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Evaluating the Potential of Seabased´S Wave Power Technology in New Zealand

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Evaluating the Potential of Seabased´S Wave Power Technology in New Zealand UPTEC ES11 002 Examensarbete 30 hp April 2011 Evaluating the Potential of Seabased´s Wave Power Technology in New Zealand Linnea Jonsson & Marcus Krell Abstract Evaluating the potential of Seabased's wave power technology in New Zealand Linnea Jonsson & Marcus Krell Teknisk- naturvetenskaplig fakultet UTH-enheten The aim of this thesis is to provide Seabased Industry AB with a decision basis for entering the New Zealand market. With the moderate wave climate around the Besöksadress: Swedish coast, the main market for Seabased’s technology is on the international Ångströmlaboratoriet Lägerhyddsvägen 1 market. Hus 4, Plan 0 The physical conditions in New Zealand are suitable for Seabased’s technology in terms of wave climate, bathymetry and seafloor types. There is an abundance of wave Postadress: energy all around the country’s coasts with a large variety of wave climates. Box 536 751 21 Uppsala Within about 15 km of the shoreline on the west coast, with a few exceptions, the mean annual power resource is at least 30 kW per metre wave front. The most Telefon: energetic locations can be found along the Southland coast, where the mean annual 018 – 471 30 03 resource per meter wave front is around 50 kW. Telefax: The electrical distribution system has a layout with a high capacity national grid, which 018 – 471 30 00 runs along the middle of the country, and outlying weaker grids reaching the coasts. This might prove disadvantageous at times since the grid might have to be Hemsida: strengthened in order to receive large amounts of power at the fringe. http://www.teknat.uu.se/student The weaker grids at the coast may however also prove to be an advantage, since this opens up for a secondary market. At points where the demand at times surpass the lines capacity many line companies are looking into the possibility of strengthening the grid locally by installing diesel generators. As these locations mostly are around the coasts this may prove a good secondary market for Seabased. The wholesale electricity price is today around 400 SEK (80 NZD)/MWh and is forecasted to stay there for the next few years and then increase to 500 SEK (100 NZD)/MWh by around 2018. This is mostly due to an end of available geothermal resources. There are no subsidies to any power generation in New Zealand. To build a wave power park one needs resource consent. It may prove easier to first receive this for a smaller instalment, and the knowledge gained in this process will then help in receiving consent for a full scale park. A national goal exists of increasing the amount of renewable electrical generation from 73% today to 90% by 2025. Work is ongoing to make it easier to receive resource consent for marine energy instalments. The conclusion is that the market is expected to be ready for full approach by Seabased Industry AB within five years, and would then be a very suitable market. It is however considered to exist opportunities to approach the market already today for smaller instalments to build a local knowledge base which may prove useful when a full approach is made. Handledare: Mikael Eriksson Ämnesgranskare: Rafael Waters Examinator: Kjell Pernestål ISSN: 1650-8300, UPTEC ES11 002 Sammanfattning Målet med detta examensarbete har varit att förse Seabased Industry AB med ett beslutsunderlag för huruvida man ska träda in på den Nya Zeeländska marknaden. Med ett mycket måttligt vågklimat runt Sveriges kust finns Seabased’s huvudmarknad internationellt. De fysiska förutsättningarna i Nya Zeeland är mycket väl lämpade för Seabased’s teknik i form av vågklimat, batymetri och typ av sjöbotten. Det finns ett överflöd av vågenergi runt hela landets kust med en stor variation av vågklimat. Inom 15 km från kustlinjen på västkusten, med ett fåtal undantag, är vågkraftspotentialen minst 30 kW per meter vågfront. De mest energiintensiva platserna finns kring Southlands kust, där det årliga medelvärdet per meter vågfront är runt 50 kW. Detta kan jämföras med 2- 10 kW/m i Sverige. Det elektriska distributionsnätet har en layout med ett nationellt stamnät som sträcker sig genom mitten av landet och ett svagare nät som når ut mot kusterna. Detta kan innebära en nackdel tidvis då nätet ofta behöver stärkas för att kunna ta emot stora effekter ute vid kusten. Det kan dock lika gärna visa sig vara en fördel, då detta öppnar upp för en sekundär marknad. I delar av nätet där man tidvis har ett större kraftbehov än nätet klarar av överväger många nätbolag att stärka nätet lokalt med hjälp av dieselgeneratorer. Då dessa platser oftast ligger vid kusten kan detta visa sig vara en god sekundär marknad för Seabased. Det elpris genereringsbolagen får ligger idag runt 400 SEK (80 NZD)/MWh och förutspås ligga kvar på ungefär samma nivå de närmaste åren, för att sedan stiga till 500 SEK (100 NZD)/MWh omkring år 2018. Detta beror mestadels på att man då förväntar sig ha slut på tillgängliga geotermiska resurser. Det finns i dagsläget inga subventioner till någon form av elgenerering i Nya Zeeland. För att bygga en vågkraftspark behöver man tillstånd. Det visar sig ofta vara enklare att få tillstånd för en mindre installation, och erfarenheterna från denna kan sedan hjälpa till vid ansökan av en fullskalig vågkraftspark. Det existerar ett nationellt mål att öka andelen förnyelsebar el från dagens 73% till 90% år 2025. Arbete pågår med att förenkla tillståndsprocessen för installeringar av marin elgenerering. Slutsatsen är att den Nya Zeeländska marknaden kommer vara redo för ett inträde i full skala inom fem år, och att det kommer vara en mycket lämplig marknad. Det anses dock att möjligheter finns att närma sig marknaden redan idag för en mindre installation för att bygga upp en lokal kunskapsbas som kan vara till stor nytta när man ger sig in på marknaden fullt ut. i Table of Contents Sammanfattning .......................................................................................................................... i Glossary ..................................................................................................................................... iv Map of New Zealand .................................................................................................................. v 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 2. Background ............................................................................................................................ 1 2.1 Authors ............................................................................................................................. 1 2.2 Seabased ........................................................................................................................... 1 2.3 The project ........................................................................................................................ 2 3. Aim & Scope of thesis ........................................................................................................... 2 3.1 Method and content .......................................................................................................... 2 3.2 Limitations ....................................................................................................................... 3 4. Theory (L. Jonsson) ................................................................................................................ 3 4.1 Real ocean waves ............................................................................................................. 3 4.1.1 Description of waves ................................................................................................. 4 4.1.2 Waves and power transport ....................................................................................... 5 4.2 Power absorption .............................................................................................................. 6 4.2.1 Power absorption for a park ...................................................................................... 7 4.3 Utility factor ..................................................................................................................... 8 5. Physical aspects (M. Krell) ..................................................................................................... 9 5.1 Climate ........................................................................................................................... 10 5.2 Wave climate & tides ..................................................................................................... 10 5.3 Bathymetry & seafloor types .......................................................................................... 12 5.4 National electrical system .............................................................................................. 15 5.5 Local grids and owners .................................................................................................. 15 5.6 Typhoons and earthquakes ............................................................................................. 16 6. Political and social aspects ................................................................................................... 17 6.1 New Zealand electricity market ..................................................................................... 17 6.1.1 Background (history/ownership/structure) (M. Krell) ............................................ 17 6.1.2 Participants & spot market
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