Index

A alternative interpretation of history, Abu Hafs Al Masri Brigades, 87 26 abundance of information, 9 alt-Right, 85, 96 actions with political parties, 198, 216 Alvarová, Alexandra, 236 actions with supranational entities, annexation of Crimea, 12, 176 198, 216 antispam, 143 actions with the media, 198, 205, 216 Apathy, 8, 17, 26, 97 actions with the public, 198, 216 apathic population, 8 , 83, 84, 195, 214, appeal to common people, 91 215 appeal to fear, 10, 153, 156 Adblock Plus tool, 142 artificial intelligence (AI), 45, 57, 60, advent of the Internet, 4, 7, 31, 47 62, 66, 81, 82, 86, 95, 96, 140, Aggregate IQ, 59 257 Agreement on Mutual Legal Assistance artificial text generating, 144 between the Association for International Affairs, and the of America, 238 176 astroturfing, 9, 56 AI. See artificial intelligence (AI) asymmetric environment, 17 Alfred Naujocks, 79 Átlátszó website, 241 , 26, 27, 30, 31, audience’s receptivity, 17 34–36, 89, 257, 258 authenticity of the evidence, 183 Alternative for , 56, 88 authoritarian informationalism, 53

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive 263 license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 M. Gregor and P. Mlejnková (eds.), Challenging Online and in the 21st Century, Political Campaigning and Communication, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58624-9 264 INDEX authoritarian regimes, 8, 50, 53, 83, Center for Propaganda and 233 Disinformation Analysis, 243 automated analytical tool, 185, 186 Centre Against Terrorism and Hybrid automated knowledge extraction, 145 Threats, 200, 211 Centre for Euro-Atlantic Integration and Democracy, 241 B Centre for European and North bandwagoning, 91, 143, 154 Atlantic Affairs, 246 Basaj, Kamil, 242 Centrum Stosunków Benˇcík, Ján, 244 Mi˛edzynarodowych, 242 Berliner, David C., 12 Checkbot plug-in, 245 BERT, 144, 150 4Chan, 85 Best Practice Manual for the 8Chan, 85 Forensic Examination of Digital Technology, 183 Cybersecurity Law, 50 biasing published information, 11 of China, 50 Bittman, Ladislav, 80 information environment, 45, 50, blaming, 10, 155 51, 53 Blbec.online project, 245 propaganda, 45, 86, 199 botnets citizen journalism, 9 sleeping, 57 civil society bots, 9, 32, 34, 45, 56, 57, 59, 66, Central Europe, 226, 229, 235 142, 151, 152, 197, 202, 203 Czech Republic, 226, 229, Bránik, Radovan, 244 233–235, 240, 247 Brexit, 44, 55, 56, 59, 195, 203 Hungary, 226, 229, 234, 240, 247 B.S. Detector dataset, 159, 245 initiatives tackling disinformation, BuzzFeed-Webis Fake New Corpus 226, 229, 230, 234, 241, 243, 2016, 158 246, 247 Poland, 226, 229, 234, 241, 247 Slovakia, 226, 229, 233, 234, 243, C 247 Cambridge Analytica, 44, 45, 59, 66, Ukrainian, 228 203, 257 ClaimBuster fact-checking, 146 CaptainFact, 141 ClaimReview, 141 capture score and integrate model clear warning, 198, 199, 208 (CSI), 150 clickbait, 58, 148 Carnegie Endowment for International CNN Facts First, 141 Peace, 197 Code of Conduct on Countering Censorship, 5, 9, 50, 51, 112, 118, Illegal Hate Speech Online, 206 119, 129–131 cognitive dissonance, 29 post-publication, 119, 124 Cold War, 4, 21, 44, 77, 80, 81 50 Cent Army, 51, 55 collaborative verification, 141 INDEX 265 collective identification processes, 91 Cybersecurity Foundation, 242 combatting disinformation and Czech elves, 237 propaganda, 110, 131 , 26 Committee for State Security (KGB), State Security of Czechoslovakia 80 (StB), 79 Communication on Tackling Illegal Czech Republic Content Online, 206 Centre Against Terrorism and Compact journal, 87 Hybrid Threats, 200, 211 computational stylometry, 143 Cyber and Information Operations confidence of information, 120, 123 Command, 212 confirmation bias, 29, 186 National Cyber and Information Confucius Institute, 86 Security Agency, 211, 212 consequent forensic analysis, 169 Security Information Service, 210 conspiracy theories, 23, 27, 31, 85, University of Defence, 211, 212 226, 240, 244, 245 content creators and hosting providers relation, 118 D Convention on Cybercrime, 175 Daesh, 4, 87, 90, 91, 96 cooperation with non-EU countries, Damasio, Antonio, 11 176 data Copenhagen School, 77 and information, 57, 171 Council of Europe, 94, 109, 110, collection, 49, 92, 171, 217 129, 170, 175, 176 protection, 44, 64 Council of the European Union, 176, smog, 8, 31 177, 180, 181 Dataset of in countermeasures Czech news portals, 149, 155 against disinformation and datasets for analysis and detection of propaganda, 197, 216 propaganda, 152 direct, 198, 204, 205, 209, 212, DBpedia, 146 215 , 18, 20, 21, 26, 35, 63, covert influence, 22, 199 78–80, 94, 145, 148 COVID-19, 5, 30, 32, 33, 256 decision-making process manipulation, Cozy Bear, 199 13, 19, 20, 57, 64, 211, 231 create credibility, 7 decline in civic engagement, 30 creation of negative perception, 17 deepfake, 14, 44, 45, 50, 60–66, 92, CREDBANK, 159 257 credibillity doubts, 8 deepfakes danger, 63, 64 CredRank algorithm, 151 deep learning, 57, 59, 62, 63, 66, 173 criminal liability, 180 technology, 60, 61 critical infrastructure, 21, 260, 261 Defend Europe campaign, 85 CrossCheck, 141, 146 deliberate selectivity of information, 6 CyberDefence24 website, 243 Demagog project, 236, 242 266 INDEX democracy E adaptation of democratic regime, East StratCom Task Force, 204, 205, 258 209, 212, 215, 237 democratic discourse disruption, 89 EasyList, 142 democratisation of journalism, 9 echo chambers, 31, 32, 34, 35, 49, democratisation of online content 92, 257 creation, 118, 131 ECHR case law, 106, 109–111, 114, 116, 119, 121, 125, 126, 130 demonisation, 10 educational process, 6 Denmark, 178, 196, 207, 209, 210, education of political parties, 203 216 effectiveness of lies, 7 Centre for Cyber Security, 209 election meddling, 88 Defence Intelligence Service, 208 electronic discovery, 169–171, 173 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 197, electronic evidence, 168–170, 208, 209 174–177, 179–187, 259 detection, 64, 129, 131, 140, Electronic evidence — abasicguidefor 143–145, 148, 150–152, 186, First Responders, 183 187, 200, 259 elitist technocracy, 27 Dezimatrix, 239 emotions, 7, 10, 11, 17, 20, 34, 35, digital forensic analysis (DFA), 181, 57, 153, 156, 158 184, 187 exploitation, 10 challenges, 183 Endowment Fund for Independent principles, 181–183 Journalism, 238 digital forensic practitioners, 181, 184, Euforka, 239 186, 187, 259 European Centre of Excellence for digital journalism, 141, 257 Countering Hybrid Threats, 95, Direkt36, 241 207, 215 disinformation European Convention on Human audio-visual, 14, 15 Rights, 105, 129, 260 European Convention on Mutual categories, 12, 14, 15, 78, 106, 124 Assistance in Criminal Matters, era of, 12, 96 175 disinformation campaign, 4, 5, 12, 13, European Court of Human Rights 21, 75–77, 80, 82, 87, 93, 96, (ECHR), 105–107, 109, 111, 195–197, 200, 208, 210, 211, 113, 115–120, 122–125, 214, 228, 241 128–130 dissemination of defamatory European Investigation Order (EIO), information, 106 176–180 distrust, 5, 51, 64, 92 European migration crisis, 11 of scientists, 27 European Production and Preservation doctrine of margin appreciation, 111 Orders, 177, 179, 186 INDEX 267

European Union (EU), 33, 59, detection, 140, 141, 143, 150 89, 110, 127, 128, 131, 156, Fakescape project, 239 170, 176, 177, 179, 186, 187, false dilemma, 91 196, 198, 204, 205, 207, 210, false flag operation, 78, 79 212–216, 229, 239, 242 far-right, 56, 85–89, 203 Action Plan against Disinformation, fear, 10, 11, 18, 90, 153, 256 205, 228 fictive content generating, 144 legal framework, 105, 110, 176 filter bubbles, 31, 108, 109, 203 Rapid Alert System, 205 Fiskkit, 146 European Values Center for Security flat Earth, 27 Policy (EVCSP), 230, 237, 238 forensic analysis of disinformation and EUvsDisinfo, 199, 200, 204, 205, propaganda, 184 208, 209, 213 forensic analysis of evidence, 169 everybody lies, 8 forensic software, 183, 184 exploit, 36, 59, 79, 142, 144 Freebase, 146 emotions. See emotions freedom of expression, 106, 107, history, 7 109–113, 116, 118–122, 124, vulnerabilities, 21, 93, 256 130, 180 freedom of speech, 34, 50, 60, 76, F 81, 85, 112, 113, 116, 117, 120, fabrication, 10, 156 129, 130, 170, 171, 201, 260 FaceApp, 45, 62 fundamental rights, 106, 109, 111, FaceApp challenge, 62 116, 129–131, 170, 171 Facebook, 4, 32, 34, 44, 45, 55, 56, 59, 94, 142, 158, 159, 170, 174, 202, 203, 205, 206, 242, 245 G Facebook’s Community Standards, gain trust, 7 202 gap between Us and Them, 91 face swap, 61 German Security Service, 79 fact-checking, 94, 95, 139, 141, 5G information infrastructure, 51 145–147, 157, 158, 160, 197, globalised information sharing 202, 203, 235, 236, 243, 244, platforms, 114 257 GLOBSEC Policy Institute, 230, 246 FACTCK.BR, 157 good faith, 108, 109, 126 fact extraction and verification Good Practice Guide for Computer- (FEVER), 147 Based Electronic Evidence, , 5, 15, 16, 23, 24, 34, 60, 182 64, 76, 83, 94, 95, 106–109, Google, 32, 202 113, 115, 117, 118, 121, 123– Google Chrome plug-in B.S. Detector, 125, 140, 145–147, 149–152, 245 157, 160, 199, 201, 202, 209, GPT-2 neural model, 144 213–215, 237, 257 Grover, 144 268 INDEX

GRU. See Main Intelligence information environment, 4, 5, 8, Directorate (GRU) 9, 16, 19, 33, 35, 36, 44, 45, Guidelines on Digital Forensics for 47–51, 53, 65, 97, 108, 242, OLAF staff , 183 257–259 control over, 52 dimensions, 22, 47 H information flow analysis, 141, 142, hand censoring, 51 145 hate speech, 114, 115, 122, 129, 130, Information group, 31, 32 168, 172, 201, 202, 206, 226, information noise, 8, 257 246 information operations, 5, 19–22, 55, combating, 174, 177 80, 198, 200, 201, 212, 247, expression of hate towards 256 minorities, 114 information-psychological activities, hijack hashtags, 56 21, 22 Hlídací Pes, 239 information society, 44, 46, 47, 58 Slayer, 146 services, 169, 170 Hoaxy analysis system, 142 information systems, 10, 19, 20, 22, Holocaust, 27, 85, 107 48, 76, 83 denial, 91, 114 information-technical activities, 21, 22 hosting providers, 118, 127–129, 131 infosecurity, 245 hosting services, 128, 131, 180, 260 infosphere, 45, 47–50, 109 Huawei, 51, 211 Institute for Politic and Society, 236 hybrid trolls, 54 institutional countermeasures against hybrid warfare, 52, 78, 96, 246 influence operations, 196 categorisation of institutional coun- termeasures against influence I operations, 198 illegal conduct, 172 institutions’ countermeasures against incitement of violence, 114 information warfare, 196 inequality growing, 30 Intention, 6, 9, 13, 14, 16, 25, 28, influence operations, 5, 21, 22, 35, 56, 82, 88, 106, 108, 109, 117, 44, 51, 54, 66, 94, 195–197, 126, 129, 131, 201, 256 199–201, 203, 204, 206–210, International Fact-Checking Network, 213, 217, 236, 238, 240–243, 142 246 (IRA), 55, infodemic, 32, 35 58, 85, 92, 158 Infokrieg, 85 internet service providers, 174, 177, Infoops Poland, 242 179, 180, 184 INFO OPS Polska, 242 Iranian trolls, 55 information control, 50 irrelevant information, 11 information economy, 44, 46, 47 Islamic propaganda, 86 INDEX 269

J manipulation, 3–5, 9–11, 13, 16, Johnson, Boris, 199 21, 23, 36, 44, 46, 48, 50, 53, journalistic freedom of expression, 106 57–60, 64–66, 91, 107, 140, journalistic sources revealing, 119 143, 155, 159, 167–171, 173, #jsmetu, 237 183, 186, 199, 236, 237, 255, 257 of network connections, 93 K of the recipient, 6 Kalenský, Jakub, 205, 237 through the amount of information, KGB. See Committee for State Security 11 (KGB) manipulative pictures, 10 K-Monitor, 241 manipulative style recognition, 141, Konšpirátori.sk, 244 143, 145 Kontakt24 project, 243 manipulative techniques, 8, 10, 11, Kremlin Watch, 202, 230, 238 16, 35, 107, 109, 112, 143, 144, Kundra, Ondˇrej, 210, 239 153, 154, 174, 185 detection, 139, 143 manipulative videos, 11 L Manipulators website, 236 labelling, 10, 14, 95, 106, 153, 156, Masaryk University (MU), 95, 155, 157, 199, 202, 212 159, 212, 239 Lasswell, H.D., 5 measles vaccine, 27 laws against disinformation, 76, 172 media literacy, 65, 202, 205, 230, legal measures against manipulation, 236, 239, 240, 244, 245 172 Media Literacy Week, 205 liability, 127, 128, 130, 174 Merkel, Angela, 199 for the content, 118, 127, 131, 260 Mesežnikov, Gregorij, 244 of hosting providers, 110, 118 micro-targeting, 59, 66, 257 LIAR, 159 militant jihadists, 87, 96 liberal democracies, 4, 75 military dimension of disinformation LinkedIn, 45, 62 and propaganda, 77 LinkNBed, 147 Lyrebird, 63 Ministry of Information Policy of , 200 mob rule, 27 M multi-jurisdictional, 169, 174 Máca, Roman, 236 mutual legal assistance, 174 machine-driven communication, 57 myth, 7, 146 Macron, Emmanuel, 199, 204 mythology, 7 MADCOM. See machine-driven communication Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU), N 80, 84 name-calling, 10, 143, 153 270 INDEX

National Coordinator for Security and P Counterterrorism, 200 pandemic, 5, 30, 32, 33, 256 national security, 21, 51, 63, 92, 120, paramilitary movement, 90 121, 214 Pavel, Petr, 211 National Security Audit, 95, 238 peer-to-peer replication, 9 nativist politics, 89 People in Need, 238 NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence personalised content, 96 Centre of Excellence, 207, 212 plain folks, 91 NATO StratCom Centre of PMESII model, 78 Excellence, 54 Political Capital, 241 natural language processing (NLP), politically asymmetric credulity, 30 141, 146, 148 political media, 15 neo-Nazism, 85, 86, 90, 91 political polarisation, 30 Neovlivní, 239 political warfare, 76, 93, 96 NetzDG, 201 political warfare 2.0, 94 neural network, 63, 143, 144, 149, PolitiFact, 141, 158 150 Pope Gregory XV, 8 post-communist region, 26 1984, 7 post-digital era, 75 Nixon, Richard, 25 post-factual society, 25 nondemocratic regimes, 4, 18, 60, 65 post-truth, 24, 26–28, 30, 197, 258 Nutil, Petr, 236 era, 5, 23, 26, 28, 34–36, 89 society, 25 Prague Security Studies Institute, 229, 238 O Preco ludem hrabe, 245 objective journalism, 15 processing of evidence, 169 Office of Chinese Language Council prohibition of advertisement, 119 International, 86 Project VoCo, 63 Office of the Central Leading Group promotion of hateful narratives, 89 for Cyberspace Affairs (CAC), 50 propaganda OKO.press, 243 aim of, 6, 76 online journalism, 9 as a tool for recruitment, 90 onset of the Internet, 9 automated, 56 Open Society Foundation Prague component of, 5, 16 (OSF), 238 countering, 93, 95, 201 Open Society Fund, 246 definition, 5, 15, 35 Operation INFEKTION, 12 digital, 9 Orwell, George, 7 robotic, 56 O’Shaughnessy, N., 3, 6, 7, 9, 12, 28, trinity of concepts, 7 31, 91 propagation cascade, 151 overwhelming information, 8, 257 propagation tree, 151 INDEX 271 proportionality, 111, 130, 171, 180 against hybrid threats, 94 proportionate restrictive measures, cognitive, 258, 259 124 human, 258–260 protection of health or morals, 120 societal, 258–260 protection of networks, 260 rhetoric, 7, 90, 213 protection of reputation, 122 right to access to information, 113 psychological defence, 94, 200 rogue propaganda and disinformation psychological factors, 28 actors, 82, 87 psychological operation military Rosyjska V kolumna w Polsce, 242 conflict, 18 roughness of discussion, 32 psychological operations hard and soft RuNet, 52, 65 aspects, 17 . See Russian Federation psychological operations (psyops), Russian Federation, 176, 187, 228, 16–21, 80, 94 229 psychological operations types, 18 Bloggers Law, 52 public damage, 13 information environment (IRA), 21 public panic, 64 propaganda machine, 86 public safety, 90, 120, 122 public security, 92 public statements, 197, 198 S Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, 6, 8 Q search for alternatives, 89 QCRI dataset, 150, 153, 159 secret services, 51, 52, 79, 80, 82–85, Qprop corpus, 153 198, 199, 211–213 securitisation, 81, 82, 95 R of propaganda, 81, 96 Radicalisation, 91–93, 97, 257 security threat, 61, 76, 82, 90, 95, leading to violent extremism, 90 96, 240 of discussion, 89 selecting the truth, 8 real-time counter-propaganda, 204 selective exposure, 28 Reconquista Germanica, 55 selective memory, 28, 29 Recruitment, 90, 91 selective perception, 28, 29 Reddit, 85 Semantic Visions, 237 Regulation on the Prevention of Skripal, Sergei, 200, 204, 208, 214, the Dissemination of Terrorist 216 Content Online, 206 Slovak elves, 245 Rehka,ˇ Karel, 211, 237 Slovak Foreign Policy Association, 246 Relativisation, 10, 11, 26, 35, 36, Slovak Forum Against Propaganda, 157, 257, 258 246 Relativism, 27 Slovak recruits, 90 resilience Smatana, Juraj, 244 272 INDEX

Snopes, 146 The Art of War, 18 social bubbles, 30, 91, 93 threat to democracy, 64 social media, 4, 5, 9, 19, 31–35, 44, Transitions, 239 45, 50, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61–63, Trive, 146 81–84, 91, 92, 96, 127, 140, troll farms, 54, 85, 209, 214 142, 146, 147, 158, 174, 197, trolls, 9, 32, 43, 44, 51, 53–58, 201–203, 209, 226, 237, 245, 83–85, 226, 237, 245 256, 260, 261 Trump, Donald, 15, 45, 56, 61, 91, decentralized structure, 9 155 Social Observatory for Disinformation Trust Project Indicators, 142 and Social Media Analysis TSHP 2017 corpus, 152, 159 (SOMA), 205 Twitter, 32, 55–57, 94, 142, 149, society-centric approach, 258, 260 150, 152, 158, 170, 174, 205, soft power, 22 206, 211, 237, 242 Soldiers of Odin, 90 TwitterTrails, 142 #somtu, 245 source credibility analysis, 141, 142 sow the seeds of alienation, 17 U special task forces, 200 undemocratic regimes, 16, 52, 66 speech typology, 114 unified global disinformation front, 82 state employee education, 201, 209 unprotected speech, 114 state interference, 44, 111, 118, 120, Urbanlegends, 240 130 user-generated content (UGC), 118, state measures, 198, 200, 211, 214, 127–129 216 market, 170 StopFake, 54, 226, 238, 242 US presidential elections, 15, 23, 24, Stormfront, 85 44, 45, 52, 55, 88 Strategic Policy Institute, 246 subject-predicate-object triple (SPO), 146 V Sun Tzu, 18, 44, 45 verification approach, 141 Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency, virtualisation, 168 199, 201 voters education, 198, 199, 203 symbolism, 7 vulnerabilities, 20, 21, 57, 76, 93, 256, 257 T tabloid journalism, 15 territorial integrity, 120, 121 W terrorism, 18, 81, 87, 92, 122, 206 Wikipedia, 141, 146, 147 terrorist organisations, 4, 16, 18, 19, withdrawal of a published expression, 90 119 test of proportionality, 123 Wojownicy Klawiatury, 242 INDEX 273

World Health Organisation (WHO), radicalisation, 91 33 World War II, 6, 26, 77, 81, 83 Z Zelenka, Jakub, 239 X Zeman, Miloš, 157, 210, 211 XGBoost, 149 ZET, 51 Zmudri project, 245 Zomri, 245 Y Zvol si info (Choose the information) YouTube, 32, 61, 142, 174, 205, 206 project, 239