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1 Assimilating Cycle Park as a Part of Urban Living 2 3 has a century-old history. Originated as the cheapest and practical 4 mode of transportation, the evolution and modernity of cycles have led to 5 become cycling a popular adventure sport. While the first cycling race was 6 held in 1868, this sport has evolved to various dimensions as a result of 7 innovation and growing interest in sports. This study documents the 8 evolution of cycling from being a mode of transport to recreation to 9 adventure sport, as practised in recent times. With the help of a relevant 10 literature review, this study proposes a cycle park in Bengaluru. Bengaluru 11 has observed a growing craze of cycling as a sport, over the past decade. 12 Statistical data from cycle dealers and manufacturers reveals these growing 13 trends. In support of the decision from the Forest Department of Bengaluru 14 to allow cycling in Turrahalli forest, this paper proposes a cycle park 15 adjacent to peripheral ring road amidst Turrahalli forest. The design aims to 16 serve amateurs, professionals, and cyclists of all ages, giving them a safe 17 and natural environment. With the implementation of such a proposal, the 18 authors hope to encourage cyclists and city dwellers to take up cycling on 19 regular basis, in response to the deteriorating global health. 20 21 Keywords: cycling, adventure sport, cycle park, Bengaluru, design 22 proposal, 23 24 25 Introduction 26 27 Background 28 29 After the first world war and the late 1950s, cycling was ubiquitous on 30 streets and public roads all over the world. Later, cycling was replaced by 31 motor vehicles, and cycling headed towards an all-time low demand (Spinney 32 2007). However, in the 1970s, the health, environmental and economic benefits 33 of cycling were highlighted by activists, politicians, and later by policymakers, 34 activists, urban planners, and public health experts (Civitas 2013) (Oosterhuis 35 2016). Early on cycles were advocated as a practical and cheaper alternative 36 for a horse, and for this reason, they were introduced in postal and wire 37 services, police and fire departments, and even in the army. The use of motor 38 vehicles, being an expensive means, was mainly for recreation (for example, 39 touring the countryside and enjoying nature) for the wealthier class. In terms of 40 contributing to urban planning, cycle tourism enhanced rural modernization 41 because it encouraged infrastructural improvements along popular routes and 42 the spread of facilities such as cafes, restaurants, parks, information booths, 43 and repair shops. The image and engineering of cycling were essentially linked 44 to competitive racing, in support of the enthusiasm from spectacles. The 45 challenges of speed, thrill, performance, time, and distance records made it 46 more exciting for the audiences. The first long-distance race was staged in 47 France, in the late 1860s, shortly after the launch of the velocipede. Cycle

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1 racing, on indoor and outdoor tracks, was the first commercialized and media- 2 covered mass spectator sport (Ritchie 1999) (Butler 2019). 3 4 Figure 1. "Bicyclists' group on Minerva Terrace, U.S. Army on October 7, 5 1896

6 7 Source: (Ruggiero 2016). 8 9 Urban Planning 10 11 As our cities are getting more aware, people have started to recognize the 12 benefits of active living, sport, and physical activity. The physical and mental 13 health benefits of living an active life and a healthier lifestyle are not unknown. 14 Although cities across Europe have integrated local plans for active living with 15 a broader planning process, many developing countries, such as India, are still 16 working their way to make the urban planning process holistic (Edwards and 17 Tsouros 2008). Out of the many forms of physical activity that urban planning 18 of the city can offer to its people, this study emphasizes the importance of 19 cycling as a sport. Sports can offer multiple solutions to our cities, such as, 20 generating thrust for more green spaces, social inclusion, better sports 21 facilities, and building more equal societies and, eventually contribute to the 22 goal of making our cities more sustainable and resilient (Olympic Studies 23 Centre 2020). At the end of the 20th century, cities looked upon sport as a 24 catalyst to generate an economy. Only industrialized cities invested in sports 25 infrastructure, intending to create more job opportunities and attract tourism. 26 This did not particularly include the local communities. However, since the last 27 two decades, policymakers and planners have become more sensitive towards 28 locals and have created a new image and new opportunities to justify 29 investments in sports infrastructures (Gratton, Shibli and Coleman 2005). 30 31 Contextual Background 32 33 In the past, India has hosted many national and international tournaments 34 and games, such as the Asian Games. Bangalore, one of the fastest 35 metropolitan cities in India, hosted the Indian National games in 1997

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1 (Heitzman 1999) and National Youth Games in 2008 (Hindustan Times 2008). 2 Bangalore has regularly been a host of International Premier League (IPL) 3 cricket for the past decade. It is evident, that Bangalore’s residents have shown 4 a growing interest in sports. Sports clubs, health centres, gyms, arenas, and 5 stadiums have made a significant contribution to the urban fabric and lifestyles 6 of people. 7 8 Cycling 9 10 One such popular, most sustainable interest among Bangalore’s residents 11 is cycling. Cycling serves as the cleanest mode of mobility. It is zero 12 dependence on fossil fuels and zero-emission characteristics, which not only 13 makes it affordable but also positively contributes to deteriorating climate. 14 After the IT boom in 2000, there has been an average increase in income levels 15 of the working class in Bangalore. With massive populations migrating from 16 all over the globe, the traditional lifestyles have now become more dynamic. 17 There are more than 20 active cycling groups in Bangalore, out of which at 18 least 5 have more than 3000 members (M. 2020). Especially, after the onset of 19 COVID 19, more people have taken up cycling as a mode of primary physical 20 activity. After the first lockdown of COVID 19, wholesalers of cycle shops 21 reported a 30% hike in their sales, and owners of cycle repair shops reported 20 22 to 30% increases in their customers (Mounika 2020). In response to this, the 23 comprehensive mobility plan of Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagar Palika (BBMP), 24 announced the development of 600 kilometres of cycle tracks in the next 10 25 years around the city (Dev 2021). A report by Dutch social enterprise reports a 26 50% increase in the use of cycles in Bengaluru. Out of which, rides for 27 recreation exceed the number of rides for commute and daily users (Cycle To 28 Work 2020). From the available data, it can be said that residents of Bengaluru 29 prefer to cycle more for recreation than for work. 30 31 Figure 2. Bike ridership in Bangalore from January 2017 till February 2021

32 33 Source: (Cycle To Work 2020)

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1 Design Statement 2 3 Cycle manufacturers, newspapers, sports communities, local, national, and 4 international organizations sponsor cycle races to promote the sport and 5 diversify economies. Cycling has transformed from a mode of transportation to 6 sports meeting the aspirations of the different populations (Oosterhuis 2016). 7 To serve such aspiration of Bengaluru citizens, this study proposes of its kind a 8 cycling park in Bengaluru, where enthusiasts of all levels can come and 9 practice and/ or learn. The design aims to provide a safe, approachable, 10 affordable, amid nature and an equal atmosphere to all cyclists. This 11 architectural project intends to bring out pure structural efforts without artifice 12 and enhance the selected site. By creating a dialogue between the existing 13 urban fabric and the proposed curved geometry, the design aims to display an 14 example of architectural integrity. The design follows global standards 15 employing reviewing case studies around the world. 16 17 18 Context 19 20 Location 21 22 Bengaluru, the capital city of Karnataka State, is not only the fastest- 23 growing city in terms of population and area but also is one of the (fourth) 24 largest metropolitan hubs in India. The physical growth of the city occurred in 25 four phases: first, (in 1951 – 61) growth of public sector undertaking creating 26 jobs for millions, second (1960 – 70) growth of industries and state-run 27 businesses, third (the 1980s) dramatic growth of the private sector and fourth 28 (1990s) the offshoot growth from establishing IT industry. Only from 1991 – 29 2001, the area of Bengaluru expanded 92.1% and the population grew by 30 37.8% (Varkey 2018) (Puttalingaiah, Irfan and Hanjagi 2020). With this huge 31 number of people migrating to the city, the built environment is largely driven 32 by market interests, not by communities, resulting in a diverse cultural system. 33 The lifestyles of people vary due to the influence of distinctive cultures they 34 bring in, individual’s financial capacities, and the localities they reside in. 35 36 Figure 3. Location of Bangalore

37 38 Source: Authors.

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1 Climate and Geography 2 3 Lying in the Southern part of the Indian sub-continent, Bengaluru hails at 4 3,113 feet above sea level. The topography makes the climate pleasant 5 throughout the year. However, for the past 5 years, Bengaluru is experiencing 6 summer heats up to 40 degrees Celsius, owing to massive deforestation. 7 Bengaluru enjoys 970 mm rainfall on an average annually (Bengaluru Online 8 2021). The strategy used for urban planning is orbital development, marked by 9 ring roads. This type of development allows urban centres to decentralize 10 accommodating growth with the addition of each ring road. 11 12 Figure 4. Orbital development, marked by ring roads

13 14 Source: Authors. 15 16 Demographics and Diversity 17 18 According to the latest census (2011 – 2021) report, the population growth 19 is consistent with an average of 3.5% annually (Census 2011 2021). The native 20 language of Bengaluru, Kannada, is now spoken by only 38% population, 21 which is the result of mixed culture migration. The population density has also 22 increased by 47% in the past decade (4000 per square kilometre) (World 23 Population Review 2021). 24 25 Why are People in Bengaluru Interested in Cycling? 26 27 With a dramatic increase in population number and diversity, Bengaluru has 28 found a common sport - cycling, famed by their cycling communities. The

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1 active cyclist groups in Bengaluru conduct cycling trips throughout the year. 2 Nandi Hills ride, Manchanabele dam, Banyan tree ride, Pipeline ride, back to 3 university ride, and Neelamangala ride are some of the popular cycling trails, 4 visited by cyclists on daily basis (Bangalore Cycling Routes 2021). 5 6 Figure 5. Map of popular cycling trails

7 8 Source: Authors. 9 10 The evidence of active groups of cyclists from social media channels and 11 pages is proof that if given better facilities, people will be more than willing to 12 make use of it. During an informal interview, active cyclist reported about their 13 growing interest in cycling is due to the following reasons: 14 15  No formal training is required for beginners 16  All members of the family (or community) can participate and cycle 17 together 18  The occurrence of long-term injuries and major accidents is relatively 19 less 20  The cost of cycling varies based on the level of expertise. Hence, the 21 beginners find it affordable, to begin with. 22  One doesn’t need a dedicated playground or space to cycle. 23 24 In the past (the 1860s and 1870s), when cyclists were replaced by motor 25 vehicle drivers on the road, many motivated cyclists and/ or activists made an 26 effort to revive cycling as a mode of transport. The ‘velocipede mania’ in the

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1 1860s, followed by ‘cycle boom’ or ‘craze’ in the 1890s, in many parts of the 2 west is a piece of evidence that cycling as a mode of transportation has 3 degraded and again revived over centuries (Toohey 2010). 4 5 Government’s Involvement 6 7 In 2014, the Directorate of Urban Land Transport (DULT) promoted the 8 “cycle day” campaign once a month, to encourage cycling as a mode of 9 mobility. Community partners and NGOs participated from different 10 neighbourhoods of Bengaluru to carry this campaign (Government of 11 Karnataka 2014). In 2006 - 07, the government of Karnataka invested Rs. 200 12 crores to give away free cycles to children aged above 13. In 2020, DULT 13 submitted a 34 kilometres cycle lane project to BBMP (now under 14 construction) on the outer ring road, which would give dedicated lanes for 15 cyclists (Malagi 2020). Also in 2020, DULT received suggestions of cycling 16 routes, for development, from 109 active cyclists. DULT further developed 17 these suggestions and with the help of Urban Local Bodies (ULB) of various 18 municipalities in Bengaluru. As a result, the “Cycle District” project is now 19 integrated with the “Bengaluru smart city mission”. Under this project, the 20 government aims to develop dedicated cycle lanes around the city at various 21 locations (R. 2020). 22 23 24 Literature Review 25 26 “Cycling occupies a somewhat unusual position among sports. It is an old sport, 27 originating at the moment of the birth of the modern in the late 1860s; it is 28 an extraordinarily well-documented sport; it is even a sport about which [much has] 29 been written through the years – and yet...it is not a sport that has been well 30 explored from a critical and academic point of view”. - Andrew Ritchie 31 32 Standards 33 34 The proposed design examines standards and architectural details accepted 35 and adopted globally. The inspiration of the structure of the cycle park is 36 adopted from the Olympics Games, the velodrome geometry. The velodrome’s 37 history dates back to the 19th century when Preston Park, Brighton in England 38 constructed the first cycle track taking on velodrome structure (Nystrom 2020). 39 Of course, the tracks did not display tuned 180 degrees and straight ways until 40 1896, when the Olympics spared the need to construct a consistent velodrome. 41 Since then, velodromes have been modified in terms of the quality of tracks 42 and sizes. Various sports companies have constructed velodromes for countries 43 to host cycling races and/ or events. 44 45

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1 Evolution of C ycle 2 3 In the past, cycling tracks were constructed to serve the safety and 4 convenience of cyclists. However, given cycling as a sport, advanced tracks 5 with scientific knowledge on the physics of cycling are a must to understand. 6 Attempts to promote cycling as a daily sport are initiated by governments 7 across the world. For example, the world’s longest continuous cycle track (20.4 8 miles) was achieved by the public works authority in Qatar in the middle east 9 (Kaddoura 2020). This sport requires stamina, perseverance, self-reliance, core 10 strength, balance, and bike handling skills and has inspired many people in 11 India as well. As discussed earlier, the history of the cycle dates back to the 12 late 18th century. The below table depicts a brief history of the evolution of the 13 cycle. 14 15 Table 1. Evolution of cycle Year Event 1790 Celerifere – was invented by Comte Mede de Sivrac. The features include two equal- sized wheels and a seat, but no steering, brakes, or pedals. The rider glides on the celerifere after gaining speed using their feet. 1817 Steerable Laufmaschine – also known as the running machine, velocipede, Draisine, and the swift-walker. Following the two- wheeler principle, the wooden steerable Laufmaschine has a steerable front wheel. 1858 Pedals – The steerable laufmaschine has pedals added to it.

1863 Boneshaker – Blacksmith Ernest Michaux invents the first commercially successful velocipede in 1863, which is now called the boneshaker. The boneshaker was made of stiff materials and straight angles which made it a “boneshaker” to ride on over common cobblestone roads. 1866 Penny Farthing – British engineer, James Starley invents the penny-farthing which is commonly known as the high wheeler. The penny-farthing looks pretty silly compared to modern , and it was pretty difficult to ride. This difficulty limited the popularity of the high wheeler.

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1876 Caliper Brakes – English inventors Browett and Harrison patent an early version of the calliper brake.

1879 Bicyclette – After many attempts for lever-driven models, Henry J. Lawson patented the first rear-wheel, chain-driven safety bicycle.

1885 Rover Safety Bicycle – The first model to look like what we now think of as a standard cycle. This model combines a low seat, strong metal for a chain, and two wheels that are similar in size.

1889 The Pedal-Back Brake – These brakes were patented by Daniel-Stover and William Hance, which later become a standard feature on bicycles.

1896 Coaster Brakes– These brakes allow the bike to move forward without requiring the pedals to move and the rider can brake by pedalling backwards. These brakes continue to be popular in some areas to this day. 1898 Pedal-Powered Battery Regenerator – This is a peculiar design in which the pedals spin a generator, which in turn drives a small motor. Known for being the first electric velocipede. 1938 Electric Hub Motor – Thomas M. McDonald files a patent for an electric hub motor. This may be the earliest of its kind for a front-wheel-mounted version. The patent filing details this bicycle aims to

allow the bicycle to be operated by only power, with the option of pedals. 1979 – Californian Joe Breeze is credited for creating the mountain bike. The prototypes for these are developed by many early designers including Joe Breeze, Otis Guy, Gary Fisher, and Craig Mitchell. These

are the first tough frames built for downhill racing.

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1984 Cogs – It becomes popular for cogs to be added to the rear gear cluster, increasing the number of speeds from 15 to 18, 21, and 24.

2002 10-Cog Rear Cluster – Italian bicycle component manufacturer Campagnolo develops a 10-cog rear cluster, allowing for 30-speed bicycles.

2009 Electronic Gears – International manufacturer Shimano develops electronic gears that allow for faster shifting.

2012 ADAPTRAC – names after the inventor, a system allowing the rider to individually adjust tire pressure while riding. Through a system of carbon dioxide cartridges, allows riders to maintain optimum traction when riding in changing conditions. 2014 Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide Batteries – Otherwise known as NMC batteries, this is a newer type of lithium battery that starts becoming popular with electric bicycles around 2013-2014. NMC delivers higher power in a smaller package than previous models. 1 Source: Adapted from (Evelo Electric Bicycles 2021). 2 3 Types of Cycling 4 5 Cycling as a sport is practised at various difficulty levels. These cycling 6 styles have helped popular popularizing as a sport, by making it physically and 7 mentally challenging for cyclists. 8 9  BMX – BMX is one of the most popular off-road styles, usually seen 10 and practised in the rural areas or countryside, where the cyclist would 11 naturally get undulated terrain. It originated int1970s70’s in California, 12 where one could find youngsters riding and stunting off-road. Just like 13 motorcycles. BMX cycles are sturdier in make and smaller in 14 dimension. It is made to take abuse and stunts, which would challenge 15 both, the rider and the ride. BMX cycles have frames made of steel 16 (high-tensile) and aluminium, those meant for racing. BMX cycles offer 17 various riding styles, from off-road to urban build-up spaces to ramps 18 designed in BMX parks (P. Edwards 2016). 19  Road biking – This is the most commonly performed cycling as it 20 doesn’t need a professional training. These cycles are used on a variety 21 of roads such as BMX, racing, touring, and utility. It can be used in the

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1 velodrome as well as outdoors. The first-ever cycle race (1200 meters) 2 was held on 31st May 1868 at the Parc de Saint-Cloud, Paris, where 3 roading biking cycles were extensively used. As India is gradually 4 turning its attention to adventure sports, road biking has become very 5 popular over the past few decades. 6 7 Figure 6. BMX Stunts and Road Biking

8 9 Source: Authors. 10 11  – This is an extreme style, where riders build their 12 pumps and trails. Although there are no formal rules to this style, 13 trained mountain bikers are aware of the unwritten rules, such as, be 14 respectful of jumps and trails and be respectful of others. Weather and 15 terrain play an important role in performing this style and conducting 16 challenges. Dirt jumping, slopestyle, cross country, and downhill are 17 some of the categories popularly performed while mountain biking. 18

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1 Figure 7. Mountain biking style

2 3 Source: Authors. 4 5  Freestyle – The lightest weighing cycles are made to freestyle. They 6 become popular shortly after BMX cycles and are used for flat trails, 7 vertical skates, and aggressive street riding. Considered one of the 8 safest styles, they come with multiple front and back gears. 9  Dirt jumper – These bikes bridge the gap between BMX bikes and 10 freestyles. Also known as jumpers, these cycles are designed to take 11 flight for various ages of cyclists. They usually don’t have front brakes 12 and are a great choice for heavier riders. 13 14 Case Study 1 15 16 Anna Meares Velodrome (10,000m2) was built in 2016 to serve the 17 2018 in , . The stadium can 18 accommodate 1500 spectators and can expand for 4000 more with temporary 19 seating. Several events throughout the year, such as Track National 20 Championships, Queensland National Championships, and Cycling 21 Queensland Club are hosted at Anna Meares. Cox Rayner from COX 22 Architects was the principal designer, jointly commissioned by Queensland 23 State and the Australian government. With an elliptical footprint, Anna Meares 24 Velodrome is one of the largest column-free arenas in the world. The steel roof 25 makes the structure light weighted and provides a clear roof span of 118 26 meters. The stadium is water and energy-efficient and uses full LED broadcast 27 lighting, making it one of its kind in the world (Arup 2019) (Austadiums 2021) 28 (Cycling Queensland 2021). 29

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1 Figure 8. Anna Meares Velodrome

2 3 Source: (Jones 2018). 4 5 Figure 9. Top view plan and East Elevation of Anna Meares Velodrome

6

7 8 Source: (Archdaily 2021).

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1 Case Study 2 2 3 Lee Valley Velopark in East London was inaugurated in February 2011. 4 The velodrome has served as permanent venues for Olympic 2012 and 5 Paralympic games. Along with racing tracks, the velodrome has one mile of 6 road tracks and 5 miles of mountain tracks. The design was publicly revealed 7 by Hopkins Architects and Grant Associates in 2008, making it the first 8 Olympic Park venue. The stadium can accommodate 6000 spectators and 9 provides for all levels of cyclists, amateurs, and champions. The design 10 focused on making it sustainable by adopting technologies like rainwater 11 harvesting, harvesting natural light, and energy saving. The velodrome was a 12 built-in way to make the London skyline beautiful, primarily using the 13 traditional western cedar redwood as construction material. The idea was to 14 avoid massive use of steel, in an attempt to not give a contemporary look 15 (Wordpress 2016) (Hopkins Architects 2021). 16 17 Figure 10. Anna Meares Velodrome

18 19 Source: (Hopkins Architects 2021). 20 21

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1 Figure 11. Upper-tier plan and Sectional elevation of Lee Valley Velopark

2

3 4 5 Source: (Hopkins Architects 2021). 6 7 Table 2. Comparative table of case study findings Features Anna Meares Lee Valley Proposal Velodrome, Velopark, London Australia Total Area of 10,000m2 21,700 m2 11,450 m2 Velodrome Capacity 1500 (+4000) 6750 2000 Building Type Indoor Indoor Indoor Primary Material Concrete and Wood (western Concrete and Steel used Steel cedar redwood) Clear Roof Span 118 meters 136 m 125 meters Sub-structure Concrete Concrete Concrete Super Structure Steel Steel Concrete and Steel The material used Steel and wood Steel and wood Steel and Wood for tracks The total length of 250 meters 250 meters 250 meters the track 180 turning radius Innovation Roof framing is The roof is The truss form configured to allow designed to reflect which connects to the complex the geometry of the multiple steel hyperbolic cycling as well as support will gain paraboloid roof to being lightweight better stability and be formed by and efficient the orientation has simple straight reflecting a designed on a components. bike. There is also a contoured site. 360-degree concourse level with

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windows allowing people views of the Olympic Park. Sustainability Energy, water- Energy, water- Better daylight and Target Achieved efficient. Full LED efficient. Use of ventilation and no lighting. maximum daylight. land cut in the contours 1 Source: Authors. 2 3 4 Methodology 5 6 The motivation of designing was initiated by the author’s interest in the 7 cycle as a sport. When researched further in Bengaluru’s context, the vision 8 was set to serve a rather larger community. In this regard, understanding the 9 context became the first step of the overall design process. A thorough desktop 10 study was carried out to understand the climate, geography, demography, and 11 culture of Bengaluru. Support from municipal authorities confirmed the need 12 for such a project and led to an appropriate site selection. Secondly, the 13 literature review was conducted to identify scientific standards which would 14 make the rider’s experience safe. Case studies from over the globe guided in 15 implementing these standards into the design. The third step, which was 16 analyzing the physical and geographical conditions of the site, resulted in 17 defining the limitations of structural design. With sustainable architecture as 18 the core theme, a conceptual design was then developed disturbing as little as 19 possible, the existing greens. The final design phase included details of 20 architectural and structural design. The final design of this study is presented in 21 the form of architectural plans, sections, and three-dimensional views. 22 23 Figure 12. Design Process

24 25 Source: Authors.

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1 Design (Findings) 2 3 Site Selection 4 5 From figure 5, it can be inferred that many existing popular trails in 6 Bengaluru are located adjacent to the new ring road, Nice road, soon to become 7 a peripheral road. The design aims to serve all ages and all professional levels 8 of cyclists. Hence, it is reasonable to choose a naturally levelled landscape 9 between nature to give the cyclists a real experience. The selected site is 10 located adjacent to Nice road, marked for “park or open space” by Bengaluru 11 Land use development authority. Lying adjacent to the ring road, not only 12 makes the site accessible but also makes the cyclist near to nature as it is 13 surrounded by Turahalli forest’s deciduous trees. The Turahalli forest 14 department currently allows enthusiasts and cyclists to practice and ride, which 15 makes it rational to develop a cycle park there. As the site is adjacent to ring 16 road and the nearest bus stop is 500 meters away, it can be easily accessible by 17 road. 18 19 Figure 13. Site location on Bengaluru map

20 21 Source: Authors. 22 23

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1 Figure 14. Site location

2 3 Source: Authors. 4 5 Site Analysis 6 7 The design is developed along the contours of the site, which assists to 8 give natural tracks to BMX and mountain bikers. The maximum and minimum 9 elevation of the contours on the site is 12 - 14 meters with a total site area of 10 19.07 acres (77,180 square meters). The area surrounding the site is still under 11 development and the only built fabric found are small tea shops, grocery shops, 12 auto garage–repair shops, and bus stops. As the area is allotted to Forest 13 Department, which is responsible to conserve the forest as a natural resource, 14 constructing permanent buildings and high rise is not a scope even in the 15 future. The proposed design utilizes all the existing trees, as a response to 16 forest conservation. 17

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1 Figure 15. Proposed site

2 3 Source: Authors. 4 5 The Setting of Geometry 6 7 The setting of the site and its building structure is inspired by the tension 8 nodes of a cycle. During the ride, the weight applied on the saddle, the cycle 9 frame transfers the tension on the nodal points. The connection of those frames 10 acts as a medium to circulate tension on all nodal points. However, based on 11 the weight on the saddle and the pressure on the peddles, the tension at 12 different nodal points differs from time to time. In the proposed design, these 13 nodal points (the shape derived from a cycle to site) act as primary spaces, in 14 terms of their function. Refer to Figure 20. 15 16 Figure 16. Concept inspired by tension nodes in a cycle

17

18 19 Source: Authors.

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1 The Setting of the Site 2 3 The main structure, that is the velodrome occupies the Northwest side of 4 the site, which is adjacent to the peripheral road too. If the structure of the 5 cycle frame is superimposed on the site, the location of the velodrome 6 represents a major nodal point (tension point below the saddle). Laying the site 7 from its northernmost edge, the indoor and outdoor mountain biking (MTB) 8 park represents the topmost nodal point in the cycle frame (the handle of the 9 cycle). The central part of the site comprises BMX park and kids pump park. 10 When implemented, this cycle park can serve as an athletic sports centre that 11 can host national events. Housing is provided on the eastern edge as a response 12 to such future events. On the opposite end of housing lies the velodrome with a 13 capacity of 2000 people, adjacent to an outdoor amphitheatre and 14 administration block. In the rear end of the site, the southern side lies the 15 parking for visitors and cyclists. With a clear roof span of 125 meters in the 16 velodrome, the structure is entirely constructed out of concrete and steel. The 17 tracks are made out of wood and steel. The truss which connects to the multiple 18 steel support is designed to gain better stability and orientation on a contoured 19 site. 20 21 Figure 17. Site plan development

22 23 Source: Authors.

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1 Figure 18. Site sections

2 3 Source: Authors. 4 5 Figure 19 shows (1) vehicular access to the site, which aims to keep the 6 inside of the parked vehicle free; (2) pedestrian and cyclist access and (3) 7 service access. The service access will be used in case of events. 8 9 Figure 19. Vehicular access; pedestrian and cyclist access and service access

10

11 12 Source: Authors. 13 14 Design Details 15 16 The design of the velodrome is structured into steel and concrete frames 17 supporting a column-free track. Above the ground level (2.5 meters), at 3.5 to

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1 7.5 meters accommodates the gym, cycle associations, and other services. The 2 entry-level consists of entry/ exit points along with a few shops and utilities. 3 The seating capacity accommodates 2000 people from 8 meters and 11.5 4 meters. The wooden Velo track is supported by metal sections forming the 5 outer shell and support for the velodrome. This is enveloped in glass with 6 minimal openings, with the idea to use natural light to its fullest. Even the 7 tubular truss, which forms a light roofing structure is combined with metal 8 tubes letting natural light in. Figure 20 shows details of the velodrome and its 9 sectional details. 10 11 Figure 20. Design of velodrome and sectional details

12 13 Source: Authors. 14 15

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1 Figure 21. Elevational view

2 Source: Authors. 3 4 Figure 22. Velodrome top section

5 6 Source: Authors. 7 8 Figure 23. BMX track for kids and professionals

9 10 Source: Authors. 11

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1 Figure 24. View of interlinked spaces around the park and view of elevated 2 tracks

3

4 5 Source: Authors. 6 7 8 Conclusions 9 10 The study included a literature review exploring people’s growing interest 11 in cycling, especially during pandemic times (COVID 19). The influence of the 12 mixed culture population and immigrants from all over the country and globe 13 has given new light to the potential of cycling as a sport in Bengaluru, in the 14 recent decade. Several cyclist groups have explored cycling trails in and around 15 Bengaluru. However, many cyclists still do not get a chance to practice stunts 16 due to no dedicated infrastructure. The amateurs also lose motivation due to the 17 little infrastructure provided and for safety reasons. With this notion as a 18 starting point, this study has documented international standards and case 19 studies, to propose a cycle park for amateurs and professionals where they can 20 practice cycling as a leisure activity as well as a sport. The idea is to give the 21 infrastructure of an international cycling stadium within the city limits but also 22 with natural textures, such as uneven terrain which is needed for mountain 23 biking. The design provides BMX , road biking, mountain biking, 24 freestyle and dirt jumper facilities. Concepts such as natural lighting, water and 25 energy-efficient systems make the design relevant to the time. If implemented, 26 this study aims to provide the place with appropriate infrastructure for all 27 cyclists and for national and international cycling events to take place. 28 29 30

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