers and were “no longer financially self-sufficient” according to The

American Grocery Store author James M. Mayo.

However, public markets did not disappear from the American food landscape. Preservationists and other advocates supported the maintenance of public markets in some cities, including St. Louis, Cleveland,

Philadelphia, and Seattle. In addition, changes in American perceptions of the corporate food system and concerns over food quality and environmental impact led to the initial rise of organic agriculture and alternative food systems in the late 1960s and 1970s. These alternatives included consumer co-operatives, health food stores, and renewed interest in public markets.6 This interest in public markets echoes Helen Tangires’s, author of Public Markets, notion of the “moral economy” of public markets that promoted product quality, fair exchange, and trust among buyers and sellers. Throughout the 1970s, there were significant efforts to revive the public market tradition elsewhere in the United States because they are important economic channels for local food producers and processors. Offering direct sales between producer and consumer, the public market is one of the keystones to strong local food systems.

In addition to economic benefits for merchants and food producers, public markets can serve other purposes beside simply food sales. Markets can also serve as a venue for social services, whether as a permanent part of the market or as an occasional feature. They can also function as public space. Active public spaces are both safer and more inviting, attracting additional users and discouraging loitering, drug use, and other undesirable activity.7 The activity generated by a public market can also help to set the standard for future development by introducing communal, public activity into formerly desolate areas.

This review of market history illustrates the way in which public markets evolved from relatively unsophisticated gatherings in colonial America to formal arenas of trade regulated by local governments. Later, markets moved indoors, and became larger and more elaborate, peaking with the grand market halls of the nineteenth century. Although public markets ultimately failed to remain competitive with grocery stores, they nonetheless can be seen persisting and thriving in many cities in many forms throughout the 20th century and today. Beginning in the 1960s and 1970s, some

American consumers became undesired with the mega supermarket- industrial complex, and the public market regained some of its former popularity, now as an alternative to the industrial food system. However, current interest in local and alternative food systems stemming from environmental, agricultural, public health, and quality of life issues is at a high

7 level. The case for public markets today generally rests on the public benefits of markets and their role as civic amenities.

HISTORY OF READING TERMINAL MARKET

Reading Terminal Market Timeline

1683 First recorded open-air market at Front and High Street

1860 Farmers’ Market Company opens market hall

1864 Twelfth Street Market Company opens market hall

1891 Philadelphia City Council passes ordinance approving construction of Reading Terminal. Reading Company settles with Farmers’ Market and Twelfth Street Market.

1892 Reading becomes largest rail system in the country. Farmers’ Market and Twelfth Street Market close. Reading Terminal market opens.

1893 First train enters Reading Terminal. Reading Terminal Market cold storage begins operating.

1902 First pay phone installed in Reading Terminal Market.

1934 Renovation of Twelfth Street window and entrances.

1960 Cold-storage area closes.

1971 Reading Company declares bankruptcy. The Reading Terminal building enlists on the National Register of Historic Site and Places.

1980 Reading Company emerges from bankruptcy and takes back control of the market.

1984 Last train leaves the Reading Terminal.

1985 Filbert Street façade and entrances restored.

1986 Heat and air conditioning added in market.

1990 Pennsylvania Convention Center purchases Reading Terminal Market

1992 Market reconstructed by Convention Center

The Reading Terminal Market officially opened in February 1893. It is the successor of two markets, the Farmer’s Market on Market Street and the

Twelfth Street Market on 12th Street, which dates back to the 1600s. The

Reading Terminal head house was built in the Italian Renaissance style. It was designed by Francis H. Kimball, a New York architect who was best known for his work on skyscrapers in lower Manhattan and terra-cotta ornamentation.

The train shed and the Reading Terminal Market were constructed with the structural expertise of Wilson Brothers and Company of Philadelphia.8 The market was part of the purchasing settlement agreement that the

Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company (often known as Reading) promised to build into the terminal because it had purchased the ground from two market houses that were located there.

Archibald Angus McLeod, president of the Reading Railroad, decided to elevate the railroad tracks and terminals twenty feet above ground. This enabled the market to be situated at street level. In addition, the most technologically advanced cold storage facility was built on the basement level.9 The construction of the head house and market were completed in

February of 1893. The building had a train shed spanning 266 feet with a height reaching 88 feet and at the time was the largest of its kind in the world. The Market had 800 stalls, twelve East-West aisles, and four North-South aisles and eighteen foot high ceilings. There were eight elevators along the

10 eastern and western walls that serviced the basement cold-storage area, the market, and the train shed.10

For the first few decades, the Reading Terminal Market was successful under the supervision of George H. McKay, who was the superintendent of the Center Market in the District of Columbia. However, there were a few challenges, such as the temporary roof over the market during construction of the train shed. The market roof was really a ceiling. The actual roof was a barrel-shaped shed covering the thirteen train tracks in the train shed. A permanent ceiling was not installed until 1897. Another major challenge was that the cold storage area was inoperable for the first six months.11 Once it was ready, the vendors were able to sell a huge selection of products year round rather than only seasonal items. In this regard, it helped to solidify the market’s reputation as the place to find everything. Business continued to flourish with the installation of telephones and the implementation of a free

“market basket service”, which allowed suburban housewives to place a grocery order and have it delivered to their nearest train station for pick-up.

Also, refrigerated trucks allowed the market to reach into suburban towns.12

In the 1930s, the Great Depression, the growing popularity of the automobile, increasing suburbanization, and the rising popularity of supermarkets challenges for the market. In the hope of saving their business, the merchants joined together to form the Reading Terminal Market

Merchants Association, and began a series of advertising campaigns to

11 attract new patrons. It included a series of “Food Show and Home Progress

Exhibitions” and the implementation of a free-parking program. As a promotional strategy, the merchants funded the market’s first major renovation since its opening. In 1934, new entrances and windows were installed on Twelfth Street. Additional storage rooms were added in the basement, and the ice-making machinery was modernized. To create a contemporary modernized image, new awnings and graphics were developed. New refrigerated windows with special electric lights were installed to display fruit and produce, advertising the bounty to be found inside the market (figure 1 in appendix ).13

During the World War years, food shortages brought on by the war increased the demand for the Market’s goods. On May 9, 1946, the Reading

Terminal Market experienced its largest crowd in the history of the market.14

People lined up at the market to purchase meat, poultry and pork products that were unavailable elsewhere. This consumer demand did not last long, however, as the middle of the twentieth century marked the end of prosperity for the market. The suburbanization of America and the decline of the railroads affected the Market, which ran a deficit for six years beginning in 1952. Furthermore, by 1959, the stall occupancy rate decreased from 97 percent to only 70 percent forcing the Reading Railroad to raise rents; the railroad was also undergoing financial difficulties due to decreased demand.15 To minimize expenses, the company closed stations that were no

12 longer needed and sold real estate parcels. It was also involved in labor disputes that caused the government to take control of the rails for a time in

1950. The market’s cold-storage facility was closed and dismantled in 1960.

Several other events further hurt the Market and its merchants financially. The Dock Street wholesale market, a major supplier to many of the Market’s resellers, was closed and demolished as part of the urban renewal program.16 In addition, a four alarm fire broke out in the Reading

Terminal’s powerhouse in early 1960. The power outages lasted for a couple days, leading to lost business and spoiling food for Market merchants.

The Reading Railroad market suffered even further losses when the railroad company filed for bankruptcy in 1971 and ceased operations in

1976. The railroad company continued to serve as a real estate business, but was no longer actively managing and promoting the market. Instead, the company was looking to sell the terminal building that was housing the market.17 Through profits from the real estate division, the Reading Company emerged from bankruptcy in 1980. A new young lawyer-entrepreneur,

William R. Dimeling, was chosen to lead the Reading’s real estate division. He decided to revive the Market in order to maximize the Reading’s real estate holdings in Philadelphia.

As part of the revitalization, bright red light fixtures were added to the exterior and monumental banners were hung along Twelfth Street. A group of young Amish families from Lancaster County took up the large vacant

13 area at Twelfth and Arch Street. They planned to operate from Thursday through Saturday. New immigrants also sought the opportunity to open new businesses or bought out existing merchants in the Market. In addition, the leases and rental systems were changed to allow for a dramatic increase in maintenance, promotions and upkeep. Through new merchants and advertising, customers were reacquainted with the Market.18

This revival effort led to rebuilding plan for the Downtown to attract suburbanites back into the city center. Dimeling wanted to build a new convention center that could be entered through the soon-to-be-empty train shed. The city council agreed and approved the plan to build a new convention center at Dimeling’s proposed site. The new Center would replace the aging Civic Center in West Philadelphia.19 As the plan began, the SEPT Regional Rail trains moved from the train terminal above the market to the new underground market at East Station. The last train left the Reading

Terminal in 1984.

The Reading Terminal market reclaimed its popularity and became part of a natural phenomenon. Towns all across the country were starting new markets or renovating old ones. While the construction of the new convention center was in talks, the fate of the market was uncertain. Fearing that the Market would not be included in the grand scheme of Convention

Center construction, the merchants came together and formed the

Merchants Association once again to save the market. Public support for the

14 market was overwhelming. Meanwhile, Filbert Street façades and entrances were restored, and heat and air conditioning were added in the Market.

After years of meetings, an agreement was reached to keep the market open during construction. The Convention Center would rebuild the aging market from top to bottom “in a way that introduced a twenty-first- century infrastructure while keeping the historic stalls, marble counters, and a patina of finishes that had accumulated for more than a century.”20 In 1990 the ownership of the Reading Terminal and the Market passed to the

Pennsylvania Convention Center Authority.

Today, the Reading Terminal Market is still owned by the Pennsylvania

Convention Center and is operated by a not-for-profit corporation. It was set up specifically to oversee the historic market and maintain its character and historic role of bringing together local producers and consumers. It receives an average of more than 100,000 customers weekly. The Market is as vibrant and colorful as ever. To tourists and Convention Center visitors, this may be an attraction. To loyal customers and Market merchants, the market is a way of life for them.

While the market is triving, the space has poor circulation, inadequate restroom facilities, a fast-food-court like common seating arrangement, and outdated ventilation and lighting systems. Unlike the hustling and bustling on the western end of the market, fifty percent of the floor space on the eastern end of the market is designated for walk-in

15 refrigerators and vendor storage stalls. Extra cart board boxes and pushcarts were stored along the walking aisles which created an uninviting scene for patrons as well as fire hazard. While it is important to consider the overall layout of the market in order to create a harmonious interior, this thesis focuses on redesigning only the eastern end of the market, making it as vibrant as its western end. Since there is no main entrance, the challenge will be to attract patrons to the center of the market.

TYPOLOGY

Marketplaces have existed throughout the world in diverse forms for centuries. As this thesis concentrates on the role of public markets today, this section will examine a sample of existing marketplaces: San Francisco’s Ferry

Building Marketplace, Seattle’s Pike Place Market, and Boston’s Faneuil Hall

Marketplace.

The San Francisco’s Ferry Building Marketplace is housed in a historic building along the Embarcadero at the foot of Market Street. The ground floor is dedicated to a public food market with vendor stalls and a small historic gallery as well as two sets of restrooms. The categories of vendors are well dispersed throughout the floor plan and do not indicate categorical zoning. The primary entrances form two strong axes through the building, the flow of traffic throughout the space. Secondary entrances create two smaller axes to either side of the main north-south thoroughfare. The tertiary entrances are mainly used for egress and employee circulation (see figure 2 in appendix).

Seattle’s Pike Place Market is one of few surviving public markets that still operates as a public market. During the redevelopment and expansion of

17 this historic market, it became a market district comprising of a variety of indoor and outdoor vending spaces, along with space adapted for other uses. The twenty-two acre Pike Place district includes not only food vendors, but also a range of other uses including mixed-income housing and social service providers. Pike Place is probably the best-known public market in the

United States; however, few local residents shop there because it is such a heavy tourist visitation.

Boston’s Faneuil Hall Marketplace was originally constructed as a public meeting hall in 1792. During its restoration and revitalization in 1964, it was manifested into a festival marketplace that focused on food and entertainment, also became a shopping destination. The streets between the buildings were developed as plazas for pushcarts, kiosks, and entertainers in addition to an assortment of trees, flowers, benches and light installations.

Though it is not the intention of this thesis to develop Reading Terminal Market into a shopping destination, one should note that Faneuil Hall Marketplace is a great success in terms of historic preservation and is creating a unique meeting place for visitors and residents alike.

THE SITE SELECTION

According to the National Register of Historic Places, the Reading

Terminal’s architecture is in the Italian Renaissance style. It consists of two major building elements: a head house and a train shed. The head house was designed in 1891 by Francis H. Kimball and the train shed and Reading

Terminal Market was built by Wilson Brothers & Company. The two sections of the building are joined by a concourse. The head house has brick-bearing walls with cast-iron columns and timber floors. The train shed has a series of wrought iron three-hinged arches spanning a width of 259 feet and 8 inches, reaches a height of 88 feet, and is 559 feet long.21 The train shed has the largest single-span arched-roof in the world. Recognized as a monument in the history of engineering, the complex includes head house and train shed, and is honored with the rare distinction of being recognized as a National

Historic Landmark.

The Reading Terminal Market occupies the ground floor and basement levels of the Reading Terminal’s former train shed, which is now part of the

Pennsylvania Convention Center. Market stalls populate the ground floor with entrances on Filbert Street to the South, Twelfth Street to the West, and

Arch Street to the North. The loading and service entrances are located on the east side. The ceiling is eighteen feet high.22 The merchant stalls are arranged in a grid pattern with an open area in the grid’s center. The open area is cluttered with tables and seating. Additional tables and seating can be found in long aisles that supplement the insufficient seating of the grid center. Wrought iron supporting beams are exposed revealing its complicated engineering, as the building once operated as a trainshed above. There are 80 merchants, and stalls ranging in width from five feet eight inches to six feet ten inches were built to stand alone or in groupings of two or three. Many remaining stalls today are originals, built in 1893. The basement has a ceiling height of ten feet and is used for vendor storage. Of the original eight elevators, only one remains, located near the southeast loading dock. The eastern end is cluttered with walk-in fridges and floor storage. The management office is located above the walk-in fridge at the northeast end.

PROGRAM & SCHEMATIC DESIGN

This project proposes relocating the existing vendor storages and walk- in fridge on the market level are relocated to the currently under-utilized

80,000-square-foot basement storage; thus creating additional space for improvements. Further, the design proposal includes:

. Relocating market level vendor storages and walk-in fridge to the

basement level;

. Expanding pedestrian circulation (entry and egress points);

. Creating a central multi-functional area in the center;

. Expanding demonstration kitchen from 320 square feet to 1,170 square

feet;

. Renovating the management office;

. Adding a second freight elevator;

. Improving air ventilation systems with natural ventilation; and

. Replacing the existing A-lamps with energy efficient controllable lamps for

both vendor stalls and egress.

The new program is described below.

Program

Category Square Footage

Common space/Circulation 19,880

Vendor Space 48,300

Multi-Functional Space 3,000

Maintenance & Administrative 920

Demonstration Kitchen 1,170

Common Tables/Eating Area 4,270

Restrooms 2,400

To better orient the visitor within the space and to handle heavy traffic activities, four central aisles are expanded to create four major passageways or arteries. Two run in the North-South direction, from Filbert Street to the Arch

Street entrances (see figure 2). They are widened from the current width of five feet to ten feet. The other two arteries run from the 12th Street entrances on the West end toward the East end. These open out from the existing width of eight feet to twelve feet. In addition to providing visitors with a better sense of orientation within the space, they will improve pedestrian circulation and relieve congestion (see figure 1). This will also increase visibility of directional signage and the merchant directory. To preserve the historic appeal of the market, the grid pattern layout of the Market will remain unchanged as will

22 the function of the majority of retail establishments. The expansion of the passageways will only slightly shift the location of the existing merchant stalls.

Figure 1 – Circulation Diagram with major arteries

The new program will create an interior that provides a community space for educational activities, special events, and general socialization; thus encouraging neighborhood involvement and bringing the community to the Market. The addition of a multi-functional space, the expansion of both the demonstration kitchen and the common seating area will establish a social and communal experience. By carefully examining the adjacency relationships between each category, it seems logical to place these elements in a centralized location within the market (see elements adjacency studies figure 2 and figure 3 in appendix).

The multi-functional area will be situated at the center of the Market, becoming the Atrium (see adjacency and spatial studies, figure 2-4). It will be a wide platform, elevated by a couple of steps, that creates an indoor town square. A 3-foot bronze sculpture of Philbert the pig, the Market’s mascot, sits at the center of this platform; it will continue to function as the charity “piggy bank” for the healthy eating program at The Food Trust. The Atrium will also serve as an open exhibition area for showcasing the Market’s history and creative work from local and travelling artists; it is also a place for promoting awareness about issues of importance to the community. Activities include art performance and community health programs where public health workers set up booths for blood pressure or other health screenings on selected market days. Alternatively, this space will house seasonal farmers, and craftsmen can set up temporary kiosks to sell their produce and hand- crafts.

To counter the negative fast-food court atmosphere of the current seating area connotes, three smaller community seating areas are added adjacent to the Atrium in the North, South, and East sides (see figure 5). The smaller seating space provides a more intimate environment for meeting and greeting rather than an eat-and-run lunch spot. Benches and movable tables and chairs offer flexibility to the space.

Figure 2 – Adjacency and Spatial Studies: one large centralized seating area with multi-functional space and demonstration kitchen locate to the north and south

Figure 3 – Adjacency and Spatial Studies: multi-functional space located in the center with three seating areas to the north, east and south. The demonstration kitchen is located at the east end.

Figure 4 – Adjacency and Spatial Studies: multi-functional space located at the north end with the seating to the east and west of it. Demonstration kitchen placed at the south end with the seating to the east and west of it.

Seating Demo Kitchen

Atrium Seating Management Office

Seating

0’ 10’ 30’ 70’ Figure 5 – Proposed new program

While there is an existing demonstration kitchen located at the far

Northeast corner tucked away from the major activity areas of the Market, it

26 will improve the visitor’s experience by moving it to a location that can be better viewed, adjacent to the East seating area (see figure 5). The kitchen will be placed on an elevated stage, offering better viewing and opportunity to have community food demonstrations that expand to the common seating area. This program offers educational opportunities for cooking demonstration from local chefs and talks by farmers and nutritionists, thus providing direct educational experiences for customers.

With the relocation of the market level storages, a second freight elevator is added adjacent to the existing freight elevator near the Southeast loading dock, thus improving vendor circulation to the basement storage area. In addition, the management office will be renovated to house a conference room, reception area and an open office for ten administrative employees. The renovated office is adjacent to the demonstration kitchen on the east side of the market (see figure 5). The outdated restroom facilities will receive a full upgrade with the addition of a family restroom on the

Southwest end.

CONCLUSION

This proposal illustrates the ways in which public markets have evolved over time alongside with both American cities and the American food system. As consumers increasingly place importance on the quality of their food source, public market will regain much of its former appeal as an alternative to the industrial food system. The reinvention of Philadelphia’s

Reading Terminal Market is the beginning of the exploration of designing public market that will meet the demands of the 21st century. It will pave the way for the preservation of existing markets and repurposing aspects of them into public gathering places that celebrate people, food and agricultural tradition.

1 Mayo, James M. The American Grocery Store: the Business Evolution of an Architectural Space. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1993: 2.

2 Tangires, Helen. Public Markets and Civic Culture in 19th Century America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003: 47.

3 Mayo,The American Grocery Store, p. 17.

4 Tangires, Helen. Public Markets and Civic Culture in 19th Century America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003: 49.

5 Mayo, James M. The American Grocery Store: the Business Evolution of an Architectural Space. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1993: 13.

6 Mayo, The American Grocery Store, P. 210.

7 Spitzer, et al., P. 24.

8 O’Neal, David K. Reading Terminal Market: An Illustrated History. Philadelphia: Camino Books, Inc, 2004: p. 11.

9 O’Neal, Reading Terminal Market, p. 10.

10 O’Neal, Reading Terminal Market, p. 12.

11 O’Neal, Reading Terminal Market, p. 13.

12 O’Neal, Reading Terminal Market, p. 14.

13 O’Neal, Reading Terminal Market, p. 18.

14 O’Neal, Reading Terminal Market, p. 19.

15 O’Neal, Reading Terminal Market, p. 20.

16 O’Neal, Reading Terminal Market, p. 21.

17 O’Neal, Reading Terminal Market, p. 25.

18 O’Neal, Reading Terminal Market, p. 26.

19 O’Neal, Reading Terminal Market, p. 27.

20 O’Neal, Reading Terminal Market, p. 29.

21 Philadelphia and Reading Railroad: Terminal Station and Trainshed Archives. National Register of Historic Places Inventory.

22 O’Neal, Reading Terminal market, p. 12.

ENDNOTES

1 Mayo, James M. The American Grocery Store: the Business Evolution of an Architectural Space. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1993: 2.

2 Tangires, Helen. Public Markets and Civic Culture in 19th Century America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003: 47.

3 Mayo, James M. The American Grocery Store: the Business Evolution of an Architectural Space. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1993: 17.

4 Tangires, Helen. Public Markets and Civic Culture in 19th Century America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003: 49.

5 Mayo, James M. The American Grocery Store: the Business Evolution of an Architectural Space. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1993: 13.

6 Mayo, The American Grocery Store, P. 210.

7 Spitzer, Theodore Morrow, Hilary Baum, et al. Public Markets and Community Revitalization. Washington, D.C.: Urban Land Institute and Project for Public Spaces, 1995: 24.

8 O’Neal, David K. Reading Terminal Market: An Illustrated History. Philadelphia: Camino Books, Inc, 2004: 11.

9 O’Neal, Reading Terminal Market, p. 10.

10 O’Neal, Reading Terminal Market, p. 12.

11 O’Neal, Reading Terminal Market, p. 13.

12 O’Neal, Reading Terminal Market, p. 14.

13 O’Neal, Reading Terminal Market, p. 18.

14 O’Neal, Reading Terminal Market, p. 19.

15 O’Neal, Reading Terminal Market, p. 20.

16 O’Neal, Reading Terminal Market, p. 21.

17 O’Neal, Reading Terminal Market, p. 25.

18 O’Neal, Reading Terminal Market, p. 26.

19 O’Neal, Reading Terminal Market, p. 27.

20 O’Neal, Reading Terminal Market, p. 29.

21 Philadelphia and Reading Railroad: Terminal Station and Trainshed Archives. National Register of Historic Places Inventory.

22 O’Neal, David K. Reading Terminal Market: An Illustrated History. Philadelphia: Camino Books, Inc, 2004: 12.

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O’Neil, David K. “What We Need to Learn from America’s Classic Markets.” Available from Project For Public Space Website: http://www.pps.org/lessonsofclassicmarkets/. Accessed August 29, 2010.

O’Neil, David K. “Ten Qualities of Successful Public Markets.” Available from Project For Public Spaces Website: http://www.pps.org/markets/info/markets_articles/ten_characteristics. Accessed August 29, 2010.

Philadelphia and Reading Railroad: Terminal Station and Trainshed Archives. National Register of Historic Places Inventory.

Pike Place Farmer’s Market Website: http://www.pikeplacemarket.org. Accessed October 27, 2010.

Project for Public Space Website: http://www.pps.org. Accessed August 29, 2010.

Reading Terminal Market Website: http://www.readingterminalmarket.org/about/index. Accessed May 14, 2010.

Smith, Baird M and Carl Elefante. “Sustainable Design in Historic Buildings: Foundations and the Future.” APT Bulletin, Vol. 40, No. 3/4 (2009): 19-26.

Spitzer, Theodore Morrow, Hilary Baum, et al. Public Markets and Community Revitalization. Washington, D.C.: Urban Land Institute and Project for Public Spaces, 1995.

Tangires, Helen. Public Markets. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2003.

Tangires, Helen. Public Markets and Civic Culture in 19th Century America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003

Zada, Joshua C. “Public Market Development Strategy: Making the Improbable Possible.” MCP Thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009.

APPENDIX

Figure 1 – Close-up of a new refrigerated window installed in 1934. (Source: O’Neal, Reading Terminal Market: p. 89.)

Figure 2 – San Francisco’s Ferry Building Marketplace egress study (Source: ferrybuildingmarketplace.com)

Figure 3 – Criteria adjacency chart

Figure 4 – Bubble diagram showing elements adjacency relationship.

Arch Street

N 0 10 30 70 Existing Floor Plan

Reinventing Philadelphia’s Reading Terminal Market

Ada Ng Spring 2011 0 10 30 70

Proposed Floor Plan @ Focus Area

Floor Finishes

Cabinet Finishes

upholstry Finishes

N 0 10 30 70 Proposed Floor Plan FLOUORESCENT LAMPS 3FORM VARIA ECORESIN 1/4” GAUGE New Path Light Details

0 10 30 70

Reflected Ceiling Plan @ Focus Area

METAL HALIDE LAMP

BOCCI 14 LED LAMP

TRACK & HID TRACK HEAD

N 0 10 30 70 Proposed Reflected Ceiling Plan METAL LAMINATE PANEL

LED LIGHT STRIP 1 TRANLUCENT ACRYLIC PANEL

Light Column Plan and Section Details

Section Detail @ Light Column 1 Acrylic Panel 3” = 1’0”

Section Detail @ Light Column 2 Metal Laminate Panel 3” = 1’0” LED Grow Light BOCCI 14 LED LAMP

LED GROW LIGHT

NUTRIENT RETURN

RESERVOIR NUTRIENT PUMP

POLAR GULLY (GROW TRAY)

Hydroponic system Section and Plan Details

Supplies plant options

GULLEY GROW MEDIA

NUTRIENT PUMP RESEVOIR