CEU eTD Collection
Second Reader: Professor Florian Bieber Bieber Second Florian Professor Reader: requirements for In of the degree the fulfillment of partial Supervisor: Professor Siefert Marsha History Department Central European University Nikola Baković YUGOSLAV STATE PROPAGANDA FOR ECONOMIC EMIGRANTS IN FR PROPAGANDAFORYUGOSLAV EMIGRANTS STATE ECONOMIC
SOCIALIST “OASIS” “DESERT” IN ASOCIALIST CAPITALIST Budapest, Hungary Master of Arts GERMANY GERMANY (1966-1975) Submitted to Submitted 2012 By By
CEU eTD Collection part, may be made only in accordance with the instructions given b given instructions the with accordance in only made be may part, not be made without the written permission of the Author. written of permission be the not made the without accor in made copies Further made. copies such any of part a from obtained be may Details Library. European Central the Cop Author. the with rests thesis this of text the in Copyright
the librarian. This page must form must page This librarian. the ies by any process, either in full or full in either process, any by ies dance with such instructions may instructions such with dance y the Author and lodged in in lodged and Author the y CEU eTD Collection
uolv tt isiuin, ie fr uolv okr ( workers Yugoslav for aimed institutions, state Yugoslav “informational-propagandist the analysing am I thesis, this In the time. the time. ex and Yugoslav internal in shifts the to according policies its sovereignty institutional its extending state sending a of terms discourse modernising expl to means a as employed the is transnationalism of framework and propaganda patriotic with imbued were the events cultural the which in ways the with deals also thesis hos the against campaigns and propaganda military the in workers a apparatus Party the of extension the notably most analysed, also as political The Centres. stat Cultural-Informational of framework and centralised more a to clubs workers’ Yugoslav organised institutions for institutions de the discuss I 1970s. early and 1960s late the in work to Germany
Gastarbeiter -oriented questions, as well as the shift from state’sreliancefrom shift the as well as questions, -oriented ABSTRACT ABSTRACT
pects of Yugoslav propaganda are propaganda Yugoslav of pects ternal Cold War developments of of developments War Cold ternal Gastarbeiter across its borders, and adapting and borders, its across ain Yugoslav propaganda in the the in propaganda Yugoslav ain ” activities undertaken by the by undertaken activities ” state organised for emigrants emigrants for organised state tile political emigration. The The emigration. political tile velopment of the official official the of velopment e-controlled institutional institutional e-controlled ra ad s o guest of use and broad ) who went to FR FR to went who ) . The analytical analytical The . on self- on CEU eTD Collection professors at University of Belgrade and University of Missouri, Missouri, of University and Belgrade of University at professors Entertainment rjc ad rvdn m wt a eeos elwhp n tae gra travel and fellowship generous a with me providing and project workshop p a present to opportunity the me giving for Vienna, of University want also I research. and arguments my framing for guidelines i very with me providing for well, as mention deserve Cvetković Srđan Histori thesis. my in interview our from information valuable use Gojković Predrag interviewee my thank to like also would LibrI (Čačak). and (Belgrade) Serbia of Library (Belgrade) National (Belgrade), Yugoslavia of Archives (Budapest), Archives Society immensely me helped institutions following the of staff kind The ownme way. as a their in historian forge without meet, to honour the had I whom professors CEU other to due shortc the all course, (of way feasible and reasonable most the focus to how on advices useful her with start very the from helpful supervisor my to goes gratitude special A year. academic for University European Central thank officially to like would I rm h 4 the from as well as familymy thank to want Ileast, the not but Last, many ways. many ways. Neue Wege in derWege MigrationsforschungNeue in th floor, , all of whom made this intensive Budapest year amazing and life and amazing year Budapest intensive this made whom of all ,
Freundarbeiter ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS from “Blikk” and my dearest colleagues from from colleagues dearest my and “Blikk” from I in May 2012 in Vienna. May in Vienna. 2012 in Prof. Marsha Siefert, who has been has who Siefert, Marsha Prof. to all my fellow “guest students” “guest fellow myall to omings are mine). Credit is also is Credit mine). are omings ary “Vladislav Petković Dis” Dis” Petković “Vladislav ary as all of them have influenced influenced have them of all as to thank Johanna Kreid of of Kreid Johanna thank to ans Vladimir Ivanović and and Ivanović Vladimir ans and convey my research in in research my convey and for kindly allowing me to to me allowing kindly for during the research: Open Open research: the during r o ti tei a the at thesis this of art Dpoai Archives Diplomatic , supporting my research research my supporting mportant materials and and materials mportant nt for the 2011-2012 2011-2012 the for nt Budapest, June 2012 Budapest, 2012 June tting my previous previous my tting -changing in so in -changing Author Bunar Bunar CEU eTD Collection IV III II I INTRODUCTION ...... 1 LIST ABBREVIATIONS OF ...... IV Table Contents of the West in YugoslavArtists ...... 72 Propaganda ...... 28
Nationalism Nationalism ...... 22 4.2 4.1 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.4 1.3 1.2 1. 1DiasporaGastarbeiter? = ...... 11
Diasporic, Transnational, Propagandist –ExportingDiasporic,A Yugoslav Transnational, Propaganda
og f rteho, ac o Uiy Poaad Apcs f h Msc T Music the of Aspects Propaganda – Unity of Dance Brotherhood, of Song GuestAboveTransnationalism Workers Propaganda for From - Political ...... 47 of Media and Venues – Self-Management the Exporting Fighting of Tours the Commercialisation ...... 79 Symbols...... 73as - Political Unobtrusive Concerts and Spontaneous Conclusions ...... 69 Propaganda Political Emigrants against ...... 60 “Three– GastarbeiterAsset Armies as Abroad” a ...... 55 Military Extending the Party Abroad...... 48Apparatus Conclusions ...... 44 Propaganda Media ...... 37 BetweenYugoslav FR“Tavernisa in Self-Management Germany – and Clubs M and Trans- Between – Migrations Economic Yugoslav on Scholarship Export andConceptualising its Propaganda ...... 18 Yugoslav TransnationalGastarbeiter as Communities ...... 15
II II Gastarbeiter broad broad ...... 10 ethodological ethodological -Oriented tion” tion” ..29 us of ours
CEU eTD Collection BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 107 CONCLUSION ...... 100
4.5 4.4 4.3
Conclusions Conclusions ...... 97 and Modernising Between Nostalgic Culture Entertainment ...... 92 SongsInterethnic –Music Tours of as Contention of a Mirror Tensions ...... 85
III III
CEU eTD Collection NIJ
VUS People of Yuogoslavia] [Sociali Jugoslavije naroda radnog savez Socijalistički - SSRNJ sindikata –Savez TradeYugoslavi JugoslavijeSSJ of Unions [Alliance of the informacije sekretarijatSSINF za [Federal Secretaria – Savezni Church] – Srpska Pravoslavna CrkvaSPC Orthodox [Serbian of – Yugoslaviaa] komunista Savez SKJ Jugoslavije of Communists [League centar Centre] KIC [Cultural-Informational – Kulturno-informativni DGB [German of Alliance Trade Unions] Gewerkschaftsbund –Deutsches Ministry of Foreign Affairs] [Diploma poslova inostranih Ministarstva arhiv Diplomatski – DAMIP Working Abroad] Our of Affairs the for Committee [Coordinating inostranstvu u radu gra naših pitanja za komitet Koordinacioni – Committee Coordinating Bureau poslove zapošljavanja biro za [FederalBureau –Savezni the Emp for [Workers’ –Arbeiterswohlfahrt AW Welfare] –Arhiv Yugoslavia] AJ [ArchivesJugoslavije of – – Novosti iz Jugoslavije iz Novosti Vjesnik u srijedu
[Herald on Wednesday] [Herald onWednesday] [News from Yugoslavia] LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS IV IV t for Information] for t st Alliance of the Working Working the of Alliance st aa a privremenom na đana Citizens Temporarily Temporarily Citizens i Acie o the of Archives tic loyment Affairs] a] a] CEU eTD Collection omn eoois f etr Erp (rdmnnl Ws German West (predominantly Europe Western of economies booming Germany 1967-1973: Between ideology and pragmatism] and Betweenideology 1967-1973: Germany interchangeably. [N.B.] [N.B.] interchangeably. workshop workshop 5 In (Zagreb: Census], Yugoslav the1971 to According 4 2 2-3. 2012), May 26th permanentl abroadeventually brought their families as well. return to decided them of few relatively as years, steadi still was Germany FR in residing emigrants Yugoslav of export the towards stance stricter a employed authorities ot the on while workforce, hand, importing for need German West diminished one the On people. of outflow this halt to taken were measures data, g accordi annually), Yugoslavia leaving migrants new Yugoslav 240,000 some (with 1971 of number The period. ( this in job-seekers Yugoslav most la and by was Germany West However, France). and Switzerland Portug Greece, (Italy, south European the of countries from wave t ended which reform economic the of a Yugoslavia, becoming from set off migration a resultemployment, huge labour a as mid-1960s, the In 1 Regensburg, December 2010, available on: on: available 2010, December Regensburg, 3 Ch see expatriates, moved permanently and emigrants Ivo Baučić, Baučić, Ivo econ Yugoslav describe to used terminology the For We terms use to going am I thesis, this Throughout Sara Bernard, “Return of the Yugoslav Gastarbeiter Yugoslav the of “Return Bernard, Sara Gastarbeiter
Vladimir Ivanović, Ivanović, Vladimir 4 although the real number was higher, due to illegal and unregistere and illegal to due higher, was number real the although aor irtos n Tasainls i Erp: C Europe: in Transnationalism and Migrations Labour anc u nzmtu rm pps saonšv Jugo stanovništva popisu prema inozemstvu u Radnici ) 2
in FR Germany alone soared from only 2,000 in 1954 in 2,000 only from soared alone Germany FR in Jugoslavija i SR Nemačka 1967-1973: između ideologi između 1967-1973: Nemačka SR i Jugoslavija
INTRODUCTION http://fpsoe.de/uploads/media/Paper_Bernard_fpsoe.p stitut za geografiju Sveučilišta, 1973), 38-39. 38-39. 1973), Sveučilišta, geografiju za stitut apter 1.1. [N.B.] 1.1. apter s Home: A Chronological Division,” Paper presented presented Paper Division,” Chronological A Home: s 1 mc mgain ad o itnus te fo polit from them distinguish to and emigration, omic , (Belgrade: Institut za savremenu istoriju, 2009), istoriju, savremenu za Institut (Belgrade: , 5 st Germany, FR Germany and abbreviated form FRG FRG form abbreviated and Germany FR Germany, st
neprr ad itrcl Perspective Historical and ontemporary lvj 1971. slavije ly increasing in the subsequent subsequent the in increasing ly workforce. Yet, the number of of number the Yet, workforce. je i pragmatizma pragmatizma i je y to Yugoslavia and many many and Yugoslavia to y rge the main destination for destination main the rge 3 to well over 400,000 in 400,000 over well to [Yugoslav Workers Abroad Abroad Workers [Yugoslav l ad uky t the to Turkey) and al, her hand, the Yugoslav Yugoslav the hand, her d emigration. In 1973, In emigration. d y, part of the migration migration part of the h ol hc crisis shock oil the 1 uti, Sweden, Austria, he policy of full full of policy he [Yugoslavia and FR and [Yugoslavia ng to the official the to ng df uest workers workers uest (last retrieved retrieved (last 123. at the at s in in s ical ical CEU eTD Collection been enjoying asylum in West Germany. Their anti-Yugoslav a anti-Yugoslav Their Germany. West in asylum enjoying been possibility of them investing their capital into the domesti the into capital their investing them of possibility Migrations in the (Post-)Yugoslav Region 19 Region (Post-)Yugoslav the in Migrations communist and nationalist) of various political, ideological and ethnic and ideological political, various of nationalist) and communist pol of number significant a emigrants, economic the from Apart tak, and oetm n h ery 1970s. early the in momentum gained attacks, 8 7 6 pre the to role significant a playing continued (which home sending Brünnb Ulf in Changes,” and Continuities Socialism. Serbia,” inactive among emigrants clericalist) right-wing, (nationalist, opposed thes of agitation potential the neutralise to aimed activities extremist these of actions anti-state the curb to means various and 1950s the the in of importance West the with regime visa the of liberalisation a was labour of outflow an Such reform. economic 1965 the after areas unemployment of problem emerging the neutralise to authorities workers, rural of primarily movement, migration massive This moved abroad, in order to maintain their loyalty to the homeland. their maintain loyaltymoved abroad, to to order in work and propaganda and migrations, information the channel concerning measures to introduced means logistical and technical the over took process this of significance and immensity the realising Upon 1980), 213. 1980), elements “hostile the with associating of dangers the of workers l Bünae, Lbu Eirto fo te Yugosl the from Emigration “Labour Brünnbauer, Ulf Milo Bošković, Bošković, Milo
Vladimir Südosteuropa. Zeitschrift für Politik und Gesellsch und Politik für Zeitschrift Südosteuropa. Gastarbeiter
rčć “cnmc fet o Eptits n Migran and Expatriates of Effects “Economic Grečić, Antijugoslovenska fašistička emigracija fašistička Antijugoslovenska
Gastarbeiter Oe f h mi tss f h sae fiil ws o constantly to was officials state the of tasks main the of One .
phenomenon lay in the hard-currency remittances they were were they remittances hard-currency the in lay phenomenon th -21 st Century auer, ed., ed., auer, 2 [Anti-Yugoslav Fascist Emigration], (Belgrade: Slo (Belgrade: Emigration], Fascist [Anti-Yugoslav v ein rm h lt 19 late the from Region av , (Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2009), 45-46. 45-46. 2009), Verlag, Oldenbourg R. , (Munich: aft 8 hrfr, uolv uhrte employed authorities Yugoslav Therefore, 04 (2009): 453. (2009): 04 Transnational ts on Sending Countries. A Case-Study of of Case-Study A Countries. Sending on ts e politically active and ideologically and active politically e c economy upon their return home. home. return their upon economy c for Yugoslavia, the socialist state socialist the Yugoslavia, for ,” who often posed as Yugoslav as posed often who ,” and underdevelopment of rural of underdevelopment and ctions, often including terrorist terrorist including often ctions, 7 s, and developed propaganda propaganda developed and s,
Societies, Transterritorial Politics. Politics. Transterritorial Societies, the prevalently politically politically prevalently the itical emigrants (mostly anti- (mostly emigrants itical was a means for Yugoslav Yugoslav for means a was sent day as well),as day sent backgrounds had already already had backgrounds th 1960s. The economic economic The 1960s. lso possible due to the to due possible lso etr utl h Ed of End the until Century among workers who who workers among simultaneously simultaneously 6 and the and warn warn boda, CEU eTD Collection eakj [uolv ocp o Clua ad Leisure and Cultural of Concept [Yugoslav Nemačkoj“ between the political and economic emigration came to be one of t of one be to came emigration economic and political the between biweekly massive national holiday celebrations (Day of the Republic andmassive 1 nationalcelebrations holiday (Day of the effor such of pinnacle The etc. troop events dance cultural other folk of organisation and singers Yugoslav popular of tours German West t support financial questions; welfare the for agencies service Germany], Germany], Ygsa Get okr i F Gray n Asra 1 Austria and 260-262. 2012), Germany FR in Workers Guest [Yugoslav 11 10 the of content and em forms economic the the for investigate policy to informational-propagandist going institutions’ am I thesis, my In magazines and press “appropriate” ideologically of distribution propaga of matters the for cities German West biggest the under diplom Centres thetheInformational wing of state-run were the founded plai into turned “mostly they as clubs, the of inefficiency the materia officials the soon However, cultural homeland. the to links their maintaining and informational selected with them supplying self-organise workers’ the on relied state the beginning, the In influence emigrants. economic emi hostile the lest Germany, FR to propaganda and situate activities were workers incoming the which in vacuum institutional the wit dealing institutions Yugoslav the while policy, foreign Yugoslav cir their into newcomers attract to order in officials state 9 “Centar za Jugoslovene,” Jugoslovene,” za “Centar Vladimir Ivanović, “Jugoslovenska koncepcija kultu koncepcija “Jugoslovenska Ivanović, Vladimir Vladimir Ivanović, Ivanović, Vladimir Istorija 20. veka 20. Istorija Novosti iz Jugoslavije iz Novosti
Geburtstag pišeš normalno. Jugoslovenski gastarbajt Jugoslovenski normalno. pišeš Geburtstag Novosti izJugoslavije Novosti 3 (2010): 130. 130. 3 (2010):
( News from Yugoslavia from News
, Belgrade, No. 125, 9 125, No. Belgrade, , rno-zabavnog života jugoslovenskih radnika u Austri u radnika jugoslovenskih života rno-zabavnog 3 ciiis f uolv okr i Asra n FR and Austria in Workers Yugoslav of Activities 6-93, Blrd: nttt a armn istorij savremenu za Institut (Belgrade: 965-1973], )); organizing trade unions and social and unions trade organizing )); cles. The interaction and distinction distinction and interaction The cles. th September 1971, 8. 1971, September n taverns.”n d work.nda eri u SR Nemačkoj i Austriji 1965-1973Austriji i Nemačkoj SR u eri o Yugoslav clubs; financing the the financing clubs; Yugoslav o (such as the federally-endorsed the as (such st May). he most important aspects of aspects important most he rto sie h cac to chance the seize gration d Yugoslav clubs, and tried and clubs, Yugoslav d became disappointed with with disappointed became h guest workers had to fill fill to had workers guest h wt te ups of purpose the with l igrants in FR Germany Germany FR in igrants ts was the arranging of of arranging the was ts 9 10 Thus, starting in 1972, 1972, in starting Thus, 11 hs ok included: work This b etnig their extending by d
, s el s the as well as s, atic consulates in Yugoslav state state Yugoslav ji i SR SR i ji u,
CEU eTD Collection political system to a foreign environment, in order to exercise i exercise to order in environment, foreign a to system political will and emigrants, the towards attitude state the in present develop and changed it way the specifically more and problem, irns okr cnenn te eprrns o ter ty a stay their of temporariness the concerning workers migrants Yugosl the how understand to help can problems these Researching worker migrant the shape would socialism self-managing Yugoslav ma the which in territory, German West the on “oasis” socialist authorit the way, this In manner. transterritorial a in citizens Yugosla how revealed be can it policies, state the creating f external and internal between interplay the of analysis through year turbulent these during system Yugoslav of transformation act and policies propaganda and migratory state the in change me allow will This period. the of developments intra-Yugoslav of ideolog political, main the mark will I analysis, content Through repr and records state official the through documented be can it as pay OnI thewill content the substance to level,pr attention close of their with homeland. the connectionemigrants of more state’s the of sign a as Centres, Cultural-Informational self-orga from reliance state of shift the include will This wor for propaganda of care took which institutions the of development re my level, institutional the On etc.). consumerism of development s the of reconfiguration (e.g. Yugoslavia in processes historical on by tackled been has problem this Although 1966-1975. period the during Gastarbeiter
, there has not been a systematic study of the official sta official the of study systematic a been not has there , 4 nised Yugoslav clubs to state-directed state-directed to clubs Yugoslav nised v state extended its ideological and and ideological its extended state v try to put them into a wider context context wider a into them put to try active involvement in maintaining in involvement active ivities in the light of the general the of light the in ivities ies wanted to create a sort of a a of sort a create to wanted ies ts sovereignty over its migrated migrated its over sovereignty ts ed in connection to the wider wider the to connection in ed s. On a more general level, level, general more a On s. ra ad hi perpetuated their and broad esentative propaganda items. items. propaganda esentative n dooia picpe of principles ideological in o uln ad xli the explain and outline to tate, inter-ethnic relations, relations, inter-ethnic tate, actors and their effect on on effect their and actors ical and cultural concepts concepts cultural and ical erh il el ih the with deal will search opaganda material, as far far material, asopaganda av state perceived the the perceived state av ’ vrdy practices. everyday s’ kers employed abroad. employed kers te perception of this this of perception te previous scholarship scholarship previous CEU eTD Collection eogn t te uolv dooia, oiia ad utrl sy cultural and political ideological, Yugoslav the to belonging political emigration was the most acute for the Yugoslav regi Yugoslav the for acute most the was emigration political irn wres oe tee, n as bcue t a te countr the was it because also and there), moved workers migrant
it was the most important destination for Yugoslav for destination important most the was it countr the be to chosen was Germany FR 1971-1974). reforms constitutional Croa in purges 1971/72 the notably (most system socialist Yugoslav of interna important encompassing time same the at while shock), oil (whic countries Western to South European the from migrations labour roughly to order in analysis my of scope temporal the set I immediate environment. capitalist Yugoslav Informational YugoslavCentres FR in Germany. emigrants the among activities informational for founded institutions t analyse also will I question. in period time the during changed sha were content and forms propaganda the which through mechanisms B in policyYugoslav in Archives tendencies main the reconstruct Iwill documents, Diplomatic the in kept Germany, FR in missions Employment the for Y sources reports,important diplomatic and of analyses the minutes were the Bureau Federal the Yugosl and Information of for Presidency Committee the Yugoslavia, of People Working of im Alliance most emigrants, economic for activities propaganda federal the regulating of records official the were source main My may thesis state other discussedpolicies this in countriesrefer of to im not Itis emigration. of types two these between interaction
5 Gastarbeiter excluded, however, that many of the the of many that however, excluded, me, thus providing a space for an for space a providing thus me, state institutions responsible for for responsible institutions state coincide with the first wave of wave first the with coincide (more than 50% of Yugoslav of 50% than (more he functioning of the special special the of functioning he l crises and reconsolidations and crises l stem, isolated from their their from isolated stem, towards migrants, and the and migrants, towards through documents of the of documents through migration as well. as well. migration elgrade. By using these these using By elgrade. wee h polm of problem the where y portantly the Socialist Socialist the portantly h ended with the 1973 1973 the with ended h tia and Serbia and the and Serbia and tia ped, and how they they how and ped, ugoslav diplomatic ugoslav diplomatic y of focus because because focus of y avia, the Federal Federal the avia, Affairs. Other Other Affairs. CEU eTD Collection policy histori migrants economic the towards and length, was in in hence put it not previously non-analysed magazine non-analysed previously omr uolv eulc ad bod ivlig eerhr fro researchers involving disciplines. abroad, and republics Yugoslav former t to migrations Yugoslav in interest an decade, last the During m details related to revealedmigrants which many interesting the West, in Yu the by organised tours music the about Gojković Predrag singer notably Croatiannotably utrl set o tee irtos a wl a ter lega their as well as migrations, these of aspects cultural Yugoslav will also compare the agenda of agenda the compare also will units. federal of interests local the with colliding sometimes views the revealing thus level, federal the on supported was which 15 ed., Lud’a, Klusakova, through North-West European the Towards Migrations Serbia], of 14 13 culture. mass in dealt change of bearers Daniel the as emigrants Ond ej and Marković Predrag as such authors, other Some shedding Besides time. the of Yugoslavia within developments the of aspect the with dealt not has scholarship previous the However, from Yugoslavia a in diachronic manner. res interdisciplinary an used have Regensburg in Südost-Institut for press specialised the was source valuable very Another 12 Predrag Marković, “Gastarbajteri kao factor modern factor kao “Gastarbajteri Marković, Predrag Ivanović, s the on discussion surveyand more detailed a For Ulf Brunnbauer, ed., ed., Ulf Brunnbauer, Istorija 20. veka 20. Istorija Geburtstag pišeš normalno pišeš Geburtstag Gastarbeiter 12 The most comprehensive and recent work is Vladimir Ivanović’s mono Ivanović’s Vladimir is work recent and comprehensive most The
Vjesnik u srijeduu Vjesnik Imagining Frontiers, Contesting Identities. Contesting Frontiers, Imagining Transnational in Germany and Austria, which analyses different political, political, different analyses which Austria, and Germany in 2 (2005): 145-163.; Ond ej Daniel, “Gastarbajteri. Daniel, Ond ej 145-163.; (2005): 2
Societies, Transterritorial Politics. Transterritorial Societies, . . Novosti iz Jugoslavije iz Novosti . I also had the chance to do an oral history interview with the with interview historyoral an do to chance the Ihad also . Novosti iz Jugoslavije iz Novosti 15
cholarship on Yugoslav migrations, see Chapter 1.4. Chapter see migrations, Yugoslav on cholarship izacije u Srbiji” [Gastarbeiter as the Factor of Mo of Factor theas [Gastarbeiter Srbiji” u izacije Transnationalism and Popular Culture,” in Ellis, St Ellis, in Culture,” Popular and Transnationalism 6 14 Ulf Brünnbauer and his associates from associates his and Brünnbauer Ulf Pisa: Pisa University Press, 2007, 277-302. 2007, Press, University Pisa Pisa: with the republican-based media, most most media, republican-based the with , as the only newspaper of such kind kind such of newspaper only the as , is o (ot)uolv society. (post-)Yugoslav for cies
For that reason, at certain points I points certain at reason, that For he West has increased both in both increased has West he ac t aaye migrations analyse to earch Gastarbeiter Rethinking Yugoslav Economic Economic Yugoslav Rethinking more light on this sparsely sparsely this on light more goslav state for economic economic for state goslav f h cnrl authority, central the of Yugoslav informational Yugoslav vros scientific various m y arguments. y arguments. , especially the the especially , ih Yugoslav with cal context ofcal context social and and social dernisation dernisation graph on graph
even G., G., even 13
CEU eTD Collection borders. Lastly, I will explain the peculiarities of a soc a of peculiarities the explain will I Lastly, borders. practice. As many of the documents I will use were origina were use will I documents the of many As practice. due to their frequent political inappropriateness and inefficiency and inappropriateness political frequent their to due to support subtle and approval from varied clubs these towards Germa West in life social their of venues main the as clubs sel of functioning the describe will I chapter, second the In literatureextensive conclude review chapter. will this chara the affected this how and abroad, activities informational” framework of a sending state extending its institutional and ideol and institutional its extending state sending a of framework wor guest towards policies state Yugoslav the putting to turn then differences and similarities the out pointing studies, diaspora this on research the how and emigrants” “economic of category the theoretical main wi I Firstly, the emigrants. for content propaganda the analysing explain will I chapter, first the In assim and adaptation of environment. processes the of perceptions their into hopeful will work my emigrants, the of problems acute most the institutions on the guest workers and their interaction in the host countr host the in interaction their and workers guest the on institutions émi political of influence simultaneous the concerning especially relati German Yugoslav-West general the of question the be would be could research my which into picture” “big Another instructions. the of example the using by content, propaganda state Yugoslav of mechanisms overall the of research believe I migrations, external Yugoslav of aspect researched
Gastarbeiter 7 ialist state exporting its “propagandist- its exporting state ialist oine pbiain ad official and publications -oriented ny. The Yugoslav regime’s attitude attitude regime’s Yugoslav The ny. lly created as an official answer to to answer official an as created lly ll examine the terminology behind behind terminology the examine ll concepts I am going to use for for use to going am I concepts my thesis could contribute to the to contribute could thesis my between the two groups. I will will I groups. two the between f-organised Yugoslav workers’ workers’ Yugoslav f-organised as venues for the propagation propagation the for venues as ly offer an additional glimpse additional an offer ly an implicit rejection in 1970, in rejection implicit an ogical mechanisms across its across mechanisms ogical type of migrations relates to to relates migrations of type cter of its propaganda. The The propaganda. its of cter grés and official Yugoslav Yugoslav official and grés put as an illustrative detail illustrative an as put n is cp, om and forms scope, its and es n h transnational the in kers lto it ter new their into ilation period, this during ons ies as a transnational transnational a as ies CEU eTD Collection propaganda shall be discussed in the fourth chapter. In the lat Inthe chapter. fourth the in discussed be shall propaganda self-organised poli state the of change the on focus then will I quotas. republican art choosingthe repertoires andof censorship andcrafting careful as t tours and these used units state the federal how analyse all will I which represented. in singers, folk star Yugoslav of tours i to provided state the that activities “cultural-entertainment” authorities in order to mobilise te to order in propaganda authorities the analyse also will I power. of Yugosla constellation secure to order in used be to asset military valuable star state the security, Yugoslavia’s to threats external t in policies state the in shift “military” the to turn will politic such to public German West of reaction the me and Germany, Party the of encompassing aim its for had which Yugoslavia, of aty te ui tus raie b te tt a a example an as state the by organised tours music the Lastly, religious organisations. “reac certain of influence the subduing as well as emigration, Gastarbeiteraspec political the on focus will I chapter, following the In these media. af politics Yugoslav within shifts internal the how and etc), films c was propaganda state the which through media main the analyse chapt this In Germany. FR in Centres Cultural-Informational founding active an took state the Instead, policies. state official the of . I will examine the extension of the party apparatus of the of apparatus party the of extension the examine will I .
Gastarbeiter mtu tops ee ie peeec b te tt oe the over state the by preference given were troupes amateur Gastarbeiter against the potential influence of hostile political hostile of influence potential the against 8 he early 1970s. Due to internal crises and crises internal to Due 1970s. early he ted to perceive economic emigrants as a a as emigrants economic perceive to ted ts migrant workers were the major major the were workers migrant ts role in organising the workers by by workers the organising in role e 1960s, the most common type of typeof common most the 1960s, e ts of Yugoslav propaganda for for propaganda Yugoslav of ts poaad vhce through vehicle propaganda a fected the form and content of content and form the fected ists according to the system ofsystem the to according ists tionary” groups, such as the the as such groups, tionary” v position in the Cold War War Cold the in position v hius sd y Yugoslav by used chniques isation of emigrants. Then, I Then, emigrants. of isation cy in the early 1970s, when when 1970s, early the in cy hanneled (specialised press, press, (specialised hanneled of an ideologised cultural cultural ideologised an of League of Communists Communists of League er, I am also going to to going also am I er, br wrig n FR in working mbers heir cultures were were cultures heir
CEU eTD Collection class a as to higher a whole cultural level. societ Yugoslav modernising of way a as abroad, residing workers poli cultural the implementing started state the since questioned, chara folk the time, same the At tours. “mammoth” commercialised
9 y f elgtnn” the “enlightening” of cy y and ascending working working ascending and y cter of these events was was events these of cter CEU eTD Collection perception by the official state institutions, with special with institutions, state official the by perception political and cultural channels for transmitting their propaga their transmitting for channels cultural and political develo to had state Yugoslav the policy, informational their pursuing e cnue” y mgat i te aiait niomn psd a posed environment capitalist the in emigrants by “consumed” be propaga that fact The layers. conceptual several with phenomenon eie ad nlsd wt seil teto t te pcfc underst specific the to attention special with analysed, and defined conc the Subsequently, borders. mechanismsstate over institutional economic towards policies state the evaluating and examining for wh and approach, theoretical useful a as propaganda state Yugoslav transnational of paradigm the how explain will I Secondly, workers. the to communities diaspora of concept popularised recently the should itself emigration” “economic of category Firstly,the research. of this the context into this of topic the analysing for necessary concepts underlying
hud e rae a mmes f uolv dooia ad politic and ideological Yugoslav of members as treated be should temporar only were workers these that was regime Yugoslav The propaganda. the of content and form the affected and authorities, iies okn i te et n h 16s n te 90 rpeetd mul a represented 1970s the and 1960s the in West the in working citizens “informational-propa state-sponsored official the of export The I Diasporic, Transnational, Diasporic, I Propagandist Exporti–
Propaganda Abroad 10
reference to the possible application of application possible the to reference nda to to nda thesis have to be outlined and put put and outlined be to have thesis be addressed in connection to its its to connection in addressed be y migrating, and consequently, consequently, and migrating, y emigration as an extension of extension an as emigration ganda activities” to Yugoslav to activities” ganda nda of a socialist state was to to was state socialist a of nda eerh f uolv guest Yugoslav of research ept of propaganda should be should propaganda of ept Gastarbeiter y this paradigm is valuable valuable is paradigm this y p appropriate institutional, appropriate p anding of propaganda by by propaganda of anding eiu calne o the to challenge serious al system. However, in in However, system. al ism fits my analysis of of analysis my fits ism ai peie f the of premise basic ng Yugoslavng . Therefore, the the Therefore, . ti-faceted CEU eTD Collection oiial/cnmcly oiae mgain, hc hd en shapi been had which migrations, motivated politically/economically ouain f eih n Amna oii, u i te 20 the in but origin, Armenian and Jewish of population Press, 2010), 13. 13. 2010), Press, common territory)common host as ontheir the of in as dwelling permanent origin, well to (or country common the of consciousness their and cultural) religious, strong members’ diaspora the on put been has research diaspora general in research migration and studies diaspora of framework tended to obliterate previously wide-accepted dichotomies, such as such dichotomies, wide-accepted previously obliterate to tended states. nation re individual this for networks economic and political social, whose and origin doe which population deterritorialised,migrated of model overarching West, Faist, ed., ed., Faist, 2 http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working%20papers/Vert comm the of memory the keeps consciousness” “collective diasporic most is and completed mi been has “ordinary” home new and the to diaspora migration former’s between factor distinguishing main The refer meaning, semantic original its in diaspora, of concept The Diaspora1.1 = Gastarbeiter? recentthe most focus nature academic onthe transnational migrations. of these the of light in trend ethnocentric an by followed sciences, social empirica initial from Yugoslavia, from migrations on scholarship the discuss to going am I Lastly, content. and form its on had country exporti that implications the and authorities, socialist Yugoslav 1 Steven Vertovec, “Religion and Diaspora,” Paper pr Paper Diaspora,” and “Religion Vertovec, Steven Thomas Faist, “Diaspora and Transnationalism. What Transnationalism. and “Diaspora Faist, Thomas University of Oxford, 2000, available on available 2000, Oxford, of University Diaspora and Transnationalism. Concepts, Theories a Theories Concepts, Transnationalism. and Diaspora
1 h uae f hs em y oil cetss n h ls t last the in scientists social by term this of usage The
esented on the conference theconference on esented Kind of Dance Partners?,” in Rainer Bauböck and Th and Bauböck Rainer in Partners?,” Dance of Kind 11 ovec01.PDF nd Methods, Methods, nd (last retrieved 24th March, 2012), 7. 7. 2012), 24th March, retrieved (last th century it has come to define the the define to come has it century sense of group identity (ethnic, (ethnic, identity group of sense (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University University Amsterdam (Amsterdam: ng propaganda to a capitalist capitalist a to propaganda ng Yugoslavia’s dissolution, till dissolution, Yugoslavia’s . Since then, the emphasis in emphasis the then, Since . New Landscapes of Religion in the the in Religion of NewLandscapes those of forced/voluntary or or forced/voluntary of those l works oriented towards towards oriented works l s not live in its countryits of in live not s sn pn odr of borders span ason e t te dispersed the to red fe fnl Sil the Still, final. often put it more broadly, more it put n at n “lost” and past on eeomn o the of development g h analytical the ng rns s ht the that is grants country. o decades wo 2
omas omas CEU eTD Collection place. oneandand between there.” being “neither herebeing nor “both here there” Sample Methodology,” in Bauböck and Faist, ed., ed., Faist, and in Bauböck Methodology,” Sample Liminal Being. Conceptulisation of the Cultural Ide Cultural theof Conceptulisation Being. Liminal 5 4 hand, other the On lost be would identity,diasporicwhich distinct (re)producetheir and networ diaspora the of behalf on efforts hand, other the on and hand, one the on t of policies assimilatory and integration-minded between tension country. host the of communities t “native” as well as “homeland,” perceived their to linkages and heritage pec the perpetuate and maintain to order in borders, state across parti members diasporawhere etc.) ethnicity,religion kinship, several on (operating interaction of fields as understood be should grou and personal own members’ the constructing of processes and a as networks interpersonal and social numerous through alive homeland 3 compatriot own their with “ghettos” into segregation society, host eprr. codn t Iaoi, hs neto o tmoaies f the of temporariness features of intention this Ivanović, to According temporary. were initially and qualifications), educat no or low (low background, agricultural circumstances social and family) education/sustaining goods, consumer other or car a buying apartment, or house a (building the from derived were migrations their because peculiar were aetn Mzuao “prtoaiig Transnation “Operationalising Mazzucato, Valentina Dragana Antonijević, “Gastarbajter kao liminalno b liminalno kao “Gastarbajter Antonijević, Dragana Bauböck in Transnationalism,” and “Diaspora Faist, 4 This tension has been colloquially coined in anthropological terms anthropological in coined colloquially been has tension This
Gastarbeiter Gastarbeiter identity, such as the deliberate unwillingness to integrate into into integrate to unwillingness deliberate the as such identity,
of the 1960s and 1970s, which are in the focus of this thesis, this of focus the arein which and 1970s, 1960s the of Diaspora and Transnationalism and Diaspora ntity], ntity], 3 iće. Konceptualizacija kulturnog identiteta” [Gasta identiteta” kulturnog Konceptualizacija iće. and Faist, ed., ed., Faist, and h cniin f emnn eie hs ass a causes thus exile permanent of condition The 12 al Migrant Networks Through a Simultaneous Matched Matched Simultaneous a Through Networks Migrant al Etnoantropološki problemi Etnoantropološki Diaspora and Transnationalism and Diaspora cipate and link among themselves amongthemselves link and cipate very specific economic needs needs economic specific very he host country’s institutions institutions country’s host he la tat o ter common their of traits uliar once the assimilation takes theassimilation once , 207. 207. , p identity. These networks networks These identity. p er itnto fo the from distinction heir levels, such as personal, personal, as such levels, , VI, 4 (2011), 1019-1020. 1019-1020. (2011), VI, 4 , s, increased need for for need increased s, supposed to be only only be to supposed orged several crucial crucial several orged form of socialisation socialisation of form oa lvl usually level, ional of liminality as the the as liminality of 5 earning money for for money earning
ks to maintain to ks , 16-17. 16-17. , rbeiter as a as rbeiter the the CEU eTD Collection isoa ne hy eie t praety ty n hi nw country. new their in stay permanently to decided they once diaspora Gastarbeiterconc the between interchangeability the concerning hand, other the On of the featuresémigrés, shared characteri too their although networks many Ygsa Get okr i F Gray n Asra 1 Austria and 26-27. 2012), Germany FR in Workers Guest [Yugoslav h ofca dsore s or xarae” ( expatriates” “our as discourse official the T federation. Yugoslav or socialism to opposition political its emigrat permanently population the is category diaspora the whi group Another na struggled. they independence imagined whose for territories, the rather but detested, or rejected mostly they which actu the not was “homeland” collective ideal their that distinction descriptive the of many shares that emigration (“hostile”) on temporary stay abroad: basic concepts], basic concepts], abroad: stay temporary on 7 even categories these between distinction clear a makes which originall despite expatriates permanent into turn did often and could German term colloquial the widespread governm own their by supported being and homeland with links maintaining 6 Using this definition of diaspora, it is not not is it diaspora, of definition this Using the(and permanently sense that population. non-hostile in moved but diasporic), émi political hostile the for exclusively reserved “emigration,” strongly were terms these discourse, Yugoslav official the In tem the on workers/citizens “our denominator Yugoslav official the migrant “labour and workers” “guest emigration,” “economic terms Vladimir Ivanović, Ivanović, Vladimir Marija Krstić, “Dijaspora i radnici naprivremenom radnici i “Dijaspora Krstić, Marija , it can be inferred that Yugoslav economic emigrants would becam would emigrants economic Yugoslav that inferred be can it ,
Geburtstag pišeš normalno. Jugoslovenski gastarbajt Jugoslovenski normalno. pišeš Geburtstag
Etnoantropološki problemi Etnoantropološki Gastarbeiter radu u inostranstvu: osnovni pojmovi” [Diaspora an [Diaspora pojmovi” osnovni inostranstvu: u radu naše 13 Gastarbeiter 6-93, Blrd: nttt a armn istorij savremenu za Institut (Belgrade: 965-1973],
iseljeništvo , in this thesis I will also alternately use the use alternately the also Iwill thesis this , in , VI, vol. 2 (2011), 312. 2 (2011), vol. VI, , , but Yugoslav post-WWII political political post-WWII Yugoslav but , characteristics of diaspora, with the with diaspora, of characteristics ed, although not necessarily due to to due necessarily not although ed, eri u SR Nemačkoj i Austriji 1965-1973Austriji i Nemačkoj SR u eri he state referred to this group in in group this to referred state he ), as distinct from the political political the from distinct as ), grés and “expatriates,” defining “expatriates,” and grés itnuse fo te term the from distinguished al Yugoslav state of the time, time, the of state Yugoslav al s” with frequent allusions to to allusions frequent with s” y intending to return home, home, return to intending y porary work/stay abroad.” work/stay porary oe rbeai and problematic more ch could be included in included be could ch inl tts r ethnic or states tional 7 Yet, labour migrants migrants labour Yet, stic forstic diaspora. ept of diaspora and and diaspora of ept ent etc.ent
e a part of the the of part a e 6 Besides d workers d u,
CEU eTD Collection oiis o mitiig ik wt te ouain irtn ab migrating population the with links maintaining for policies by the Yugoslav state put a strong emphasis on the temporar the on emphasis strong a put state Yugoslav the by rg gnrcj jgsoesi eoosi emigrana ekonomskih jugoslovenskih generacija Druga il o b dsusd here. discussed be not will im another poses relation conceptual this in position their and abroad, brought children workers’ guest the generation,” “second the of question The Verlag, 2009), 252-253. 252-253. 2009), Verlag, thus enhancing their “diasporic social capital,” which in turn per turn in which capital,” social “diasporic theirenhancing thus nei and friends relatives, their of migration further facilitated okr. h Scn Gnrto o Ygsa Economic Yugoslav of 17-22. 1999), nauka, društvenih Institut (Belgrade: Generation Second The Workers. rntrioil oiis Mgain i te (Post- the in Migrations Politics. Transterritorial Transnatio and Networks Migrant Research: Migration 10 9 Gastarbeiter becoming descri of to useful be can diaspora of concept the while Accordingly, instead return, to them persuade eventually to and homeland, mai to order in aspect very this exploited authorities Yugoslav a were homogenisation and mobilisation socialist pro-Yugoslav The temporaryof trait common s own their creating by that implied be even can It ambiguous. 8 me with charged phrase effective an was abroad” work temporary label was population of group this which by signifier official distincti This communities. diasporic the from them distinguishing to both environments. both to alike home new and old the of societies “native” the from distinction For more on the definition of the “second generati “second the of definition the on more For Mi (Post-)Yugoslav “Understanding Dahinden, Janine Krstić, “Dijaspora i radnici na privremenom radu,” privremenom radnicina i “Dijaspora Krstić, self-organising activities and group identification, the officia the identification, group and activities self-organising
10
Gastarbeiter 9 oee, dsrpie oin ht a b cniee a the as considered be can that notion descriptive a However,
and permanently moved diasporic communities is their is communities diasporic moved permanentlyand
Ygsa Rgo 19 Region )Yugoslav on” of migrants, see Milena Davidović, Davidović, Milena see migrants, of on” 307. 307. 14 nalism,” in Ulf Brünnbauer, ed., ed., Brünnbauer, Ulf in nalism,” a zmjm Zpde Evrope Zapadne zemljama u ta grations through the Lenses of Current Concepts in in Concepts Current of Lenses the through grations Emigrants in the countries of Western Europe], Europe], Western of countries the in Emigrants th y character of their migration, thus thus migration, their of character y -21 ed by the state. “Our workers on on workers “Our state. the by ed ghbours from the home country, country, home the from ghbours ntain guest workers’ ties to the to ties workers’ guest ntain petuated the cycle of mobility.of cycle the petuated st Century ocial networks, networks, ocial be some of the notions of the of notions the of some be od o wr. ec, the Hence, work. for road nn ad eeln o the of revealing and aning on was sustained by the the by sustained was on , due to their connections their to due , portant problem, which problem, portant , (Munich: R. Oldenbourg Oldenbourg R. (Munich: , te oe f h state the of core the t l perception of them them of perception l Transnational Societies, Societies, Transnational [Children of Foreign Foreign of [Children Deca stranih radnika. radnika. stranih Deca along or born born or along “expatriates.” Gastarbeiter 8
CEU eTD Collection Demands and Economic Needs,” in Ulf Brünnbauer, ed. Brünnbauer, Ulf in Needs,” Economic and Demands Transnationalism Yugoslavia,” Former 128. home. among Yugoslav Immigrants in Scandinavia Immigrants Yugoslav among 14 13 12 immigration).(for (for push of pattern one-way linear a in mostly them viewed which cont mobility, circulatory a as migration views transmigration conc the speaking, Generally Schiller. Glick Nina intr was by transnationalism research of paradigm new the 1990s, early the In YugoslavGastarbeiter asTransnational Communi 1.2 some unlike home, “new” their to connected more them made homeland “u diasporic the yet transnational, them made communities these of bec sciences, social in research diaspora the of reconfiguring destination. migratory the and origin act cultural and economic political, in participation synchronic and ra but assimilation, and integration of terms diachronic static home. bet borders clear-cut the defying thus ones,” new of construction the maint the in participating “continually as migrants perceived the accented At levels. several on emigrants economic of perception state’s 11 Janine Dahinden, “Contesting Transnationalism? Les Transnationalism? “Contesting Dahinden, Janine of Sending and Recruiting “The Novinščak, Karolina Michel Bruneau, “Diasporas, Transnational Spaces a Spaces Transnational “Diasporas, Bruneau, Michel Alund, Alexandra and Schierup Carl-Ulrik 11 13 Transmigrants and their relation to their “two homes” started started homes” “two their to relation their and Transmigrants Gastarbeiter , 47. 47. ,
Global Networks Global 12 This new paradigm relied heavily on the concept of “networking,” of concept the on heavily relied paradigm new This state loyalty, class belonging and long-term perspective long-term and belonging class loyalty, state
5, issue 2 (2005), 192-193. 192-193. (2005), 2 issue 5, , (Umea: University of Umea, 1986), 22. 22. 1986), Umea, of (Umea: , University Will They Still be Dancing? Integration and Ethnic Ethnic and Integration Dancing? be Still They Will 14 h tasainl un a as ld o further to led also has turn transnational The nd Communities,” in Bauböck and Faist, ed., ed., Faist, and Bauböck in Communities,” nd sons from the Study of Albanian Migration Networks Networks Migration Albanian of Study the from sons 15 , , uolv atretr o emn: ewe Socialis Between Germany: to Gastarbeiter Yugoslav Transnational Societies, Transterritorial Politics Transterritorial Societies, Transnational ause the deterritorialised character deterritorialised the ause enance of old social networks or or networks social old of enance hr s h dnmc circulatory dynamic, the as ther rary to previous scholarship, scholarship, previous to rary h sm tm, t effectively it time, same the p o tasainls and transnationalism of ept ivities both in their places of places their in both ivities emigration) and pull factors pull and emigration) ween the “old” and “new” and “old” the ween ties prootedness” from the the from prootedness” dcd no migration into oduced en aaye nt in not analysed being other types of migrant of types other Transformation Transformation of returning returning of Diaspora and and Diaspora which , 127- , from from t t CEU eTD Collection rprinl eeomn o te novd onre’ g, edr educationa gender, age, countries’ involved the of development proportional population mobility. mobility. population e its towards of strategies the sending states’ analysis be applied the to level certain a with force labour a population, young a of well) f (or outflow large a cases, individual on depending Hence, relative. youngm usually is emigrate to likely groupmost The structure. neg as perceived were which migrations of consequences the mean appr new this in implications important had component demographic The construction. a for diplomatic implications as as well policy migrations domestic in borders.their important m population the channeling and as influencing controlling, of strategies understood now states, of role active the emphasising “recei and “sending” of dichotomy new the on focused researchers The and voting of rights migrants.home country double citizenship to rem salary from ranging issues explicate to used research, integrity. In this way, migration research became politicall became research migration way, this In integrity. disru the ameliorate to order in borders their across sovereignty pr a as seen be to came general in Migrations scientists. Migrant-Sending State Diaspora Politics,” in Bauböc Politics,” Diaspora State Migrant-Sending 17 16 communities. 15 Ibid., 146-148. 146-148. Ibid., Co a Towards Divide. the “Bridging Waterbury, Mira Comm and Spaces Transnational “Diasporas, Bruneau, 17 16 15 Thus, the transnational approach opened several new levels of analy of levels new several opened approach transnational the Thus,
It has convincingly been argued that the transnational paradigm ca paradigmtransnational the that Itargued convincinglyhas been Nevertheless, transnationalism became a useful analytical analytical useful a became transnationalism Nevertheless,
k and Faist, ed., ed., Faist, k and 16 unities,” 43-44. 43-44. unities,” mparative Framework for Understanding Kin State and State Kin Understanding for Framework mparative actice of nation-states extending their their extending nation-states of actice Diaspora and Transnationalism and Diaspora ittances and summer vacations in the in vacations summer and ittances y significant for states experiencing states for significant y of education or qualification, or qualification, or education of en, although this variable is also also variableis this although en, to o ter demographic their of ption ffairs and national identity identity and national ffairs ative for the stability and and stability the for ative migrants, the causation of the causation migrants, obility across and within within and across obility r ht atr nlx as influx matter that or ving” states, strongly strongly states, ving” actors shaping their their shaping actors ol n migration in tool ah B ht I that, By oach. n successfullyn ad ethnic and l sis to social to sis , 132-133. 132-133. ,
CEU eTD Collection power among domestic groups. relations the hscly usd o te uolv tt’ ae o jurisdict of area state’s Yugoslav the of outside physically the at aimed activities institutiona and informational Yugoslav of part a as them keeping citiz its “following” way a in borders, its across institutions extendi is it producing state the that implies propaganda such severa in useful be can transnationalism of framework the West, the at aimed propaganda official Yugoslav on research the In affected the disrupt could group ethnic specific of members 18 bod otn ofitd ih h prevd oeegt o migrant of sovereignty perceived the with conflicted often abroad, chie the as patriotism Yugoslav of manifestations foster to was organs official the of goals the which in situation paradoxical a Wes before country the represent to and state common the towards state the which by identity pan-Yugoslav the hand, other the on and over republics respective of jurisdiction legal the as well was policy identi propaganda national and state’s republican emigrants’ the the between equilibrium of aspect important Another politica anti-communist anti-Yugoslavhostile and the influencewith of the the of system informational and propaganda the with only not compete propa Yugoslav links. maintain to expected still were they which we they which in system socialist a of part a de as approached capitalist a in residing workers where situation, specific we they which in environment cultural and social political, different Waterbury, “Bridging the Divide,” 138-140. 138-140. Divide,” the “Bridging Waterbury,
Gastarbeiter
population had to be specially designed and adapted to a a to adapted and designed specially be to had population 18
17 “their own” workers) on the one hand, hand, one the on workers) own” “their ens who went abroad for work and work for abroad went who ens ion. The information-propaganda information-propaganda The ion. ng its informational activities and activities informational its ng countries’ domestic structure and structure domestic countries’ re not living anymore, but with with but anymore, living not re f identifier of Yugoslavs living living Yugoslavs of identifier f l aspects. The very principle of principle very The aspects. l mocratic country were to be be to were country mocratic and publications, whose duty duty whose publications, and cnmc mgain n the in emigration economic l system, although they were they although system, l tern eyes. This tension led to led tension This eyes. tern fication and allegiance (as (as allegiance and fication tried to ensure their loyalty loyalty their ensure to tried ad hd o oxs and coexist to had ganda ’ tnc r republican or ethnic s’ host country, but also but country, host the maintenance of of maintenance the e eevd I ws a was It received. re l emigration. l CEU eTD Collection ewe “ee ad tee” h Ygsa sae sd t propaga its used state Yugoslav the “there,” and “here” between image of image already living abroad etc). To come back to the previously mentione previously the to back come To etc). abroad living already insti country’s (host sources competing and external multiple from s power this that consequence a as had turn in which state, another of propagandi prominent most the of some outline helped which features, descri at attempts the were successful More mechanisms. its effort the thwarting thus aspect, lie” vs. “truth with the emphasised filled often are propaganda socialist on works i Western Yugoslavia countries, socialist of functioning the in role special towards policy Yugoslav the Thus, geographicalienation.despite their pol social, Yugoslav of part a as emigrants economic the consider republic,” seventh “the called often Yugosl populations of ex-territorial its entanglement of mobility and this configuration of corroboration interesting An identity. 19 Princeton University Press, 1987), 83-87. 83-87. 1987), Press, University Princeton h cnet f rpgna pcla t te oen oite o the of societies modern the to peculiar propaganda, of concept The ConceptualisingPropaganda and its Export 1.3 case,FR Germany). a drifting slowly were they on, lingered steadily abroad stay transterritorial William Zimmerman, Zimmerman, William Gastarbeiter
, meaning that the state was exercising its power and sovereig and power its exercising was state the that meaning , pn odr, oalgmn ad h Pltcl Evolu Political the and Nonallignment Borders, Open as still being “here” (that is, in Yugoslavia), although in in although Yugoslavia), in is, (that “here” being still as
19 Gastarbeiter etfig o h Ygsa atoiis itnin to intention authorities’ Yugoslav the to testifying 18 can be more accurately described as being as described accurately more be can way to being only “there” (in this (in “there” only being to way s ht cnmc mgat were emigrants economic that is at the broader understanding of of understanding broader the at ig hs em r oe f its of some or term this bing a moralising discourse that that discourse moralising a d plce t miti the maintain to policies nda itical and economic system, economic and itical in f Yugoslavia of tion d metaphor of the tension tension the of metaphor d cue. oevr the Moreover, ncluded. uin, otl émigrés hostile tutions, st techniques employed employed techniques st tructure was contested contested was tructure 20 nty on the territory territory the on nty v constitutional av th century, had a a had century, reality, as their their as reality, (Princeton: (Princeton: CEU eTD Collection pieces of information, as opposed to competing propagandas (of We (of propagandas competing to opposed as information, of pieces y aiu rgms uig h 20 the during regimes various by rpgnit ciiis Acrig o aqe Ell eey propa every Ellul, Jacques to According activities. propagandist behaviour in “propagandees” (those who are being exposed to propa to exposed being are who (those “propagandees” in behaviour discerned in the Yugoslav state’s campaigns to mobilise mobilise to campaignsstate’s Yugoslav the discernedin socialist propaganda, should be taken with caution when researc when caution with whe taken be scholars should propaganda, Western socialist by invoked often “lie,” and “truth” of notions The the Yugoslav fosteringYugoslav socialist allegiance to their institutions, West capitalist the in working Yugoslavs of cohesion group the which thelatter is especiallyinteresting Italy1974, in against or 71. 71. 22 21 a “correct” in represented is policies state the of aspect public. the to broadcasted be information of pieces “truthful” apparatus propagandist Yugoslav the of role the perceived state audie target the deceive or misinform to order in truth of twisting atandbody, “stabilising reinforcing the it.” social at unifying “propa and etc) enemies state rebels, (government, “hatred” of targ usually agitation,” of “propaganda between one the is however, 20 factuality and rational statements, in order to entice emotional r entice emotional to order in statements, rational and factuality facts. ra otherwise to response irrational and interpretation desirable rhetoric a as tales,” but tall of“web a asbe understood not should Ibid., 85-87. 85-87. Ibid., Ellul, Jacques Cunningham, B. Stanley 22 The Yugoslav state documents also show that there was no preme no was there that show also documents state Yugoslav The Propaganda. The Formation of Men’sAttitudes of The Formation Propaganda.
The Idea of Propaganda. A Reconstruction A Propaganda. of Idea The
th century. 19 20 The most crucial distinction for this study, study, this for distinction crucial most The , (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965), 75. 75. 1965), A.Knopf, Alfred (NewYork: , Gastarbeiter concept for understanding the ways in the understanding forconcept d lgcl itrrttos f these of interpretations “logical” nd , (Westport, Connecticut: Peager, 2002), 65- 2002), Peager, Connecticut: (Westport, , 21 ganda of integration” which aims aims which integration” of ganda Although the former be type can esponses and preferred irrational preferredirrational and esponses al technique for encouraging a encouraginga fortechnique al However, the “premeditated” “premeditated” the However, nce. Quite to the contrary, the the contrary, the to Quite nce. hing Yugoslav informational- Yugoslav hing tional statements of truthful truthful of statements tional s nuig ht h most the that ensuring as st German authorities, anti- authorities, German st eted against certain object certain against eted against hostile emigration hostile against ganda). Thus, propaganda propaganda Thus, ganda). ads tis o ey on rely to tries gandist ideology. ideology. ditated and deliberate and ditated a mitie by maintained was tlig about talking n CEU eTD Collection bodies. imn, n Fak a Ve, ed., 43-44. 1998), Press, University Vree, van Frank and Tilmans, 24 154-155. 1977), Press, Illinois of University activities” “informational-propagandist delatnost as sources official em for strategy informational Yugoslav in used propaganda The ordermislead in some hidden agendas. pursue to suspe were default by which etc), emigration political Yugoslav 23 propagandathis strategy. b as considered be can media) endorsed” “officially the of content activities of these institutions, as well as of channeling the com the channelingof had as well as institutions, these of activities People Working the of Alliance Socialist the t of Committee However, missions. diplomatic and Secretariat Affairs Foreign B FederalInformation, of Committee Federal the of commissions state relevant through Yugoslavia) of (Presidency top very the media aimed specifically for for specifically aimed media “semi-m of conditions the under operating was media the of most self-mana Yugoslav in developments general the to “officiall Contrary media. through executed were policies field, media the In sponsored events or institutional decisions) and the speech-acts in the in speech-acts the and decisions) institutional or events sponsored bodie state the by performed actions concrete both matter, that a state the official upholding and of implicit explicit both resulting in supe and preparation distribution, financing, to) bound not (but including Gertrude Robinson, Robinson, Gertrude an aphrMn, Sec At, agae o Con or Languages Acts, “Speech Hampsher-Monk, Iain ). The state decisions about the information/propaganda were usuall were information/propaganda the about decisions state The ).
ios aeik ei. h Pltc o Ms Communi Mass of Politics The Media. Maverick Tito’s
Gastarbeiter itr o cnet: oprtv perspectives comparative concepts: of History enjoyed greater support (and control) by the state, the by control) (and support greater enjoyed 20 23
ceptual History?” in Iain Hampsher-Monk, Karin Karin Hampsher-Monk, Iain in History?” ceptual mon federal policy to republican to policy federal mon s (such as the initiative for state for initiative the as (such s cted to consciously delude and and delude consciously to cted ureau of Employment, and the the and Employment, of ureau y endorsed” or “specialised” “specialised” or endorsed” y igrants was referred to in the in to referred was igrants bodies, such as the special special the as such bodies, ( eing indispensible parts of parts indispensible eing informativno-propagandna informativno-propagandna ctions and perceptions. Forand perceptions. ctions cation in Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia, in cation ging media system, where system, media ging arket” profit-making, the the profit-making, arket” he special Coordinating Coordinating special he h rl o coordinating of role the Skinnerian senseSkinnerian (Amsterdam: Amsterdam Amsterdam (Amsterdam: rvision of the content, content, the of rvision y channeled from from channeled y (Urbana: (Urbana: 24 (e.g. CEU eTD Collection rpgna ee oils i ter hrce, n tu sae c shared thus and character, their in socialist were propaganda f the although Thus, blocs. two the between position Yugoslav peculiar projecting its ideological aims to the cultural sphere of mi of sphere cultural the to aims ideological its projecting socialis other of those from distinct propaganda Yugoslav made What of life everyday the “permeating” propaganda of notion The 25 regime Yugoslav the territory, Western the in residing citizens exp With techniques. agitation and concepts ideological suscep different more policy informational Yugoslav made influences Western borders” “open of policy Yugoslav bloc, Eastern the of countries activities the state organised for organised state the activities other the On indoctrination. and training ideological the in them involve workers’ guest of nature economic the politicise to tried abroad, ins its extendingby Yugoslavia, of League Communists of the how show ca interpretation of layers concealed more the state, home the and t maintain to aim propaganda official the Besides aspects. and seriously taken be should policies, state the concerning documents serves to prepare the ground for a more direct and politicised propa politicised ground forand serves direct a prepare more to the politics than other “politic areas in way unlike subtle more a which, in inseminated propaganda,” “sociological called Ellul what political the in or media through only not acting by abroad working to tried state the Thus, authority. of centres republican-based balanc power and reconsolidation internal the reflected and symbols Ellul, Propaganda
, 65-67. 65-67. ,
Gastarbeiter (i.e. music tours) were pregnant with ideological ideological with pregnant were tours) music (i.e. 21 he links between economic emigrants economic between links he grants’ lives. It can be connected to to connected be can It lives. grants’ , but exactly for these reasons, reasons, these for exactly but , found itself in an even more more even an in itself found to the West and infiltration of of infiltration and West the to nlec Ygsa citizens Yugoslav influence ganda content.ganda Gastarbeiter stay abroad, and actively actively and abroad, stay nnot be overlooked. I will will I overlooked. be nnot mo faue wt the with features ommon e between the federal and and federal the between e orting propaganda to its its to propaganda orting il, u as through also but field, examined from several several from examined hand, even the cultural the even hand, titutions and personneland titutions al propaganda,” is is propaganda,” al orm and content of of content and orm tible to combining combining to tible cutis a the was countries t peet n the in present , 25
CEU eTD Collection e osmd y aor irn tre adec. s hs mlig of “molding this As audience. target migrant labour by consumed be presenting the presenting country, were losing their temporary character and affecting and character temporary their losing were country, working the of fifth one involved which aw abroad,” became migrations alike “temporary academia and state Yugoslav the 1970s, the During MethodologicalNationalism – Migrations Economic Yugoslav on Scholarship 1.4 Yugoslavia.in study development onmigrations of the scientific als can factors external and internal between interplay This ta processes and events the escape not could policies these although “m domestic the closely followed policies propaganda the in evolution a interests state domestic the to according done was emigrants the of “picture ideologised consciously the producing of aim the convicti self-managing socialist interests, state Yugoslav the sel being as “reality” this observe will I interpretation. ehnss mda otn ad cul esrs mlyd y the by employed measures actual and content media mechanisms, wil work my in use will I propaganda of concept the Therefore, Yugoslavfederation itself. as well as circumstances, German West the with accordance their renegotiated authorities Yugoslav how a chapters present succeeding were sources other from stemming propagandas which livi were time the at yet spirit, socialist a in educated and propaganda, socialist exporting were They situation. specific Gastarbeiter
with the predefined picture of the “desired” reality and it and reality “desired” the of picture predefined the with 22 ectively constructed in accordance with with accordance in constructed ectively ng in a distinctly different system, in in system, different distinctly a in ng on and nonaligned worldview, with with worldview, nonaligned and on Yugoslav society and economy in in economy and society Yugoslav aimed at workers who were raised raised were who workers at aimed with internal developments within within developments internal with nd circumstances, the change and and change the circumstances, nd o be seen in the origins and and origins the in seen be o world” which was supposed to to supposed was which world” l encompass the institutional the encompass l state with the purpose of of purpose the with state Between Trans- and Trans- Between king place abroad either. either. abroad place king s well. I will show in in show will I well. s propaganda policies in in policies propaganda reality” for economic economic for reality” l” f developments, of old” are of the fact that that fact the of are population of the the of population s “correct” “correct” s CEU eTD Collection background, or by the newly created states which strived to rec to strived which states created newly the by or background, on MigrationsDiscussions v Bui ad rno Letić. Franjo and Baučić Ivo Foreign Populations], (Belgrade: Institut za međuna za Institut (Belgrade: Populations], Foreign Grečić, Vladimir 1978).; migracija, porodiciu promjene i migracije Scandinavia in Immigrants Yugoslav among 28 istraživanj za Centar (Zagreb: Home Country], Their domovini u zbivanjima o Hrvatske SR 1974).; migracija, istraživanje za Centar (Zagreb: 27
scientists by claims nationalist for used openly were works Yugoslav respective of borders the by enclosed thus were topic phenome state. The Yugoslav common the breakup of the charged of legacy historiog post-Yugoslav in turn ethnocentric general the by thwarted nati the it but 1990s, the in off taken duringsignificantly has republics) Yugoslav discourse everyday and political the in keywords the of of notion the (especially migrations on research historical The migrants.gender among relations as economic the with dealt Morokvašić Mirjana and Grečić Vladimir life everyday to migrations by about brought changes investigate focuse Katunarić, Vjeran and Schierup Carl-Ulrik like scholars, proc this historicise to trying without mostly view, of migrations point demographic with dealt wealth, factual and statistical this with dealing periodicals scientific publish to Yugoslavia whic Migrations, on Research the for Centre Zagreb-bound the by 1970s schola migration in surge a initiated fact This ways. multiple 26 Ivo Baučić, ed., ed., Baučić, Ivo Ivanović, Vladimir
Carl-Ulrik Schierup and Alexandra Alund, Alexandra and Schierup Carl-Ulrik
Migracije i socijalno-ekonomski razvoj razvoj socijalno-ekonomski i Migracije Geburtstag pišeš normalno, normalno, pišeš Geburtstag . [External Migrations and Changes in the Family], ( Family], the in Changes and Migrations [External 26 The most valuable works published by this Centre were written by were written Centre this by published works valuable The most
ircj i nercj srng stanovništva stranog integracija i Migracija 27 [How are Migrant Workers from the Croatia Informed Informed Croatia the from Workers Migrant are [How 28 oee, hs suis atog irpaebe o their for irreplaceable although studies, these However,
(ma Uiest o Ue, 96. Vea Katunar Vjeran 1986).; Umea, of University (Umea: , Will They Still be Dancing? Integration and Ethnic Ethnic and Integration Dancing? be Still They Will 15. 15. Franjo Letić, Franjo rodnu politiku i privredu, 1989). 1989). privredu, i politiku rodnu a migracija, 1977). migracija, a 23 [Migrations and the Social-economic Development], Development], Social-economic the and [Migrations Informiranje i informisanost vanjskih migranata iz migranata vanjskih informisanost i Informiranje problem, biased towards their own ethnic ethnic own their towards biased eive political legitimisation and legitimisation political eive si, omne i te early the in commenced rship, diaspora, which became one one became which diaspora, has unfortunately often been been often unfortunatelyhas from the sociological and and sociological the from d on small case studies to to studies case small on d of migrant families, while while families, migrant of republics, and some of the the of some and republics, raphy, and the emotionally the and raphy, [Migration and Integration of of Integration and [Migration ess. In the 1980s, some some 1980s, the In ess. Zagreb: Centar za istraživanje istraživanje za Centar Zagreb: Topics in Migration in Topics et f eitne and remittances of pect na pertaining to this this to na pertaining h was the first in in first the was h nls trol in turmoil onalist about the Events in in Events the about Transformation ić, ić, Vanjske Vanjske and CEU eTD Collection broader context could not be discerned. On the other hand, I am aware t aware am I hand, other the On discerned. be not could context broader propaganda activities among the emigrants coming from their own their from coming emigrants the among activities propaganda pointed out that the regional differences in the emigrants’ number emigrants’ the in differences regional the that out pointed particularisation between common common phenomena, realityparticularisation in national which between span common denominators in in denominators action. of common modes and policies main the outlining in say first the had phenomena. social researching and dem valid the as borders ethnic/state the of essentialisation the nationali “methodological call scientists social what to equivalent feasibl a to research this down narrow to having of inevitability However, nationalism. methodological of mistake same the commit thus and Turkish Greek, with (together part integral an was it which fr it extracting of trap into fall I case Yugoslav on solely rep of essentialisation artificial the to lead would institutions Migrations and the Social Sciences,” Sciences,” Social the and Migrations Politics Transterritorial Societies, 31 30 ee o isgiiat. lhuh eulc wr alwd o impl to allowed were republics Although insignificant). not were republic all from migrated workforce Yugoslav The character. a had process nationalism this socialism, methodological during migrations of economic Yugoslav deconstruction theoretical the apply To of danger the bears analysis of units as nation-states on focusing in study viable any for prerequisite necessary a certainly “diaspora.” respective their from support economic 29 urva lnrć “mgain eerh n Croatia in Research “Emigration Mlinarić, Dubravka Ibid. Ibid. “Methodolo Schiller, Glick Nina and Wimmer Andreas
, 179-180. 179-180. , Gastarbeiter
Global Networks Global 30 While narrowing of the geographical scope of research is research of scope geographical the of narrowing While -oriented propaganda stemming from the federal federal the from stemming propaganda -oriented 2, 4 (2002): 306. 306. (2002): 4 2, 24 : An Overview,” in Brünnbauer, ed., ed., Brünnbauer, in Overview,” An : gical Nationalism and Beyond: Nation-State Building Nation-State Beyond: and Nationalism gical 29 hs prah a b considered be can approach This m t suhErpa cnet of context south-European its om arcation lines for conceptualising conceptualising for lines arcation social sciences and humanities, humanities, and sciences social s and provinces (yet, it has to be be to has it (yet, provinces and s ublican policies, whereas the the whereas policies, ublican sm.” What is meant by this is is this by meant is What sm.” Iberian labour migrants), and and migrants), labour Iberian and national/social structure national/social and e scope, I also believe that that believe also I scope, e territory, the central organs central the territory, ement and plan their own own their plan and ement distinctly pan-Yugoslav pan-Yugoslav distinctly constructing artificial artificial constructing hs t nget the neglect to Thus, hat by concentrating by hat besides the obvious obvious the besides borders. to the case of of case the to Transnational Transnational 31
, , CEU eTD Collection phenomenon from aspects of diplomatic relations, economic needs and cul and needs economic relations, diplomatic of aspects from phenomenon jugoslovenskih migranata u Francuskoj Francuskoj u migranata jugoslovenskih Evrope 1960-1977” [In Quest of Welfare. The Labour Labour The Welfare. of Quest [In 1960-1977” Evrope in Serbia], Serbia], in Slovenian Emigration Studies, 2007). 2007). Studies, Emigration Slovenian 1977], 1977], Odl blagostanjem. za potrazi “U Dobrivojević, Ivana Gastarb Transmigration? in [Lost sveta”” dva između Slovenia. (Belgrade/Paris, 1986). (Belgrade/Paris, 36 35 33 34 32 emigrants, of generation second the Davi Milena sociologist of work the as such migrations, of phenomenon the researc on methods Gastarbeiter history oral applied Žmegač Čapo Jasna Croatia, respectively, of policy state the and emigrants Yugoslav of legacy cultural Dobrivoje Ivana or Marković Predrag as such authors, other also are publis Yugoslav He on Ivanović. monograph Vladimir by done been has trend, ethnocentric the Serbia, in effort comprehensive se most The approach. transnational took migrations Yugoslav on scholarship the in historians of inclusion greater by importantly most directions, decade, last the In t due character state. multiethnic of this unique, ways many in was emigration towards policy Yugoslav
Clubs in Western Euroope in the 1970s], in the1970s], Euroope in Western Clubs Marjan Drnovšek, ed., ed., Drnovšek, Marjan u radnika jugoslovenskih “Klubovi Dragišić, Petar modern faktor kao “Gastarbajteri Marković, Predrag Ivanović, Milena Davidović, Davidović, Milena Istorija 20. veka 20. Istorija 35 soia 0 veka 20. Istorija Geburtstag pišeš normalno pišeš Geburtstag There has also been a considerable effort in other scientific other in effort considerable a been also has There 33 communities, while Marjan Drnovšek wrote a historical survey of emigrat aof wrote historical survey Drnovšek while Marjan communities, r ea Daii, h pbihd n lb o Ygsa workers Yugoslav of clubs on published who Dragišić, Petar or
, 2 (2007): 89-101. (2007): , 2 ea tai radnika. stranih Deca itrcl n Clua Prpcie o Soein M Slovenian on Perspectives Cultural and Historical 2 (2005): 145-163.; Predrag Marković, “Izgubljeni “Izgubljeni Marković, Predrag 145-163.; (2005): 2 Gastarbeiter
. . Tokovi istorije Tokovi
36 or articles by anthropologists Marija Krstić and Dragana and Krstić Marija anthropologists by articles or Clua Iett o Yug uolv mgat i F in Emigrants Yugoslav Young of Identity [Cultural in Germany and Austria, extensively analysing this this analysing extensively Austria, and Germany in ; Milena Davidović Primorac, ed., ed., Primorac, Davidović Milena ; Zapadnoj Evropi sedamdesetih godina” [Yugoslav Work [Yugoslav godina” sedamdesetih Evropi Zapadnoj eiter Between Two Worlds]. Worlds]. Two Between eiter izacije u Srbiji” [Gastarbeiter as the Factor of Mo of Factor the as [Gastarbeiter u Srbiji” izacije , 1 (2010): 128-138. 128-138. (2010): 1 , zk uolvnkh ralaa a a u ele zapa zemlje u rad na državljana jugoslovenskih azak Migrations of Yugoslav Citizens to Western Europe 1 Europe Western to Citizens Yugoslav of Migrations 25 mlyn wrfre abroad workforce employing the field and application of the the of application and field the igration which successfully avoided successfully which u trasnmigraciji? “Gastarbajteri “Gastarbajteri trasnmigraciji? u Hereticus i, h dat ih the with dealt who vić, disciplines to deal with with deal to disciplines Kulturni identitet mladih mladih identitet Kulturni , (Ljubljana: Institute for for Institute (Ljubljana: , tural change.tural o the socialist and and socialist the o hing the Bavarian Bavarian the hing dović Primorac on Primorac dović hed an admirable admirable an hed , VII/4 (2009): 7-24.; 7-24.; (2009): VII/4 , veral interesting interesting veral abroad. dernisation dernisation ion fromion 32 There rance], rance], 34 In 960- ers’ ers’ dne CEU eTD Collection Frontiers, Contesting Identities, Contesting Frontiers, političkoj emigraciji političkoj prosvetna zajednica Užice, 1997). 1997). Užice, zajednica prosvetna lenses the through networks, migrant Yugoslav to approach interesting topic. this inter became who Zimmerman William and Othmar Haberl researchers Nikola were migrations first the Yugoslavia, Outside 1980). 1980). Zimmerman, Zimmerman, et hog Tasainls ad oua Culture,” Popular and Transnationalism through West Rethinking “Gastarbajteri. Ond ej, Daniel, 2003).; 41 40 39 38 inostranstvu.” 37 of notion the scie political Czech the while federation, the of breakup the and d on resources diaspora the of impact the researched has Hockenos a as migrations of perspective diachronic multidisciplina a in emigration Yugoslav research to associates the of study Glamočak’s Sr by emigrants) on pressure external the (including Yugoslavia Bošković, Milo by monograph ideologised mi economic with interaction its and emigration political the for the of conceptualisation the on light more shed which Antonijević favourablemention. 42 israin (nvriy f egae 21); Mari 2010).; Belgrade, of (University dissertation, Brünnbauer, ed., ed., Brünnbauer, Haberl. Nikola Othmar 195 Srbiji u represija “Politička Cvetković, Srđan K Bošković, Milo biće.”; liminalno kao “Gastarbajter Antonijević,
Paul Hockenos, Hockenos, Paul 40 Open Borders. Borders. Open Recently, there has been a significant effort in Germany b Germany in effort significant a been has there Recently,
Antijugoslovenska fašistička emigracija fašistička Antijugoslovenska Gastarbeiter Transnational Societies, Transterritorial Politics. Transterritorial Societies, Transnational [Concepts of Great Croatia and Great Serbia among among Serbia Great and Croatia Great of [Concepts oead aln. xl Ptits ad akn Wars, Balkan and Patriotism Exile Calling. Homeland 39
Die Abwanderung von Arbeitskräften aus Jugoslawien aus Arbeitskräften von Abwanderung Die
megale (Pisa: Pisa University Press, 2007), 277-302. 2007), UniversityPress, Pisa (Pisa: s pp utr phenomenon. culture pop a as
concepts in Serbian and Croatian émigré nationalism deserve nationalism émigré Croatian and Serbian in concepts Yugoslav Economic Migrations Towards the European N European the Towards Migrations Economic Yugoslav na Glamočak, Glamočak, na oge duree longue 38 -95 [oiia Rpeso i Sri, 1953-1985] Serbia, in Repression [Political 3-1985“ 26 h rcn vlm o pltcl ersin in repression political on volume recent the in Ellis, Steven G., Klusakova, Lud’a ed., ed., Lud’a Klusakova, G., Steven Ellis, in [Anti-Yugoslav fascist emigration], (Belgrade: Slo (Belgrade: emigration], fascist [Anti-Yugoslav si, Djsoa rdii a rveeo rd u radu privremenom na radnici i “Dijaspora rstić, ocpie eie rase Vlk Sbj u Srbije Velike i Hrvatske Velike Koncepcije
process. political emigration], (Užice: Kulturno- (Užice: emigration], political 42 ntist Ond ej Daniel introduced introduced Daniel Ond ej ntist
aie aidn fee an offered Dahinden Janine (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, Press, University Cornell (Ithaca: grants, apart from the heavily heavily the from apart grants, with their valuable works on works valuable their with 41 a Cekvć n Marina and Cvetković đan y a, n t poie a provide to and way, ry ested in Yugoslav labour labour Yugoslav in ested Gastarbeiter mrcn orait Paul journalist American . (Munich: Oldenbourg, 1978).; 1978).; Oldenbourg, (Munich: . omestic Yugoslav politics politics Yugoslav omestic y Ulf Brünnbauer and his and Brünnbauer Ulf y of transnationalism, transnationalism, of identity. Imagining Imagining 37 , PhD PhD , boda, boda, orth- As a CEU eTD Collection policies were propagated. werepolicies propagated. oiis oad eirns hc a be dn i te at e y ten last the in done been has which emigrants towards policies Politics re comprehensive complementing ways many in is thesis This e of attitude transnationals concerning of the their remitting the money homeland. to ambivalent the about results surprising to coming 43
Migrantenorganisationen in der Schweiz, ” ” Schweiz, in der Migrantenorganisationen as well as the main features of the informational and cultural and informational the of features main the as well as or workers’ Yugoslav of framework institutional the outline will I Yugoslav syste of the confines the within keeping migrated population its foreign into state socialist Yugoslav the of concepts ideological i of extension the trace to going am I Therefore, communities. to prevent potential “alienation” of “temporary” “temporary” of “alienation” potential prevent to t state Yugoslav the that be will premises basic the of One the using by it to context wider and meaning historical a give to p state the of field researched sparsely the on closely more Dahinden, Janine. “Contesting Transnationalism?,” Transnationalism?,” “Contesting Janine. Dahinden, ; aidn Jnn ad ole oe, “Transnationa Moret, Joelle and Janine Dahinden, .;
Schweizerisches Jahrbuch für Entwicklungspolitik Jahrbuch Schweizerisches in 27
Brünnbauer, ed., ed., Brünnbauer, Gastarbeiter le Aktivitäten serbischer und kosovarischer kosovarischer und serbischer Aktivitäten le ried through its propaganda policies policies propaganda its through ried ropaganda for guest workers, trying trying workers, guest for ropaganda into permanently moved diaspora diaspora moved permanently into Transnational Societies, Transterritorial Transterritorial Societies, Transnational materials through which the state state the which through materials nstitutional mechanisms and and mechanisms nstitutional ganisations in FR Germany, FR in ganisations of aim the having territory, rnntoaim paradigm. transnationalism ears. However, I will focus will I However, ears. search on Yugoslav state state Yugoslav on search -uolv mgat as emigrants x-Yugoslav 43
m. In chapter, m. the next 27/2 (2008): 2-13. 2-13. (2008): 27/2 CEU eTD Collection participate more actively and to coordinate and control the self- the control and coordinate to and actively more participate 2 c social in involved intensely less or “more are individuals that is propaganda any for prerequisites primary the of One explained. instituti their emigration, economic for activities” informational historicalcontex and content the of analysis the to turn I Before Yugoslav self-organised of formation self of ideology its to faithful remained first at regime the activities propaganda for prospects the concerning gathering, attit state’s Yugoslav the delineate and assembled, Germany clubs the of development the follow will I chapter, this In orderofficially“correct” i approved and disseminate the to ideologically mode the towards policy clear a create to had state the why t wish we should place, one in gathered mass a have to need “we that inseparabl was “informing that concluded it when 1971, by necessity beca Abroad Workers Our of Affairs the for Committee Coordinating 1 and consumed.endorsed could be material distributed propaganda as Centres Cultural-Informational the establishing by done was Materijali sa sastanka Koordinacionog odbora za za pro odbora Koordinacionog sastankasa Materijali Jacques Ellul, Jacques Arhiv Jugoslavije (Henceforth: AJ), fond 142/II (S 142/II fond AJ), (Henceforth: Jugoslavije Arhiv I Exporting Self-Management Venues the – Medi and II Propaganda. The Formation of Men’sAttitudes of The Formation Propaganda.
Gastarbeiter
-Oriented -Oriented Propaganda Gastarbeiter bleme naših radnika u inostrasntvu, as of 27of as u inostrasntvu, radnika naših bleme ocijalistički savez radnog naroda Jugoslavije), fas Jugoslavije), naroda radnog savez ocijalistički 28
, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965), 49. 49. 1965), A.Knopf, Alfred (NewYork: , lb, h sae on elsd t a to had it realised soon state the clubs, ude towards these modes of group of modes these towards ude these clubs could offer. Although Although offer. could clubs these in which Yugoslav workers in FR in workers Yugoslav which in s of workers’ (self-)organising in in (self-)organising workers’ of s mngmn, plig t o the to it applying -management, to function, according to Ellul, to according function, to organising more closely. This This closely. more organising onal framework needs to be be to needs framework onal t of Yugoslav “propagandist-Yugoslav of t venues where the officially officially the where venues urrents.” o inform them.”inform o e from organising,” and organising,” from e nformation. nformation. me well aware of this this of aware well me 1 The Yugoslav Yugoslav The th May 1971, 90. 90. May 1971, cikla S-455, S-455, cikla a of 2 This is This CEU eTD Collection oiia éirs hwvr dd o wn t mdl wt ueuae worker uneducated with meddle to want not did however, émigrés, political potential destabilising effects of the internal crises wi crises internal the of effects destabilising potential order to recruit and persuade them to denounce their Yugoslav cit Yugoslav their denounce to them persuade and recruit to order 1980), 158-160. 158-160. 1980), well-organised web of their associations, clubs and taverns, they taverns, and clubs associations, their of web well-organised rank ém political the As population. Yugoslav general the theiron influence “rejuvenate” to chance a as environment their to Yugoslavs FR in living already emigrants political of because sensitive m external towards policy Yugoslav of aspects important most countr that of territory the on organising their of question the 1960s, the of skyrocke Germany FR to moving workers Yugoslav of number the As Self-Ma “Tavernisation” Between – Germany FR in Clubs Yugoslav 2.1 emigrants. their presentation economic to 4 soldier, SS former a owner, tavern a of example the was Such a to according too, used were means perfidious more threats, verbal them. on pressure exerting tried but spirit, socialist distributed be to interpretation and information “progressive” and f thus grounds, ideological on evaluated and censored controlled, strictly t how show will I similar. and material) educational films, (books, ideologic journals, film press, specialised included media These propa Yugoslav the which through media main the outline then will I 3 Aleksandar Mančić, “Kriminal i beda emigracije,” emigracije,” beda i “Kriminal Mančić, Aleksandar Bošković, Milo Antijugoslovenska fašistička emigracija fašistička Antijugoslovenska
Politika 29 [Anti-Yugoslav fascist emigration], (Belgrade: Slo (Belgrade: emigration], fascist [Anti-Yugoslav , Belgrade, 11 ,Belgrade, thin the Yugoslav system be neutralised in in neutralised be system Yugoslav the thin 4 Besides blatant physical violence and and violence physical blatant Besides th , h sw h ifu f young of influx the saw who G, igrants. This issue was especially especially was issue This igrants. who allegedly got workers drunk drunk workers got allegedly who March 1968, 5. 5. March 1968, ally appropriate artistic material material artistic appropriate ally izenship. igrés had already developed a a developed already had igrés “lured” he content of this media was media this of content he to to pprehensive state reports. reports. state pprehensive Gastarbeiter, iltering only “positive” “positive” only iltering ganda was channeled. was ganda ted in the second half second the in ted 3 Gastarbeiter Some more militant more Some y became one of the of one became y ad xad their expand and s aeet and nagement rie i a in raised s so that the that so there in in there boda, CEU eTD Collection prestige for the Yugoslav regime.prestigeYugoslav for the Nemakoj i Austriji” [Saturday at Bahnhof. Everyday Everyday Bahnhof. at [Saturday Austriji” i Nemakoj
7 Ygsa Get okr i F Gray n Asra 1 Austria and 244. 2012), Germany FR in Workers Guest [Yugoslav inostranstvu, as 27 as inostranstvu, 11 10 9 8 6 60, over was Germany FR insignia state press, films, (books, materials appropriate [SSRNJ], People Working the of employers German [S Information their of Secretariat Federal the usually of institutions, aid the with usually self-organise, to for point meeting the be would Yug of organisation the in seen was problem this to solution The made scale, large a on workers their organising been already had emi of countries other that fact The “otherness.” cultural their and pop native the of weariness the increased which habit a stations, aro “hanging notorious the or problems, gambling and alcoholism their their spend could migrants integrated poorly where places of lack police.local to them “dispatched” then and 5 due to workers’ lack of interest.ofworkers’ lack to due such one of dissolution the after abandoned was clubs these organising exp The material. propaganda and informational send could authorities Clubs in Western Euroope in the 1970s], in the1970s], Euroope in Western Clubs Austria], and Germany Socijalistički savez radnog naroda Jugoslavije, he Jugoslavije, naroda radnog savez Socijalistički sastanka sa S henceforth: informacije, za sekretarijat Savezni Materijali S-455, fasc. 142/II, f. AJ, Svakodn nabanhofu. “Subota Ivanović, Vladimir See 0307-1318/1. dok. fasc.A-705, f.142/II, , AJ Vladimir Ivanović, Ivanović, Vladimir Petar Dragišić, “Klubovi jugoslovenskih radnika u radnika jugoslovenskih “Klubovi Dragišić, Petar
th May 1971, 63. 63. May 1971, Geburtstag pišeš normalno. Jugoslovenski gastarbajt Jugoslovenski normalno. pišeš Geburtstag Godišnjak za društvenu istoriju istoriju društvenu za Godišnjak 10 while by 1978 this number jumped to 191 in this country alone.country this in 191 to jumped number this 1978 by while
7 Instead, in the spirit of self-management, it was left to wor to left was self-management,it of spirit Instead,the in Gastarbeiter 6
Tokovi istorije Tokovi 9 ol poie mae fnnil upr ad send and support financial meager a provide would SINF. SINF. nceforth: SSRNJ. SSRNJ. nceforth: 5 Apart from the hostile emigration, the idleness and idleness the emigration, hostile the from Apart Zapadnoj Evropi sedamdesetih godina“ [Yugoslav Work [Yugoslav godina“ sedamdesetih Evropi Zapadnoj living in the same area, and where the Yugoslav the where and area, same the in living evnica jugoslovenskih radnika na “privremenom radu” “privremenom na radnika jugoslovenskih evnica 1 (2011): (2011): 69-87. 1 , 1 (2010), 129. 129. (2010), 1 , Koordinacionog odbora za probleme naših radnika u u radnika naših probleme za odbora Koordinacionog Life of Yugoslav Workers on “Temporary Work” in FR FR in Work” “Temporary on Workers Yugoslav of Life 30 6-93, Blrd: nttt a armn istorij savremenu za Institut (Belgrade: 965-1973], etc). By 1971, the number of clubs in clubs of number the 1971, By etc).
SINF] eri u SR Nemačkoj i Austriji 1965-1973Austriji i Nemačkoj SR u eri ulation towards guest workers guest towards ulation this issue also a question of question a also issue this gration, like Italy or Turkey, Turkey, or Italy like gration, oslav workers’ clubs, which clubs, workers’ oslav free time often resulted in resulted often time free 8 and the Socialist Alliance Socialist the and wie h Yugoslav the while , und” at the local train local the at und” rmn wt te state the with eriment club in Paris in 1965, 1965, in Paris in club u SR uSR kers ers’ ers’ 11 u,
CEU eTD Collection Nikola Tesla). rmt ad el hi pout o te lb’ rmss Hwvr t However, premises. clubs’ the on products their sell and promote and Austria, see also Ivanović, Ivanović, also see Austria, and ieain Ygsai, atsn Bohrod Hmln, reo, Concordia Freedom, Homeland, Brotherhood, Partisan, Yugoslavia, Liberation, concept “unity-related” after named were clubs of the 34% Zagreb, for Centre the of report the to According ideology. unity” symboli often names their Even nationality. Yugoslav any towards wit character, in pan-Yugoslav be to supposed were clubs The act “dubious” in engage not do workers their that well as interest significant a to for premises furnished and provided often supported Employers too. side German was clubs Yugoslav of functioning The Yugoslav companies were involved in sponsoring clubs’ activities, activities, clubs’ sponsoring in involved were companies Yugoslav 15 145-146. 1989), novine,” “Radničke 14 13 arti or scientist politician, Yugoslav some of name a bore 17.4% Yugoslav wo by founded associations sport were Particularly popular 12 according ofamount collected. loan money they had the to SSRNJ of Committee Coordinating the support, financial of allotment Moreover, earthquake). 1969 the after Luka Banja investment rebuilding various highway, for state Yugoslav the to loan a for up sign to t by used also were Clubs period. time limited a in products of “norms the fulfill to workers pressured even or clubs, endorsing for beca authorities, Yugoslav by undesired results, commercialising Dragišić, “Klubovi jugoslovenskih radnika,” 129.; 129.; radnika,” jugoslovenskih “Klubovi Dragišić, AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 712, dok. 1718. 1718. dok. fasc.712, f.142/II, AJ, Letić, Franjo 141. dok. fasc.742, f.142/II, AJ, 14 ršvn žvt ajkh migranata vanjskih život Društveni
Geburtstag pišeš normalno pišeš Geburtstag
For more on Yugoslav guest workers sport activities sport workers guest Yugoslav on more For Sca Lf o te xenl irns, Zge: N (Zagreb: Migrants], External the of Life [Social 31 , 247-250. 247-250. , 15
he authorities to recruit workers workers recruit to authorities he use companies often competed competed often companies use st (such as Veljko Vlahović or Vlahović Veljko as (such st hout a discriminatory attitude attitude discriminatory a hout s (for example Unity, Youth, Youth, Unity, example (for s Research Migrations from from Migrations Research ” of selling a certain number number certain a selling of ” ivities such as drinking or or drinking as such ivities rkers (over 200 in 1978). in (over 200 rkers e te bohrod and “brotherhood the sed (ulig Zagreb-Split (building s and in return they could they return in and clubs, as it was in their in was it as clubs, his practice also had had also practice his when discussing the the discussing when degree by the West West the by degree fe rne clubs ranked often ), 13 while in FRG FRG in IRO IRO 12
CEU eTD Collection play an important role in the organisation of organisation the in role important an play circles. conservative German West the of eyes the before cultura organised also and clubs Yugoslav of functioning for help provided part of workers’ self-organising activities. part of workers’ activities. self-organising potential to “self-organise.” to potential 21 20 19 18 17 giving thus activities, a markedly character. them political compromis law of breach such m that and to territory, FRG the allowed on questions not were institution, political a of representatives S the to protested DGB The partners. two the between conflict politicis more much Yugoslaviawas of framework institutional the [S Unions Trade of Alliance Yugoslav the with together concerts, U Trade of Association German the was partner important Another “ their but AW, as things same the exactly did state Yugoslav their in would, which workers, Yugoslav “organise” to intentions AW’s cases.”treatedas “social an they impression were aspwelfare the on much too insist to want not did they associations, rather partner a as organisation an such preferred generally and coope authorities Yugoslav Although problems. everyday workers’ of w counselors and workers social employed also and extensively, [AW association welfare workers’ German West The gambling. 16 AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 474, dok. 3368. 3368. dok. fasc.474, f.142/II, AJ, AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 485, as of 3ofas fasc.485, f.142/II, AJ, SSJ. henceforth: Jugoslavije, sindikata Savez mate na osvrtu o Beleška fasc.712, f.142/II, AJ, Arbeiterswohlfahrt Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund Deutscher
, henceforth: AW. AW. henceforth: , rd ., henceforth: DGB. DGB. henceforth: ., 18 September 1973. 1973. September This represented one of the paradoxes of self-management, as the as self-management, of paradoxes the of one represented This
rijale sa savetovanja sa savetodavcima, Beograd, 9 Beograd, savetodavcima, sa savetovanja sa rijale Gastarbeiter 32 17 Also, the Yugoslav authorities were of wary the Also, Yugoslav 21 -oriented informational-propagandist informational-propagandist -oriented However, the SSRNJ continued to continued SSRNJ the However, organising” was considered to be be to considered was organising” SJ that SSRNJ officials, as the as officials, SSRNJ that SJ ho were supposed to take care care take to supposed were ho than various clerical welfare welfare clerical various than ed than that of FRG causeda FRG ofthat than ed SJ]. ect of AW, lest workers get workers lest AW, of ect ], 16 eddle with with eddle 20 re t spot clubs support to tried rated closely with AW, with closely rated However, the fact that fact the However, in [DGB]. nions ed both trade unions unions trade both ed opinion, tarnish their tarnish opinion, l events and and events l Gastarbeiter th April1975. April1975. 19 They
CEU eTD Collection pan-Yugoslav club from that city, as well as the Yugoslav consul Yugoslav the as well as city, that from club pan-Yugoslav just as in pan-Yugoslav clubs one nation would usually prevail, in the in prevail, usually would nation one clubs pan-Yugoslav in as just de Zurich, in consul Yugoslav the including politicians, Slovenian prominent Nemačka (SRN), fascikla 1975-101, dokument 2/450977 1975-101, fascikla (SRN), Nemačka clubs.Yugoslav of meetings coordinating club pan-Yugoslav other irritated also club this of leaders The to the SSRNJ, accusing SSRNJ, the to inostranstvu, 7 inostranstvu, identityany of nations. of ethnicexpression small in dwelled still forces unitarist” “pre-Brioni that claiming 28 27 26 25 24 23 too enter could nationalities Slovenes, of nationalism narrow Slovene the was clubs mono-national of cases paradigmatic the of that was self-organise workers Slove for letting common particularly was This of clubs. nationality-oriented downsides the of One 22 Serbo-Croatian. hegemonic from differences context, Yugoslav the from separately culture their represent sma of right the defended publicly and sternly officials Slovene 1971. the within conflicts and discussions fierce sparked practice Such to drown” their national identity in Yugoslavism. in identity national their drown” to home backsame the is constitution “the that claiming centralism, Anton Rupnik, “V tujini smo vsi samo jugoslovani,” samo vsi smo “Vtujini Rupnik, Anton unclassified. fasc.485, f.142/II, AJ, poslova inostranih Ministarstva arhiv Diplomatski 2706. dok. fasc.491, f.142/II, AJ, AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 712, dok. 1718. dok. fasc.712, f.142/II, AJ, 52-53. Ibid., sednice sa Materijali S-455, fasc. 142/II, f. AJ, th October 1971, 24-25. 24-25. 1971, October
Triglav 27
(a positive example was the Macedonian club club Macedonian the was example positive (a
of chauvinism and barring the entrance of other nationalities.other of entrance the barring and chauvinism of Triglav Koordinacionog odbora za društveno-politička pitanj društveno-politička za odbora Koordinacionog 23 struck back with accusations of unitarism and and unitarism of accusations with back struck When these clubs complained to SSRNJ about the about SSRNJ to complained clubs these When 26
Delo The representative from Vojvodina claimed that claimed Vojvodina from representative The 33 . . (DAMIP), Politička arhiva (PA), Savezna Republika Republika Savezna (PA), arhiva Politička (DAMIP), 24 25 , Ljubljana, 26 Ljubljana, , The situation was further complicated when complicated further was situation The
consulates, “pointing their finger” at finger” their “pointing consulates, th September 1970. 1970. September s by speaking Slovene on the the on Slovene speaking by s and here,” enabling them “not enablingthem here,” and in Munich, frequently wrote wrote frequently Munich, in club especially due to linguistic linguistic to due especially Coordinating Committee in Committee Coordinating nes and Macedonians. One Macedonians. and nes mono-national ones other other ones mono-national Triglav l uolv ain to nations Yugoslav ll they often founded founded often they in Munich. The Munich. in Goce DelcevGoce fended a radnika u radnika a Triglav ). 28 22 ,
CEU eTD Collection e orpol, osby at mmes o ee infiltrate even or members, Party possibly people,” “our be reliabl were clubs those of leaders the as long as prohibited, places whereplaces the be in pan-Yugosla put belonging had always to the nations two to biggest for supported officially not were clubs Croatian peculiarity. oee, t a dcdd ht h patc o cetn mono-nati creating of practice the that decided was it However, off and ideals patriotic propagating for unsuitable highly them inostranstvu, 7 inostranstvu, 33 32 31 30 premises,their on beverages alcoholic serving stop t Despite workers. among propaganda i state official spreading and insufficient be to proved clubs self-organised Nevertheless, t to due also Slovenes, or Macedonians mostly nations, “small” to only princi this However, estranged. be not would republics other from evenand more. complicating Macedonia, the whole thus situation Mosle the by joined be return in would which Moslems, to only clubs their of clubs join then would Bosnia from Croats and Serbs that o most were officials their Herzegovina, and Bosnia of character nationalitie Yugoslav various of clubs different eight financing trade German that argument the also using excesses, nationalist particular such against were politicians Croatian and Serbian 29 gathering and identity national the Thus, tendencies. hegemonic Serbian could clubs Serbian-only while clubs, émigrés’ political to AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. S-455, Materijali sa sednice sednice sa Materijali S-455, fasc. 142/II, f. AJ, AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. A-758, unclassified. ; DAMIP, ; unclassified. fasc.A-758, f.142/II, AJ, dok.8/47781. fasc.1969-169, SRN, PA, DAMIP, 2706. dok. fasc.491, f.142/II, AJ, unclassified. fasc.479, f.142/II, AJ, th October 1971, 45-48. 45-48. 1971, October Gastarbeiter
would gather only for drinking.for gather only would
Koordinacionog odbora za društveno-politička pitanj društveno-politička za odbora Koordinacionog PA, SRN, fasc. 1973-83, dok.9/424671 fasc.1973-83, SRN, PA, 34 32 they often turned into simple taverns and taverns simple into turned often they 33 e persons (it was hinted they should they hinted was (it persons e Such “tavernisation” of clubs made of Such “tavernisation” fear of their ominous resemblance ominous their of fear tt agents),state d he state’s open advice to clubs to to clubs to advice open state’s he icial state policies. Furthermore, policies. state icial eide eois f interwar of memories rekindle ism, because it could lead to to lead could it because ism, 30 co-nationals, leaving Bosnian leaving co-nationals, s. pposed, because they feared feared they because pposed,
29 ple was applied in practice practice in applied was ple unions would not bother bother not would unions u t te multi-ethnic the to Due m population from Serbia Serbia from population m nappropriate venues for for venues nappropriate nl lb ne nt be not need clubs onal . 31 of guest workers workers guest of v context. v context. ad h workers the and er linguistic heir a radnika u radnika a CEU eTD Collection planned to devote less attention to “history” and more to “workers’ to more and “history” to attention less devote to planned ewe fdrl nt. hs cus fe dmne mny rm l ei all from money demanded often clubs Thus, units. federal between Društveni život vanjskih migranata vanjskih život Društveni in FRG, trying to model their own centres along the same model same the along centres own their model to trying FRG, in signed in Bonn in July 1969, while the two Centres began their work a ye a work their began Centres two the while 1969, July in Bonn in signed agreement definite the but relations, diplomatic of establishment Germa West the from initiative first The Zagreb. and Belgrade German West of opening the was solution possible the at hint The 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 a all, at them visit not did 41.3% as many as while groups: three into divided were institutions future these of tasks choice. their of cities own its open to entitled also was Yugoslavia agreement, the to activities. better logistically be and emigrants more attract to venue self-organisation. s a than more playing of task the themselves on take not could and ow their with overwhelmed were hand, other the on missions, diplomatic kic be would republic respective that addresse from workers the contribute, case in that, threatening even sometimes conferences, month.a once usually club these visited workers few very purposes, drinking for even 34 Ivanović, službe,” konzularne “Nemoć Magnetofonsk 582/1, dok. fasc.484, f.142/II, AJ, mi Croatian of survey statistical the to According DAMIP, PA, SRN, fasc. 1969-168, dok. 10/432599. dok.10/432599. fasc.1969-168, SRN, PA, DAMIP, D ; dok.9/415905. fasc.1970-130, SRN, PA, DAMIP, Ivanović, dok.10/431224. fasc.1969-168, SRN, PA, DAMIP, 37 Geburtstag pišeš normalno pišeš Geburtstag Geburtstag pišeš normalno pišeš Geburtstag
36 hrfr, h Ygsa sae edd o id mr sial inst suitable more a find to needed state Yugoslav the Therefore, 39 34 Yugoslav officials extensively inquired about similar Italian similar about inquired extensively officials Yugoslav Yugoslavia’s decentralised nature posed a big problem in coordi in problem big a posed nature decentralised Yugoslavia’s Politika , , 147).
, 251-253. 251-253. , , 254. 254. , , Belgrade, 22 Belgrade, , e beleške sa sednice 30 sednice sa beleške e grants, 36.4% of workers visited clubs once in a fe a in once clubs visited workers of 36.4% grants, lthough there were clubs in their places of residen of places their in clubs were there lthough nd November 1967, 7. 7. November1967, 35 AMIP, PA, SRN, fasc. 1972-91, dok. 21/442632. dok.21/442632. fasc.1972-91, SRN, PA, AMIP, equipped for pursuing propagandist propagandist pursuing for equipped th January 1973. 1973. January between the two countries was was countries two the between 40 e ot rm h club. the from out ked n side came even before the the before even came side n (with the difference that they that difference the (with s, and those who did, did so so did did, who those and s, centres in two West German German West two in centres informational-propagandist, informational-propagandist, upportive role in workers’ workers’ in role upportive practical matters”). practical Informational Centres in in Centres Informational d conference did not not did conference d ght republican SSRNJ SSRNJ republican ght ar later.ar n bureaucratic work work bureaucratic n 38 According institutions w months, months, w itutional ce (Letić, (Letić, ce 35 41 nation The The CEU eTD Collection politics.” (S ministry internal-oriented of possibility the because above,” of notion the concerning significance had also dilemma this However, ilmc, iig o ersn te onr t a oeg pbi, r public, foreign a to country the represent to aiming diplomacy, considere was second the while diplomacy, “classic” so-called SSI the or Secretariat Affairs Foreign the of wings the whether was KIC founded newly the of aspect important very A 1972, while the April 1973. KIC Cologne in operating started in glmrtos f uolv, n the and Yugoslavs, of agglomerations as Stuttgart, in centre Yugoslav a open to measures undertake to Secretariat Affairs Foreign the thereafter, Immediately 48 47 46 45 44 43 “leftis its to due also and Yugoslavia, from away further situated [SSINF]Information for Committee is country every of propaganda “the as integration,” ideological solid aban of identific national “strengthening feeling authorities, Yugoslav to according the “lessening through homeland” the to connection this of effect The social-political. and cultural-entertainment 42 [KIC]Centre Informational territor FRG much as cover to order in Cologne, and Stuttgart for Federa the Munich, and Stuttgart in centres two open to plan initial Henceforth: SSINF. SSINF. Henceforth: dok.10/432599. fasc.1969-168, SRN, PA, DAMIP, 4/456609. dok. fasc.1973-82, SRN, PA, DAMIP, DAMIP, PA, SRN, fasc. 1973-82, dok. 3/415608. 3/415608. dok. fasc.1973-82, SRN, PA, DAMIP, Ivanović, KIC. henceforth: centar, Kulturno-informativni dok.9/445433. fasc.1970-130, SRN, PA, DAMIP, 42 Geburtstag pišeš normalno pišeš Geburtstag
46 in Stuttgart was officially opened on Republic Day in Nove in Day Republic on opened officially was Stuttgart in
, 255-256. 255-256. , 44 proposed that the centre be opened in Hamburg, as it was was it as Hamburg, in opened be centre the that proposed Gastarbeiter
36 club there was run poorly. run was there club NF. The first option would represent the represent would option first The NF. asked the Federal Executive Council Executive Federal the asked SINF) being in charge of KIC on KIC of charge in being SINF) 47 t b te nw (“pseudo”) “new” the be to d ntaie a t “xed the “extend to was initiative
they were to function under under function to were they orientation.” t y as possible. The Cultural- The possible. as y ation would lead to a more more a to lead would ation it had one of the biggest biggest the of one had it te ta t diplomats. to than ather l Executive Council opted opted Council Executive l “transnationalism from “transnationalism omn, because, donment,” n h srie of service the in 43 45 h Federal The Despite the Despite mber 48
CEU eTD Collection odr ad usd rglr ilmtc hnes n transterritoria a in channels diplomatic regular outside and borders between diplomatic bodies and transterritorial institutions of the internal andbetween institutions transterritorial bodies diplomatic recei was missions, diplomatic and KIC with together Committee, working started they (after KIC and consulates clubs, Yugoslav to informa the allotting and distributing of charge in was SSINF The PropagandaMedia 2.2 actions propaganda dispersed country “local” character. a the and across whole more had Yugoslav in role informal, c more and although KIC significant, of actions the complemented they ways, many In support. requests with turn could they which to body state official the had exist. to cease not did clubs workers’ the However, state. the pla few relatively in concentrated was and bigger, grew inform the “mass” the that meant That web. informational and activities visi not did reasons various for who workers those engage also now could They instit Yugoslav and missions diplomatic with both coordination good a had reach to easy were location, geographical their to due KIC, The the of most the under operate would KIC that decided Council Executive Federal extended institutions Yugoslav that mean would territory foreign a 49 a as dlgtd o pca cmisos one udr h wn o S of wing plac chosen, the was ground” under “middle the Thus, founded Centres. the commissions with communication special to delegated also was par However, option. convenient most the was consulates with coordination DAMIP, PA, SRN, fasc. 1970-130, dok.9/438193. fasc.1970-130, SRN, PA, DAMIP, Gastarbeiter
-related issues were the job of the Foreign Affairs sector Affairs Foreign the of job the were issues -related
37 Quite to the contrary, now they now contrary, the to Quite ces under the direct control of control direct the under ces for financial or other kind of kind other or financial for Yugoslav regime wished to to wished regime Yugoslav their jurisdiction across theiracross jurisdiction their ving the requests for certain for requests the ving Coordinating The 1972). in tional and cultural material material cultural and tional for the clubs’ leaders, and and leaders, clubs’ the for diplomatic jurisdiction, as as jurisdiction, diplomatic mne. vnuly the Eventually, manner. l type. niud o ly a play to ontinued t of the jurisdiction jurisdiction the of t utions back home. back utions 49
, as they were were they as , t clubs in their in clubs t , and the daily daily the and , n te KIC the ing SINF for for SINF CEU eTD Collection based newspapers, and on the state control of film material em to the state distributed controlbasedand of film on newspapers, radu u inostranstvu sa prijedlogom mjera. mjera. prijedlogom sa u inostranstvu radu oispr su) wie h Bosnian the while issue), per copies specialis all of popular most the was (it 1971 late in workers Croatian the radnicima na privremenom radu u inostranstvu za 197 za u inostranstvu radu naprivremenom radnicima copies annually (AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 742, Informac 742, fasc. 142/II, f. (AJ, annually copies na privremenom radu u inostranstvu sa prijedlogom m prijedlogom sa uinostranstvu radu naprivremenom 52 51
publishing started e the be would readership target whose publications specialised to newspapers Yugoslav popular most the of editions domestic needs.” and wishes t their of among interpreter lairs its form to emigration political of efforts the e [economic them on influence decisive a have must press of kind “this Gastarbeiter inc materials These sent. was material propaganda or money lists, compile then would and FRG, of areas respective in items 50 nomd n pltcly influenced. politically and informed g the which through medium disseminated easily most and efficient Committee’s Coordinating the to according press, periodical The differences the especially press, specialised the on focus brochures. political and market) Yugoslav the on popular most diplomatic missions, diplomatic AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 742, Informacija o ostvarivan o Informacija 742, fasc. 142/II, f. AJ, info rada programa Nacrt 476, fasc. 142/II, f. AJ, s f 96 7,0 cpe o Ygsa nwppr w newspapers Yugoslav of copies 70,000 1976, of As , feature and documentary films and series, books (usually the lit the (usually books series, and films documentary and feature , jsi u srijedu u Vjesnik
Večer 52 the authorities of various republics deemed it more effective more it deemed republics various of authorities the already in 1965 (with a special edition for FR Germany from 1970) from Germany FR for edition special a (with 1965 in already
[ VUS 50 Oslobodenje The Federal Executive Council, similarly, argued that that argued similarly, Council, Executive Federal The nwppr nrdcd t seil diin o guest for addition special its introduced newspaper ] 51 lhuh h rgm sn cnieal aons of amounts considerable sent regime the Although ju zaključaka SIV o informisanju naših radnika na p na radnika naših informisanju o SIV zaključaka ju ija o ostvarivanju zaključaka SIV o informisanju na informisanju o SIV zaključaka ostvarivanju o ija rmativno-propagandnih i kulturno-zabavnih delatnost kulturno-zabavnih i rmativno-propagandnih 1. godinu. 1. jera). jera). 38 r epre diy wih mutd o 32 million 23-25 to amounted which daily, exported ere newspaper started their own publication in in publication own their started newspaper between the federal and republican- and federal the between luded specialised publications for for publications specialised luded ed publications, with 35-40,000 with publications, ed e ad rsn isl a the as itself present and hem In this section, I am going to to going am I section, this In according to which the allotted the which to according conomic emigration. Slovenia Slovenia emigration. conomic yearly plans, was the most most the was plans, yearly Gastarbeiter uest workers could be be could workers uest migrants], considering considering migrants], igrants. erature that was was that erature clubs and and clubs rivremenom rivremenom to launch to ših radnika radnika ših među i , ,
CEU eTD Collection prime financial supporter of supporter financial prime igr cnieig ht n cp ws ed y eea people several by read was copy one that considering bigger, NIJ magazine among the workers abroad, and collecting as many subsc many as collecting and abroad, w workers the plans among magazine yearly their in Bureau the of tasks urgent most eight the forthe onlyemigra economic specialised federally-subsided newspaper the Employment Affairs,Employment the issues of employing workers abroad, as wellsolv as as workersabroad, employing issuesof 56 55 54 worth. subscriptions’ collected the w requested, was participation active readers’ the purpose, this bi-weekly the constituents, its than 1973. 53 h amnsrtv sne h to ntttos ee eaae, the separated, were institutions two the sense administrative the Gastarbeiter informati of kind every with but homeland, the within events with solely cont the that readership potential to describe better to order in readership real the (although FRG to exported 13,000 around with copies, Still, as the federal jurisdiction was growing weaker due to t to due weaker growing was jurisdiction federal the as Still, new dinars). dinars 200old / without 48), to 16 (from tripled pages of number the simultaneously, that iz Jugoslavije iz Ivanović, zapošljavanja) poslove za (Saveznibiro f.467 AJ, was Affairs Employment the for Bureau Federal The Novosti izJugoslavije Novosti NIJ a cntnl eprecn fnnil rbes Is distr Its problems. financial experiencing constantly was 53 started being published in October 1966, under the auspices of the of auspices the under 1966, October in published being started However, as this thesis deals with the official propagandaofficialpoli the with deals thesis this However,as Geburtstag pišeš normalno pišeš Geburtstag . The interest of the authorities in supporting the magazine could magazinesupporting inthe authorities the of interest The . was founded, devoted solely to the affairs of the magazine. However magazine. the of affairs the to solely devoted founded, was
, Belgrade, No. 7,1 No. Belgrade, , 54 which was the publication’s prime founder and distributor. Among distributor. and founder prime publication’s the was which NIJ
. The title of the magazine was changed to to changed was magazine the of title The . , 191-192. 191-192. , 56 Novosti iz Jugoslavije iz Novosti Already in late 1967, a separate newspaper agency newspaper separate a 1967, late in Already st January1967, 1. 1. January1967, ing employment problems in the country. Henceforth: thecountry. in problems employment ing , fasc. 19, sekcija 28-T, dok. 2462/1-66, 4. dok.2462/1-66, 28-T, sekcija fasc.19, , founded only a year before (1965), in order to deal to order in (1965), before year only a founded 39 [ NIJ ith a financial reward of 20% of of 20% of reward financial a ith ] is of special interest, as it was it as interest, special of is ] bto nvr xedd 25,000 exceeded never ibution n ws o spoe t deal to supposed not was ent he country’s decentralisation, country’s he ueu otne t b the be to continued Bureau , n te eulc hd to had republics the and ), riptions as possible.as riptions cy of the federation ratherfederation the cyof s h pooin f the of promotion the as nts. nts. on that was relevant to to relevant was that on was probably much probably was YU raising the price (2 price the raising Federal Bureau for for Bureau Federal be seen in the factthe in seenbe
Novosti Novosti , although in in although , in 1970, 1970, in Bureau. Bureau. Novosti Novosti with the withthe 55 For CEU eTD Collection prima ustavne promene,” promene,” ustavne prima inc languages, Yugoslav all in texts published which publication ulcto drcl spotd rm h rpbia bde o Cr of budget republican the from supported directly publication zabavnu delatnost među jugoslovenskim iseljenicima iseljenicima međujugoslovenskim delatnost zabavnu 58 keen not were especially officials Croatian and Slovenian issues. positi “privileged” a enjoy thus would which newspaper, federal emigrants for work informational the with deb dealing committees huge a sparked This maintenance. its to financially contribute 57 informing in precedence took press local dece and self-management of spirit the in be would it that argued bigge the for lobbied who politicians The Hungarian). and Albanian authorities saw the federal insistence on keeping keeping on insistence federal the saw authorities republics. oft content the in under-representation alleged their about complaints maintaining thwa thus line, federal common the from diverging “dangerously” started pr how shows It Serbia. in elite “liberal” new the and Croatia movement” “Mass nationalist the of upsurge republ 1971/1972 and the about federal informing the between conflict the of example The remnantpre-1966ominous of the centralism. u revolution.”our “coul Croats) (of question national the that insisted who Tripalo, Mika l officials, party Croatian the of views reformist the espoused “Snaga Jugoslavije u snazi svake nacije,” nacije,” svake snazi u Jugoslavije “Snaga Koordi sastanka Zapisnik 474, fasc. 142/II, f. AJ, 57 agae eae wr as feun (although frequent also were debates Language Gastarbeiter
58 atclry otoesa ws h icuin f ona ihn the within Bosnia of inclusion the was controversial Particularly Vjesnik u srijedu u Vjesnik oat t ter oead The homeland. their to loyalty
, Zagreb, No. 363, 27 363, No. Zagreb, , jsi u srijedu u Vjesnik Gastarbeiter i građanima zaposlenim u inostranstvu, 7 uinostranstvu, zaposlenim građanima i 40 ain gue a nomtvopoaadu kulturn i informativno-propagandnu za grupe nacione NIJ Zge, 7 Zagreb, , th October 1971, 1. 1. 1971, October . It can be suspected that the republican the that suspected be can It . as the pan-Yugoslav publication as an an as publication pan-Yugoslav the as Gastarbeiter ed by Savka Dabčević-Kučar and Dabčević-Kučar Savka by ed th pi 17, 7; Nrd oduševljeno “Narod 67.; 1971, April whether there was a need for a for need a was there whether NIJ on compared to the republican the to compared on opaganda of some republics republics some of opaganda ican interests is the case of of case the is interests ican ntralisation if republican and and republican if ntralisation was the only specialised specialised only the was ai fo 17, strongly 1971, from oatia luding separate pages in in pages separate luding r autonomy of republics republics of autonomy r t i 17 wti the within 1970 in ate d not be separate from separate be not d dto of edition n financing on en came from these these from came en rting the aim of of aim the rting th -8 (MASPOK) in in (MASPOK) th May 1970. 1970. May VUS column NIJ , as a a as , , as as , o- CEU eTD Collection prevented by the remark “To see something else in it means not not means it in else something see “To remark the prevented by rs rglry cmae t 3.% n uolva, hl 4.% were 44.7% while Yugoslavia), in 39.8% to (compared regularly press bias.” on the legacy reformists. purged of the i resulted which changes,” cadre “according return in offering Infor for Committee Croatian the from “atonement” for ask only could 63 62 61 60 t eesr t fmlaie the familiarise to necessary it t of light In republics. the of any of bodies throughofficial feder the of statements the through only but steps, positive as m were reform constitutional the on discussions The discourse. Yugoslav of 33.7% only Zagreb, in Centre Research Migration the of survey hop domesti initially had authorities the as as workers among well widespread as specialised newspapers, Yugoslav However, lines. national along themselves segregating not by forces” At history. Croatian of events significant most the described which 59 not.” questioni any and blood,” Marxist fresh “injecting as described 29 were represented as “resignations,” as represented were Purges o timelydecisions.” and “wise Tito’s by saved countrymen were
strongly attacked the federation-backed the attacked strongly ‘Šta se dogodilo u Hrvatskoj,” u Hrvatskoj,” ‘Šta dogodilo se “Jezik,” AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 483, unclassified; “Armija mo “Armija unclassified; 483, fasc. 142/II, f. AJ, SKJ,” konferencija “Druga ostavke,” podnose se“Zašto th NIJ December 1971, 65-67. 65-67. 1971, December 61 59 , on the other hand, never espoused the views of the reformists, keeping i keeping reformists, the of views the espoused never hand, other the on , Wres bod ee upsd o anan h lgc o ti “ this of legacy the maintain to supposed were abroad Workers
Vjesnik u srijedu u Vjesnik
, Zagreb, No. 374, 23 374, No. Zagreb, , Novosti izJugoslavije Novosti Novosti izJugoslavije Novosti Novosti izJugoslavije Novosti
Gastarbeiter 60 while the removal of Serbian “technocratic etatists” was etatists” “technocratic Serbian of removal the while 63 NIJ
rd June 1971, 58. 58. 1971, June , Belgrade, No. 136, 10 136, No. Belgrade, , ra biti i ostati jedinstvena,” jedinstvena,” ostati i biti ra for allegedly “promoting unitarism” and “linguistic and unitarism” “promoting allegedly for , Belgrade, No. 155, 155, 9 No. Belgrade, , , Belgrade, No. 134, 134, 13 No. Belgrade, , 41 ih l te rbltos rm hc their which from tribulations the all with he 1971/1972 purges, editors deemed deemed editors purges, 1971/1972 he 62 th th fe sc tr o events, of turn such After February 1972, 4-5. 4-5. February 1972, ed. According to the 1973/1974 1973/1974 the to According ed. al institutions and Tito, and not not and Tito, and institutions al November.1972, 2. November.1972, n completely changed reporting reporting changed completely n to see the truth. Intentionally or truth. the see to th ng of such interpretation was was interpretation such of ng January 1972, 2-3. 2-3. 1972, January Vjesnik u srijedu u Vjesnik the same time, time, same the Gastarbeiter eiin, ee o as not were editions, c mation in January 1972, January in mation f Croatian “chauvinists” “chauvinists” f Croatian victory of progressive of victory entioned at moments moments at entioned occasional readers readers occasional , Zagreb, No. 401, No. Zagreb, , read Yugoslav Yugoslav read ts strong pan- strong ts VUS editors VUS
CEU eTD Collection politicised. imply: topic diverse very covered brochures These content. political with fo brochures special Committee Coordinating the through distributed inst Yugoslav Different reading. to devote to time and will the have their emi low frequentlyamongpopularity mostly of uneducated complained succ have did libraries “moveable” these places some in although a or KIC, and clubs Yugoslav to gift a as either Marxism,” of unsatisfactory the ameliorate to tried Yugosl of pieces popular most sending by Bureau press specialised the and SSINF The 67 66 65 the about Informed Letić, Franjo 1977), 95.; migracija, istraživanja Croatia the from Workers Migrant 64 as (such character entertaining” and “lighter preferre publications, to subscribe orbuy did workerswho those s be can it meetings, Committee Coordinating and SSINF of minutes mi labour among general in clubs of popularity limited the to pre the consumed readers of 4.6% only as effect, little had clubs fre of distribution people, several by read usually was copy litera insufficient and (18.7%) time free of lack (22.9%), residence re the as price of lack were reasons widespread most high The infrequently. newspaper named emigrants the of 5.4% only lower, be to spe the to subsidies increase to had state the that instructions general). in population Yugoslav for (36.8%
Franjo Letić, Franjo AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 474, unclassified. unclassified. fasc.474, f.142/II, AJ, Letić, Letić, Društveni život vanjskih migranata vanjskih život Društveni migranata vanjskih informisanost i Informiranje neig h Poer Alliance Pioneer the Entering 67
Informiranje i informisanost vanjskih migranata iz migranata vanjskih informisanost i Informiranje
, 197. , 197. , , Društveni život vanjskih migranata vanjskih život Društveni ht s Informbureau?, is What Čik 42 , 97. 97. , or 64 Events in Their Home Country]. (Zagreb: Centar za za Centar (Zagreb: Country]. Home Their in Events lhuh SN otn mhssd n its in emphasised often SSINF Although Sirena SR Hrvatske o zbivanjima u domovini domovini u zbivanjima o Hrvatske SR ) to “serious” newspapers which were were which newspapers “serious” to ) av literature, as well as the “classics “classics the as well as literature, av cialised press in order for its price price its for order in press cialised nwppr ois o Yugoslav to copies newspaper e d newspapers and magazines of magazines and newspapers d ss that way. that ss grants. Furthermore, from the the from Furthermore, grants.
mbl lbais However, libraries. mobile s h Cntttoa Reform Constitutional The distribution in their place of place their in distribution cy (8.1%).cy itutions also published and published also itutions , 185. 185. , , s oe f hi titles their of some as s, ess, KIC and consulates consulates and KIC ess, r guest workers, usually usually workers, guest r e ta a ag pr of part large a that een sn o byn the buying for ason itiuin f the of distribution 66 grants, who not did This fact testifiedfact This 65 Although one Although [How are are [How , CEU eTD Collection jagode netn erig ad aig i Yugoslavia in savings and earnings Investing cud amul ifune hs wres f ours.” of workers these influence harmfully “could wave “black so-called the sending forbade strictly Yugoslavia distributed in 1975 were war epics, such as such epics, war were 1975 in distributed ( series TV Yugoslav popular most the addition, almo for documentaries 206 and cartoons 33 films, feature 120 screened workers, 149,000 by seen clubs, Yugoslav in screenings film 1,500 were y that In films. documentary 68 and feature 113 bought had commission this lat (and clubs Yugoslav to sent be to films chose which commission incomprehensible and dense its to vocabulary. due abroad workers among unpopular Thus work. manual of shifts long their after le material ideological even were literature, popular the even reading in uninterested re” n wr pcals a wl a t cide films. children to as well as spectacles, war and order” “ that films the to given was preference Conscious represented. par all from production film the that so commissions, republican Concerning the film material distributed to to distributed material film the Concerning 73 72 71 70 69 ofamong patriotic feelingsserve the the workers.” development to 68 danas AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 479, dok. 014-2366/1. 014-2366/1. dok. fasc.479, f.142/II, AJ, 52-527/2390. dok. fasc.711, f.142/II, AJ, AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 742, unclassified. unclassified. fasc.742, f.142/II, AJ, Ju Predsedništva sednica 34. fasc.27, f.803, AJ, unclassified. fasc.742, f.142/II, AJ, na građani Jugoslovenski fasc.723, f.142/II, AJ, (Croatia Today), which interpreted the decisions of the 21the of decisions the interpreted which Today), (Croatia , ae ao misto malo Naše 69
wr sn a wl. h fls ee hsn n oprto wi cooperation in chosen were films The well. as sent were )
goslavije, 24 goslavije, privremenom radu u SRN, 57. 57. uSRN, radu privremenom Sutjeska 43 Gastarbeiter etc. ooit u kući u Pozorište 72 th and June 1975. 1975. June h rmr slcin rtro ws “to was criterion selection primary The 68 71 oee, h wres generally workers, the However, Užička RepublikaUžička hs fv ot f ee nw films new seven of out five Thus, , SSINF founded in 1969 a special special a 1969 in founded SSINF , ” films, or any other films which which films other any or films, ” st , the 1972 brochure 1972 the , Session in 1971, proved very proved 1971, in Session celebrated our contemporary contemporary our celebrated 73 s f h cuty ol be would country the of ts
, ss inclined to delve into into delve to inclined ss er KIC) abroad. By 1976, 1976, By abroad. KIC) er registraturiU st 10,000 citizens.10,000 st while KIC Stuttgart Stuttgart KIC while . The Presidency of Presidency The . ear alone, there there alone, ear dogmatic , Hrvatska Hrvatska ro u Grlom 70 In th CEU eTD Collection potentially affect their work performance and maintaining contac maintaining and performance work their affect potentially ti leisure the organising of problem the because and clubs, own emigrati political hostile the by efforts to due ve necessary Such pursued. be could goals propaganda the which through interaction ma their for places provide to needed state Yugoslav the them, among n re t ipeet t plce o informing of policies its implement to order In Conclusions 2.3 77 76 75 from the Party then.by Nikezić, Marko and Dabčević-Kučar Savka bigwigs Party former footage the contained 1972 in FRG to sent journals film that realised officials SSINF the instance, For outdated. “dangerously” sometimes films. t Yugoslavia, from news “positive” important most the featuring film minded” inte state’s the with coincide in reported disapprovingly always not did emigrants of taste to sent films The 74 influence of hostile emigration, clerics and foreign media is wa is media foreign and clerics emigration, hostile of influence b has abroad citizens our among work propagandist and informational w a for basis “the that 1976 in concluded happily Committee Coordinating Sutjeska DAMIP, PA, SRN, fasc. 1972-91, dok. 21/444830. dok. fasc.1972-91, SRN, PA, DAMIP, unclassified. fasc.742, f.142/II, AJ, unclassified. fasc.742, f.142/II, AJ, Novosti izJugoslavije Novosti 76 oee, hs nwres rvd o e ahr nneetn t a to uninteresting rather be to proved newsreels these However, . 75 Besides feature films and documentaries, ten film newsreels w newsreels film ten documentaries, and films feature Besides
bg toi aasu pevačicu kafansku stvori bog I , Belgrade, No. 159, 159, 4 No. Belgrade, , 77
Gastarbeiter NIJ
that in 1972, more people came to the screenings of a “simple- a of screenings the to came people more 1972, in that biul dd ev ter aroi proe a the as purpose, patriotic their serve did obviously th January 1973, 25. 25. January 1973,
44 hn o h ofcal clbae wr epic war celebrated officially the to than Gastarbeiter on to attract migrant workers into their into workers migrant attract to on ning.” and doing propaganda work work propaganda doing and who had been already purged purged already been had who t with home. These were the the were These home. with t me of of me o be screened before the the before screened be o were terrified when they when terrified were een created, whereas the whereas created, een 74 ss gatherings and social and gatherings ss However, the popular the However, tos Tu, t was it Thus, ntions. of Tito sitting next to to next sitting Tito of ider social-political, ider r md annually, made ere Gastarbeiter dec, n were and udience, nues were also also were nues could CEU eTD Collection policies. As the notions of decentralisation and delegating more p more delegating and decentralisation of notions the As policies. participating actively in organising emigrants’ free time, thus thus time, free emigrants’ organising in actively participating h pltcl htrc n uolva n h lt 16s n ery 1970s early and 1960s late the in Yugoslavia in rhetoric political the agt edrhp ws h mi mdu truh hc te tt impl state the which through medium main the was readership, target chosen specifically was content whose press, specialised The organised”clubs. we as class, working Yugoslav the of part as abroad workers Yug the of proof the was This institutions. Yugoslav domestic with a and institutiona were they missions, 1972/73, diplomatic of wing in the under functioned Cologne and Stuttgart in opened were Centres Yugoslav instituti such opening Germany West for measure reciprocal Centr Cultural-Informational in was answer The propaganda. state di a sought regime Yugoslav the 1970s, early the in why, is This transf often than more which places, such in time spend to busy too or mono-national wor of fraction small a only by visited were the general in clubs about uneasiness the of regardless Nevertheless, of potential such venues. concerning Yugoslavchauvinist within the institutions, state the by opposed officially never although trend, This clubs. national Yugoslav smaller for especially tendency, a was there we clubs most Although abroad. life social workers’ organising to s self-managing Yugoslav the how proved supposedly They institutions. emplo German West from support with self-initiative, workers’ state, the by organised directly not were clubs These 1960s. the in c workers’ Yugoslav support to regime Yugoslav the for reasons
45 kers, who were mostly uninterested uninterested mostly were who kers, ll as of the regime’s new policy of of policy new regime’s the of as ll yers, trade unions and Yugoslav and unions trade yers, taking initiative from the “self- the from initiative taking te, o e u mono-national up set to ities, ons in Yugoslavia. The two two The Yugoslavia. in ons lubs throughout FR Germany FR throughout lubs re pan-Yugoslav in character, in pan-Yugoslav re and adapted to to adapted and fferent form for channeling channeling for form fferent ower to republics pervaded pervaded republics to ower , caused fierce discussions discussions fierce caused , oslav state’s wish to treat to wish state’s oslav ormed into plain taverns. plain into ormed u wr fntoig on functioning were but es, to be opened as a a as opened be to es, , the republics founded founded republics the , ystem could be applied be could ystem emented informational informational emented lly strongly entwined strongly lly clubs, the Yugoslav Yugoslav the clubs, lthough they they lthough Gastarbeiter
CEU eTD Collection Jugoslavije periodica endorsed federally only the while newspapers, own their newsreels. tedious and spectacles II War World epic over relief comical regime, the of wishes the against went often taste popular the possible as banned were wave,” “black the of those as such films films, “damaging” “appropriate” many as F send the to by Information endeavours the all Despite workers. guest for distribution similar A press. daily politicised the than rather magazines, ht vn those even that a workers of number meager a only reached newspapers Yugoslav lim and time of lack emigrants’ and price high relatively network, spe the ho endorsement, had authorities the as and propaganda disseminating in successful support state in priority its Despite critical in such as moments, during 1971crisis. the pr legal their giveup not would elites republicanpolitical c their centrifug the exert hand, other to the On emigrants. tried towards policy bodies informational federal the hand, one the On revealed. decentrali and policies federal the between discrepancy the 1971/1972, . Through the example of the purge of the Croatian and Serbia and Croatian the of purge the of example the Through .
Gastarbeiter who did read the press often opted for more entertaining entertaining more for opted often press the read did who 46 erogatives. This tension would surface would tension This erogatives. phenomenon could be seen in film film in seen be could phenomenon choosing light entertainment and entertainment light choosing political documentaries and film film and documentaries political ped. Due to a bad distribution distribution bad a to Due ped. l was the biweekly the was l broad. Another problem was problem Another broad. (meaning that politically politically that (meaning ited interest in reading, the reading, in interest ited from distribution network), distribution from ilsd rs ws o as not was press cialised sed nature of the state is is state the of nature sed ederal Committee of of Committee ederal ontrol and uniform uniform and ontrol al forces within the the within forces al n party officials in officials party n Novosti iz iz Novosti CEU eTD Collection policies forpolicies party prior to moving abroad. Finally, since World War II,lar aWar World Finally,since abroad. moving to partyprior ecpin f cnmc mgain s aig a-ecig consequenc far-reaching having as emigration economic of perception n hs hpe I m is gig o nls te fot of efforts the analyse [SKJ] to Yugoslavia going first am I chapter this In eurd pca atnin rm uolv uhrte we te shap they when authorities Yugoslav from attention special sta required multinational a as Yugoslavia or Yugoslavia in order socialist terrorist and propaganda undertook they where FRG, the in settled okr cmn fo a oils cuty mn o wo hd en act been had whom of many country, socialist a from coming workers capitalist a was Germany West Secondly, 1968. until established offi have not did FRG and SFRY Firstly, propaganda. “normal” to whi country,that to specific conditions several Germanyto West its of aspects political the adapt to had state Yugoslav The move will I Then, ideology. socialist Yugoslav the with accordingly 1 mobilis and workers emigrants against their actions. guest on influence potential their curb to order propaganda the counter to campaigns created institutions Yugoslav ILastly, circumstances. War Cold the in country the of defense Savez Komunista Jugoslavije, henceforth: SKJ. SKJ. henceforth: Jugoslavije, Komunista Savez I TransnationalismFrom AbovePolitical - Propag III Gastarbeiter
1 o xad hi pry paau ara ad nlec Ygsa work Yugoslav influence and abroad apparatus party their expand to in West Germany. West in
Guest WorkersGuest 47
propaganda for guest workers in in workers guest for propaganda ge number of political emigrants political of genumber will examine the ways in which in ways the examine will h Lau o Cmuit of Communists of League the ch made it essentially different essentiallydifferent it made ch to the change in the state’s the in change the to cin amd gis the against aimed actions of political emigrants in in emigrants political of country which employed employed which country te. These circumstances circumstances These te. il ilmtc relations diplomatic cial d hi informational their ed ivists in a communist communist a in ivists es for the potential potential the for es e the “progressive” “progressive” the e anda for ers CEU eTD Collection personal pressures or administrative measures. They were eve were They measures. administrative or pressures personal w members SKJ the treat would West, the to membership party practice in 1973, there were many instances of local politicians explicit politicians of local instances werepractice 1973,there many in ideolbearingthe still uneducatedand were often party officials December 1965. 1965. December management. just social of system Yugoslav the for humiliation a was work find go workers socialist that fact the that authorities central of country, the leaving from members their preventing openly even or them. to welfare and soci socialist the to “traitorous” and “unworthy” being as work out an of danger the with faced commissars, “old-fashioned” These anti-Western vehement through expressed discipline, party like dokument 2362. 2362. dokument 4 3 country. the within it find to unable be he should wor every of right the and Yugoslavia, of borders open the concerning official the with odds at clearly was practice of kind This it for abroad living membership numerous a such of potential huge the sa the At 1971. before it against action significant any undertake the officials, party local of behaviour “old-fashioned” the towards especia was This hostile. outright not if dismissive, rather was m of officials the external phenomenon towards ofattitude the SKJ In the 1960s, the Extendingthe Party Apparatus Abroad 3.1 2 Arhiv Jugoslavije (Henceforth: AJ), fond 142/II ( 142/II fond AJ), (Henceforth: Jugoslavije Arhiv “Konvertibilna nadnica,” nadnica,” “Konvertibilna dok.5.51/771. fasc.A-705, f.142/II, AJ, 3
2 codn t te eta Cmites ersetv critique retrospective Committee’s Central the to According Vjesnik Zge, 30 Zagreb, ,
th January 1966.; Milan Bajec, “Emigranti,” “Emigranti,” Bajec, Milan 1966.; January Socijalistički savez radnog naroda Jugoslavije), fa Jugoslavije), naroda radnog savez Socijalistički 48 4 oee, xet o sm ml criticism mild some for except However, the capitalist countries in order to to order in countries capitalist the lly acute on the local level, where where level, local the on acute lly n expressing implicit accusations accusations implicit expressing n ogical legacy of the rigid Soviet- rigid the oflegacy ogical stance of the central authorities central the of stance ho wished to embark abroad for for abroad embark to wished ho discourse, among other things. things. other among discourse, ety that offered free education free offered that ety central organs of SKJ did not did SKJ of organs central me time, the party neglected neglected party the time, me flow of a significant part of of part significant a of flow c ad rgesv self- progressive and ice ly criticising, threatening ly threatening criticising, ker to seek a job abroad, job a seek to ker either through informal informal through either s propaganda activities activities propaganda s Borba Blrd, 5 Belgrade, , scikla 482, 482, scikla igrations igrations f this of th
CEU eTD Collection bigger agglomeration of Yugoslav workers. Each Each workers. Yugoslav of agglomeration bigger propagate communist ideas.propagatecommunist situation among Yugoslavs working in the West.the in working Yugoslavs among situation abr members SKJ of education ideological-political missions; member SKJ of activities the regulating abroad; sent workers” counsel and supporting training, were: body this of tasks main the decra issue Presidency to SKJ the for reasonsthe were These
inostranstvu, 27 inostranstvu, inostranstvo, hereafter hereafter inostranstvo, 9 8 7 6 of supervision the under employi company the of regardless working, were they where gr be would who workers, construction the of exception the with company, me party assembled usually which branches, local of network the [ Abroad Workers Our of Work Temporary to Connection in SKJ of Activities the for Affiliation the found to 1971 100-150 per activist SKJ one that asked which Committee 1971, before abroad went who members Party the esta noeffort to been had reports, there Party according the to was that, oblivi an such of example vivid A emigrants. non-member influencethe member these which in ways the as well as West, the towards 5 J f 12I, ac S45 Mtrjl s sastanka sa Materijali S-455, fasc. 142/II, f. AJ, 7. dok.5.51/771, fasc.A-705, f.142/II, AJ, pnmćto a eans Svz kmnsa vezi u komunista Saveza delatnost za Opunomoćstvo dok.5.51/771. fasc.A-705, f.142/II, AJ, dok.0307-3/69. fasc.A-705, f.142/II, AJ, th May 1971. 1971. May
Opunomoćstvo povereništva 6
. . , usually taking care of the members of one region with region one of members the of care taking usually , Opunomoćstvo Koordinacionog odbora za probleme naših radnika u u radnika naših probleme za odbora Koordinacionog 49 8 The a dakm pirmnm ao nšh ank u radnika naših radom privremenim i odlaskom sa povereništvo 5 ept sm vie i te Coordinating the in voices some despite Opunomoćstvo ]. 7 According to its founding decree, decree, founding its to According ng them. The branches operated branches The them. ng had up to three executives, and executives, three to up had Gastarbeiter oad; evaluation of the political political the of evaluation oad; s could be used to control and control to used be could s ee on their 18their on ee s employed in the diplomatic diplomatic the in employed s ing of the “professional party party “professional the of ing mbers working in the same same the in working mbers 9 blish even an estimate of estimate of an even blish was to function through function to was ous attitude of the Partythe of attitude ous be sent abroad to to abroad sent be the Departure and and Departure the ouped by the sites sites the by ouped th Council in June Council CEU eTD Collection eoe oe novd no ucinn o te lb i general. in clubs the of functioning into involved more become povereništva rfsinl at wres a dsace i Nvme 1973. November in dispatched was workers party professional Simultaneously, worked abroad and had good connection to the clubs of Yugoslav Yugoslav of clubs the to connection good had and abroad worked a well as advantage, special a had veterans II War World homeland. guest Yugoslav and tarnished be West the in reputation Party the sta moral and political Their workers. these of choice the to given w Party professional the of profiles personal the from Judging Ygsa Get okr i F Gray n Asra 1 Austria and 178. 2012), Germany FR in Workers Guest [Yugoslav connections with Western communist and socialist parties and trade and parties socialist and communist Western with connections mem Party the among discipline the monitor members, new recruit acti propaganda pursuing besides and emigrants, economic the among unhidde of sort as served workers These pa purposes. professional agitation the for abroad that decided was it congress, same the At 15 14 13 12 11 unre from learnt they lesson a wavering, nationalist or ideological c workers’ the infiltrate to officials Party the of desire membership.local the to unknown usually was identity their 10 from Bosnia and one from eachrepublics.remainingfromand Bosnia of one the from from were workers five contingent, first the in Thus, republics. e of proportion the and quotas national and republican the to according AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. A-705, dok. 5.51/771, 12. 12. dok.5.51/771, fasc.A-705, f.142/II, AJ, Ivanović, Vladimir AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. S-455, as ofas 7 fasc.S-455, f.142/II, AJ, dok.0307-3/69. fasc.A-705, f.142/II, AJ, 2. dok.0307-127/6, fasc.A-705, f.142/II, AJ, 15. dok.5.51/771, fasc.A-705, f.142/II, AJ, . 11
Opunomoćstvo Geburtstag pišeš normalno. Jugoslovenski gastarbajt Jugoslovenski normalno. pišeš Geburtstag th
October 1971, 14. 14. 1971, October recommended in late 1971 that members of the Party should should Party the of members that 1971 late in recommended 50 6-93, Blrd: nttt a armn istorij savremenu za Institut (Belgrade: 965-1973], 13 lubs and thus prevent any kind of of kind any prevent thus and lubs
10 eri u SR Nemačkoj i Austriji 1965-1973Austriji i Nemačkoj SR u eri Croatia, three from Serbia, two Serbia, from three Croatia, In FR Germany there were 10 were there Germany FR In sts in Croatia earlier that year, that earlier Croatia in sts 15 nce had to be impeccable, lest lest impeccable, be to had nce workers alienated from their from alienated workers hs etfe t te strong the to testified This Opunomoćstvo res mc atnin was attention much orkers, t wres ol b sent be would workers rty s the members who already who members the s unions. bers abroad and maintain maintain and abroad bers migrants from different from migrants vities, they would also also would they vities, n agents of the Party Party the of agents n 12 The first group ofgroup first The Gastarbeiter chose them them chose . 14 u,
CEU eTD Collection rlmnr cek o ter igahe ad hi fml’ poli family’s their and biographies their on checks preliminary because the Coordinating Committee noticed at that time certain time that at noticed Committee Coordinating becausethe society. preparing system, self-management Yugoslav and Marxism about tra ideological basic undergo and branch local the to report first of registration the wante who undertook members all 1971, From West. the also in working temporarily workers party professional The mn te rain us workers. guest Croatian the among f hm a poe to gl i ti rset amtig e member new admitting respect, this in agile too proved had them of forced
SSRNJ, 9 SSRNJ, 21 20 19 18 17 activity that that activity agent the were they if even card, Party the for candidate every the to according However, members. new recruit professiona the abroad, living members of orientation political and members.Party be to estimated were 50 about Montenegro.from members t while respectively, 2,497 and 3,551 with represented, most were Bosnians institutions. diplomatic at employed members Party the counting Partyexplicit involvement. “p the in workers “passive” of orientation political the channel 16 AJ, f. 591 (Savezni komitet za informacije), fasc. informacije), za (Saveznikomitet f.591 AJ, sa beleške Stenografske 476, fasc. 142/II, f. AJ, AJ, 142/II, fasc. A-705, dok. 0307-127/6,.18-19. 0307-127/6,.18-19. dok. fasc.A-705, 142/II, AJ, unclassified. fasc.476, 142/II, AJ, 7. 5.51/771, dok. fasc.A-705, 142/II, AJ, unclassified. fasc.476, 142/II, AJ, Opunomoćstvo 18 th February 1971. 1971. February n 96 te eitain a cmltd ad h ofca nme wa number official the and completed, was registration the 1976, In Opunomoćstvo
to put pressure on the agents to investigate thoroughly the biogra the thoroughlyinvestigate to agents the on pressure put to 17 considered very important was also making extensive and regular and extensive making also was important very considered 19
Out of 500 trade union activists coming from Yugoslavia, only only Yugoslavia, from coming activists union trade 500 of Out 16 hog is ebr i te lb, h Pry oe to hoped Party the clubs, the in members its Through 257, dok. 303/315/1. dok.303/315/1. 257,
atna oriaing doa eeang sekretari Generalnog odbora Koordinacionog sastanka 51 20 Besides overseeing the appropriate behaviour appropriate the overseeing Besides Opunomoćstvo ining, usually informal lectures informal usually ining, s’ own family members.family own s’ uproar and nationalist excesses nationalist and uproar instructions from 1975, some 1975, from instructions Proportionally, Serbians and and Serbians Proportionally, an without direction ositive” tical standing. This practice practice This standing. tical them for life in a capitalist capitalist a in life for them l party workers also had to to had also workers party l d to work abroad had to to had abroad work to d wtot necessary without s here were only 172 only were here l SJ members SKJ all s 10,312, not not 10,312, s phies of phies 21 The jata jata CEU eTD Collection of the German public. subtle more appear it making thus representatives, union trade and visi regular to transferred was education constitutional of task The We because “Jugoslawisier such also for authorities their to protested opposition and halls, lecturing renting for costs big to due cha constitutional to dedicated lectures specialised the However, here.” live who ones ha the in interestedas areabroad workers “ourbecause important, conside Secretariat The emigrants. economic to constitution new the “correctly and inform to supposed were They Europe. Western around all from members Party “educated” politically dispatch to for Secretariat Federal the 1973, May In changes. constitutional 1974 the the over influence its exert to Party the for opportunity Another comm foreign a of agitators paid as operating openly workers t showed changes constitutional the on lectures the of example The etrr fo cran eulc ii te ra wee work where areas the visit republic certain from lecturers diffe to allotted carefully was staff lecturing The 1974. early ba next the while Germany, FR to which of four countries, different 26 25 24 23 ofthe a mindset and worker.culture socialist consumer on defend to of astheir W well stay as theabroad, readiness homeland, the influence ideologi their changes in workers, concerning the guest the surveys among 22 AJ, 142/II, fasc. A-705, dok. 0307-965/1. 0307-965/1. dok. fasc.A-705, 142/II, AJ, AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 476, unclassified. unclassified. fasc.476, f.142/II, AJ, unclassified. fasc.476, f.142/II, AJ, 014/1534/1. dok. fasc 478, f.142/II, AJ, 2814. dok. fasc.487, f.142/II, AJ,
23 26 In the first phase of the plan, in November 1973, 11 teams were sent were teams 11 1973, November in plan, the of phase first the In
52 22
r fo ta rpbi prevailed. republic that from ers republics to have lecturing tours tours lecturing have to republics rent West German cities, so that that so cities, German West rent unist party on the territory of a a of territory the on party unist ung” of German public space. public German of ung” nges were stopped afterwards, afterwards, stopped were nges ppenings in the country as the as countrythe in ppenings tations by Yugoslav officials officials Yugoslav by tations guest workers came up with with up came workers guest and depoliticised in the eyes the in depoliticised and tch of lecturers followed in in followed lecturers of tch hat the professional party party professional the hat t emn conservative German st interpret” the content of of content the interpret” red this measure very very measure this red cal orientation during during cal orientation Information decided decided Information estern lifestyle estern lifestyle to 25 24
CEU eTD Collection al ea mas vial, dpnig n h lcl circumstance country. local the on depending available,” means legal “all strictby pursued be to is work agents’ that decreed Presidency a emigrants, among work the concerning SKJ of policy the in change Dolancand Kardelj Tito, by Speeches brochure the with case the was w in environment capitalist the of specificities the to adapted the sometimes However, branch. Party other any as materials t that emphasised often state the and Yugoslavia, in affiliations natur be to considered were Germany FR in branches Party The 29 28 while politicians, SPD and Opunomoćstvo P the of beginning the in that appears it 1976, the from documents the authori of employers the with as well the as country, host respective with problems many trigger could country capitalist 27 Germany if they openly declaredGermany themselves communists. if they openly an experience not did members the reports, SKJ the to According Gastarbeiter nt neetd n iig h Pry ietl” hl abroad. while lifestyle” Party the living in interested “not themsel workers a activities, agitators’ character of frightened secretive the by hand, other the On employees. their among agitation employer private the as counter-effective, proved attitude an such AJ, 142/II, fasc. 476, unclassified. unclassified. fasc.476, 142/II, AJ, Ibid. 11. 5.51/771, dok. fasc.A-705, 142/II, AJ, 28 hs mas n h Ws Gra cs mat oprto wt D with cooperation meant case German West the in means These bear the consequences of their open association with communist communist with association open their of consequences the bear ugse t ke te at wr lwpoie o ee clandestine even or low-profile, work party the keep to suggested
Opunomoćstvo
Ideological and Political Offensive of SKJ of Offensive Political and Ideological , in order not to sound old-fashioned or inappropriate for inappropriate or old-fashioned sound to not order in , prtd ne te ig f eea consulates. general of wing the under operated 53 29
27 lthough many of them were simply of were them simply lthough many form of these materials had to be be to had materials these of form Party members. According to the the to According members. Party hs crusacs ntae a initiated circumstances These ly legal means, however by using using however by means, legal ly hich they were distributed. Such distributed. were they hich s became suspicious of secret of suspicious became s hey should receive the same same the receive should hey y significant problems in FR in problems significant y arty functioning in the FRG, FRG, the in functioning arty al equivalents to all local local all to equivalents al ties and citizens of the the of citizens and ties s of the respective host host respective the of s nd by 1975, the Party Party the 1975, by nd , which was renamed was which , e wr allegedly were ves agents. However, However, agents. GB trade unions trade GB , lest the the lest , CEU eTD Collection promotion. Savezna Republika Nemačka (Henceforth: SRN), fascik SRN), (Henceforth: Nemačka Republika Savezna 34 33 32 31 onlynot of Yugoslavwell. theemigrants, of position but theas whole country of one as seen was this as elections, leadership for nominees have their to contribute to workers persuade to important labeled especially be to country socialist a from workers for ha “indecent” other the on and industrious, and diligent being stri of in reputation Yugoslav part taking hand, one the on because areas, those to workers A Employment for Bureau the times, such During countries. certain of integration the concerning wary and ambivalent remained SKJ hand, secret infiltrated numerous with Germany, to workers” correct f accusations faced often diplomats Yugoslav and territory, their activities the about suspicious rather remained still Germans posi being is what well very know citizens “our although Germans, 30 nos ee vn sn te detsn sae of space advertising the using even were unions re the of parties socialist with closely cooperated which ones foreign of members become to advised strongly were Emigrants sys union trade the through also abroad influence its exerting for We the in while homeland the serving for means political Besides fromsystem, was the domestic one they it would automatically feared detach embe too became co-nationals their if because society, German Diplomatski arhiv Ministarstva inostranih poslova poslova inostranih Ministarstva arhiv Diplomatski AJ, f. 467 (Savezni biro za poslove zapošljavanja) poslove za (Saveznibiro f.467 AJ, 3/44356. dok. fasc.1973-81, SRN, PA, DAMIP, Novosti izJugoslavije Novosti izJugoslavije Novosti 33 pca atnin a pi t te eid we msie strik massive when periods the to paid was attention Special
, Belgrade, No. 203, 203, 12 No. Belgrade, , henceforth: ,
NIJ . . th September 1974, 28-29. 28-29. 1974, September , fasc. 21-III, dok. 64-T - 1317/1. - 1317/1. 64-T dok. 21-III, fasc. , (Henceforth: DAMIP), Politička arhiva (Henceforth: (Henceforth: arhiva Politička DAMIP), (Henceforth: la 1973-81, dokument 5/49456. 5/49456. dokument 1973-81, la 54 es rm Yugoslavia from News of a foreign communist party on party communist foreign a of spective country. Some of those of Some country. spective dded within the foreign political political foreign the within dded union’s activities, and to even to and activities, union’s or sending only the “politically “politically the only sending or evc agents.service trade unions, especially the the especially unions, trade s strike-breakers. as the means for strengthening for means the tively meant by that.” by meant tively st, the state saw the chance chance the saw state the st, e o te host-countries. the of tem fis vie sending avoided ffairs kes would tarnish the the tarnish would kes
. s ol ocr in occur would es Gastarbeiter [ nd, it would be be would it nd, NIJ 31 On the other the On ] 32 o their for 34 t was It 30 into The PA), PA), CEU eTD Collection provided the Yugoslav state a perfect justification for tighte for justification perfect a state Yugoslav the provided job back home, and goes abroad, would have to answer to the League, the to answer to have would abroad, goes and home, back job homeland.” securit orderandin improve economy’s the protect country’s to needs the domestic E Southern from workforce a importing for need the diminished economies 37 36 state.” […] country the left women and men worthy the while remittances, “paying of mistake the admitted himself Tito workers. educated co under kept be to group second The federation. the within relat antagonisms War Cold ever-tense the of atmosphere the in Yugoslavia, abroad.”armies off SKJ and press military.Thethe in having served abroadwithout who youths 300,000 including service, military unregulated with men were fr prevented be to meant were groups specific Two abroad. work a was who over control stricter a initiated support, full Tito’s an in abolished not was travel of freedom the Although too. emigrants t in visible was retreat uneasy This decades. two previous the of Serb and Croatia in crisis m of repudiation 1971/72 and society, over control Party’s the of ominous tightening the of consequences the of One “ThreeArmies Abroad” – Gastarbeiter asa Mili 3.2 35 odbrana,” i “Domovina unclassified. fasc.A-705, f.142/II, AJ, Novosti izJugoslavije Novosti 37 t h sm tm, h lt-93 i-hc ad t rprusos on repercussions its and oil-shock late-1973 the time, same the At 36 hi eain f iiay evc ws en s get thr great a as seen was service military of evasion Their
35 These “armies” were repeatedly called upon to “pay back t back “pay to upon called repeatedly were “armies” These , Belgrade, No. 157, 157, 21 No. Belgrade, , Novosti izJugoslavije
st December 1972, 2-3. 2-3. 1972, December , Belgrade, no. 214, 13 214, no. Belgrade, , 55 th February 1975, 16, 16, February 1975, ning the country’s emigration laws emigration country’s the ning ble to leave the country in order to to order in country the leave to ble too much attention to piling up piling to attention much too om emigration. The first ones first The emigration. om he attitude towards economic economic towards attitude he taryAsset any liberalising experiments experiments liberalising any icials called them “our three“our them called icials [N]ow everyone who had a had who everyone [N]ow ions and revived national national revived and ions to their people, to their their to people, their to wy te K, with SKJ, the way, y a t te euiy of security the to eat ntrol was skilled and skilled was ntrol urope. This setback setback This urope. had already gone gone already had heir debt to the to debt heir y prospects. h Western the ia was the the was ia CEU eTD Collection possible for people who had a proper job or job offer in Yug in offer job or job proper a had who people for possible le Party the to clear was it proletariat, unemployed of burden
Predsedništva SKJ, 5 SKJ, Predsedništva 41 40 39 defe to time in Yugoslavia aggression, reaching in succeed would manpower this idea most the in even Yugoslavia, of Presidency the of calculations disb be to units the of some causing abroad, working was reservist Croatia in alarming especially was situation The alone. FRG West the to migrated had divisions) 40-50 or batallions 850 as units (ex recruits potential 511,000 1971, the by data, their joining to According emigrants homeland. economic of prospects the poss and the 1973 country, early the in invading discussed SKJ and SFRY of Presidencies The the in bipolar the diplomacy earlyshifts in 1970s. instabilities internal the of light in migrants, labour the of SKJ of Committee Central the and Yugoslavia of Presidency the of decision-maker. main the as Employment centralis completely was abroad from offers job of coordination jo foreign from barred completely were professions some while A Working Citizens Yugoslav of Protection and Employment Temporary immediately. stopped be to had relievi were authorities) military by wanted not were who those migrati that admit to had politicians high-ranking even Although 38 Ivanović, J f 83 Pesdito F Jgsaie, fasc. Jugoslavije), SFR (Predsedništvo 803 f. AJ, 014-2331/1. dok. fasc.481, f.142/II, AJ, 79-81. Ibid., Geburtstag pišeš normalno pišeš Geburtstag 41 which would mean that ten trains would have to constantly transport s transport constantly to have would trains ten that mean would which
th February 1973. February 1973.
, 76. 76. , 38 codn t te 93 a o Bsc odtos o the for Conditions Basic on Law 1973 the to According 39 However, much more dramatic were the concerns the were dramatic more much However, 56 390, Četvrta zajednička sednica Predsedništva SFRJ SFRJ Predsedništva sednica zajednička Četvrta 390, within Yugoslavia, as well as the the as well as Yugoslavia, within oslavia to leave for work abroad, abroad, work for leave to oslavia aders that the exodus of experts of exodus the that aders ng the domestic economy of the of economy domestic the ng , where every seventh military military seventh every where , b offers. At the same time, the time, same the At offers. b ed, with the Federal Bureau of Bureau Federal the with ed, ons of rural people (at least least (at people rural of ons l situation, only 50-60% of 50-60% only situation, l about the military potential potential military the about anded. , out of which 300,000 to to 300,000 which of out , 40 pressed in military military in pressed blte o NATO of ibilities broad, it was not not was it broad, According to the to According nd it from the the from it nd fight for the the for fight oldiers for oldiers i CEU eTD Collection before moving abroad, in order to be able to “threaten the aggressor the “threaten to able be to order in abroad, moving before was the March 1974 article in in article 1974 March the was te the on “trapped” soldiers socialist potential of masses the s in concerns stirred also regime Yugoslav the of worries These male children who went abroad with their migrant parents was was parents migrant their with abroad went who children male obligation, this of reservists the release not could citizenship military their fulfilled not had who citizens Yugoslav to years 10 residenc extend not could consulates diplomatic Duty, Military on Law workers from a communist countryworkers soil?” a onour communist from have we that enough not was it if “as border,” Bavarian-Austrian 46 45 44 43 i of tightening Western and shock oil 1973 the of wake the in subsided Although Yugoslavia. of Presidency the of meeting the of minutes could practice in fruit much bear not did measures these That year’s afromregulate would be le time all released their within duty the signed who emigrants all that proclaimed Amnesty on Law new keeping and espionage of danger the to due hand, other the On the undergone have should emigrants all that essential was it that blockin countries transit of possibility the disregarding days, 35 42 required them being offered good jobs in Yugoslavia. in jobs good offered being them required barr be to were secrets” certain “knew who those all and duty people officers, reserve that decreed was it Yugoslavia, from AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 481, dok. 014-2331/1. 014-2331/1. dok. fasc.481, f.142/II, AJ, Ibid. Ibid. 0330-5215/1. dok. fasc.711, f.142/II, AJ, sednica Četvrtazajednička fasc.390, f.803, AJ, 1/412125. dok. fasc.1974-107a, SRN, PA, DAMIP,
Die WeltDie about the “possibility of three armies lining up on the the on up lining armies three of “possibility the about Predsedništva SFRJ i Predsedništva SKJ, 5 SKJ, Predsedništva i SFRJ Predsedništva 57 43
44 Also, according to the newly drafted newly the to according Also, rritory of a capitalist country. Such Such country. capitalist a of rritory who had not fulfilled the military the fulfilled not had who ed from migrating, which in turn turn in which migrating, from ed and for the first time the list of list the time first the for and compiled. ome West German media about about media German West ome g the passage. It was concluded concluded was It passage. the g the migratory movement had had movement migratory the mandatory military training training military mandatory be seen from the June 1975 June the from seen be gal sanctions. Gastarbeiter service. Even the double double the Even service. s on the domestic front.”domestic the on s hundreds of thousands of of thousands of hundreds statement that they would would they that statement e permits for longer than longerfor permits e mmigration procedures, procedures, mmigration 45 Simultaneously, the Simultaneously, th February 1973. February 1973. recruits away away recruits 46
42
CEU eTD Collection publications to Yugoslav clubs abroad.clubs Yugoslav to publications back to Yugoslavia to fulfill their duty were unsuccessful, as the as unsuccessful, were duty their fulfill to Yugoslavia to back infcn, o vn ya ltr te ulsig house publishing the later, year a even so significant, t of costs material the However, purposes. education for consulates Cultural- clubs, Yugoslav to sent be to were materials other and 50 49 48 c biggest the infiltrated successfully had security state of ways subtle more to shifted Gastarbeiter emphasis The 1975. in revised be to had militar the concerning policy the obstacles, these all to Due frommet Yugoslav resistance in armytime, was service to givin was government German West the what to similar rewards, i serve would they while families their of security financial Y to concerns expressed emigrants jobs, their losing Besides abroadtheir jobs doing service. for military mea administrative use to efforts their that concluded Presidency western and Croatia of areas rural especially reservists, remained country the of regions Some planned. or expected than lower military with those especially emigrants, of rate return the 47 theyand properly their were speak Yugosl detached not from did Serbo-Croatian s to refusing reservists young for reasons common most The FRG. t sent complaints in seen be can as Germany, FR in while age AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 707, unclassified, as of 26ofas unclassified, fasc.707, f.142/II, AJ, dok.4/416196. fasc.1975-100, SRN, PA, DAMIP, dok.5/432546. fasc.1975-103, SRN, PA, DAMIP, SFRJ, Predsedništva Sednica fasc.27, f.803, AJ, for the potential military threat to their homeland. Propaganda homeland. their to threat military potential the for
th 50 July 1976. July1976. At the same time, the Presidency claimed that agents that claimed Presidency the time, same the At 24 47
th June 1975. 1975. June 58 aon armija Narodna parts of Bosnia and Macedonia. The The Macedonia. and Bosnia of parts duty to be completed, was still much still was completed, be to duty n the military, appealing for material material for appealing military, the n Gastarbeiters’ us i odr o ep idig the kindling keep to order in lubs, y service of economic emigrants economic of service y o the diplomatic missions in the in missions diplomatic the o emigrants would not sacrifice not would emigrants g to its recruits. its to g gsa atoiis bu the about authorities ugoslav erve in the military were that were military the in erve sures to get male emigrants emigrants male get to sures nomtoa Cnrs and Centres Informational hese materials were quite quite were materials hese completely emptied of of emptied completely children who of came had not yet sent its its sent yet not had of preparing the the preparing of films, publications films, av roots. 48 At the same the At 49
CEU eTD Collection propaganda-oriented approach to military education ofpropaganda-orienteddisc education emigrantsapproach could military be to Are Italy’s Intentions?) Italy’s Are e netkn ny hog lgl hnes n acrig o h lw of laws the to according and channels legal through only undertaken be “self-protect.” them help and workers among spirit patriotic efre salsae iiay aevr i nrhr Italy northern in maneuvers military small-scale performed of campaign” “war-mongering so-called the was propaganda literature in Cologne in March 1974,March in Cologne in literature die, but we also know how to win.” to how know also we but die, mag the of calls military blatant by stimulated was abroad Pa workers. guest the among turmoil huge a create to exercise especially propagandists, Yugoslav have shown an especially keen interest in lectures held by Yugoslav consuls onthi heldhave keenbyespecially consuls shown interest an lectures Yugoslav in 54 53 52 how of example interesting An still, but measure, legal a considered be could clubs workers’ 51 to sent emigr economic of part a in chord a hit obviously campaign This country. Italy. A flood of support letters swarmed Yugoslavia, and they ke they and Yugoslavia, swarmed letters support of flood A Italy. re were men of trucks four minutes 12 only in allegedly, and maneuvers, fashion, like the one that made it to the headline in in headline the to it made that one the like fashion, confus emotional, overtly in written were them of Some months. several
DAMIP, PA, SRN, fasc. 1974-109, dok. 12/419779. dok.12/419779. fasc.1974-109, SRN, PA, DAMIP, 8/420961. dok. fasc.1974-107a, SRN, PA, DAMIP, SFRJ, Predsedništva Sednica fasc.27, f.803, AJ, Novosti izJugoslavije Novosti NIJ 51 t s ned usinbe tog, o “mgln” ert service secret “smuggling” how though, questionable, indeed is It hw A ru of group A show.
, Belgrade, No. 192, 192, 11 No. Belgrade, , was distributed among the guest workers at the exhibition of exhibition the at workers guest the among distributed was
Gastarbeiter Gastarbeiter 52 NIJ, NIJ, A special brochure entitled entitled brochure special A 53 th whereas April 1974, 1. 1974, April used this relatively harmless and small-sized military small-sized and harmless relatively this used 24 sebe a 4 M uo te is nw o the on news first the upon AM, 4 at assembled th June 1975. 1975. June 59 could be mobilised in practice through official official through practice in mobilised be could Gastarbeiter NIJ , written by Mehmed Delić from Kengen Kengen from Delić Mehmed by written , azine, stating that “we know how to how know “we that stating azine, These measures, however, were to to were however, measures, These , close to the Slovenian border. border. Slovenian the to close , from Dalmatia were reported to reported were Dalmatia from the spring of 1974, when NATO when 1974, of spring the ranoia among the citizens living living citizens the among ranoia Koje su pobude Italije? pobude su Koje h saes wth o more a to switch state’s the pt being published in in published being pt ation, as aggressive letters letters aggressive as ation, ing and almost comical comical almost and ing ady to go and invade invade and go to ady h rsetv host- respective the erned. s topic.s gns into agents Yugoslav NIJ ( 54 What
for for CEU eTD Collection propaganda channels could be usedpropaganda for purpose. could channels this political, military and social groups who emigrated from the count the from emigrated who groups social and military political, Yugoslav authorities.Yugoslav w truerepresent the not Italiandoes government the that claiming cl Yugoslav in meetings and press through appealed officials the and socialis the for damaging considered were conflicts of kinds these of front in Tito about songs sang defiantly they when them provoked who of case the as such guestworkers, fellow Yugoslav and Italian str incident diplomatic this where instances even were There dissertation. University of Belgrade, 2010), 611. 611. 2010), Belgrade, of University dissertation. 56 One of the most urgent issues of Yugoslav propagandists was to to was propagandists Yugoslav over of emigrants “hostile” issues of influence urgent most the of One Propagandaagainst Political Emigrants 3.3 57 m “extremists,” as deemed were “others” 882 and Serbs 4,888 Croats, ways the as well as homeland, socialist their of defense in stand potential the test to was aim whose regime, Yugoslav the of anger with seething are we wounds, our offend not they may us, call to ain’t we homeland, the in were we if as us on count can “You Tito: to 55 ae 90 tee ee vr 3,0 pltcl mgat i te West the in emigrants political 230,000 over were there 1960s late c Yugoslav of data the to According etc). bourgeoisie communists, c of (comprising emigration” “political as II War World the Srđan Cvetković, “Politička represija u Srbiji 195 Srbiji u represija “Politička Cvetković, Srđan dok.12/419779. fasc.1974-109, SRN, PA, DAMIP, feferoni,” kao “Ljuti
Novosti iz Jugoslavije iz Novosti 56 This curious case could be understood as a sort of experiment on beha on experiment of sort a as understood be could case curious This
, Belgrade, No. 193, 25 193, No. Belgrade, , Gastarbeiter 3-1985“ [Political Repression in Serbia, 1953-1985] Serbia, in Repression [Political 3-1985“
60 . The Yugoslav regime considered various various considered regime Yugoslav The . th April 1974, 4-5. 1974, April readiness of economic emigrants to to emigrants economic of readiness ollaborationists, monarchists, anti- monarchists, ollaborationists, Yugoslavs beating up one Italian Italian one up beating Yugoslavs ie te eainhp between relationship the ained ill of Italian people, unlike the unlike Italian people, of ill in which the state-supported state-supported the which in ry in the wake of the end of of end the of wake the in ry t reputation of Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia, of reputation t ounter-intelligence, by the the by ounter-intelligence, ubs to workers’ solidarity, solidarity, workers’ to ubs a lost army as some like some as army lost a , 57 u o wih 11,751 which of out ost of them living in in living them of ost ie e peppers.” red like uti te possible the curtail Italians. However, However, Italians. , (Doctoral , 55 lf
CEU eTD Collection oiia opsto abroad. opposition political “progressive within them mobilising workers, the among propaganda azaanj pltči procesi politički Najznačajniji services. f waiting Germany, in stations train the at already influence called Yugoslav consuls noted wearily in the late 1960s that that 1960s late the in wearily noted consuls Yugoslav [Political-Propagandist Actions of Yugoslav Politic Yugoslav of Actions [Political-Propagandist 67-68. 67-68. 62 61 60 59 http://www.cpi.hr/download/links/hr/7323.pdf a Croatian on focus Church’s Catholic the with dissatisfied were unpleas state own their than workers socialist to influential to responding and regulating in institutions Yugoslav in activists and organisations religious “acceptable” less c of activities the towards to principle in rejection ideological from authorities ranging ambivalent, Yugoslav of attitude The Germany. of West operating onthe territory examp the in notably most made, be to had state” the of “enemies stereotype negative spreading and activities patriotic with attacks.”subversive FRG. 58 the Catholic Catholic the welfare religious where vacuum, institutional an created 1970s early opposition 1945-1975. The Most Important Political Political Important Most The 1945-1975. opposition Srđan Cvetković, “Političko-propagandno delovanje delovanje “Političko-propagandno Cvetković, Srđan 610-611. represija,” “Politička Cvetković, Jandrić, Berislav AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. S-455, as ofas 27 fasc.S-455, f.142/II, AJ, zapošljavanja) poslove za (Saveznibiro f.467 AJ, 58 dušobrižnici dušobrižnici oee, ny % f hs éirs a rgre a “iey t “likely as regarded was émigrés these of 1% only However, 62 o ol ws h ie ta a eiiu ognsto cud rv more prove could organisation religious a that idea the was only Not Caritas
ersve jr kmnsikg eia rm hrvatsk prema režima komunističkog mjere Represivne (soul-tenders), often with a sarcastic connotation) would start ex start would connotation) sarcastic a with often (soul-tenders), 59 cud net hmevs s h poetr o eirns intere emigrants’ of protectors the as themselves insert could , h Ygsa sae osqety eoe mc atnin o t own its to attention much devoted consequently state Yugoslav The [ersie esrs f h Cmuit eie agai Regime Communist the of Measures [Repressive , 60
th tl, n hs eaie apin dfeetain mn the among differentiation campaign, negative this in Still, May 1971. 1971. May
(last retrieved 20 retrieved (last al Emigration in the West 1945-1985], 1945-1985], West the in Emigration al , fasc. 21, dok. 57-Т, 880/1-66. 880/1-66. 57-Т, dok. fasc.21, , jugoslovenske političke emigracije na Zapadu 1945-1 Zapadu na emigracije političke jugoslovenske 61 th December 2011), 322. 2011), December Caritas Gastarbeiter practice. The belated involvement of of involvement belated The practice. ant to Yugoslav institutions, but they but institutions, Yugoslav to ant or the newcomers and offering their their offering and newcomers the or s and rumours about any kind of of kind any about rumours and s officials (in the official discourse discourse official the (in officials differentiation between more and more between differentiation nd Slovene workers, which which workers, Slovene nd j oiikj pri 1945-1975 oporbi političkoj oj -related questions until the the until questions -related associations, most notably most associations, le of church organisations organisations church of le ” Yugoslav-oriented clubs clubs Yugoslav-oriented ” Cases], available on: on: available Cases], o perform terrorist and terrorist perform o hurches in FRG was was FRG in hurches nst the Croatian Political Political Croatian the nst Hereticus , VII/4 (2009), (2009), VII/4 , epu and helpful erting their erting sts. 985“ 985“ 61 .
CEU eTD Collection ret wr eios f h magazine the of editors were priests partner to the Yugoslav state, official preference was given was preference official state, Yugoslav the to partner church did not have its priests. its have not did church the in workers Orthodox from tax the obtaining of opportunity the took b as register to them forced employers religion-minded their atheists. as themselves register officially not did who workers March 1970. 1970. March h Gra lgl rvso o te hrh a ( tax church the of provision legal German the Although 68 66 65 64 in émigrés political Croatian with collaborating be to known Branko Jelić.Branko 67 statements to issuing Berlin non-denominational theWest task of undertook or from welfare workers’ the over for took partially mechanism they institutional questions, own c their of developing influence the After subdue to emigrants. means various employed authorities The organised priests attendingabout Orthodox by poli celebrations nationalist yetthe interests, Yugoslav to damaging as authorities Yugoslav lines. national and religious along Yugoslavs divided 63 such as
Srpska Pravoslavna Crkva, henceforth: SPC. SPC. henceforth: Crkva, Pravoslavna Srpska dok.7/45283. fasc.1971-103, SRN, PA, DAMIP, 1003/2. dok. fasc.490, 142-II, AJ, DAMIP, PA, SRN, fasc. 1968-166, dok. 7/411911.; “C 7/411911.; dok. 1968-166, fasc. SRN, PA, DAMIP, dok.7/46747. fasc.1971-104, SRN, PA, DAMIP, 7/423822.dok. fasc.1969-169, SRN, PA, DAMIP, Arbeiterswohlfahrt Caritas 64
The activities of the Serbian Orthodox Church [SPC]Church Orthodox Serbian the of activities The de o t fnnil n ognstoa pwr rmie a unavoidable an remained power, organisational and financial its to due , . 67 Another big problem for Yugoslav officials and workersalike Another was and Yugoslav officials for big problem
68 For these reasons, in 1970, the Yugoslav Military Mission in Mission Military Yugoslav the 1970, in reasons, these For Kroacija
62 ld y h wl-nw Cota nationalist Croatian well-known the by led , rkveni doprinos i ateisti plaćaju,” plaćaju,” ateisti i doprinos rkveni Kirchensteuer 63 In addition, many addition, In elievers, while the Lutheran church Lutheran the while elievers, to “progressive” German partners, German “progressive” to various ways, i.e. several Catholic Catholic several i.e. ways, various ), which had to be paid by all all by paid be to had which ), officials frequently complained frequently officials Workers often complained that that complained often Workers 65 ganisations like like ganisations were not deemed by the by deemed not were areas where the Serbian Serbian the where areas Caritas tical émigrés. emigrants’ welfare welfare emigrants’ Gastarbeiter Borba hurches on their their on hurches workers were workers , Belgrade, 10 Belgrade, , 66 Caritas , while , while
th .
CEU eTD Collection eas o sc a itreto, aeig t s “omns inf “communist a as it labeling intervention, an such of because including native language, history and geography. [ geography. and history language, native including 72 71 70 the used also state Yugoslav the confrontation, open from Apart p harshly emigrants, political by run centres Croatian local Germ out. them sign to parents their on pressure put could he that so chi of list the principle school the from obtain to tried also would children Yugoslav that way a such in classes his of schedule ( education religious attend studying children Yugoslav that obligation the against time this ideological another in involved became officials Yugoslav some 1974, Around statements issued already beforearriving FRG. in encour were Yugoslavia from emigrate to wished who workers the 69 atheistteachersforsend to authorities re also case this on report Secretariat’s Affairs Foreign and believers between differentiate should they that emigrants insti Yugoslav to directives issued frequently officials citizens, rel encourage nor religion any endorse officially not did Yugoslavia secul a as Although, FRG. in organisations religious with dealing when “nationa of teacher the urged who Main, am Frankfurt in consul Yugoslav cannot have a religious component, for then he would not understand forcannot not a principles.” have then component, socialist religious he would uolv ilmt i te col urclm o Ygsa cide s children Yugoslav for curriculum school the in diplomats Yugoslav int not did Germanauthorities West the Still, system.”educational AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 483, unclassified. unclassified. fasc.483, f.142/II, AJ, Ibid. Ibid. dok.14/461719. fasc.1974-109, SRN, PA, DAMIP, subj school of group the was curriculum” “National
Religionsunterricht
Gastarbeiter N.B.] N.B.] ects for children of children for ects 63 ). Especially vigilant in this campaign was the the was campaign this in vigilant Especially ). 69
children, because “a socialist teachersimply becausesocialist children,“a eld h peeec o Yugoslav of preference the vealed ldren enrolled into religious classes, classes, religious into enrolled ldren rotested to local school authorities school local to rotested Gastarbeiter tutions dealing with economic economic with dealing tutions ret lyl o h sae and state the to loyal priests ervene at such interference of of interference such erveneat n et emn hv to have Germany West in have to skip catechism. He He catechism. skip to have aged to have the “correct” “correct” the have to aged igious identification of its of identification igious divide et impera et divide an parents, as well as the as well as parents, an uyn i FRG. in tudying lrto it German into iltration related to their homeland, homeland, their to related l subjects” l r oils country, socialist ar 70 campaign, campaign, to set theset to strategy strategy 71 72 The
CEU eTD Collection political émigrés are their enemies as well, and would thus de thus would and well, as enemies their are émigrés political by the state in comparison to another “schismatic” branch, the N the branch, “schismatic” another to comparison in state the by themselves, meaning that through constant propaganda propaganda constant through that meaning themselves, work guest mobilise to extensively tried authorities Yugoslav orde in influence especially of “hostile.” those deemed them among distinguish to attempted and religions conflicting reporte Bonn in Yugoslavembassy the 1960s, late Inthe influence. their 1003/2. 1003/2. 77 76 75 74 Berlin. West in temple 1969. activities anti-Yugoslav potential to attention” special “pay aut itself proclaimed t appealed bishops SPC the Thus, 1963. who in SPC “communist-infiltrated” Dionisije, bishop anticommunist virulent consuls. Yugoslav by visited even sometimes “privi similar a enjoyed FRG in living Yugoslavs of community n greater-Serbian the against bulwark a as one, “patriotic” c this as 1967), in SPC the Chur from itself Orthodox separated Macedonian unilaterally the of branches through organise to allowed were of parts all to spread clubs Yugoslav before 1960s, late the In of wit state’s theemigrants, example schisms influence overas shown through t use to order in churches such with kept were contacts and others, than nationalists. and priests émigré hostile 73 AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 706, dok. 5-52-527/100.; AJ, AJ, 5-52-527/100.; dok. 706, fasc. 142/II, f. AJ, DAMIP, PA, SRN, fasc. 1969-169, dok. 1/442820. dok.1/442820. fasc.1969-169, SRN, PA, DAMIP, and dok.1/441975 fasc.1969-169, SRN, PA, DAMIP, dok.5/432424. fasc.1970-134, SRN, PA, DAMIP, ofas 15 fasc.S-344, f.142/II, AJ, 76 In return for such “favours,” the Yugoslav Military Mission help Mission Military Yugoslav the “favours,” such for return In
77 It can be seen that the Yugoslav state tried to balance be balance to tried state Yugoslav the that seen be can It
th May 1974. 1974. May 73 Some denominations were considered more “friendly” more considered were denominations Some f. 142/II, fasc. A-279, unclassified.; AJ, f. 142/I f. AJ, unclassified.; A-279, fasc. 142/II, f. 75 64 However, the “official” SPC was also favoured also was SPC “official” the However, 1/442931. 1/442931. Gastarbeiter during Dionisije’s visit to FRG in in FRG to visit Dionisije’s during ationalism. velop their own initiatives against initiatives own their velop uc ws osdrd o e a be to considered was hurch orth American diocese led by by led diocese American orth ers to defend (“self-protect”) (“self-protect”) defend to ers FRG, Macedonian workers Macedonian FRG, leged” position, and was was and position, leged” d to the Foreign the Affairs to d 74 would “realise” that that “realise” would hem for stabilising the stabilising for hem ed opening of the SPC the of opening ed o Yugoslav consuls to to consuls Yugoslav o The Greek Catholic Catholic Greek The r to neutralise the the neutralise to r ocephalous from from ocephalous hin the SPC. the SPC. hin tween various tween I, fasc. 490, dok. 490, fasc. I, h (which ch CEU eTD Collection eid 9517 euld 2 ed n 22 one, s rsl o 20 eaae t separate 210 of result a as wounded, 232 and dead 72 equaled 1945-1977 period murdered, while 16 were wounded in “unsolved” cases“unsolved” in wounded were 16 while murdered, terrorists. alleged and proven the against reprisals severe “chase and residents protect to too) agents (possibly “bodyguards” a in as such cases, some In
recruiters. 1980), 213. 213. 1980), Surely the gravest consequence of émigré terrorist attacks was attacks terrorist émigré of consequence gravest the Surely 84 83 82 80 79 81 attacks.their in deaths off in part take to emigrants “neutral” influence to tried also membe SKJ of infiltration increased through changed be to was country.”theirdefending without possible, as money much as “earn pos their express to “afraid are or pressures, to relent often generally are workers although that disappointedly Secretariat 78 their activities, as well as on the people who visited those me those visited who people the on as well as activities, their reported and emigrants, “hostile” of celebrations and meetings under special its had Bonn in embassy Yugoslav the that appears politic of types all against campaign media constant a by as actions. DAMIP, PA, SRN, fasc. 1968-168, dok. 8/436628. dok.8/436628. fasc.1968-168, SRN, PA, DAMIP, Ibid. 5/435146. dok. fasc.1972-92, SRN, PA, DAMIP, dok.7/423822. fasc.1969-169, SRN, PA, DAMIP, Jandrić, Jandrić, Bošković, Milo 632. represija,” “Politička Cvetković,
82 Represivne mjere komunističkog režima, režima, komunističkog mjere Represivne codn t Bšoi, h Cota Rvltoay rteho aoe cause alone Brotherhood Revolutionary Croatian the Bošković, to According 81
Antijugoslovenska fašistička emigracija fašistička Antijugoslovenska 83 However, the Yugoslav security also resorted to espionage actions espionage to resorted also security Yugoslav the However, Heim
in Oberhausen in 1968, Yugoslav consulate employed special employed consulate Yugoslav 1968, in Oberhausen in 336. 336. 65 [Anti-Yugoslav fascist emigration], (Belgrade: Slo (Belgrade: emigration], fascist [Anti-Yugoslav 84 (Glamočak reports larger numbers, as numbers, larger reports (Glamočak The result was that 42 émigrés were were émigrés 42 that was result The al emigrants. From state reports, it it reports, state From emigrants. al icially endorsed Yugoslav clubs.Yugoslav endorsed icially itive attitude,” merely striving to to striving merely attitude,” itive etings. “holding on with dignity,” they dignity,” with on “holding rs among rs eual ad xesvl on extensively and regularly the human toll, which in the in which toll, human the 78 cover agents who attended attended who agents cover away” encroaching away” 79 Such a passive resistance passive a Such These undercover agents undercover These Gastarbeiter , as well well as , errorist errorist ustaša 53 d boda, boda, and 80
CEU eTD Collection public by forging an alleged agreement between governments between agreement alleged an forging by public Deutsche Zeitung – Christ und Welt Christ und – Zeitung Deutsche podzemnih viceva,” viceva,” podzemnih their on murders West-like” “Wild the of wary was which public, pravda Belgrade, 6 Belgrade, and Great Serbia among political emigration], (Užic emigration], political among Serbia Great and 90 89 88 87 86 Exil,” 5. 1975, f the to according which, services, secret foreign with (M cooperation context of out taken as statement this of denunciation official Yugos outside beingfought is forces anti-Yugoslav against “fight off parliamentary Croatian a of statement interview reckless “showdow these of nature true the concerning public German West s found actually regime Tito’s on discourse “totalitarian” The countries.Foreign of both ministries forgery this yet émigrés, of assassinations perform could agents regime.totalitarian vicious a by fighters” “freedom of p the being them with do enemies. to nothing having criminals, petty of showdowns” pre Yugoslav the in depicted usually were West the murdered). in emigrants emigrants Serbian 6-7 and Croatian 87 as many 85 DAMIP, PA, SRN, fasc. 1971-103, dok. 7/42379. dok.7/42379. fasc.1971-103, SRN, PA, DAMIP, terorom!,” pred “Oprez terror,” “Organizovani Glamočak, Marina DAMIP, PA, SRN, fasc. 1969-169, dok.3/443970. fasc.1969-169, SRN, PA, DAMIP, ustaša,” trojicu ubio je “Tko Brihta, Ž. Süddeutsche Zeitung Süddeutsche , Munich, July-August 1974, 16. 16. 1974, Munich, , July-August 86 th On the other hand, nationalist exiles portrayed these murders as p as murders portrayedthese exiles nationalist hand, other the On April 1975, 32-35. “Divljanje ustaša uz dozvolu vl dozvolu uz ustaša “Divljanje 32-35. 1975, April
Vjesnik u srijedu u Vjesnik Koncepcije Velike Hrvatske i Velike Srbije u politi u Srbije Velike i Hrvatske Velike Koncepcije Hrvatska pravda Hrvatska Borba , Munich, 4 Munich, , Blrd, 11 Belgrade, , , Hamburg, 5 Hamburg, ,
, Zagreb, 5 Zagreb, , th May 1972, 10.; Karl Gustaf Strohm, “Störmanöver au “Störmanöver Strohm, Gustaf Karl 10.; 1972, May Vjesnik 88 , Munich, April-May 1975, 3.; “Tajna jedne hrvatske jedne “Tajna 3.; 1975, April-May Munich, ,
th th th etrbr 96; . iia “d ovdi istraži podvodnih “Od Ličina, Đ. 1966.; Septermber February 1971, 6. 6. 1971, February , Zagreb, 29 Zagreb, , November 1975, 5.; Miloš Mišović, “Koreni terorizm “Koreni Mišović, Miloš 5.; 1975, November e: Kulturno-prosvetna zajednica Užice, 1997), 124. 1997), Užice, zajednica Kulturno-prosvetna e:
66 th October 1967.; Olaf Ihlau, “Mord und Terror im Terror und “Mord Ihlau, Olaf 1967.; October 87 asti,” asti,” In 1970, they even tried to deceive the deceive to tried even they 1970, In čkoj emigraciji čkoj Večernje novosti Večernje ca Đk Mtšć n 99 that 1969 in Matošić Đuka icial Yugoslav that FRG and SFRY of was very soon debunked by the by debunked soon very was lav borders too.” borders lav 85 territory. h mres f Croatian of murders The m eh i te Western the in echo ome ss as “shady underworld underworld “shady as ss s ws o hle b a by helped not was ns” atošić supposedly meant meant supposedly atošić ls f h Diplomatic the of iles [Concepts of Great Croatia Croatia Great of [Concepts , Belgrade, 23 Belgrade, , 89 remeditated purges purges remeditated The suspicion of suspicion The s dem Untergrund,” Untergrund,” dem s smrti,” smrti,” 90 Despite theDespite ie state rime rd February February Hrvatska Hrvatska aj do vanja a,” a,” NIN , , CEU eTD Collection rbes ih lid uhrte bcue gop f okr o workers of group a because authorities Allied with problems ignored” by the West German authorities.German West the by ignored” é before desperation alleged workers’ to testifying also time of premises the on alcohol selling of consequence a as incident The émigrés. hostile all execute would they that police German Germanwas convinced. not media 95 94 93 92 court.” to us take emigrants, political with themselves” by “deal them let to appea openly workers would inclined “patriotically” groups res more Thus, of embarrassing had sometimes campaigns mobilisation The 96 ambass FRG the of assassination the gang,or Baader-Meinhof the the concerning FRG in panic growing the used institutions Yugoslav hand, Gastarbeiter Olymp the on flags own their with wave to attempt émigrés’ period), this in non-existent practically was Archives, 91 “dub by financed newspaper a in ads their put would they case partners German West their “blackmail” to Ministry Foreign companies and banks Yugoslav Thus, time. the of situation diplomatic as pressure, economic were emigrants nationalist of activities de to government FRG the on pressure put to used means the of Some DAMIP, PA, SRN, fasc. 1970-132, dok. 3/47643. dok.3/47643. fasc.1970-132, SRN, PA, DAMIP, dok.7/423822. fasc.1969-169, SRN, PA, DAMIP, DAMIP, PA, SRN, fasc. 1971-103, dok. 7/41463. dok.7/41463. fasc.1971-103, SRN, PA, DAMIP, dok.4/410017. fasc.1975-100, SRN, PA, DAMIP, and dok.1/412160 fasc.1970-132, SRN, PA, DAMIP, ofas 27 fasc.S-455, f.142/II, AJ, who “drowned” offive-pointed Yugoslav dozens with them flags a star. with
93 n nte ocso, h Ygsa Mltr Msin n et Berli West in Mission Military Yugoslav the occasion, another On
th May 1971. 1971. May 92
94 During the World Cup matches in Munich in 1974, in Munich in matches Cup World the During
67 1/412583. 1/412583. 91 “and in return Yugoslavia should not not should Yugoslavia return in “and h cnevtv pr o te West the of part conservative the migré provocations, “outrageously provocations, migré ic Stadium was thwarted by ready by thwarted was Stadium ic well as taking advantage of the the of advantage taking as well with termination of contract in in contract of termination with the Yugoslav club, at the same same the at club, Yugoslav the ious” elements.ious” Mission tried to hush up this this up hush to tried Mission penly announced to the West West the to announced penly ador in Guatemala, drawing a Guatemala,drawing in ador ults for Yugoslav officials. officials. Yugoslav for ults were instructed by the the by instructed were al with anti-Yugoslav with al l to Yugoslav consuls consuls Yugoslav to l terrorist attacks of of attacks terrorist 96 On the other the On 95 had n
CEU eTD Collection pasošari parallel between those murderous assaults and the terrorist a terrorist the and assaults murderous those between parallel 101 100 99 98 deroga their with workers guest outrage to reasons of lot a gave Secondl members. new recruiting in success significant any allow sociali the in raised been had who workers rural uneducated and young i living decades spent already had who émigrés educated and urban againstconflicting organisations religious each other. politicis and mobilisation infiltration, security state involving led war” “propaganda the of case peculiar a represent FRG rate). incidents the exaggerating everything tried security Yugoslav (although workers of toll death we harassment physical outright or intimidation racketeering, over emigrants insig relatively the for responsible were circumstances Two “right-wing groups. fascist” A and Palestinian “left-wing, being from terrorism of definition documentary a even purpose, that 97 Yugoslav clubs in the late 1970s, late the in clubs Yugoslav DAMIP, PA, SRN, fasc. 1970-132, dok. 2/413303. dok.2/413303. fasc.1970-132, SRN, PA, DAMIP, DAMIP, PA, SRN, fasc. 1972-92, dok. 7/433590. 7/433590. dok. fasc.1972-92, SRN, PA, DAMIP, fasc.A-747. f.142/II, AJ, “Eksplozija u klubu Jugoslovena u Parizu,” u Parizu,” uJugoslovena klubu “Eksplozija Novosti izJugoslavije Novosti “asotr” ad wlae ae, sl b Tt t te W the to Tito by sold cases,” “welfare and (“passporters”)
Gastarbeiter , Belgrade, No. 69, 16 69, No. Belgrade, , 99 . Firstly, the mental gap between typically middle-aged a middle-aged typically between gap mental the Firstly, .
101 98 Šta je to terorizam? to je Šta tl, uolv apin aant oiia eirto in emigration political against campaigns Yugoslav Still, in order to exert pressure on FRG police to expand their expand to police FRG on pressure exert to order in th Novosti iz Jugoslavije iz Novosti July 1969, 10-11. 10-11. July 1969, 68 ( What is Terrorism? is What , Belgrade , No. 35, 1 35, No. , Belgrade , ctions by Croatian émigrés. Croatian by ctions n h trioy f nte state, another of territory the on re all but rare, often resulting in in resulting often rare, but all re ation of workforce, and playing playing and workforce, of ation tory discourse, by calling them them calling by discourse, tory nificant influence of political political of influence nificant y, the more dogmatic émigrés émigrés dogmatic more y,the a, t as icue ht of that include also to rab,” to inflate this paranoia by by paranoia this inflate to te et n mostly and West the n st spirit was too wide to wide too was spirit st est. st March 1968, 1. 1968, March ) was distributed to distributed was ) 100 lo css of cases Also, nd elderly, nd 97 For CEU eTD Collection for desirable it deemed state Yugoslav the hand, one the on Although in ran influences yet Yugoslavia, to spread to influences Western bor open of policy this and West, the to open borders with country Yugoslavia as case, unique a was This country. another of territory mode transnational develop to had authorities Yugoslav the work, for af workers its over influence its exerting continue to order In Conclusions 3.4 of having a communist “oasis” in a capitalist “desert” were “desert” capitalist a in “oasis” communist a having of external towards attitude the in change radical the initiated a However, communism. hard-line type Soviet follow to used Yugoslavia r a represented it discourse, anti-Western the with contaminated rathe was migrations these of perception the hierarchy, Party es first, At country. capitalist a to class working socialist perc ideological the in shift intrinsic an required change This 1971. m its with contact keeping for actions tangible undertook which SKJ, vis is It mid-1960s. the in FRG to thronging started workers Yugoslav immedi developed not were policies transnational these However, environment.capitalist striki them made which background, self-managing socialist their expecte were they abroad, living while even propaganda, Yugoslav t to return eventually to supposed they were only Not character. its of “reminded” constantly be to had emigration economic Yugoslav syst union trade and welfare social German West of advantages the
69 pecially on the lower echelons of the of echelons lower the on pecially migrations in 1971, all the benefits benefits the all 1971, in migrations to be exploited. This was done by by done was This exploited. be to r hostile and suspicious. Heavily suspicious. and hostile r heir homeland, but according to to according but homeland, heir ter they went abroad in search search in abroad went they ter mat f h tms when times the of emnant d to lead lives according to to according lives lead to d h opst drcin too. direction opposite the em, on the other hand, the the hand, other the on em, ders opened a leeway for for leeway a opened ders embers abroad only after only abroad embers their from distinct ngly ately after the masses of of masses the after ately Gastarbeiter pin f irtos of migrations of eption was the only socialist socialist only the was ible in the example of example the in ible s of operating on the the on operating of s temporary migrant migrant temporary fter the Party top top Party the fter to fully use use fully to CEU eTD Collection male force the these administrative measur Although as well). West economic the recession in and shock oil 1973 the with coincided opportunely measures (these labour milit of especially workforce, of outflow the restricted which 1973, i to authorities Yugoslav urged circumstances These concern. special tra military mandatory their undergone having even without abroad moved the in lived “temporarily” reservists military eligible inva foreign or strife civil a of case in prospects defense became authorities Yugoslav reforms, political for calls and 1970s, early the in crises internal by torn was country the As legal “jurisdiction.”functioning had no which over they onthe territory int own their between balance and adapt constantly to had abroad Thus, country. the of “Yugoslavisation” or clubs, workers’ and companies fears justified for especially circles, conservative German were actions these course, Of eye. Party ever-watching the of educate politically to supposed were workers Party special whi companies German West in affiliations party establishing whom resorted to violent means in their fight against Tito’s regim Tito’s against fight their in means violent to resorted whom influe or infiltration potential any from isolation clear their em economic for propaganda Yugoslav of aspect important Another bes can borders Gastarbeiter country’s the across mechanism defense Yugoslav of agent service secret infiltrated by again performed agitation, mil educational extensive in consisted which adopted, be to had approach Gastarbeiter mobilisation campaign, like the one against Italy mobilisation campaign,against 1974. the like in one
to return home to serve their military duty, two years later years two duty, military their serve to home return to 70 West and that young men increasingly increasingly men young that and West sion. The fact that over half a million million a half over that fact The sion. nce by political emigrants, many of of many emigrants, political by nce non-members and keep them aware aware them keep and non-members f ert evc iflrto into infiltration service secret of s. The effects of such an extension an such of effects The s. increasingly worried about the the about worried increasingly not always welcome by West West by welcome always not h mlyd uolv, and Yugoslavs, employed ch erests and the legality of their their of legality the and erests due to nationalist turbulences nationalist to due e. This counter-propaganda counter-propaganda This e. ary reservists and skilled skilled and reservists ary nitiate legal measures in in measures legal nitiate igrants was to secure secure to was igrants itary propaganda and propaganda itary the Party operations operations Party the ining, represented a a represented ining, b se i the in seen be t es were meant to to were meant es subsequent subsequent , a “softer” a , CEU eTD Collection believers. The diplomatic representatives also used their influe their used also representatives diplomatic The believers. among attacks terrorist of fear spreading constantly and emigrati “hostile” the against workers of mobilisation on relied ad f h “esr vl” n tu scrd oat o bhl o behalf on loyalty secured thus and evil,” “lesser the of card religious Yugoslav various between conflicts instituti exploited authorities welfare church on rely and circumstances German West affili religious of kind any endorse officially not could Yugoslavia Al émigrés. hostile the against struggle Yugoslav advance to used the of terrorism anarchist of wave the as such issues, German Yugosl for embarrassing incidents diplomatic caused sometimes and Yugoslavia, socialist to opposition of kind any confront to ready system, country’s the host in even territory. citizens its keep to state sending a for means as interpreted tenets ideological Yugoslav to damaging or inappropriate deemed or schools in education religious as (such features GermanWest institutional
71 Gastarbeiter within its political and ideological and political its within e Am Fcin ee also were Faction, Army Red nce to circumvent some of the of some circumvent to nce on. Through specialised media media specialised Through on. though, as a socialist country, country, socialist a as though, organisations, playing on the the on playing organisations, v euain Itra West Internal reputation. av f the “positive” priests and and priests “positive” the f ation, it still had to adapt to to adapt to had still it ation, . These practices can be be can practices These . ons. However, Yugoslav Yugoslav However, ons. , the workers were soon soon were workers the , hs confrontations these paying church tax) church tax) paying CEU eTD Collection propaganda and informational materials to reinforce the emigrant thereinforce to materials informational and propaganda eakj Asrj” Stra a Bhhf Everyday Bahnhof. at [Saturday Austriji” i Nemačkoj okr hd o e dpe t ter ed ad expectations. and needs their to adapted be to had workers communal in living hours, overtime ma strenuous physically (working lifestyle and workers) young m the to wor to sent was that content and staff artistic the turn of censorship will I Then, activities. these of commercialisation touri the monopolise to tried institutions state which in ways the mec organisational the analyse first will I chapter, this In character. hadactivities a folk strong the to emigrants expose to was concerts these of aim the as and audience target the of most As workers. Yugoslav of agglomerations troup dancing and stars music Yugoslav of tours in found was needs these seii clua plc hd o e rae a wl. u t Due well. as Gastarbeiters’ created be to had policy cultural specific a of identification collective and interaction social of places as supporti Besides mid-1960s. the in recognised was force labour the the as soon as authorities Yugoslav for imperatives the of one was Providing Germany and Austria], Austria], and Germany
1 ldmr vnvć “uoa a ahf. Svakodnevni banhofu. na “Subota Ivanović, Vladimir IV Song of Brotherhood, Song UnityDance of Propagand– IV of the Music Tours of Music the Yugoslav of Artists Westthe in Gastarbeiter oil euainl n dmgahc tutr (oty ua, uneducate rural, (mostly structure demographic and educational social,
Godišnjak za društvenu istoriju društvenu za Godišnjak ih potnte t sed hi liue ie i dsrbe w desirable “in time leisure their spend to opportunities with
Heim communities), the cultural content offered to these to offered content cultural the communities), 1 (2011), 71-76. 71-76. (2011), 1 ie f uolv okr o “eprr Wr” n FR in Work” “Temporary on Workers Yugoslav of Life 72 a uolvnkh ank n “rveeo rd” S u radu” “privremenom na radnika jugoslovenskih ca hanism of these music events and and events music these of hanism 1 The most immediate answer to to answer immediate most The kers abroad, and how it reflected it how and abroad, kers nual jobs, long shifts and many many and shifts long jobs, nual ir native culture, these cultural these culture, native ir s’ attachment to the homeland,the to attachment s’ te euir odtos of conditions peculiar the o elw iies n sending and citizens fellow ng market and suppress the the suppress and market ng ng Yugoslav workers’ clubs workers’ Yugoslav ng policy of open borders for borders open of policy was of rural background, background, rural of was ost prominent cases of of cases prominent ost es in cities with large with cities in es a Aspects d and and d ays” ays” R R
CEU eTD Collection rga, t atsi lvl pltcl retto ad presentat and orientation political level, artistic its program, Wor from forces anticommunist of members or émigrés political element hostile other and émigrés political abroad, behaviour and and artists sending in say any have not did institutions delegated we as performers, and managers certain of “appropriateness” contr any exercise not could state the that was fact important sociali of time leisure the regulating initiative private much a socia for degrading as perceived have may the Furthermore, tours. state t if earned be potentially could Y that cash deprived of amounts managers significant private small of proliferation the However, c émigréin Yugoslavguestassociations worker well and as gain influence to foreign of amounts large in” “cash to organisations and individuals daring abroa performances the arranging concerts, these attend would the in increase rapid a and scene music Yugoslav the of development wer managers tour and audience the as character, anti-state an of authorities Yugoslav the by endorsed officially not were tours those migrants labour of influx massive the before 1950s, the in already per to Europe Western to travelled Yugoslavia from Singers Unobtrusive and Spontaneous- Concerts as Poli 4.1 class, modernisation as efforts. of a the overarching part socialist emanc to authorities state of behalf on attempt subtle a as La nationalities. Yugoslav between relations ethnic internal the 2 from the Music Life of Yugoslavia 1940-1989], (Belg 1940-1989], Yugoslavia Life of Music fromthe See more in Petar Luković, Petar in more See
Bolja prošlost. Prizori iz muzičkog života Jugoslav života muzičkog iz Prizori prošlost. Bolja
rade: Mladost, 1989). 1989). Mladost, rade: 73 ipate and “enlighten” the working working the “enlighten” and ipate st workers. But probably the most the probably But workers. st ol over the political or ideological ideological or political the over ol ion to the emigrants. If specially specially If emigrants. the to ion stly, I will examine these tours tours these examine will I stly, d presented an opportunity for for opportunity an presented d ll as over the content of the the of content the over as ll form for Yugoslav expatriates Yugoslav for form monitoring their performance their monitoring s were likely to infiltrate and and infiltrate to likely were s he state had organised these these organised had state he to those countries. However, However, countries. those to ije 1940-1989 ije ticalSymbols , and were often suspected suspected often were and , e frequently identified as as identified frequently e potential audience which which audience potential d a I. u t the to Due II. War ld gsa isiuin of institutions ugoslav list country to allow so allow so country to list lubs. ad urny as currency, hard [Better Past. Scenes Past. [Better 2
CEU eTD Collection broadcast since the early 1960s to to 1960s early the since broadcast Evropom (Song of Homeland). of (Song to be the biggest and most important ones, Radio Sarajevo offered t offered Sarajevo Radio ones, important most and biggest the be to concept, follow Belgrade Radio Soon show. music same-titled the to complement rnfre ter ui sos o ocr sae ars Europe. across stages concert that to was shows direction music this their in transferred step important most and first The for cultural officials. time, became events an included, imperative questi the jobs, for search in West the towards thronged Yugoslavs Ygsa Get okr i F Gray n Asra 1 Austria and 263. 2012), Germany FR in Workers Guest [Yugoslav stage, commencing the big semestral tour, semestral big the commencing stage, transferre first Zagreb Radio of editors The Yugoslavia. in moment 4 competition the was the influence 3 1980), 160-166. 160-166. 1980), t given was tours these all of contents and schedules the coordinating Yug of traditions ethnic of multitude the represented repertoire e abroad, guests common also were troupes dancing Folk republic. s or singers from individual with organised, were artists ones smaller numerous brought always which tours, big these Besides audience voting. Milo Bošković, Bošković, Milo Vladimir Ivanović, Ivanović, Vladimir Sva taess uoe, hl Rdo kpe organised Skopje Radio while Europe), traverses (Sevdah Večeras zajednoVečeras Gastarbeiter Antijugoslovenska fašistička emigracija fašistička Antijugoslovenska
Geburtstag pišeš normalno. Jugoslovenski gastarbajt Jugoslovenski normalno. pišeš Geburtstag 4 Zlatni glasovi Zlatni Another big tour, organised jointly by radio stations and other spons other and stations radio by jointly organised tour, big Another (Together Tonight). Besides these two tours, which were considered were which tours, two these Besides Tonight). (Together . 3 n h scn hl o te 90, hn udes f huad of thousands of hundreds when 1960s, the of half second the In
Gastarbeiter, (Golden Voices), which had an interactive character with with character interactive an had which Voices), (Golden Zvuci rodnog kraja rodnog Zvuci 74 [Anti-Yugoslav fascist emigration], (Belgrade: Slo (Belgrade: emigration], fascist [Anti-Yugoslav featuring the most popular music pieces at the the at pieces music popular most the featuring 6-93, Blrd: nttt a armn istorij savremenu za Institut (Belgrade: 965-1973], eri u SR Nemačkoj i Austriji 1965-1973Austriji i Nemačkoj SR u eri (Sounds of Home) in 1966, as a a as 1966, in Home) of (Sounds oslavia. The responsibility for for responsibility The oslavia. all republics of Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia, of republics all heir version, version, heir maller bands from a single single a from bands maller on of organising their free their organising of on h bget ai stations radio biggest the o the special Coordinating Coordinating special the o hs rdo hw were shows radio These specially the ones whose whose ones the specially d their show to concert concert to show their d ed, with their own tour own their with ed, em n tatkovinata na Pesma Sevdah putuje putuje Sevdah boda, ors, u,
CEU eTD Collection pieces sung by each singer. This part of the performance w performance the of part This singer. each by sung pieces people were described as “for a long time claimed by others, and for by and claimed a “for time long others, as people were described a t b arne wt te or ietr, n ee te ras be breaks the scripted. even and directors, tour the with arranged be to had ever However, backgrounds. musical different very from came singers music the of terms in and sang singer each songs of number the of Yugoslav well-known with direction, anational and contemporary woul repertoire the and tuxedos, and gowns evening in dressed be would t of part second the In songs. traditional two sing and costumes national appea would republic each from singers The republic. Yugoslav f coming songs folk to dedicated was concert the of part first the popular most the of medley overture orchestral authorit an After content. by monitored be to easier were and performers, of order and pa established an had stations radio by organised concerts The describing the history of each republic in socialist revolutiona socialist in republic each of history the describing ma would speaker host the stage, on stepping singer each to Prior 8 7 6 [SSRNJ]. Alliancethe Working wing Socialist People of the of W Our for Activities Cultural-Entertainment the for Committee 5 ee awy atce, ee sbud ad lvns mry n pr and “merry freedom-loving.” Slovenes and subdued” never attacked, “always were r people’s the in own their and free become to order in others, dokument 2725. 2725. dokument Ivanović, AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 489, dok. 2725. 2725. dok. fasc.489, f.142/II, AJ, (S 142/II fond AJ), (henceforth: Jugoslavije Arhiv he Jugoslavije, naroda radnog savez Socijalistički 7
Geburtstag pišeš normalno pišeš Geburtstag
8 The value of freedom was best shown through the historical struggle historical the through shown best was freedom of value The
, 265. 265. , nceforth: SSRNJ. SSRNJ. nceforth: cjlsik svz ang aoa uolvj) fas Jugoslavije), naroda radnog savez ocijalistički 75 as less choreographed both in terms in both choreographed less as 6 ry terms. Thus, the Macedonian the Thus, terms. ry
evolution,” while Montenegrins Montenegrins while evolution,” orkers Abroad, orkers ttern concerning the repertoire repertoire the concerning ttern World War II partisan songs, songs, partisan II War World schlager even longer time denied by by denied even time longer genre, as the participating the as genre, r on stage in appropriate appropriate in stage on r o te ertr o each of territory the rom ke a poetic introduction, poetic a ke y song to be performed be to song y tween the songs were were songs the tween ies in terms of their their of terms in ies d then go in a more a in go then d oud, persistent and and persistent oud, and pop hits, three hits, pop and he concert, singers singers concert, he 5 founded under under founded cikla 489, 489, cikla of the of CEU eTD Collection people of Yugoslav origin living permanently abroad permanently living origin Yugoslavof people esne o fnnil en t etbih ul oto oe te orga the over control full establish to means financial or personnel Matica the after acute especially was (this émigrés political institutions. h salr or wr uuly upre ad oriae b rep by coordinated and supported usually were tours smaller The institutions founded in Yugoslav republics in 1951 1951 in republics Yugoslav in founded institutions eulc. oee, ete rpbia nr eea Codntn C Coordinating federal nor republican neither However, republics. s uh lrig f itnto bten h to ye o emigrat of Gastarbeiter types two the between distinction of blurring such as re to supposed were who workers for inappropriate deemed were emi permanently the for created activities the Thus, temporary. w emigration economic hand, other the On citizenship. Yugoslav have even 11 10 of influence the (expatriates that was this for reason decreaserole that the rebel among the nations.” paraphra by to referred were Serbs whereas homeland, their powers the all among defiantly stood Croatians peoples, Bosnian 9 state. the so abroad, activities entertainment AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 489, dok. 2725. 2725. dok. fasc.489, f.142/II, AJ, AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 490, dok. 2820. 2820. dok. fasc.490, f.142/II, AJ, expatr of Bee-mothers (literally iseljenika Matice in 1971, which stood on the reformist-nationalist side), and were too t too were and side), reformist-nationalist the on stood which 1971, in 10 iseljeništvo identification with Yugoslavia. with identification oee, hn h sae u is w isiuin i fl sa, they sway, full in institutions own its put state the when However,
Matica Matica ), that is, people permanently moved abroad, many of whom did not not did whom of many abroad, moved permanently people is, that ), fie ws ht hy ee las upce o big infil being of suspected always were they that was offices 9
Matica played in organising cultural events for guestworkers. cultural official events played The organising for in
were primarily dedicated to maintaining contacts with with contacts maintaining to dedicated primarily were Matica . [N.B.] . hc dat ih h mtes f anann connect maintaining of matters the with dealt which 11 Another, though unofficial, reason for subduing for reason unofficial, though Another, 76 branches remained an important partner to the the to partner important an remained branches iates, henceforth: henceforth: iates, eaie xeine wt te Croatian the with experiences negative sing the poet Oskar Davičo as “the as Davičo Oskar poet the sing Matica grated diasporic communities communities diasporic grated turn home after several years, several after home turn whose interests collided on collided interests whose ) were the non-governmental non-governmental the were ) o wud eaut the devaluate would ion nisation of cultural and and cultural of nisation mite hd enough had ommittees ied to their native native their to ied ublican as seen as only only as seen as trated by by trated re to tried Matica ions to to ions
CEU eTD Collection effects the on basis regular a on made were reports Detailed March). among Yugoslav Immigrants in Scandinavia Immigrants Yugoslav among 17 16 15 14 13 soci with pregnant less concerts, tavern small of atmosphere the spectacles, these visiting in interested were terrorists. clashes bloody on coverage news negative the counter to order in events, context. socialist rite-like a into embedded peculiar their was manifestations these conce of was events element these of perception Western the as far As and among workers,among reputation,but audiences only not Western socialist as o causation a in brought directly was success their as advance), ca some (in advance in months six to up for planned carefully were (29Day Tito.” p our of unity homeland, socialism, to attachment of manifestations and spontaneous initiate “unobtrusively to was aim the and tours, these one as considered was “moment” mea ideological the Therefore, attached. ideological and political Rather, manifestations. cultural or a seen not were activities of forms these outset, very the From 12 Clubs in Western Europe in the 1970s], 1970s], in the Europe in Western Clubs Carl-Ulrik Schierup and Alexandra Alund, Alexandra and Schierup Carl-Ulrik u radnika jugoslovenskih “Klubovi Dragišić, Petar 3628/391. dok. fasc.713, f.142/II, AJ, Interview with Predrag Gojković, conducted by the the by conducted Gojković, withPredrag Interview Ivanović, 014-1478/1 dok. fasc.481, f.142/II, AJ, 12 Especially important were the events organised for the bigges the for organised events the were important Especially 13 th 15 25birthday, (Tito’s Day Youth November), According to the reports and plans sent by Yugoslav consulates Yugoslav by sent plans and reports the to According Geburtstag pišeš normalno, normalno, pišeš Geburtstag However, except journalists, hardly any Germans or non-Yugoslav gues non-Yugoslav or Germans any hardly journalists, except However,
Tokovi istorije Tokovi 261. 261. 14 . (Umea: University of Umea, 1986), 200-206. 200-206. 1986), Umea, of (Umea: . University et emn orait wr rglry nie t these to invited regularly were journalists German West Will They Still be Dancing? Integration and Ethnic Ethnic and Integration Dancing? be Still They Will 16 while such cases were somewhat more frequent in frequent more somewhat were cases such while author, Belgrade, 19 Belgrade, author, Zapadnoj Evropi sedamdesetih godina” [Yugoslav Work [Yugoslav godina” sedamdesetih Evropi Zapadnoj , 1 (2010), 131. 131. (2010), 1 , 77 th May), May Day and Women’s Day (8Day Women’s and Day May May), th April 2012 April f improving the country’s image image country’s the improving f f h cnet, ih precise with concerts, the of amalgam of folk traditions traditions folk of amalgam s merely entertainment events entertainment merely s nd te ot extraordinary most the rned, ning was very explicitly explicitly very was ning xrsin o exaltation of expressions of the crucial elements of of elements crucial the of t state holidays, Republic holidays, state t ls ptitc rhetoric. patriotic alist eoples and love towards towards love and eoples e ee 1 mnh in months 13 even ses in FRG, these events these FRG, in with anti-Yugoslav with Transformation Transformation well. well. t workers t ers’ ers’ 17 th
CEU eTD Collection ak sosrd hm ad n eun hy o fe avriig n h conc the in advertising free got they return in and them, sponsored banks propagandist intentions of the state.the of intentions propagandist j over Party the of workers political to given was preference propaganda purposes is to be used.”propaganda to is purposes rga (hc hd o e a-uolv i te es ta te cultures the that sense the in pan-Yugoslav, be to had (which program representatives of the of representatives defini “should they that audience the advise would host the example, 23 22 21 20 19 members. German West and Yugoslavia of 24 Yugoslavia. interp and about inform would who along, sent be journalist a ensemble overview precise a with Committee, Coordinating the to offers tour Europe Western touring in interested artists or ensembles The event “every Committee, Coordinating federal the of words the In b ensembles touring for offers the all about body federal the committees, coordinating republican over implemented was control in incidents eventual and attendance,repertoire the on information 18 hi ielgcl appropriateness. ideological their according ensembles the allot would Committee the Then, activity. social mandatory and represented) be to had republics Yugoslav AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. A-705, dok. 5-52-527/656. dok.5-52-527/656. fasc.A-705, f.142/II, AJ, 5of Meeting fasc.S-345, f.142/II, AJ, 60176. dok. fasc.713, f.142/II, AJ, AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 489, dok. 2725. 2725. dok. fasc.489, f.142/II, AJ, 01-642/1. dok. fasc.490, f.142/II, AJ, unclassified. fasc.485, f.142/II, AJ, unclassified. fasc.475, f.142/II, AJ, 23 n re fr hs tus o e iacal ssanbe Yugos sustainable, financially be to tours these for order In 21 hs gtto atvt ws mlmne ol i 17, ih h diff the with 1973, in only implemented was activity agitation This
Gorenje
factory during the break between the acts”).the between break the during factory
Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund Deutscher th 20 May 1975. 1975. May 19 22 n 90 i ws eomne ta wt eey bigger every with that recommended was it 1970, In The promotional leaflets of the Alliance of Trade Unions Trade of Alliance the of leaflets promotional The
78 efore they were officially endorsed. endorsed. officially were they efore ournalists, testifying to the open open the to testifying ournalists, were given out to all audience audience all to out given were were expected to send their their send to expected were everycity. ist rhetoric justifying their their justifying rhetoric ist who now had to report to to report to had now who o eulcn uts and quotas republican to tely have a chat with the the with chat a have tely that could be used for for used be could that ret the main news from news main the ret f hi css artistic costs, their of n taiin o all of traditions and 24 a cmais and companies lav 18 Thus, in the eyes the in Thus, In 1975, stricter In1975, ert venues (for (for venues ert rne that erence CEU eTD Collection Yugoslavia. reflect to supposed was structure ethnic their and orchestras, own ensemble singing The etc). Main am Frankfurt Berlin, industr West Munich, biggest the or countries respective the of cities major in gueYugoslavof agglomerations largest the where Europeancountries y a twice or once organised be would projects) large-scale typi are tours stations’ (radio tours Such members. touring 80 over to music big supporting of task the undertook stations, radio and institutions
together Abroad, Work Temporary the on Citizens Our for Commit Activities Coordinating the activities, its of years first the In environment. functioncapitalist properly a in socie socialist Yugoslav of dogmas essential all reflect to unre migrants economic with interaction cultural of field the leave Yugos homeland, their towards line” “positive the follow to emigrants of network parallel a creating of task the themselves on taking ex and owners tavern managers, private various for field fertile the 1960s, mid the in Germany West in workers guest for events music thems involved stations radio and institutions state Yugoslav Before Fighting the Commercialisationof Tours 4.2 domestic consumer products. w complied conveniently needs commercial the organisers, tour the of 25 Ivanović, Geburtstag pišeš normalno pišeš Geburtstag 25
, 263. 263. , 79 ty, but also had to be adapted to to adapted be to had also but ty, a, n wud rvre Western traverse would and ear, tee for Cultural-Entertainment Cultural-Entertainment for tee activities which would entice entice would which activities gulated. This interaction had interaction This gulated. arae soitos Upon associations. patriate ial centres (e.g. Stuttgart, Stuttgart, (e.g. centres ial st workers lived, stopping stopping lived, workers st lav institutions could not could institutions lav with republican with h fdrl hrce of character federal the ith boosting the sales of of sales the boosting ith wr lre wt their with large, were s a eape o these of examples cal le wt organising with elves tours, numbering up up numbering tours, e ciiis ee a were activities se Matica
CEU eTD Collection os wt aon 400 uolv vstn te eulc a celebrat Day Republic the visiting Yugoslavs 4,000 around with boast banks and industrial enterprises (such as (such enterprises industrial and banks photos etc). All Yugoslav clubs tried to take part in these ac these in part take to tried clubs Yugoslav All etc). photos would who nationalists, various for points meeting as functioned fact invited frequently were Singers emigration. political to connections Yugosla to damage political direct caused often they hand, one the On manaofprivate that was solve to had state the problem Another consumer market. sa the and one of part be to meant were they but affirmed, homeland the venues (in case of banks, like like banks, of case (in venues the ev and themselves, concerts the during promotion free got they return, accounts). 28 27 proj expensive such of viability financial sustain to order In 1970s. sporttourname while trips,field or concerts organise forces to a caps (pioneer occasions these for paraphernalia necessary In for Secretariat Federal the while area, respective the dipl with coordination in prepared carefully were celebrations whil attend, would spectators 12,500 to up th Vienna (in abroad by living workers attended were Day, Youth and Day Republic Yugoslav the of espe concerts, these of Some distance. geographical the despite wer they which of idea Yugoslav the to belonging and identity common gatherings collective massive be to meant were concerts The 26 AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 489, dok. 2725. 2725. dok. fasc.489, f.142/II, AJ, S henceforth: informacije, za sekretarijat Savezni Novosti izJugoslavije Novosti 28 hs nt ny a te utrl nt of unity cultural the was only not Thus,
, Belgrade, No. 210, 210, 19 No. Belgrade, ,
Jugobanka th December 1974, 15. 15. 1974, December Jugobanka SINF. SINF. , they recruited new customers for their savings savings their for customers new recruited they , 80 or Gorenje Gastarbeiter omto [SSINF]formation tivities, and they often joined their their joined often they and tivities, nd scarves, Yugoslav flags, Tito’s Tito’s flags, Yugoslav scarves, nd omatic consular representatives in in representatives consular omatic nts became a tradition in the earlythe in tradition a became nts cially those organised in honour in organised those cially ) sponsored part of the costs. In costs. the of part sponsored ) of compatriots, celebrating the celebrating compatriots, of gers with dubious reputation. dubious with gers to private taverns, which in in which taverns, private to ih hi cmaros in compatriots their with ects, successful Yugoslav Yugoslav successful ects, me economic system and system economic me en sold their products in in products their sold en then require purportedly purportedly require then uad o Yugoslav of ousands e an inseparable part, part, inseparable an e v reputation by their their by reputation v 27 e Stuttgart could Stuttgart e ol sn the send would ions). 26 These CEU eTD Collection Matica sing to émigrés political by September 1973, 9. 9. 1973, September grbom,” ustaškim were German trade unions, then Yugoslav or joint companies operating companies joint or Yugoslav then unions, trade German were w to and planning, event in partners reliable were institutions or p officially to was authorities the of reaction immediate The gains werefinancial the state possible. for made 32 31 30 managers(especiallyCroat suspicious cooperate with to tended this on following authorities municipal the with partnerships local und of sphere private the over control and influence per a provided area this in involvement state’s the 1960s, late the in audiences. and performers both of interests tax as such obligations financial meeting without irresponsibly, the neutral, politically were managers many if even hand, other repertoire. inappropriate perform to artists “unsuspecting” 29 unable to have concerts in many venues whose owners were connected to to connected were owners whose venues many in concerts have to unable lai the as denounced were centres Croatian various while events), rnfr a Mi (raie 13 vns o oe 1000 pcaos n 1971 in spectators 130,000 over for events 103 (organised Main am Frankfurt Interview with Predrag Gojković, conducted by the the by conducted Gojković, Predrag with Interview AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 491, dok. 2706. 2706. dok. fasc.491, f.142/II, AJ, 134/73. dok. fasc.481, f.142/II, AJ, Nikoli Milan 2777.; dok. 484, fasc. 142/II, f. AJ,
Rau ntttos ee lo nvial prnr i ti shr, althoug sphere, this in partners unavoidable also were institutions , Konzertdirektion
Večernje novosti Večernje
Ma-Ma , Belgrade, 2 Belgrade, , četnik
songs on his tavern gigs, and his refusal led to him being him to led refusal his and gigs, tavern his on songs , Volkshochschule and others), and Volkshochschule , nd September 1973. 1973. September 30 ć, “Zarada na – dugovima,” dugovima,” – na “Zarada ć, As the demand for entertainment events increased increased events entertainment for demand the As author, Belgrade, 19 Belgrade, author, 81 Gastarbeiter Thus, Predrag Gojković was pressed pressed was Gojković Predrag Thus, th ian roscribe in 1972 which agencies agencies which 1972 in roscribe April 2012.; S. Đonović, “Menadžer s “Menadžer Đonović, S. 2012.; April lives, while at the same time time same the at while lives, s r es ad hs ut the hurt thus and fees, or es rs of hostile emigration, to be to emigration, hostile of rs hat degree. The most trusted trusted most The degree. hat 31 Matica y often ran their businesses businesses their ran often y especially Večernje novosti Večernje fect chance to expand its its expand to chance fect “scale” of confidence. confidence. of “scale” in Germany ( Germany in during the MASPOK the during émigrés. te allegedly they h Yugotours -1973), , Belgrade, 20 Belgrade, , 29 Lipmann Lipmann O the On 32 from with th
CEU eTD Collection place by organising these events. The acuteness of the problem l problem the of acuteness The events. these organising by place ui see bod nldd ue efrig es n epnie ticke expensive and fees performing huge included abroad scene music the sending hand, other the On environment. own their in events cultural t were who workers, guest Yugoslav of agglomerations smaller with often routes these Hence, concentrated. were Yugoslavs most where i cities biggest the only visited tours these demands, financial and Fur year. a twice than often more organised be not could they staff), unfeasible financially proved diffi logistical and tours costs large their to Due inappropriate. “blockbuster” the However, involved parties all known to who wished cooperate organs. to official with
500Ygsa iasprcnet wiete ticke the while concert, per dinars Yugoslav 55,000 marks. (AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 479, dok. 2369). 2369). dok. fasc.479, f.142/II, (AJ, marks. 36 34 35 occurring sphere. this in condemnedat the meetings ofwhich of the the Presidency money-ma Yugoslavia, wanted they phenomenon the project, whole the of commercialisation ulti an as it saw who Committee, Coordinating the of members some of account on wealth ar accumulate certain to tried that institutions complained who clubs, Yugoslav of representatives w practice This standard. living emigrants’ the to blow additional means. all by avoided 33 marks. Savezna Republika Nemačka (Henceforth: SRN), fascik SRN), (Henceforth: Nemačka Republika Savezna Some singers considered to be among the “cheapest” the among be to considered singers Some poslova inostranih Ministarstva arhiv Diplomatski AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 484, Sednica Predsedništva SF Predsedništva Sednica fasc.484, f.142/II, AJ, unclassified. fasc.475, f.142/II, AJ, 35 The presence of promoters of Yugoslav industrial products at con at products industrial Yugoslav of promoters of presence The
33 Thus the “appropriate” channels for financing the concerts wer concerts the financing for channels “appropriate” the Thus 36
RJ, 8 RJ, ts for the events tended to cost even more than 10 10 than more even cost to tended events the for ts (Henceforth: DAMIP), Politička arhiva (Henceforth: (Henceforth: arhiva Politička DAMIP), (Henceforth: la 1973-83, dokument 9/47474. 9/47474. dokument 1973-83, la 82 performers, such as Lola Novaković, charged as muc as charged Novaković, Lola as such performers, th May 1973. 1973. May culties (because of numerous touring touring numerous of (because culties Gastarbeiters’ ed to serious discussions even discussions serious to ed n FR Germany or the places places the or Germany FR n thermore, due to technical technical to due thermore, as often criticised by the the by criticised often as mate sign of a capitalist capitalist a of sign mate hus deprived of having having of deprived hus detoured around places places around detoured hard earned German German earned hard o one i te first the in counter to it ad vn state even and tists ts, certs irritated even irritated certs n ideologically and 34 big names of the the of names big hc wr an were which king practices practices king e made e German German PA), PA), h as as h CEU eTD Collection Estrada was “stealing their profit” by following the tour the following by profit” their “stealing was Estrada bec Zagreb Radio of complaint the as such arguments, harsh rather ensembles from the country who wished to travel abroad for sma for of abroad travel to wished who country sums the from ensembles large allotted SSINF and Committee Coordinating The sphere.
38 39 events. both fol on attendance or the lowering night thus closely, same the on city same the in perform would tours endorsed frequently happened It routes. and schedule their in collided often tours year first the In created. be to had events of calendar uniform and t in interested ensembles of kinds all of proliferation the With lived. amateurism, ti SSRNJ of instructions official in spare proclaimed were emigrants of sphere the to applied as self-management, were they workers’ but money, less far require initiatives these did only team sport bands, music troupes, dancing amateur establishing We in communities Yugoslav of initiatives local the were resource to as well as tours, smaller to policy cultural their ins state the events), similar other at ones than more cost not could Coordinating the by decree the after (however, people of thousands sti stations radio by organised tours “mammoth” the Although Centres. f newly and clubs Yugoslav to transferred was initiative the and sm to concepts tour “big” from shifted focus the 1972/1973, in Therefore, 37 AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 481, dok. 014-2335/1. 014-2335/1. dok. fasc.481, f.142/II, AJ, 2687. dok. fasc.489, f.142/II, AJ, 200. dok. fasc.707, f.142/II, AJ, 38 as yet another way of keeping them within the system in whi in system the within them keeping of way another yet as
83 Gastarbeiter 39 Sometimes these collisions resulted in resulted collisions these Sometimes Zvuci rodnog kraja rodnog Zvuci as an inseparable part of Yugoslav Yugoslav of part inseparable an as s and other leisure activities. Not Not activities. leisure other and s self-organisation in the cultural cultural the in self-organisation ounded Cultural-Informational Cultural-Informational ounded ll or no fees.no or ll ouring abroad, a coordinated coordinated a abroad, ouring s of their existence, various various existence, their of s titutions gave preference in preference gave titutions e Aaer ciiis of activities Amateur me. lo efc eape of examples perfect also st German cities aimed at aimed cities German st ause the tour of Belgrade Belgrade of tour the ause ll survived and attracted and survived ll omte, h tickets the Committee, that two officially officially two that money to small small to money oe ec other each lowed ch they no longer no they ch along their route their along 37 aller-sized ones, aller-sized Another target Another CEU eTD Collection performance organised by Croatian Croatian by organised performance umr oias we ms of most when holidays, summer allotment quotas for their own ensembles.own their for quotas allotment the among bickering internal to led inevitably it although events, attenda the increasing helped activities cultural-entertainment a home” are they like feel abroad workers our “make to unknown,” the into was events these of aims primary the of One system. Yugoslav treat to authorities Yugoslav of intention strong a to testified ev entertainment organising in clubs workers’ self-organised and dipl institutions, state Yugoslav of cooperation and coordination The came direct and as its ideological logistical f under surveillance, as well l a and activities, these of organisation the in partner unavoidable vacation. coordinated calendar is made by the beginning of each year.each of beginning the by made is calendar coordinated C Coordinating federal the to territory their from ensembles for December provisional submit henceforth would SSRNJ the of branches republican behind reason the were complaints scheduling The 45 44 43 42 41 events. state-supported of attendees potential “divert” they the schedule to émigrés political of habit the before helpless opening. difference, time week a only within 40 AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 489, dok. 2687. 2687. dok. fasc.489, f.142/II, AJ, 5/49611. dok. fasc.1973-81, SRN, PA, DAMIP, AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 488, dok. 2745. dok. fasc.488, f.142/II, AJ, 3.35/79. dok. fasc.S-344, f.142/II, AJ, 014/ and 014-2765/1 dok. fasc.489, f.142/II, AJ, 09-55/1-1975. dok. fasc.707, f.142/II, AJ, 41 42 The inexperienced concert organisers sometimes scheduled concertsscheduled sometimes concertinexperienced organisers The
Gastarbeiter Matica 40 r hn lvn wres i nt ted dance a attend not did workers Slovene when or 2806/1. 2806/1. 44 because on the same night a Slovene club was was club Slovene a night same the on because Nevertheless, Yugoslav authorities still remained still authorities Yugoslav Nevertheless, 84 ol tae bc t Ygsai t spend to Yugoslavia to back travel would 45 Still, the Yugoslav state became an became Yugoslavstate the Still, ir own events in such a way that that way a such in events own ir 43 hs wres s pr o the of part a as workers these nce and overall success of the the of success overall and nce This centralisation of planning of centralisation This ommittee, so that the federally the that so ommittee, arge part of the touring market market touring the of part arge “to bring a piece of homeland of piece a bring “to ents for economic emigrants emigrants economic for ents calendars of the tour offers offers tour the of calendars republics concerning the the concerning republics inancial control. control. inancial 92 eiin ht all that decision 1972 omatic representatives representatives omatic nd that “they have have “they that nd during winter or duringwinter CEU eTD Collection rmt te rdtoa clue f uolv ainlte ad hs m thus and nationalities Yugoslav of culture traditional the promote Radičević utr hd o e rsne i a oils pcaig Tu, the Thus, packaging. socialist a in presented be to had culture comp their as collective same the to belonging emigrants’ prima the of Although one implications. anticommunist or nationalist cultura of repertoire the monitored strictly performances, the diplom Yugoslav the as well as directors, tour the hand, other the On re of system the through achieved was this and mother-state, the of the reflect to had West the in workers guest for entertainment s other many with As them. in part took that staff artistic conte to attention special paid institutions state Yugoslav tours, orga the concerning issues logistical and technical from Apart Mirror a as Tensions Tours Music – Contention of Songs 4.3 47 return of authorities the inclusion, this By confines. geographic its of outside spea mentally and ideologically was, audience this that proof a func its outside was who audience external an to system Yugoslav the us.” by forgotten been not 46 content with the cultural mission of our troupe.”mission content the cultural with social-political all and [….] meaning ideological-political deep AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 707, dok. 2892/1. dok. fasc.707, f.142/II, AJ, golema,” tuga “Nostalgija, Serafim, Živulović Žika Gastarbeiter from Zemun concluded in their report on their tour in the West that that West the in tour their on report their in concluded Zemun from
home would become more imminent. would become imminent. home more 46 Hence, these celebrations were not meant as a form of pre of form a as meant not were celebrations these Hence,
Politika 85 47
, Belgrade, 5 Belgrade, , atriots back home, the content of this this of content the home, back atriots pheres in socialist Yugoslavia, the the Yugoslavia, socialist in pheres federal and multi-ethnic character multi-ethnic and federal th king, a part of that system, albeit albeit system, that of part a king, July 1969, 9. July1969, nt of the shows, as well as to the to as well as shows, the of nt l manifestations for potential potential for manifestations l atr o or oit are society our of factors iain f og n dance and song of nisation publican quotas for singers. singers. for quotas publican acn ensemble dancing ry aims of the tours was to to was tours the of aims ry atic staff who would visit visit would who staff atic tioning. They were rather were They tioning. hoped that the eventual eventual the that hoped iti te es of sense the aintain f Interethnic of “the tour had a had tour “the Branko senting
CEU eTD Collection rvne Ksv ad ovdn. n ie ih hs dcnrlsn decisions decentralising these with line In Vojvodina. and Kosovo provinces practice, this meant that each of the six republics would send would republics six the of each that meant this practice, protested by some of its members, because it was not deemed deemed not was it because members, its of some by protested h qoa ytm a rvsd n h bgnig f 93 i wk o the a of of wake increase in significant 1973, a of inaugurated beginning which the changes in constitutional revised was system quota The
o the for 49 the among dissatisfaction some only host would country that of regions different the but Germany, all from troupes that happened it so beginning, the in unilateral H perform. to invited be country the of parts all from ensembles i an was it institutions, federal by sponsored tours other for As and well, migrantsencouraged rather to than intermin be to side side, by presented as level cultural a on essentialised increasingly par which and troupes stations’ dancing and singers the chose directors tour The 48 edn fwr rit wo ol peet h clue rm several from culture the present would who artists fewer sending dec to possibility the discussed SSRNJ of Committee Coordinating uni and individuality their emphasised it time same the at nations, Mcdna sn a wl a a Macedonian.” a as well as song Macedonian a countries see to would be the from republics. able artists each of e in living emigrants that so routes, tour of planning organised more prob this was 1972 in Only residence. of place their to ensembles Ibid. Ibid. 2369. dok. fasc.479, f.142/II, AJ, Gastarbeiter Maticas’
Atog ti sse ws upsd o rmt te nt o Yugoslav of unity the promote to supposed was system this Although . or srcl b te ytm f eulcn uts n recipr and quotas republican of system the by strictly tours Gastarbeiter
coming from the republics which did not send send not did which republics the from coming 86 48 n hs a, h rpbia bres were borders republican the way, this In one singer to represent its culture its represent to singer one probable that “a Croat could sing could Croat “a that probable 49 ifrn fl taiin were traditions folk different six republics would go to FR to go would republics six
owever, this reciprocity was was reciprocity this owever, lem solved by a tighter and and tighter a by solved lem mperative for the state that that state the for mperative rease the costs of tours by by tours of costs the rease eulc, t a strongly was it republics, uns. hs we the when Thus, queness. very region of the host host the of region very gled. tnm fr Serbian for utonomy of them. This caused This them. of ticipated in the radio radio the in ticipated impending impending te tour the , ocity. In In ocity.
CEU eTD Collection provinces were supposed to sing songs from their own regions. As the As regions. own their from songs sing to supposed were provinces that Croatianthat dances ensemble northern “peculiarly from specialised” in Mannh from article the like path, pan-Yugoslav the from strayed used were press German West from reports the even Sometimes, was required that artistic content should reflect the multicultural charact multicultural content reflectwas should the required artistic that touring of structure pan-Yugoslav the Wherever emigration. economic all the concerning policy” „incorrect an to end an as described 53 52 51 the and ensembles between bickering internal for used also was c a of underrepresentation the of accusation the extreme, another On s Committee’ Coordinating the off taken cases, extreme most the woul programtheir in Yugoslavregions the all represent not did which Coordinating the of meetings the at discussed regularly and seriously, republ their from dances watch not trou could who dancing workers “discriminated” of repertoire the examined committees On republican alike. ensembles dance and song of tours “a smaller was and programs caravans artistic of character pan-Yugoslav The n Serbs. although often, were representatives Vojvodinian while Albanians, pa artists Kosovar that “self-explanatory” was it government, non-Serbian their of rights the on grounded was provinces Serbian the Pr Serbia only represent to singers Serbian confined organisers 50 014-1661/1. dok. fasc.481, f.142/II, AJ, Ibid. 387. dok. fasc.479, f.142/II, AJ, Mannheimer Lokalnachrichten Mannheimer
50
The first West German tour of a dancing troop dancing a of tour German West first The
, 24 ,
th May 1977, 18. 18. May 1977, 87 Šote rticipating in these tours should be should tours these in rticipating from Priština in May 1973 was 1973 May in Priština from otment of touring ensembles for for ensembles touring of otment ir appeals to the authorities for for authorities the to appeals ir must” for big radio stations’ stations’ radio big for must” oper, while artists from the the from artists while oper, to spot the ensembles which which ensembles the spot to eim newspaper which noted which newspaper eim upport for touring abroad. touring for upport e, n cmlit by complaints and pes, staff was not possible, it it possible, not was staff d be reprimanded, and in in and reprimanded, be d er of theer homeland. of ertain nation or republic or nation ertain Committee. The groups The Committee. increased autonomy for for autonomy increased republics. several occasions, the the occasions, several t xlsvl, non- exclusively, ot ics were taken very very taken were ics ainlte t self- to nationalities 53
51
52
CEU eTD Collection esn cp o sae wie eae igr hd o er five- wear to had singers female while stage, on cap) peasant rsue n eba snes Tu, eba snes ol sometime would singers Serbian Thus, singers. Serbian on pressure from certain areas, which depended on the ethnic structure of of structure ethnic the on depended which areas, certain from the and republics of interests local the between balance to had ensembles. certain for conditions touring better for lobby to order alway were legs tour of length and fees tour, per paid artists utemr,ml igr eentalwdt wear to allowed t not were singers to male Furthermore, referring lyrics contained which songs sing to them allow Belgrade other than Radio Serbia from singers towards Thus, stricter much reportedly patriotism. of façade the under dwelling tensions control this of extent the in differences still were there tour, tour dir approved the by be to had all performers of repertoire Although the FRG. hi ntoa attires. national their manz other international numbers, who rose to fame to rose who numbers, international other manz 56 as have to security state Yugoslav the by suspected t during and USA, the in 1966-1969 period the spent 55 ne stations radio other interestingly, more Even republics. other not were outfits stage and repertoire the concerning restrictions Zagreb. Radio of tour long 24-day a to compared days, t their that complained ensembles Vojvodinian and Slovenian the while of out that 73supported KosKosovar was ensembles, complained from one ensembles only perfor of calendar the on discussions the During endorsement. financial their meeting points. [N.B.] [N.B.] meetingpoints. their 54 Predrag Cune Gojković (b. 1932) is one of the most the of one is 1932) (b. Gojković Cune Predrag the by conducted Gojković, withPredrag Interview 3.35/79. dok. fasc.S-344, f.142/II, AJ,
55 codn t Srin igr rda Gojković, Predrag singer Serbian to According
sociated himself with political emigrants and alleg and emigrants political with himself sociated in the early 1960s with the hit song song hit the with 1960s early the in author, Belgrade, 19 Belgrade, author, hose years, as well as immediately upon his return, his upon immediately as well as years, hose famous performers of traditional Serbian music, as music, Serbian traditional of performers famous 88 šajkača 54 aaees uh s h nme of number the as such Parameters , which testify to the subtle ethnic subtle the to testify which , s compared on a national basis in basis national a on compared s th or April 2012. 2012. April applied to singers coming from from coming singers to applied Gastarbeiter real demand for artists coming artists for demand real one sas n h rbos of ribbons the on stars pointed radio stations, and would not would and stations, radio šubara The federal institutions thus institutions federal The he terms Serbs or Serbia. Serbia. or Serbs terms he e eecsd hs ot of sort this exercised ver fn tesle i a in themselves find s ours lasted only several several only lasted ours (a traditional Serbian traditional (a mances for 1974, the the 1974, for mances Kafu mi draga ispeci draga mi Kafu in various parts of of parts various in 56 ectors prior to the the ectors to prior hs kns of kinds these directors were were directors edly sang at at sang edly he was he well of of well ovo, . He . CEU eTD Collection previously banned by Radio Belgrade, even such controversial pieces pieces controversial such even Belgrade, Radio by banned previously we they concerts Zagreb Radio their on that situation paradoxical t him causing émigrés, political Croatian and priests Catholic procla was Vukov incidents, such of condemnation official his Despite and Herzegovina to Radio Zagreb tour in late 1971.late in tour Zagreb Radio to Herzegovina and Music Life of Yugoslavia 1940-1989], (Belgrade: Mla (Belgrade: 1940-1989], Yugoslavia ofLife Music Nevertheless, the undoubtedly ideological nature of tours for tours of nature ideological undoubtedly the Nevertheless, was the induced top. from themse ensembles and directors tour of self-censorship of consequence how questionable also is It authorities. station radio respective ideologi the on solely depended but backing, federal enjoy not did ca it singers, certain among injustice of feelings subtle 60 59 58 sphere. banishe was pe he sources, his political from in coming started excesses accusations nationalist allegedly the about concerts his com to due lynch, media relentless a of target a became he 1971, in na and reformist the of time the at Yet, 1960s. the scenein music sing prominent most the of one was Vukov Vice Croatia. from coming repertoire “inappropriate” with singer another of case curious Croatia” “Free chanted nationalists Croatian Main, am Frankfurt 57 Serbian patriotism. or Drina) the to Interview with Predrag Gojković, conducted by the the by conducted Gojković, withPredrag Interview DAMIP, PA, SRN, fasc. 1971-103, dok. 8/440367. dok.8/440367. fasc.1971-103, SRN, PA, DAMIP, Luković, Petar Vjesnik u srijedu u Vjesnik 58 Due to his tarnished reputation, Bosnian reputation, tarnished his to Due
Bolja prošlost. Prizori iz muzičkog života Jugoslav života muzičkog iz Prizori prošlost. Bolja , Zagreb, No. 382, 27382, No. Zagreb, , gae e delije se Igrale 57 Even thoughreciprocity lack Even eventually this of censorship music ignited in
th October 1971, 1. 1. 1971, October Hre Dne) otn nepee a ates f narrow of anthems as interpreted often Danced), (Heroes author, Belgrade, 19 Belgrade, author, dost, 1989), 93-101. 93-101. 1989), dost, 89 Matica 59 On this same tour, during the concert in in concert the during tour, same this On n be implied that such different policies policies different such that implied be n refused to send singers from Bosnia from singers send to refused ije 1940-1989 ije th April 2012. 2012. April o be branded a state enemy by by enemy state a branded be o tionalist turbulences in Croatia Croatia in turbulences tionalist and political views, this time time this views, political and and cheered only to Vukov. to only cheered and cal rigidity and attitude of the the of attitude and rigidity cal Gastarbeiter plaints from the attendees of attendees the from plaints e emte t sn songs sing to permitted re much this practice was a a was practice this much d from the SFRY public public SFRY the from d rformances. When these these When rformances. as [Better Past. Scenes from the the from Scenes Past. [Better lves, and how much it it much how and lves, Marš na Drinuna Marš ing stars of Yugoslav Yugoslav of stars ing imed an associate of of associate an imed is visible in the in visible is (March 60
CEU eTD Collection eaiu ad ttmns o h adec. vn hn uo wud eln te audi the decline would Vukov when Even audience. the to statements and behaviour profits to charity and sing at official Yugoslav celebrati Yugoslav official at sing and charity to profits on the presence of the members of the “hostile” emigration and emigration “hostile” the of members the of presence the on con Vukov’s attended diligently who informants had authorities Yugoslav s en “miuu” n “elpeeiae pooain gis S against provocation “well-premeditated and “ambiguous” being as words his nationalist, deemed were that songs sing to requests 64 63 62 return in and homeland, the in rehabilitated be to consul the asked then w but anywhere Croatia imagine never could he adamant being him anti-Yu their for him use to wanted they because tours his organised actual was he that claiming Germany, FR in diplomats Yugoslav the for vote audience the during as such reper embarrassing some had also program official the from Vukov concerts during the 1971scaVukov’s whosinger, organisedform the all managers but Croatian intentiona Vukov that officials Yugoslav assured only which concerts, the with coincide to scheduled curiously sometimes were tours These Croati or Church Catholic the by organised usually Europe, Western exile this During France. to immigrate to decided i he air whereas the off taken were songs Vukov’ prosecuted, legally never was na Croatian of purge 1971 the of aftermath the in authorities Yugoslav 61 mgat samd h vtn tces ih r-uo slogans. pro-Vukov with tickets voting the swarmed emigrants DAMIP, PA, SRN, fasc. 1972-93, dok. 8/439347 8/439347 dok. fasc.1972-93, SRN, PA, DAMIP, 13/421848. dok. fasc.1973-82, SRN, PA, DAMIP, 8/439347 dok. fasc.1972-93, SRN, PA, DAMIP, 2745. dok. fasc.488, f.142/II, AJ, Gastarbeiter
from attending them.attending from
Zlatni glasovi Zlatni 61 The SSRNJ disassociated itself from not only the only not from itself disassociated SSRNJ The 90 competition, when apparently Croatian Croatian apparently when competition, ons. Although the consul assured him him assured consul the Although ons. were interpreted in these reports reports these in interpreted were h hd eea tus around tours several had he , priests, as well as on Vukov’s Vukov’s on as well as priests, ly in conflict with priests who priests with conflict in ly 64 cussions for tour organizers, organizers, tour for cussions n 93 h approached he 1973, In ithin Yugoslavia. Vukov Vukov Yugoslavia. ithin an émigré organisations. organisations. émigré an goslav activities, despite activities, goslav FRY.” tionalists. Although he Although tionalists. te hl country, whole the n lly wished to distract distract to wished lly he would donate his his donate would he ofca” Yugoslav “official” 63 certs and reported reported and certs The ousting of of ousting The ndal. ence’s 62
CEU eTD Collection en octe o te uolv akt itrs fr i subside him for interest market, Yugoslav the on boycotted being Europe. wit up” “fed already got they as workers, guest the influencing there that proclaim victoriously then could authorities The émigrés. Besides Vukov, the BesidesVukov, 69 68 67 66 dolara,” on not were which events the all that was scandals these after émigrés. political with coquetting of allegations be to wanted who singers all by supported strongly was campaign Yugosl of honour the “tarnished who singers the against press the in country. aside cast being of years few a him took It songs. nationalist e political to connections purported his on return, his upon security interrogated was 1960s, late the in abroad years three spent decisions. institutional not taste,” “popular the of was rehabilitation his Yugoslavia, to safely return could he that 65 severely criticised for allegedly inappropriate demeanour durin demeanour inappropriate allegedly for criticised severely Belgrade, 6 Belgrade, authorities) and posing in a royal uniform sitting on a cannon.a on sitting uniform royal a in posing and authorities) were probl nationalism and monarchy to the allusion (both king Serbian music” of for reprimanded was who ŽivkovićTozovac, Predrag caseof the was “Tozovac na niskom tronu,” naniskom tronu,” “Tozovac dok.4/410017. fasc.1975-100, SRN, PA, DAMIP, 9/424717. dok. fasc.1973-83, SRN, PA, DAMIP, “Menadžeri i narukvice,” narukvice,” i “Menadžeri the by conducted Gojković, withPredrag Interview Večernje novosti Večernje 66 68
th In 1973, the Union of Entertainment Workers (Estrada) undertook a large a undertook (Estrada) Workers Entertainment of Union the 1973, In September 1973, 7. 7. 1973, September
, Belgrade, 31 Belgrade, , enfant terrible enfant eene novosti Večernje Večernje novosti Večernje
st August 1973, 9.; S. Đonović, “Preko noći – zvezde, – noći “Preko Đonović, S. 9.; 1973, August of the Yugoslav music scene, some other artists were also were artists other scene,some music Yugoslav the of Blrd, 8 Belgrade, , , Belgrade, 1 Belgrade, , author, Belgrade, 19 Belgrade, author, 91 69 65 st th September 1973, 9. 9. 1973, September h uofca rl ta ws implemented was that rule unofficial The September 1973, 9.; S. Đonović, “Ugled za šaku šaku za “Ugled Đonović, S. 9.; 1973, September However, by 1975, after several years of years several after 1975, by However, th on several occasions by the state state the by occasions several on April 2012 April to rebuild his reputation in the the in reputation his rebuild to 67 the official calendar of SSRNJ SSRNJ of calendar official the cynically regarded as a matter matter a as regarded cynically g the g Predrag Cune Gojković, who Gojković, Cune Predrag h his constant touring around around touring constant his h was no more danger of him him of danger more no was migrants and performing of performing and migrants d even among the political the among even d promoting himself as “the “the as himself promoting Gastarbeiter disassociated from the the from disassociated avia abroad,” and this this and abroad,” avia ” Večernje novosti Večernje ematic for the forematic the tours. Such Such tours. campaign , CEU eTD Collection dcto o te okn cas hog clue wih a se b t by battlefields.” main political ideologists“the as one of seen was which culture, through class working the of education actions “enlightenment of types other several with them enhancing 72 71 hardly culturally still were masses These cities. and towns to people of masses the among especially country, the of regions gues of masses ge vast popular most the of one remained bymusic folk itself, Yugoslavia consumed be to likely and organise to easy mode such because time leisure emigrants’ fill to means main troupes dancing folk and singers Yugoslav famous of concerts Music of content cultural the modified policy-makers the missi cultural a as serve to supposed also were events music d component ideological the from Apart exclusive. mutually outright non-c being as juxtaposed even eventually and discourse, institutional distinguished more and more prob being this started with parts “entertainment” dealing of years several after However, abroad.” w our for activities “cultural-entertainment institutions Yugoslav officia was what of part all were troupes b amateur performances organised smaller as well as tours, dance and song Big BetweenNostalgic Entertainment and Modernisin 4.4 careers.damaging the singers’ to wa them in participation thus and line,” “in politically not were 70 DAMIP, PA, SRN, fasc. 1973-81, dok. 5/49611. 5/49611. dok. fasc.1973-81, SRN, PA, DAMIP, Šuvar, Stipe 014/2828. dok. fasc.S-344, f.142/II, AJ, Svijet obmana Svijet
[World of Deceit], (Zagreb: August Cesarec, 1986), AugustCesarec, (Zagreb: Deceit], of [World
70
92 Gastarbeiter 71
on among the guest workers, and workers, guest the among on who moved from the countryside the from moved who l cle i te ouet of documents the in called lly -oriented activities accordingly, activities -oriented of entertainment was relatively relatively was entertainment of s undesirable, and potentially and undesirable, s orkers temporarily employed employed temporarily orkers ,” aimed at emancipation and and emancipation at aimed ,” nres for a long time in many in time long a for nres lcl nebe ad self- and ensembles local y touched by the wave of of wave the by touched 391. 391. g Cultureg from each other in the the in other each from e, h “utr” and “culture” the lem, escribed above, these these above, escribed omplementary, if not not if omplementary, were first chosen as a as chosen first were he Yugoslav cultural cultural Yugoslav he workers. t 72 Within CEU eTD Collection be the target audience for the music which celebrated pastora celebrated which music the for audience target the be stanovništva, stanovništva, 1971. Jugoslavije stanovništva popisu communal 10.5 hours of revolutionary and patriotic songs, and only 9 hours of popular music.10.5 hours only ofand revolutionary and patriotic songs, 9hours of popular Fancier than Paris – Folk Music in Socialist Yugosl in Socialist Music Folk – Paris than Fancier 78 77 w for (32.2% high-qualified or qualified were 45.6% 76 1973), Sveučilišta, geografiju za Institut (Zagreb: Y of population whole the for 48% to compared data, 75 74 musi of amount typical for Yugoslavia the from seen be can population of segment overwhelming The popularity society. host merely the with, interacting be to proved soon culture folk promoting on insistence of time spare the organising of means main the hand,as insufficient one the on However, Gastarbeiter lyrics. down-to-earth and humorous the to migrated who background rural workers a from coming the of most that fact the Considering danci youth of plentiful boast could Yugoslavia in settlement every as such genres “modern” more of advents or urbanisation 73 literature.or arts as such activities, cultural of forms other mtik društvaumetnička ( rose to stardom with the expansion of the Yugoslavexpansion mass mediarose industry. and the stardom the with to record kafana In 1971, 38.9% of 38.9% 1971, In w agricultural were emigrants economic of 56% Over 72. Ibid., Nar – Pariza od lepše moje “Selo Janjetović, Zoran AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. A-747, unclassified. unclassified. fasc.A-747, f.142/II, AJ, 78. Pariza,” od lepše moje “Selo Janjetović, ) offered convenient venues for proliferation of folk singers, many of many singers, folk of proliferation for venues convenient offered ) Heim 65). 65). , knowing that most of them worked on hard manual jobs, often overtime often jobs, manual hard on worked them of most that knowing ,
Gastarbeiter ghetto-like communities and faced numerous difficulties in integr in difficulties numerous faced and communities ghetto-like Gastarbeiter seilsd n tnc og n dne wie h clue f “tavern of culture the while dance, and song ethnic in specialised ) were non-qualified or semi-qualified workers (34.5 workers semi-qualified or non-qualified were -oriented radio shows in FR Germany: 45.5 hours of folk music, music, folk of hours 45.5 Germany: FR in shows radio -oriented
Ygsa Wres bod codn t te 91 Yug 1971 the to According Abroad Workers [Yugoslav 75 75 and had a fairly low educational level, educational low fairly a had and 77 uh netimn ws l te oe prpit for appropriate more the all was entertainment Such 69. 69. avia], avia], ugoslavia. Source: Ivo Baučić, Ivo Source: ugoslavia. hole SFRY) (Baučić, (Baučić, SFRY) hole 93 da uia scjlsikj uolvj” M Vill [My Jugoslaviji” socijalističkoj u muzika odna Godišnjak za društvenu istoriju društvenu za Godišnjak orkers before embarking abroad, according to the 19 the to according abroad, embarking before orkers On the other hand, it was emphasisedwas it hand, other the On schlager l life and simple values, often with with often values, simple and life l Gastarbeiter Radnici u inozemstvu prema popisu popisu prema inozemstvu u Radnici music or rock.or music g nebe ( ensembles ng of folk tunes among this tunes among this folk of Radnici u inozemstvu prema inozemstvu u Radnici % on a national level), while while level), national a on % 3 (2010), 74-76. 74-76. (2010), 3 76 76 , because it excluded excluded it because , et ee actually were West hus et from sent hours c they were prone to prone were they whom eventually whom 78 ating into, or or into, ating oslav Census], Census], oslav 73
Basically kulturno- , lived in in lived , 74 -going”
age age 71
CEU eTD Collection political thepurpose in poorlypolitical rallies, of as these D could be visited seen combined. orchestras philharmonic priredbi za radnike u inostranstvu, 29 zau inostranstvu, radnike priredbi because they “were not interested in 30 minutes of Tito-relate of minutes 30 in interested not “were they because activities, whileactivities, the had “culture” unjustifiably been part neglected. eleme “entertainment” the to given been had attention much “too that abroad the workers events andentertainment for artistic Committee’s Coordinating the In 1970s. w abroad workers engaging of ways alternative why is This
83 82 81 80 [ euphoria wor cause guest for events that concluded Committee Coordinating the 1972, In of most by ignored was event The people. 80 only by attended 1972, of concerts than people more attract could Armenulić Silvana as such spectator enraged the calm not could speaker host the even that singers folk after sing to came that stars opera the stage f The t uncommon ungrounded. not was it and not one, popular most were the always concerns was concerts such that signs many were There cultural of notion the including country, the developing of purpose the workers sending that communists Yugoslav of presupposition ideological a SSINF major the of Committee, sensibilities rural the appeasing that Coordinating Yugoslavia the of meetings the on repeatedly 79 spectacle afterwards due to a venue.to small spectacle dueafterwards J f 12I, ac 41 dk 0423/, Društve 014-2335/1, dok. 481, fasc. 142/II, f. AJ, 2369. dok. fasc.479, f.142/II, AJ, AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 723, dok. 527-2519/453. 527-2519/453. dok. fasc.723, f.142/II, AJ, 582/4. dok. fasc.484, f.142/II, AJ, Novosti izJugoslavije Novosti
dert , Belgrade, No. 210, 210, 19 No. Belgrade, , ad tvr-ie topee bt ed o mgat’ dcto a education emigrants’ to lead but atmosphere, tavern-like a and ]
th December 1972. 1972. December 82 Such a penchant for folk music started hurting even the even hurting started music folk for penchant a Such th December 1974, 15. 15. 1974, December 83 oil gemn o te raiain f cultural- of organisation the on agreement Social
i ooo o raiaii utrouenči i zab i kulturno-umetničkih organizaciji o dogovor ni 94 Nada Mamula and Nedeljko Bilkić, so Bilkić, Nedeljko and Mamula Nada , issued in December 1972 it was stated was stated 1972it December , issued in ere sought in the beginning of the the of beginning the in sought ere d speeches,” without any dancing dancing any without speeches,” d ity of emigrants went against the the against went emigrants of ity s. 81 ” of the Belgrade and Zagreb and Belgrade the of Performances of folk stars folk of Performances 80
modernisation as well. as modernisation ay of Youth celebration of Youthcelebration ay hat audience booed off off booed audience hat nt of guest workers’ workers’ guest of nt abroad should serve serve should abroad nd Presidency of of Presidency nd oa Yugoslavs local kers should not not should kers olk part of the the of part olk avnih avnih nd nd 79
CEU eTD Collection be prone to alcoholism, violence and lecherousness. Low artistic qualit artistic Low lecherousness. and violence alcoholism, to prone be efres nt ny igr, u as isrmnait, uh s c as such instrumentalists, also but singers, only (not performers efre cascl ui pee ad im crs playe scores film and pieces music classical performed events and brotherhood and unity themes.unity and brotherhood and events revolving theatre, Yugoslav the of stars by plays and Mayakovski) recitals patriotic by introduced also was content dogmatic More German towns, playing interesting adaptations of Yugoslav revoluti Yugoslav of adaptations interesting playing towns, German against the taste of a part ofagainst the the audience.” taste of a part them dumber.”them 90 89 88 86 85 87 ensemble folk the by exemplified created, was culture concert into introduced were folk than other genres Music-wise, of stereotyping frequent to due important also was concerts [ lutes be also will “they because Westerners, to culture Yugoslav of [of feeding “constant because enlightenment, 84 Yugoslavia. politica causing for also but audiences, of taste the spoiling for s io oa, ie uo, ođ Mraoi ad others.” and Marjanović Đorđe Vukov, Vice Kovač, Mišo as uolv okr abroad. workers e Yugoslav or stars folk the along perform to invited were Samardžiski)
AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 489, dok. 014/2806/1. dok. fasc.489, f.142/II, AJ, Ibid. 2369. dok. fasc.479, f.142/II, AJ, AJ, f. 142/II, fasc. 481, dok. 2378. 2378. dok. fasc.481, f.142/II, AJ, unclassified. fasc.A-280, f.142, AJ, 3496/1. dok. fasc.707, f.142/II, AJ, unclassified. fasc.S-345, f.142/II, AJ, tamburamo 86 h ielgcl set f h porm hd o e sapnd even “sharpened, be to had programs the of aspect ideological The
84 The insistence on folk dances and music was also seen as a wrong presentat a wasmusic as also seen and folk dances The insistence on ], as if it were all we knew,” even if top-notch singers were singers top-notch if even knew,” we all were it if as ], 88 n lcrc utr rhsr ws ruh i 17 t tu north tour to 1975 in brought was orchestra guitar electric An
90 87 A peculiar amalgam of folklore and modern “high” modern and folklore of amalgam peculiar A
95 Gastarbeiter Oro d with an ethnic touch. Much more more Much touch. ethnic an with d ] with folklore would only make make only would folklore with ] Gastarbeiter rm rnfr a Mi, which Main, am Frankfurt from bored always seeing us playing playing us seeing always bored 85 l damage to the reputation of reputation the to damage l (including even such poets as as poets such even (including h etra ipeso of impression external The ven have solo concerts for for concerts solo have ven onary and patriotic songs.patriotic and onary nrbs vrus Ljupčo virtuoso ontrabass programs. Classical music music Classical programs. rud h revolutionary the around y was blamed not only not blamed was y by German media to to media German by performing, “such “such performing, f t went it if ion 89
CEU eTD Collection be interpreted as a part of the general strategy of the of strategy general the of part a as interpreted be oua icus nYgsai adi otYgsa cutis as countries post-Yugoslav in (and Yugoslavia in discourse popular in Serbia], inSerbia], history was being made behind the people’s backs.”people’s the behind made being was history age the overcome to and culture, become would itself in which environment, in ladder cultural the up class working whole the of ascendance some more “complex” and “modern” modes of artistic expression to to expression artistic of modes “modern” and “complex” more some cultural activiti migrants’ element of folkloric carefullyto subdue the authorit Yugoslav of policies the from discerned be can what However, 94 93 Identities. Contesting E in Culture,” Popular and Transnationalism through 92 of ties the weaken to turn” “cultural this with tried have may tied always stereotypes “cultivate” to efforts these successful how say to hard is It numbers. performto few a popular perf theatre a of acts between break the during instance, For fororder in made, be to had emigrants of taste”“bad the with s theatre and evenings culture, literary artists, of Yugoslav of forms exhibitions other to dedicated were funds larger and attention 91 nrnial etie wt te troye aot rural about stereotypes the with entwined intrinsically migration from their poor rural roots into the unknown and alien urba alien and unknown the into roots rural poor their from migration themselves in proving their status with lush and kitschy residences kitschy and lush with status their proving in themselves Ond ej Daniel, “Gastarbajteri. Rethinking Yugoslav Rethinking “Gastarbajteri. Daniel, Ond ej unclassified. fasc.719, f.142/II, AJ, Šuvar, Šuvar, modern faktor kao “Gastarbajteri Marković, Predrag Svijet obmana Svijet Istorija 20. veka, 20. Istorija
(Pisa: Pisa University Press, 2007), 286-288. 286-288. 2007), Press, PisaUniversity (Pisa: , 161. 161. , 2 (2005): 148-150. 148-150. 2 (2005): Gastarbeiter
91
o ok utr o te hloet id a pol ls in lost people as kind, shallowest the of culture folk to llis, Steven G., Klusakova, Lud’a, ed., ed., Lud’a, Klusakova, G., Steven llis, izacije u Srbiji” [Gastarbeiter as the Factor of Mo of Factor the as [Gastarbeiter u Srbiji” izacije 96 Economic Migrations Towards the European North-Wes European the Towards Migrations Economic 94 Yugoslav socialist regime to promote the the promote to regime socialist Yugoslav At the same time, the Yugoslav regime Yugoslav the time, same the At oeu riche noveau ormance, folk singers were invited invited were singers folk ormance, “serious” culture to be consumed. consumed. be to culture “serious” economic emigrants were. In the In were. emigrants economic hows. However, compromises compromises However, hows. order to “transform their work work their “transform to order and expensive cars. expensive and this significant part of the the of part significant this es, and to slowly to es, introduce and them. This intention could intention This them. well), well), h cmee among competed who n culture of the West.the of culture n ies is the clear tendency tendency clear the is ies such as sponsoring sponsoring as such Gastarbeiter Imagining Frontiers, Frontiers, Imagining in which the the which in dernisation dernisation 92 These were were 93 t t
CEU eTD Collection oiia éir ad lrcl raiain ad aenonr t tavern-owners and organisations clerical and émigré political ouain o hi rrl at wih a otn soitd ih va with associated often was which past, rural their to population be established in the transterritorial context, with the Coordina the with context, transterritorial the in established be as t given was Preference flavour. ethnic strong a with concerts dance musi on was activities these of focus main the beginning, the In Yugoslav control. state’s to alternative endorsed officially an as serving and closely, diplomatic and Centres Cultural-Informational SSINF, SSRNJ), of okoe lmns a te aoiy of majority the as elements, folklore Empha costumes. and dances songs, appropriate and performers invited b would republic Yugoslav every of culture traditional where key, were tours These scene. music Yugoslav the of names biggest the a Europe Western across legs tour month-long on republics Yugoslav
hostile political emigrants from this vacuum. This meant that an that meant This vacuum. this from emigrants political hostile potent any extinguish to and integrate, fully not could they which into the when occurred that lives migrants’ in vacuum the fill to means impor were activities These them. for specially institutions organis activities” “cultural-entertainment the in channel subtle ori ideological “correct’ and loyalty their maintain and homeland, Germany FR to migrated who workers Yugoslav keep to efforts The Conclusions 4.5 Yugoslavaccordance socialism. the dogmas of ruling with Zvuci rodnog kraja rodnog Zvuci
or or Večeras zajednoVečeras Gastarbeiter , which would bring dozens of performers from all all from performers of dozens bring would which , 97 ald rm h cutyie ad t was it and countryside, the from hailed tant to the Yugoslav regime also as a as also regime Yugoslav the to tant ting Committee (under the wing wing the (under Committee ting institutional mechanism had to to had mechanism institutional numerous private managers, managers, private numerous e represented equally through through equally represented e a oeae otie f the of outside operated hat y moved to a foreign society society foreign a to moved y organised along the national national the along organised o large tour programs, such such programs, tour large o d y h Ygsa state Yugoslav the by ed representatives cooperating representatives c events, namely song and and song namely events, c entation, found their most most their found entation, nd would include some of some include would nd lues not necessarily in in necessarily not lues sis was put on the rural the on put was sis ial interference of the the of interference ial in contact with their with contact in CEU eTD Collection being one of the prime examples of how Yugoslav self-management principl self-management of how Yugoslav examples prime of the being one Although society. socialist a with accordance in not profit-hunting l supported importantly, Gastarbeiter more much and troupes, dancing and singers priorities its shifted state the 1970s, early the from However, revolutionary context. embedded and rhetoric a socialist into reve being Yugoslavia of legacy multicultural the with world, patriot Yugoslav celebrating rallies massive as created b attended tours, large-scale These identity. national and ethnic home for nostalgia their ignite would shows of kind this that considered character of these music manifestations had to be omnipresent, and omnipresent, be to had manifestations music these of character cont what with and abroad, culture Yugoslav represent to allowed was cont strong exerting by them suppress to tried organisers tour and br impeccable and nationalist of fear constant patriotism and conflicts inter-republican however, spontaneous of façade the Beneath escapades. nationalist of whichtraditions one’s could lead own nation, to dan a carried simultaneously it nationalities, produce Yugoslav different legacy cultural the promote to means a as used was folklore emancipat and urbanised of ideal the to closer taste emigrants’ music classical as such elements “cultural” and modern more with ente folk-influenced time, same the At environment. capitalist a in tr self-organised on now was emphasis visitors, of thousands attract pract such that officials state and workers by accusations and geographi their tours, “blockbuster” expensive of burden financial themselves to form their own artist groups. The reasons for this for reasons The groups. artist own their form to themselves
98 ism and exceptional role in the bipolar bipolar the in role exceptional and ism aled through a mixture of folklore of mixture a through aled ices led to commercialisation and commercialisation to led ices ed working class. Thus, although Thus, class. working ed rol over the decisions on who on decisions the over rol or high arts, in order to bring bring to order in arts, high or tosns f epe were people, of thousands y to smaller tours of Yugoslav of tours smaller to ger of over-emphasising the the over-emphasising of ger rtainment was to be mingled be to was rtainment cal focus on big cities only, cities big on focus cal excesses kindled. The state The kindled. excesses big spectacles continued to to continued spectacles big oupes of guest workers, as workers, guest of oupes it was achieved through a a through achieved was it ent. The pan-Yugoslav pan-Yugoslav The ent. otherhood and unity, unity, and otherhood b vs mse of masses vast by d and preserve their their preserve and es could work even es could work cl ntaie of initiatives ocal change were: the were: change CEU eTD Collection modernity. path to partculture, ofas the an seen socialist intrinsic cl working the elevate to authorities of efforts the folklori with combined through identity Yugoslav broader as well as ethnic, narrow m for struggle the hand, other the On connotation). centralist every Yugosla in unity their and well) as units cultural as republics uniqueness nation’s each of representation equal between balance to had the Therefore, terminated. was agencies and managers a unreliable while Vukov), Vice (like general in market music the and tours from we and occasionally, “sin” did singers certain Still, changes. w accordingly modified reciprocity, and quotas national of system
99 vism (which again, had to be rid of of rid be to had again, (which vism re “punished” by being ostracised ostracised being by “punished” re ass towards a “higher” level of level “higher” a towards ass hrce o msc projects music of character ith the 1970s constitutional 1970s the ith aintaining guest workers’ workers’ guest aintaining smos a t be to had symbols c tu essentialising (thus ll cooperation with with cooperation ll CEU eTD Collection ois prtd o te rud ad a te meit isgt no l into insight immediate the had and ground” the “on operated bodies circumstancesr and activities concerning the the workers’ propaganda consulates and the Cultural-Informational Centres, with a more “hands more a with Centres, Cultural-Informational the and consulates cons level, diplomatic the also was There branches. republican Empl the for Bureau the and Information for Committee the People, Soc (the institutions federal in created were abroad” employed af “the for committees special echelon, lower the On directives. i Communists, of League the of Presidency the and Council Executive Presidency the like importance, highest of institutions country’s emigration for framework institutional its developed state The home country, in connection to thehome to prospects country, connection in for the between links the in cause could system “native” the within potenti ameliorate to served policies state the in adaptations p the during system Yugoslav the within changes the to timely and
of the of cre to devoted were institutions These Germany. FR of territory framework institutional appropriate the borders, Yugoslav outside among function to policies these for order In homeland. their and workers informational-propagandist the considered maintaining of elements crucial the of one as emigrants economic authorities Yugoslav The Gastarbeiter
-oriented propaganda activities, and adapting them to correspond a correspond to them adapting and activities, propaganda -oriented CONCLUSION 100
Gastarbeiter al disruptions that the internal crises crises internal the that disruptions al returning to Yugoslavia. returningYugoslavia. to fairs of our workers temporarily temporarily workers our of fairs ating suitable forms and content and forms suitable ating sig f h ebsy general embassy, the of isting connections between migrant migrant between connections affairs on several levels. The levels. several on affairs of Yugoslavia, the Federal Federal the Yugoslavia, of economic emigrants and the the and emigrants economic had to be extended onto the onto extended be to had ait line f Working of Alliance ialist oyment Affairs) and their their and Affairs) oyment esponse to it. it. to esponse ro 16-95 These 1966-1975. eriod -on” approach, as these these as approach, -on” ssued the main policy policy main the ssued the citizens living citizens the cl une and nuances ocal policy towards towards policy dequately dequately CEU eTD Collection was further decentralised by 1974. On the external field, the Col the field, external the On 1974. by decentralised further was pur were society, the within currents centrifugal and nationalist party Serbian and Croatian the in factions reformist The ways. reexami was federation Yugoslav the of configuration the years, prop the in watershed a represented 1970s early the Therefore, Yugosla the of characteristics crucial most the of one was w the and factors external and internal between interaction The over abrcharacterreinforce of emigrants their and stay the temporary actively, and firmly more task “organisational” the itself on the practic the with compatible as interpreted was state the incre this Centres, Cultural-Informational Yugoslav the founding through “org in role active more a play to started Yugoslavinstitutions al obstructtheir it to workers,lest “organise”their to institutions not cautious was state Yugoslav The technique. organisational an G FR a of much as workers’was “self-organisation” to appeal nominal as such environment, political and social different radically eve applied be could self-management of concept the that testify self This communities. residence or workplace common by either self-orga workers the let state the 1960s, the Throughout interaction. concentrat be to workers guest of mass” “the needed first state s w a have dealing to work informational institutions and propaganda for of order In work emigrants. the through exported accordingly was and the of tenets ideological key the of one was Self-management Gastarbeiter
from turning into a permanently migrated diaspora (expatriat diaspora migrated permanently a into turning from 101 e of self-managing. In order to prevent prevent to order In self-managing. of e v state’s transterritorial propaganda. transterritorial state’s v “self-managing” abilities. When the When abilities. “self-managing” as a means to exert greater control greater exert to means a as anising” the workers in the 1970s 1970s the workersin the anising” ged by 1972, and the federation the and 1972, by ged aganda character. During these During character. aganda ed in certain venues for social social for venues certain in ed d War situation became tenser, tenser, became situation War d propagandist concept as it was it asconcept propagandist -organisation was supposed to to supposed was -organisation “Yugoslav way to socialism,” to way “Yugoslav ned and revised in multiple multiple in revised and ned tops, which unleashed the the unleashed which tops, n in the circumstances of a a of circumstances the in n ay they affected each other each affected they ay oad. oad. nise into Yugoslav clubs, clubs, Yugoslav into nise ermany. However, this this However, ermany. tsatr efc, the effect, atisfactory ased interference of of interference ased o Ws German West low es), the state took took state the es), ith economic economic ith CEU eTD Collection bodies, such as the control of skilled workers’ outflow, or sidelining the self-org sidelining the or outflow, workers’ of skilled control as the bodies, such besides securing equal representation of all federal units, of units, federal all of representation equal securing besides pol migration of aspects certain rhetoric, political Yugoslav decent general the despite hand, one the On circumstances. new the of positing thetowards official and migrations, the the stance economic ways of reass a initiated causations external and domestic of blend This terroristofdisrupted attac emigration’s by the hostile the upsurge W the in position Yugoslav the Simultaneously, workforce. importing for ceasi West, the in stagnation economic an to led shock oil 1973 the while Gastarbeiter r to left already had who those force to and abroad reservists s to 1973 in restrictions legal using tried state the reasons, these weake r as system, security to country’s the authorities on effect Yugoslav emigration’s the urged world bipolar the the hand, in other Yugoslavia the On Centres. Cultural-Informational the by clubs nenl ikrn aog h fdrl osiuns bde ad inc and bodies constituents’ federal the among bickering internal republi to delegated frequently was decision-making institutional activitie propaganda the shaped Yugoslavia in question national The perce state’s economic emigrants. Yugoslav the in shifts the influenced all actions emigr and factors internal as well as Europe, in developments cam mobilisation emigrant political “hostile” the the or Italy as such “enemies,” in tested successfully workers, guest of policy its shift a to propa had The wave. to ended state West the migration o hs maue ws oty eaie wees h ps-93 rec post-1973 the whereas negative, mostly was measures these to
102 s. Hence, the economic and military and economic the Hence, s. ten caused the lack of coordination, coordination, of lack the caused ten icy were taken over by the federal federal the by over taken were icy ants’ response to the propaganda the to response ants’ eturn. However, the response of of response the However, eturn. ning its defense potential. For For potential. defense its ning ks. ks. essment of the state’s attitude attitude state’s the of essment to ad tiue towards attitude and ption nitny n xctn the executing in onsistency top the outflow of military military of outflow the top a isiuin. hs fact, This institutions. can ags gis perceived against paigns s to a great extent. The extent. great a to s gandist indoctrination gandist indoctrination ng the Western need need Western the ng aiig rn i the in trend ralising econsider economic economic econsider est was additionally additionally was est rgl psto of position fragile towards it, in light light towards in it, anised workers’ workers’ anised ession in the the in ession CEU eTD Collection between the centralist inclinations of the federal bodies and bodies federal the of inclinations centralist the between which was perceived as an intrinsically political organisation. which intrinsically was as organisation. an political perceived Soc the with cooperate to had they that dissatisfied also were affa internal German West into intrusion an as practices these the within heard be could discontent of voices many territory, their sovereignt of extension transnational state’s Yugoslav the towards approvi generally the Despite institutions. Yugoslav with dealing chal big posed fact this yet countries, socialist for feature t of organs and hierarchy Party the of overlapping The disregarded. Yugos the of nature politicised conspicuously the Nevertheless, “spilled”Yugoslavmigrated over as borders we the the involve to population mono-national of existence the of “witch-hunting” and issues politicised into turned often repertoire, spher non-political Even 1973/74. in provinces the include to i.e. state, t according modified reciprocity, and quotas republican the along artist tours’ music the as such aspects, Some decisions. federal u t te rntrioil hrce o the of character transterritorial the to Due i events 1971 the concerning press specialised republican-based attit the of comparison and analysis the level, another On intentions. suspect generally nations, “big” of those unlike unity,” and “brotherhood li in and non-subversive being as interpreted usually were nations identit national of manifestations that discussions these through seen of interests the for lobbied all who politicians, andofficials
Gastarbeiter 103 clubs caused fierce debates among Yugoslav Yugoslav among debates fierce caused clubs Gastarbeiter lenge to the West German partners German West the to lenge their respective republic. It could be be could It republic. respective their -oriented propaganda, this tension tension this propaganda, -oriented ialist Alliance of Working People, People, Working of Alliance ialist decentralising forces in republics. republics. in forces decentralising irs. West German trade unions unions trade German West irs. ng attitude of the FRG regime regime FRG the of attitude ng n Croatia, shows the tension tension the shows Croatia, n s and repertoire, were based based were repertoire, and s ne with the official dogma of dogma official the with ne y over Yugoslav workers on workers Yugoslav over y o the reconfiguration of the of reconfiguration the o German society, perceiving perceiving society, German lav propaganda cannot be be cannot propaganda lav he state was a common common a was state he ainlss Moreover, nationalists. udes of the federal and and federal the of udes o “ml” Yugoslav “small” of y es, like folk music music folk like es, d f greater-state of ed ll. ll. CEU eTD Collection i msc or o dmsi cmais pnoig h Ygsa clubs Yugoslav the sponsoring companies domestic or tours music big of “commercialisation” was attached to any excessive profit- excessive any to attached was “commercialisation” of c Yugoslav to profit bringing or projects, development Yugoslav attract for ground profitable potentially a provided activities Yugos hand, other the On reasons. ideological from as much as financial management” of management” overlooked be not should propaganda of aspect economic the However, from the citizens potentially the competing pr damaging influence of ins state the by implemented were practices transnational how Thes attacks). terrorist and assassinations through simultaneously, a to (suffice Germany FR is that side, third a of territory pec was ideologies of war This ideologies. political and national “pr led transterritorially a of case a represented it as emi political “hostile” the against aimed counter-propaganda of workin the level of cultural elevate the to mission modernising the socialist was workers guest for organised events cultural of ideologisation Yugoslav the among tendencies “positive” c workers’ into agents service secret infiltrating to onl resorted means “legal” for opting nominal the despite that, show documents their maintain to struggling time same the order at in FRG, the apparatus in working its extend to tried Party the Furthermore, consideration when trying to understand its mechanisms and underlyingconsideration mechanisms when its understand to ideological trying me export “propaganda Yugoslav the of layers cultural and economic
Gastarbeiter dancing troupes, for instance, was supported by the state fr state the by supported was instance, for troupes, dancing Gastarbeiter 104 opaganda war” between the two conflicting conflicting two the between war” opaganda dd, a more gory kind of war was fought was war of gorykind more a dd, population. The politicised nature and nature politicised The population. hunting, as shown in the case of case the in shown as hunting, lubs to spread the ideologically ideologically the spread to lubs titutions in order to protect their their protect to order in titutions n hr crec las o the to loans currency hard ing grants is especially interesting, interesting, especially is grants uliar, as it was “fought” on the on “fought” was it as uliar, ompanies. Yet, the taboo label taboo the Yet, ompanies. e illuminating examples show examples illuminating e of part a being explicit, rather to encompass its members members its encompass to ideological “purity.” State State “purity.” ideological opagandas. opagandas. ” have to be taken into into taken be to have ” Al hs political, these All . g class. The example gclass. The a cus n their and clubs lav y, the Party often often Party the y, ihr Te “self- The either. ssages. ssages. om om CEU eTD Collection permanently moved “diaspora,” and thus tried to transplant as many as transplant to tried thus and “diaspora,” moved permanently piece of home in the unknown.” The main principle of this policy was was policy this of principle main The unknown.” the in home of piece it does way no in issues, propaganda and migration the of perception t and issues emigration of vision governments’ central the between rpgna I ws o te ol f hs ok o nls tee comp these analyse spa open of lot definitelya Hence, is there entirety. theirproblems in to work this of goal the not was It propaganda. there. For ideological and economic reasons, the state did not want t want not did state the reasons, economic and ideological For there. encompass to order in territory, foreign a to institutions state of or to paraphrase frequent metaphor used in the state documents and documents state the in used metaphor frequent paraphrase to or tending at aimed techniques propaganda its with experiment could “lab or “desert,” capitalist a as served territory German p emigration in state sending the by above” “from implemented t how of model illuminating offeran to was thesis this of aim The state policy. fee migrants’ the which in ways the and experience, migratory policies official the to response migrants’ the of importance thesis this though even Also, elites. republican the of interests interesting to lead could ones republican with policies federal discer more and further A homeland. socialist their of development and helping thus return, upon economy domestic the into money their invest and t emigrants motivate to employed regime the which strategies economic aspect of Yugoslav propaganda for propaganda Yugoslav of aspect economic tha and region Yugoslav the from migrations of that namely topics, p questions important some tackle to attempted I thesis, this In
105 Gastarbeiter oratory” in which the Yugoslav regime regime Yugoslav the which in oratory” could offer a useful insight into the into insight useful a offer could n ter w ecpin f the of perception own their and dback influenced the shifts in the the in shifts the influenced dback is dealing solely with the state’s state’s the with solely dealing is o send remittances back home, home, back remittances send o results concerning the relation relation the concerning results olicies. In this sense, the West the sense, this In olicies. is w” ouain living population own” “its ertaining to two big research research big two to ertaining their own “socialist oasis,” oasis,” “socialist own their ce for further research. The furtherresearch. The for ce ransnational practices were practices ransnational hese migrants to become a become to migrants hese of the Yugoslav system’s system’s Yugoslav the of he centrifugal forces and and forces centrifugal he emigrants themselves, “a themselves, emigrants to extend the jurisdiction the extend to t of Yugoslav socialist socialist Yugoslav of t e ad multi-faceted and lex ning comparison of of comparison ning neetmt the underestimate the modernisation modernisation the CEU eTD Collection part of the homeland’s system and subjected to the sending state sending the to subjected and system homeland’s the of part propaganda, in the conditions of an increasingly globalised and “t and globalised increasingly an of conditions the in propaganda, Gastarbeiter geographi the circumvent to was authorities Yugoslav of intention unhidden hi “aie sse. hs at ae te usin f h transt the of question the makes fact This system. “native” their inw cycle migratory the turning of challenges similar rather of countries represent states post-Yugoslav the today even Yet, hostile a to due withered eventually it or “desert” capitalist sur of capable proved “oasis” socialist Yugoslav this Whether one they found abroad. emigra of priority the maintain to order in emigration), hostile the maintain to supposed were emigrants the Accordingly, channels. t into institutions interior-oriented of agency the “inserting” by done all circumstances the as soil German West the onto features researching. researching. reexam constantly being is borders state of significance the and the potential alienating effects of the competing propaga competing the of effects alienating potential the and
106 “climate,” belongs to another story. story. another to belongs “climate,” ined, all the more current and worth and current more the all ined, ards and keeping emigrants within within emigrants keeping and ards owed. This “transplantation” was was “transplantation” This owed. nts’ “first” home over the new new the over home “first” nts’ ’s control and sovereignty. The The sovereignty. and control ’s rioil emigration-oriented erritorial ransnational” world in which which in world ransnational” iig n h Ws German West the in viving emigration, and are facing facing are and emigration, impression of still being a a being still of impression he official diplomatic diplomatic official he ndas (host country, (host ndas cal distance of of distance cal CEU eTD Collection ____ ed. ______, ______. ______. ______. Novosti iz Jugoslavije iz Novosti svijet Naš and Methods. ed. Faist, Thomas and Rainer Bauböck, Monographs and studies Vjesnik u srijedu Oslobođenje Press uolv ie – etos 0-035, 0--01 ad 0-032 (lpig fo the from (Clippings 300-10-3-29 Libert and Europe/Radio Yugoslavpertainingand press economic foreign the Yugoslav and to 205-4-80-13 politica 300-10-3-50, Free Sections Radio – Files – Yugoslav Budapest Archive, Society Open P – (Belgrade) poslova inostranih Germany, 1966-1975 documents Ministarstva arhiv Diplomatski Information)(Federal of Committee (Presi 803 Yugoslavia), of People Working of Alliance (Socialist for Bureau (Federal 467 collections – (Belgrade) Jugoslavije Arhiv Emigration of Experts]. Zagreb:Emigration migracija istraživanje za of Centar Experts]. Zagreb:the Migrants]. Centar migracija, istraživanje za 1976. migranata CentarDevelopment]. Zagreb: migracija, istraživanje za 1974. Insti Zagreb: Census]. Yugoslav 1971 1973. Sveučilišta, the to According Abroad Workers Geografsko Yu SFRJ, Makedonija, nageografskite na 1972. SR društvo institucii of De-agrarization of Process the in Workforce of Migrations ed. Ivo, Baučić,
Archival documents
[Social Aspects of Ecternal Migrations and Yugoslav Experi Yugoslav and Migrations Ecternal of Aspects [Social (Sarajevo) oian apki ajkh ircj i uolvnk iskustva jugoslavenska i migracija vanjskih aspekti Socijalni anc u nzmtu rm pps saonšv Jgsaie 1971. Jugoslavije stanovništva popisu prema inozemstvu u Radnici Migracije i socijalno-ekonomski razvoj razvoj socijalno-ekonomski i Migracije (Sarajevo) (Sarajevo) Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Amsterdam: Press, 2010.
Vanjske migracije radne snage u procesu deagrarizacije Jugoslavi deagrarizacije procesu u snage radne migracije Vanjske (Zagreb) (Zagreb) zoi pseie slaaj stručnjaka iseljavanja posledice i Uzroci
(Belgrade) (Belgrade)
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