Final Technology Performance Report February 2015
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Final Technology Performance Report February 2015 Pecan Street Smart Grid Demonstration Program Award Number: DE-OE-0000219 Project Type: Regional Demonstration Pecan Street Smart Grid Demonstration Project Interim Technology Performance Report Table of Contents I. Introduction 1 II. Scope 2 Project Abstract 2 Team Members 5 Subrecipients 6 Cost Share Partners 15 Industry & Academic Partners 17 Project Overview 18 Project Objectives 19 Timeline 19 Key Project Milestones 20 Key Decision Points 20 Technologies and Systems Demonstrated 22 Home Energy Management Systems 22 Smart Meters 22 Smart Grid Water Systems 23 Distributed Solar Photovoltaic Energy 23 Plug-In Electric Vehicles 24 Distributed Energy Storage 24 Behavioral Research Trial 26 Technical Approach for Interoperability & Cyber Security 27 Interoperability 28 Cyber Security 31 Lifecycle Control Plan 42 III. Methodology 46 Technical Approach 46 Program 1: Demonstrate Energy Internet capabilities on customer side of meter 47 Program 2: Demonstrate impacts of the Energy Internet on utility infrastructure 47 Program 3: Demonstrate electric vehicle integration onto the Energy Internet 48 Research Design 48 Participant Engagement 50 Baseline Study 51 Lab Construction 51 Technology Selection & Deployment Approach 54 Behavioral Research Trial 61 Analysis 63 Interaction with Project Stakeholders 64 Data Collection & Management 66 Selection of Data Collection Equipment 66 Data Collection 67 !ii Pecan Street Smart Grid Demonstration Project Interim Technology Performance Report Data Management 69 Benefits Analysis & Metrics 74 Build Metrics & Benefits Analysis 75 Impact Metrics & Benefits Analysis 76 IV. Results 83 Operation of Smart Grid Technologies and System 83 Program 1: Demonstrate Energy Internet capabilities on customer side of the meter 85 Smart Meters 85 Home Energy Monitoring Systems 90 Distributed Solar PV Energy 100 Energy Storage 105 Natural Gas and Water Metering 111 Behavioral Research Trial 112 Conclusions 115 Program 2: Demonstrate impacts of the Energy Internet on utility infrastructure 116 Distributed PV Energy 116 Energy Storage 120 Residential Power Quality 125 Conclusions 148 Program 3: Demonstration of electric vehicle integration onto the Energy Internet 150 Electric Vehicle Charging Control: HVAC Systems 152 Electric Vehicle Charging Control: Solar Systems 156 Conclusions 158 V. Metrics and Benefits Analysis 158 Build Metrics 158 Impact Metrics 162 Distributed Generation Analysis 163 Electric Vehicle Analysis 167 Residential Energy Storage Analysis 171 Stakeholder Feedback 177 VI. Conclusions 178 VII. Contacts 182 Appendix A: Pecan Street Integrated Schedule 183 Appendix B: Derivation of Austin Energy's Grid Emissions Rate 185 !iii Pecan Street Smart Grid Demonstration Project Interim Technology Performance Report List of Figures Figure 1. The Mueller community 2 Figure 2. Overall network architecture 30 Figure 3: Elements of the Customer Domain and associated logical interfaces to the customer premises elements of our architecture 33 Figure 4. Distribution of Landis+Gyr meters in Mueller 57 Figure 5. Command center dashboard for research meter network management 58 Figure 6. eGauge web portal screenshot 67 Figure 7. One-hour whole home electricity use (in watts/hr) for a single-family home 68 Figure 8. Disaggregated electricity use (in watts/hour) at one-minute intervals 68 Figure 9. PlotWatt’s real-time whole energy use data statistics 72 Figure 10. PlotWatt’s real-time whole energy use data statistics 73 Figure 11. PlotWatt’s appliance status by cost 73 Figure 12. Personalized energy budget tool 73 Figure 13. Screenshots of the Pumpkin Pie mobile application 74 Figure 14: New home baseline electricity use, Year 1 92 Figure 15: New home baseline electricity use, Year 2 92 Figure 16: Older home baseline electricity use, Year 1 93 Figure 17: Older home baseline electricity use, Year 2 93 Figure 18. Average daily use per month by property 99 Figure 19. Average daily use per month by research trial group 100 Figure 20. Average monthly whole home power, all participants 101 Figure 21. Comparison of whole home consumption to south- and west-facing PV, August 2013 daily average 102 Figure 22. Comparison of whole home net electricity use, August 2013 daily average 103 Figure 23. The price implications of a customer bill with solar 103 Figure 24. The price implications for utility profitability 105 Figure 25. Line diagram showing integration of battery storage at Pike Powers Lab 106 Figure 26. Single-family demand power 108 Figure 27. Natural gas consumption by season 111 Figure 28: Measuring the effect of behavioral trial program differences using control and non-control groups (source: Dr. Rao, University of Texas at Austin) 113 Figure 29. PV generation by season and directional orientation 117 Figure 30. Average daily PV generation and on-site consumption by season 119 !iv Pecan Street Smart Grid Demonstration Project Interim Technology Performance Report Figure 31. Mueller distribution network 121 Figure 32. Community energy storage diagram. 122 Figure 33. Installed cost of PV per what over time 123 Figure 34. Project installed cost per kWh for PV and storage 124 Figure 35. Whole home voltage and current waveforms 126 Figure 36. Single home reactive and apparent power 127 Figure 37. Residential power factor, no solar production 127 Figure 38. Voltage and current for HVAC compressor 128 Figure 39. Voltage and current for electric vehicle 129 Figure 40. Voltage and current for computer 129 Figure 41. Voltage and current for CFL light bulb 130 Figure 42. RMS current vs. harmonic for CFL light bulb 131 Figure 43. Voltage and current for LED light bulb 131 Figure 44. Power and power factor with solar production 133 Figure 45. Example home load, no solar production 134 Figure 46. Example home load, solar production 134 Figure 47. Distortion and fundamental currents during solar production 135 Figure 48. Transformer total power factor-12 month average 137 Figure 49. Real and reactive power, distribution transformer 138 Figure 50. L-L voltage levels 139 Figure 51. Voltage at residential service entrance 140 Figure 52. Power factor correction 147 Figure 53. Electric vehicle charge duration in minutes, from June 1, 2012 to January 15, 2013 151 Figure 54. Electric vehicle charging start times from June 1, 2012 to January 15, 2013 151 Figure 55. Average energy use over time (in watts) 152 Figure 56. Prototype system hardware photo 154 Figure 57. Prototype system hardware photo 154 Figure 58. Home electricity usage with EV; no charge control. 155 Figure 59. Home electricity usage with EV; with charge control 155 Figure 60. Comparison of residential demand with and without load control 156 Figure 61. EVSE-Solar charge control 157 Figure 62. Hourly PV generation by directional orientation 167 Figure 63: Average ERCOT wind generation by hour of day in 2013. 173 Figure 64: Monthly ERCOT wind generation in 2013 174 !v Pecan Street Smart Grid Demonstration Project Interim Technology Performance Report Figure 65: Peak consumption profile during fiscal year 2013 175 !vi Pecan Street Smart Grid Demonstration Project Interim Technology Performance Report List of Tables Table 1. Project Milestones 20 Table 2. Energy Storage Applications and DOE Smart Grid Functions by Project 25 Table 3: System and Data Criticality of HEMS Installed by Pecan Street 35 Table 4: Human Threats -Threat-Source, Motivation, and Threat Actions (from NIST 800-30) 36 Table 5: Vulnerability of HEMS Systems to Human Threats 38 Table 6: Vulnerability Likelihood Assessment 40 Table 7: Vulnerability Impact Assessment 41 Table 8: Risk Level Matrix 42 Table 9: Risk Determination of Identified Vulnerabilities 42 Tables 10. Operating and Performance Costs 84 Table 11. Monthly NILM Appliance Evaluation 87 Table 12. Median Error Terms for Monthly Disaggregation 89 Table 13: Weather Variation over Year 1 and Year 2 94 Table 14: T-test for New Home Group 95 Table 15: T-test for Older Home Group 95 Table 18. Utility Bill Savings 104 Table 19. Savings to Investment Ratio Analysis 104 Table 20: Observation Counts and Average Usage 113 Table 21: Individual CPP Results – CPP Days 1 through 6 114 Table 22: Aggregate Model Results for All Days 114 Table 23. Power Factor of Residential Devices 128 Table 24. Impact on Transformer Loading-Full Year 142 Table 25. Impact on Transformer Loading-Low-AC Months 144 Table 26. Impact on Transformer Loading AC Usage Months 145 Table 27. Impact on Transformer Loading: Peak Demand 146 Table 28. Current Reduction from Energy Storage 148 Table 29. Monetary Investments by System: Summary of Sources 159 Table 30. Monetary Investments by System: Detailed Accounts 161 Table 31 - Solar Panel Features, by Orientation for Mueller Homes with Complete Data Sets 164 Table 32. Solar Generation, Corresponding Electricity and Emissions Savings by Orientation 166 Table 33. Features of Observations by EV Type 168 Table 34. Vehicle Energy Consumption & Emissions for Homes with EVs and Traditional Vehicles 169 Table 35. Battery Charging and Discharging Carbon Intensities 176 !vii Pecan Street Smart Grid Demonstration Project Interim Technology Performance Report Abbreviation List Acronym Definition AE Austin Energy AMI Automated Meter Infrastructure AMR Automated Meter Read ARRA American Recovery and Reinvestment Act ATI Austin Technology Incubator DOE Department of Energy EDF Environmental Defense Fund EV electric vehicle FTE full time equivalent HAN home area network HEMS home energy management system kV kilovolt