Premediation: Affect and Mediality After 9/11 R

Premediation: Affect and Mediality After 9/11 R. Grusin ISBN: 9780230275270 DOI: 10.1057/9780230275270 Palgrave Macmillan

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Richard Grusin Premediation: Affect and Mediality After 9/11 Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Concordia University Libraries - PalgraveConnect - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright

10.1057/9780230275270 - Premediation: Affect and Mediality After 9/11, Richard Grusin

99780230_242524_01_prexii.indd780230_242524_01_prexii.indd i 22/22/2010/22/2010 55:15:59:15:59 PPMM Also by Richard Grusin

CULTURE, TECHNOLOGY, AND THE CREATION OF AMERICA’S NATIONAL PARKS REMEDIATION: UNDERSTANDING NEW MEDIA (co-authored) TRANSCENDENTALIST HERMENEUTICS: INSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY AND THE HIGHER CRITICISM OF THE BIBLE Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Concordia University Libraries - PalgraveConnect - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright

10.1057/9780230275270 - Premediation: Affect and Mediality After 9/11, Richard Grusin

9780230_242524_01_prexii.indd ii 2/22/2010 5:16:00 PM Premediation: Affect and Mediality After 9/11

Richard Grusin Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Concordia University Libraries - PalgraveConnect - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright

10.1057/9780230275270 - Premediation: Affect and Mediality After 9/11, Richard Grusin

99780230_242524_01_prexii.indd780230_242524_01_prexii.indd iiiiii 22/22/2010/22/2010 55:16:00:16:00 PPMM © Richard Grusin 2010 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2010 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN: 978–0–230–24251–7 hardback ISBN: 978–0–230–24252–4 paperback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Grusin, Richard A. Premediation : affect and mediality after 9/11 / Richard Grusin. p. cm. Summary: “In an era of heightened securitization, print, televisual and networked media have become obsessed with the pre-mediation of future events. In response to the shock of 9/11, socially networked US and global media work to premediate collective affects of anticipation and connectivity, while also perpetuating low levels of apprehension or fear” – Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–230–24251–7 (hbk.) – ISBN 978–0–230–24252–4 (pbk.) 1. Mass media and culture. 2. Mass media – Influence. 3. Image

(Philosophy) 4. Communication – Political aspects. 5. Civilization, - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright Modern – 21st century. I. Title. P94.G79 2010 302.23—dc22 2009048519 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne

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9780230_242524_01_prexii.indd iv 2/22/2010 5:16:01 PM For Sarah and Sam, whose lives have inevitably begun to unfold in the shadow of 9/11

And for my father, whose life as an ad-man first taught me the power of premediation Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Concordia University Libraries - PalgraveConnect - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright

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10.1057/9780230275270 - Premediation: Affect and Mediality After 9/11, Richard Grusin Contents

Preface and Acknowledgements ix

Introduction 1 Remediation after 9/11 1 Brief notes on method 4

1. Remediating 9/11 8 “After 9/11” 8 Remediating 9/11 11 9/11: theorization or mediatization? 16 “We are all Americans” 23 The new normal 25 The emergence of premediated time 33

2. Premediation 38 Remediation and premediation 38 The media regime of pre-emptive war 41 Autopoiesis and the liveness of futurity 50 From virtual reality to the reality of the virtual 57

3. Affect, Mediality, and Abu Ghraib 62 The trouble with Abu Ghraib 62 Remediating pornography? 67 Unknown knowns 69 Mediality 72 Affectivity 77 Torture and pornography 82 Transmitting affect 86

4. The Affective Life of Media 90 Cyborgs 90 Feedback loops 97 Affective computing 109 - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright Mediators 118

5. The Anticipation of Security 122 Premediation and securitization 122 Anticipatory gestures 126

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Mediaphilia 131 Premediation and politics 134 Conclusion 143 Beyond 9/11 143 Natural things 144 Economic things 147 Social things 151

Notes 156 Works Cited 180 Index 189 Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Concordia University Libraries - PalgraveConnect - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright

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Where were you on 9/11? Individuals around the networked world have asked and answered this question millions of times in the past decade. Like the assassinations of John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Robert Kennedy, or John Lennon, the attack on the World Trade Center on 11 September 2001 marked something like a sacred moment in time among the individual and collective memories of the secular American public. Where were you on 9/11? In addition to the hypermediated shock that burned this moment into the memory banks of the media public, the attacks of 9/11 were profoundly significant because they introduced a new demarcation in the Christian world’s calendar. The world changed on 9/11. Coming so close upon the millennial year of 2000, 11 September 2001 in some sense began time anew. After the time before Christ and the Christian era, we were presented with a new era, the post-9/11 era of Islamic terrorism. Where was I on 9/11? When American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center at 8:46 AM on 11 September 2001, I was in Beverly Hills, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit, where I had moved with my family just two months earlier to take the position as chair of the English Department at Wayne State University. On my way out of the house I was stopped by my wife Ann, who was intently watching the Today Show on the family room TV. Together we watched as the second plane, United Airlines Flight 175, crashed into the second tower live on global cable television. Needless to say, I never made it to campus that day. Because my life in Detroit has coincided almost completely with my life after 9/11, the sense that 9/11 marks a rupture or radical break in time has always been accentuated for me. Although I lived in Michigan for nearly two months prior to 9/11, I cannot clearly remember our life in Detroit prior to 9/11 except as an affect of shock or dismay. Indeed,

our move to Detroit, which had been suffering and continues to suffer - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright its own economic catastrophe as the result of national and global geopolitical forces, seemed even before 9/11 a move to something like a post-apocalyptic landscape. Escaping 15 years of uncontrolled growth in the Atlanta metropolitan area, accelerated by the region-wide development brought on by the city’s hosting of the 1996 Olympics, my

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family and I were dismayed by the deterioration and devastation in the city of Detroit, which appeared to have been moving in precisely the opposite direction of Atlanta. In less than two months before the attacks of 9/11, a post-9/11 affect had, to a much lesser extent, begun to be premediated for us as a result of my move to Wayne State. This book is a product of my life at Wayne State University in another way as well. While Premediation follows up on the arguments I set forth in Remediation (which was written during my tenure at Georgia Tech), particularly insofar as Premediation traces out the ways in which remediation manifested itself after 9/11, it differs from my earlier work on new media in part by its deployment of two conceptual frameworks largely absent from Remediation. The first is affectivity, particularly as it is developed in the work of Silvan Tomkins, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, and Brian Massumi. The second is mediality, especially insofar as it engages both with the Benjamin-Kracauer wing of the Frankfort School and the Deleuzean reading of Foucauldian governmentality. Both of these conceptual frameworks were developed as a result of my move to Wayne State. Although in some sense I have been interested in questions of affect since my undergraduate days, I was convinced of the importance of taking affect into account in my current project through the work, intellectual camaraderie, and friendship of three of the first colleagues I hired as chair of the English Department at Wayne State – Dana Seitler, Jonathan Flatley, and Steve Shaviro – each of whom in different ways addresses affectivity in their writing and teaching. I owe a strong debt of gratitude to each of them for steering me towards the rich theoretical and conceptual framework that goes under the rubric of affect theory. These same three friends and colleagues were also instrumental in my engagement with Benjamin, Kracauer, and Deleuze, as were the more broadly political and theoretical commitments of many of my current and former colleagues at Wayne State. Among faculty colleagues I would single out Robert Aguirre, Dora Apel, Ellen Barton, Bob Burgoyne, Sarika Chandra, Lara Cohen, Alex Day, Robert Diaz, Jacalyn Harden, reneé hoogland, Ken Jackson, Donna Landry, Kathryne Lindberg, Gerald Maclean, Richard Marback, Elena Past, Jeff Pruchnic,

Ross Pudaloff, Cannon Schmitt, Charles Stivale, Kirsten Thompson, - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright Carole Vernalis, and Lisa Ze Winters. I have profited also from interactions with students from several Wayne State graduate seminars, who challenged me to more clearly define and redefine my concepts. Notable among these students were Melissa Ames, Marie Buck, Andrew Engel, Brad Flis, Amy Metcalf, Carole Piechota, Justin Prystash, Justin

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Remeselnik, Michael Schmidt, and Clay Walker. Selmin Kara has been my most valuable student interlocutor as I have been developing the manuscript, in many ways as much colleague as student. Finally, expressions of gratitude to members of the English Department at Wayne State would not be complete without special mention of Kathy Zamora, who makes everything work. The book has also benefited tremendously from numerous opportunities to share my work with colleagues in Europe and in North America. I first presented the concept of premediation in the Netherlands in March 2003, on the eve of the US invasion of Iraq, in lectures and doc- toral seminars at the Universities of Utrecht and Amsterdam. The affirmative response to the concept persuaded me that I had indeed identified something distinctive about the way in which the logic of remediation was manifesting itself after 9/11. Throughout the period in which I worked on the book I returned to the Netherlands on several occasions, where I have continued to develop productive working relationships and had opportunities to test out early versions of other arguments for engaged and challenging audiences. Among my Dutch colleagues, I would single out especially Noortje Marres, Joost Raessens, Richard Rogers, and José van Dijck for their friendship and intellectual camaraderie. I want also to acknowledge the collegiality of Ansje Van Beusekom, Keine Brillenburg-Wurth, Thomas Elsaesser, Isabella van Elferen, Frank Kessler, Sabine Niederer, Ann Rigney, and Jan Simons. My early work on premediation also found a welcoming audience in Italy, thanks in large part to the efforts of Matteo Bittanti, who graciously hosted me in Milan when I lectured on premediation in October 2003. Matteo not only translated the original article on “Premediation” but he also arranged to have it published as a special insert in the Italian film magazine Duellanti. I am grateful as well to Giorgio Mariani and Stefano Rosso, who invited me to present an early version of the Abu Ghraib chapter as the keynote lecture at a symposium at Bergamo University in December 2005 on the occasion of the sixtieth anniversary of the end of World War II, and who published the essay (translated into Italian by Giorgio Mariani), along with more than a half-dozen critical responses, in Acoma, the leading Italian journal for American

Studies. - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright I have had several other opportunities to share my work among European academics. In December 2005 I presented the Abu Ghraib lecture in Slovenia, at the University of Ljubljana. I am particularly grateful to Bojana Kunst for organizing the visit and hosting me in Ljubljana, as well as for stimulating conversations around the ideas of affectivity

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and mediality. And in early 2007 I had opportunities to present the key arguments for the book at seminars at the University of Bergen and the IT University in Copenhagen, where I was graciously hosted by Kjetil Jakobsen and Espen Aarseth, respectively. I have also on several occasions presented early versions of the premediation argument in North America – at the Center for Writing Studies at University of Illinois; the Great Plains Alliance for Computers and Writing in Fargo, North Dakota; the Charlotte Visualization Center at the University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Humanitech at the University of California-Irvine; and the Infoscape Research Lab at Ryerson University in Toronto. For support and intellectual companionship at these venues, I am grateful especially to Gale Hawisher, Robert Markley, Kevin Brooks, Alan Rauch, William Ribarsky, Barbara Cohen, Jerry Christensen, Jim Steintrager, and Greg Elmer. Over the past seven years I have had the pleasure of working through parts of the book’s arguments with many other people as well, including Corey Creekmur, Jodi Dean, Zachary Devereaux, Lauren Ellsworth, Gonzala Frasca, Anne Friedberg, Michael Gillespie, Marieke de Goede, Tom Gunning, Andrew Hoskins, Shira Kapplin, Eric Ketelaar, Brian Massumi, Sonja Neef, Dominic Pettman, Jason Sperb, and others whom I am undoubtedly forgetting. I am also grateful to the two anonymous readers for Palgrave Macmillan, whose responses to the manuscript helped make its arguments stronger, and to the editorial staff at the press, including Christabel Scaife, who advocated for the book from the beginning, Penny Simmons, who provided a light but sure editorial hand to the manuscript, and Renee Takken. Last but not of course least, I would like to acknowledge my family – Ann, Sarah, and Sam Grusin – for providing me with sympathetic ears, supportive eyes, and the network of domesticity necessary to complete the book’s research and writing over the course of the past seven years. Without their love this book could never have been written. Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Concordia University Libraries - PalgraveConnect - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright

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Remediation after 9/11

This book takes up the logics and practices of mediation circulating through the United States in the period after 11 September 2001. The book traces the emergence, or more accurately the intensification, of a logic of “premediation” in post-9/11 America. Although premediation predates the event of 9/11, it became plainly evident in the run-up to the Iraq War in 2002 and 2003. Moreover, premediation has continued to proliferate throughout innumerable media practices and formations in the years following the commencement of the war in Iraq in March 2003 – through the abuses of Abu Ghraib, Guantanamo, and indefinite detention, the devastation of Hurricane Katrina, the 2008 US presidential election, the global financial crisis commencing in the fall of 2008, and the contested Iranian election in June 2009. Premediation can be seen as a counterpart to the concept of remediation that Jay Bolter and I developed to make sense of the logics and practices of mediation circulating at the end of the previous millennium. In Remediation we outlined the simultaneous operation of two contradictory media logics, which aimed respectively for immediacy and hypermediacy, roughly understood at the end of the 1990s as transparency and multiplicity. This double logic of remediation, we argued, took a particular form in the last decade of the twentieth century, in

which media sought simultaneously to erase themselves and to prolif- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright erate multiple forms and practices of mediation. Remediation operated at the end of the twentieth century within a logical opposition between reality and mediation. Different technologies of mediation were classified in relation to how close they came to presenting an unmediated reality. Beginning in late 2002, I have been tracing the emergence of

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a media logic or formation that I call “premediation,” which intensified after 9/11 as a form of medial pre-emption. Premediation works to prevent citizens of the global mediasphere from experiencing again the kind of systemic or traumatic shock produced by the events of 9/11 by perpetuating an almost constant, low level of fear or anxiety about another terrorist attack. Premediation does not displace remediation but deploys it in different aesthetic, sociotechnical, or political formations. The double logic of remediation still obtains, but its conflicting media logics are formally different. In the 1990s the ultimate in immediacy was conceived of along the lines of virtual realities free from the cumbersome gloves and head- pieces of early VR technology. Such technology came as close to representing reality free from the distortions of mediation as technological enthusiasts could conceive. Artists, academics, and activists envisioned and pursued projects that explored and advanced military, commercial, and cultural applications and the implications of these new media technologies. At the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century, however, immediacy is now epitomized in the form of IT models like cloud computing or projects like Open ID and the Open Web, which aim to make seamless one’s multiple interactions with commercial and social networking, with health and medical records, juridical and edu- cational records, shopping and entertainment preferences. Immediacy after 9/11 materializes itself as an unconstrained connectivity so that one can access with no restrictions one’s socially networked mediated life at any time or anywhere through any of one’s media devices. Hypermediacy in the 1990s was marked by the proliferation of mediation or by fragmentation and multiplicity – the graphic design of Wired Magazine, the windowed desktop or TV screen, or the audiovisual style of MTV videos and TV commercials. In the IT boom of the 1990s, the proliferation of new media forms and technologies and an increasingly hypermediated screen space was enthusiastically cel- ebrated along with IPOs, venture capitalist funds, and Silicon Valley start-ups. After 9/11 the logic of hypermediacy is marked by the multi- plication of mediation among sociotechnical, commercial, and political networks – less the hypermediacy of formal features or technologies of

mediation than the hypermediacy of network connectivities, of affect- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright ive participation in and distribution of one’s networked identity across multiple sociotechnical and medial networks. Hypermediacy after 9/11 operates within a paradigm of securitization, which entails the registra- tion of every commercial, communicational, or juridical transaction by a networked media security infrastructure, the complexity and scope of

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which proliferates in direct relation to the seamlessness of circulation through an increasingly open web. In other words, remediation no longer operates within the binary logic of reality versus mediation, concerning itself instead with mobility, connectivity, and flow. The real is no longer that which is free from mediation, but that which is thoroughly enmeshed with networks of social, technical, aesthetic, political, cultural, or economic mediation. The real is defined not in terms of representational accuracy, but in terms of liquidity or mobility. In this sense the credit crisis of 2008 was a crisis precisely of the real – as the problem of capital that didn’t move, of credit that didn’t flow, was seen as both the cause and the consequence of the financial crisis. In the hypermediated post-capitalism of the twenty-first century, wealth is not representation but mobility. During the 2008 US presidential campaign this new idea of immediacy appeared most explicitly (and most simply) in the rhetoric of Sarah Palin, who employed metaphors of flow, openness, and circulation to talk both about the energy she provided for the teetering McCain campaign and about the petroleum-based energy the McCain-Palin ticket would provide for America. Palin repeatedly insisted that she and John McCain would keep the energy flowing through their “Drill, Baby, Drill” platform and their endorsement of the radical expansion of nuclear power. In the aftermath of several disastrous television interviews, she also began to employ a right-wing version of the anti-establishment rhetoric of participatory media. In her campaign stump speeches she would insist that her communication with Americans should be “unfil- tered by mainstream media” like ABC, Fox, or CBS, ironically echoing the claims of many net activists that the powers of social networking, smart mobs, and so forth constitute an informal media network that bypasses the mainstream media (MSM). This shared aim of escaping the filters of the MSM points out that at the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century, the double logic of remediation marks immediacy both in terms of uninterrupted flow and in opposition to mainstream media. And hypermediacy takes the form not of a fragmented visual screen space but of the proliferation of diverse and interconnected media formats of social networking. That

is, after 9/11 the real is increasingly defined in terms of the desirability, - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright indeed the necessity, of being on Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, and the mobile web. Leaving multiple traces of yourself on socially networked media sites is seen as a necessary goal – and interacting with such sites is made pleasurable or desirable in part because they work to produce and maintain positive affective relations with their users, to set up affective

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feedback loops that make one want to proliferate one’s media transactions. Indeed, something as seemingly innocuous as the fact that Facebook offers its users the option to “like” or “unlike” an item but not to “dislike” it epitomizes its bias towards fostering positive individual and collective affect. Where remediation characterized what was “new” about new media at the end of the twentieth century as its insistent re-mediation of prior media forms and practices, premediation characterizes the mediality of the first decade of the twenty-first century as focused on the cultural desire to make sure that the future has already been pre-mediated before it turns into the present (or the past) – in large part to try to prevent the media, and hence the American public, from being caught unawares as it was on the morning of 11 September 2001. As I argue in greater detail in the following chapters, however, premediation is not to be confused with prediction. Premediation is not about getting the future right, but about proliferating multiple remediations of the future both to maintain a low level of fear in the present and to prevent a recurrence of the kind of tremendous media shock that the United States and much of the networked world experienced on 9/11. This book begins with a chapter that takes up the ways in which 9/11 remains actively engaged in the American present, looking at just a few of the many different ways in which 9/11 has been remediated in the past decade. The next chapter maps out the emergence and intensification of premediation in the run-up to the Iraq War from George W. Bush’s 2002 State of the Union Address until the war’s commencement in March 2003. The third chapter introduces the concepts of affectivity and mediality to offer a medialogical explanation of why the photographs from Abu Ghraib were so disturbing and became a matter of such public concern where news of other similar abuses had not. The fourth chapter delineates what I call the affective life of media, the way in which we engage in complex affective interactions with our media technologies and practices. In the final chapter I take up the affectivity of anticipation that marks our interaction with socially networked media. I conclude with some examples of premediation beyond 9/11, culminating in the Iranian “twitter revolution” of 2009. Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Concordia University Libraries - PalgraveConnect - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright Brief notes on method

1. This book employs several theoretical or methodological approaches to the question of mediation after 9/11. Premediation begins from the perspective of media theory that informed Remediation, and the broader

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field of new media studies that had barely begun to exist when Jay Bolter and I wrote Remediation and that has in some sense developed from the work that we did in that book. In developing the concept of premediation, I have relied upon and sought to contribute to the explosion of critical and theoretical work on new media in the ten years since Remediation was published. I operate from the assumption that all media forms and practices are interrelated. Thus I take up movies, television, and the Internet; sports, entertainment, and news; academic, journalistic, and popular texts; individual, collective, and mobile media. Media should not be studied in isolation, but placed in relation to their patterns and flows of interaction as well as to their incommensurabilities and discontinuities.

2. Just as we traced out a double logic of mediation at the end of the twentieth century, so here I lay out the logic of premediation in the first decade of the twenty-first century. My intellectual commitment to the term “logic” goes back at least to late 1980s American cultural studies, for example, “the logic of naturalism” (Michaels, 1988) or “the cultural logic of late capitalism” (Jameson, 1991). As such it is meant to hold on to the Foucauldian sense that there are rhetorical and conceptual con- tinuities across different discursive and biopolitical formations. To take just one example, the nineteenth-century Western industrial concept of an economy of nature both enabled human exchanges with nature to be understood according to the logic of economics and helped to provide the existing capitalist economic laws of men with the force of natural law. Such “logics,” however, are not universal or a priori principles that govern practice, nor are they unchallengeable and unchangeable. Rather, they express tendencies that emerge from and within particular historical practices and assemblages.1 Thus while a logic of premediation can be identified in diverse discursive and technical media formats (e.g., journalism, economics, security, entertainment, or law), competing or contradictory logics or illogics can also be identified at work in these same and other areas as well.

3. I also operate from the assumption that media are objects in the

world no different in kind from any other. Even more strongly I treat - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright mediation itself as an object – a point made in Remediation in terms of the way in which people would, for example, routinely walk around or pause before the line of mediation between a photographer or videographer and her subject, just as they might walk around a wire stretched across their path or wait at a traffic light. In treating media

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and mediation as objects within the world, I follow Bruno Latour’s distinction between intermediaries and mediators, in which mediators are not neutral means of transmission but actively involved in changing whatever they mediate. Mediation operates through what Latour characterizes as “translation,” not by neutrally reproducing meaning or information but by actively transforming conceptual and affective states.2

4. Where remediation was marked by a double logic of immediacy and hypermediacy, premediation entails the affiliated concepts of affect and mediality. In Remediation we offered the following restatements of remediation: as the mediation of mediation; as the inseparability of mediation and reality; and as remedy or reform (Grusin and Bolter, 1999, pp. 55–62). Premediation can also be restated in three ways: as the remediation of future media forms and technologies; as the remediation of future events and affective states; and as the extension of socio- technical media networks into the future. I develop these corollaries in greater detail in the following chapters.

5. By employing the concept of “mediality” rather than the category of “new media,” I mean to signal both a break with the methodological framework of Remediation and a dissatisfaction with the rhetoric of the “new” or the “avant-garde” that still informs a great deal of new media theory and practice. Thus while the book addresses concerns that could readily be included under the category of “new media,” my use of the term “mediality” marks my insistence that, in the first decade of the twenty-first century, when virtually all textual, visual, and audio media are produced, circulated, and remediated via networked digital technologies, it no longer makes sense to distinguish between “old media” like print, radio, television, or cinema, and “new media” like the World Wide Web, mobile phones, streaming video, or MP3 players.

6. As I detail more fully in the third and fourth chapters of this book, my interest in “affect” grows partly out of the affective turn in literary, cultural, and social theory in the past decade and more. The affective turn helps explain the embodied individual and collective social and

medialogical response to 9/11. Affectivity offers a more fully developed - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright way to think about what Remediation called “perceptual immediacy”, which was produced either by the transparency of media technologies like digital photography and virtual reality or the hypermediacy of technologies like the World Wide Web and the windowed computer or televisual screen.

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7. The concern with affect also helps to explain the absence of a methodological framework that has been prominent in treatments of 9/11 or the scandals of Abu Ghraib or the unlawful detention at Guantanamo Bay or at dark sites across the globe. That framework is trauma theory, which has itself become an extensive and influential methodology for the treatment of the literary and cultural response to the violence per- petrated against innocent victims by the unjust and abusive exercise of (mainly) state power. Growing initially out of the burgeoning field of Holocaust Studies, which took up the most dramatic and inhuman abuse of state power in the twentieth century, if not (by some accounts) in all of human history, trauma theory relies upon various psychoanalytical methodologies to analyze the way in which literary and cultural artifacts are both expressions of and attempts to work through traumatic events. Although I occasionally talk about the events of 9/11 as traumatic, I do not employ psychoanalytic methodologies to make sense of how media have responded and will continue to respond to these events.

8. In focusing on premediation, affect, and mediality, I have turned explicitly to methodological and theoretical frameworks that offer alternatives to some of the leading assumptions of trauma theory in the humanities.3 As my later discussions of Silvan Tomkins, Deleuze and Guattari, Brian Massumi, and other affect theorists lay out, one of the attractions of affect theory is that it provides an alternative model of the human subject and its motivations to the post-structuralist psychoanalytic models favored by most contemporary cultural and media theorists. Affectivity helps shift the focus from representation to mediation, deploying an ontological model that refuses the dualism built into the concept of representation. Affectivity entails an ontology of multiplicity that refuses what Bruno Latour has characterized as the modern divide, variously understood in terms of such fundamental oppositions as those between human and non-human, mind and the world, culture and nature, or civilization and savagery (Latour, 1993). Drawing on varieties of what Nigel Thrift calls “non-representational theory,” I concern myself throughout with the things that mediation does rather than what media mean or represent (Thrift, 2007). Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Concordia University Libraries - PalgraveConnect - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright

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“A f ter 9/11”

Like Walter Benjamin’s concept of dialectical history, premediation does not consider the future as an empty and homogeneous time into which the present moves progressively forward (Benjamin, 1940). Just as Benjamin characterizes two kinds of history, one which sees the past as dead or as autonomous, the other that sees it actively engaged with the present, so there are two ways to look at the future – one which operates on a model of prediction, which imagines the future as settled (or to-be-settled), as moving from possible to definite, and another which imagines the future as immanent in the present, as consisting of potentialities that impact or affect the present whether or not they ever come about. Premediation imagines multiple futures which are alive in the present, which always exist as not quite fully formed potentialities or possibilities. These futures are remediated not only as they might become but also as they have already been in the past. Premediation is not free from history but only from what Benjamin characterizes as “historicism.” Premediating the future entails remediating the past. Premediation is actively engaged in the process of reconstructing history, particularly the history of 9/11, in its incessant remediation of the future. Thus the historical event of 9/11 continues to live and make itself felt in the present as an event that both overshadows other recent

historical events and that continues to justify and make possible certain - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright governmental and medial practices of securitization. In this chapter I take up some ways in which the event of 9/11 continues to live in the present by looking at a small sampling of the nearly innumerable ways that 9/11 has been remediated in the past decade. I begin by asking what it means to situate my project “after 9/11.”

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In answering this question, I would identify in the prepositional phrase “after 9/11” at least three interrelated senses. The first, and most obvious, sense is historical, meaning that this book will take up premediation, affect, and mediality in the era after 9/11/2001. While I would insist that premediation has been at work for a very long time, the book’s chief concern is with the way in which it has intensified and proliferated in the decade following 9/11. “After 9/11” signals, then, that this is a historical book, and that the historical period that this book is concerned with is the present, understood as the historical moment after 11 September 2001. To position the book in the historical period “after 9/11” is also, at the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century, to situate it “after Bush-Cheney,” which is to say after two terms of arguably the most extensive and systematic arrogation of executive power in the history of the United States. To situate the book after 9/11 is also to situate the book after the landmark election of Barack Hussein Obama as the first president of color in the history of the United States of America. “After 9/11” must now also be understood as after the global financial collapse of 2008, which, like the Obama campaign and presidency, participated in the same logic of premediation that came to the forefront in the run-up to the Iraq War, the installation of the Bush Doctrine of pre-emption, and the initiation of a juridical regime of preventive prosecution authorized by the Patriot Act and its affiliated legislation and executive orders.1 But “after 9/11” also means after the “event” of 9/11, the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, as distinct from the date marked by that term. So “after 9/11” signals this book’s interest in premediation, affect, and mediality after the shock or catastrophe of global terror, after the largest, most compelling global media event in human history. But it also places the project after related events of global terror like Spain’s 3/11, 7/7 in Britain, or “India’s 9/11,” the November 2008 attacks on Mumbai. More specifically the book is concerned with the way in which the event of 9/11 changed the flow or frequency of networked global media. If as McLuhan tells us, media change the ratio of the senses, then the global media event of 9/11 altered our sense ratios in a profound way. This change was not instantaneous, and it is still

happening, as our media continue to respond to 9/11 by premediating - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright possible futures. After 9/11 mediality has followed a trajectory of premediation as a means of mobilizing collective affect in order to protect us from the impending threat of global terrorism. Media are not stable entities but are agents or forces of translation and interaction which remain fundamentally altered by the events of 9/11.

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There is a third sense in which I intend the phrase “after 9/11” – as something like “in the way of” or “akin to” 9/11, that is, in the way that one does something “after the fashion of” or “after the manner of” another. In this sense the subtitle could be glossed as meaning “affect and mediality in the image of 9/11.” Or as one says that “she takes after her father,” this book might be said to consider the way in which post- 9/11 mediality mobilizes affect according to a logic or trajectory of premediation that resembles, or serves to remind us of, or traces its origins to, the event of 9/11. In each of these three senses, it is important for me to acknowledge that “after 9/11” also assumes an American emphasis or orientation: 9/11 is the American formulation of the date, with its rhyme with 911, the emergency phone number in the United States. I purposely use this form of the date to signal that – although the book is informed by the global context, particularly insofar as “global” is understood to signify the sphere of influence of the American global empire – it is unavoid- ably written from an American perspective by an American academic, and thus primarily concerns affect and mediality in an American context after the event of 9/11. But what kind of “event” was 9/11? In the days and months following the attack, there was no shortage of political, theoretical, and medialogical speculation and analysis concerning its implications. On the US political front, 9/11 marked the first large-scale attack on American soil, an act of terror promulgated by an “enemy” who hated us for our way of life, for our freedom. For months after the attack, it was common even for traditional spokesmen of the American left, particularly those who lived in or had personal connections with New York, to wave the American flag, figuratively as well as literally. For the neocons of the Bush administration, 9/11 represented the first major battle in Samuel Huntington’s “clash of civilizations,” and the wars in Afghanistan and especially Iraq were seen as taking the fight to the enemy. According to The 9/11 Report: The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, released in 2004, “September 11, 2001, was a day of unprecedented shock and suffering in the history of the United States” that “transformed” the nation (p. lxxxi). And today, although Wikipedia (the

Internet’s reference work of record) characterizes the event of 9/11 under - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright the heading “September 11, 2001, Attacks,” rather than “September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks,” its entry presents a detailed timeline of the “War on Terrorism” in which the 9/11 attacks are listed as the first strike. Wikipedia also includes an extended entry on 9/11 conspiracy theories, laying out some of the arguments of, and providing links to, most of the

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major groups who maintain that the event of 9/11 was planned by the US government or other affiliated agents. In the next section I take up the way that media coverage of 9/11 exemplified the double logic of remediation, after which I look at how theoretical reflection on the significance of 9/11 often elided the specificity of the event’s mediation. I then turn to the question of the project’s specifically American and medialogical elements through a detailed reading of Art Spiegelman’s monumental comic, In the Shadow of No Towers. I conclude the introduction with some brief remarks about Project Rebirth, which provides an interesting example of premediation in aiming to overcome the affective horror of 9/11.

Remediating 9/11

Global media coverage of the September 11 attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, not only in Western television networks like CNN and Fox but also in early non-Western imitators such as Al-Jazeera, closely followed the double logic of remediation. On and after 9/11 global networked news media repeatedly demonstrated the double logic of remediation in televisual space, simultaneously multiplying mediation in the familiar collage-like look pioneered by CNN (and adopted by Fox, CNBC, MSNBC, and almost all US news stations) and erasing the evidence of mediation in presenting the immediacy of the extreme close-up of the Twin Towers in flame. Media coverage during and after 9/11, especially in regard to the destruction of the World Trade Center, combined the immediacy of televisual monitoring with the hypermediacy of the web. The double logic of these remediations worked simultaneously to erase the televisual medium in our act of experiencing the reality of the Twin Towers in flame, and to multiply mediation through split screens, scrolling headlines, the importation of radio feeds, cellphones, videophones, and so forth. In some important sense, however, 9/11 signaled a shift in the US cultural or media dominant.2 The events of 9/11 did not in and of themselves of course produce a total shift in our cultural logic of mediation. They proved less a categorical break or rupture than a kind of watershed

moment, a sea change not fully evident until some time after it had - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright occurred.3 The intensity of the double logic of remediation expressed during the attacks of 9/11 – the immediacy of the bombing, burning, and collapse of the Twin Towers coupled with the hypermediacy of its mediation on screens across the world – led many to describe 9/11 as the “first live global media event.”4 For the United States, however, it could

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also be seen to have marked the last live global media event, or at least US media seemed to want to make it such in their obsession with premediating the future in the months following the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. As I argue in much greater detail in the following chapter, premediation took a fundamentally American form in the years immediately following 9/11, as the United States sought to try to make sure that the American public never again experienced live a large-scale catastrophic event that had not already been premediated. In some sense the event of 9/11 can be seen to have marked an end to the technocultural desire for immediacy fueled by the dot.com and virtual reality hysteria of the nineties, and to have replaced it with a desire for a nation (or indeed a world) in which the immediacy of the catastrophe, the immediacy of disaster, could not happen again – because it would always already have been premediated. In a kind of cultural reaction formation, the desire or demand among US media since 9/11 has been to make sure that when the future comes it will already have been remediated, to prepare the public to be ready for the future not as it emerges immediately into the present but before it ever happens. The claim that the current media regime is preoccupied with the premediation of the future runs counter to the contention (set forth paradigmatically, but not exclusively, by Paul Virilio) that our current historical moment is “monochronic.” Virilio contends that the increasing temporal and spatial acceleration of technologies in the past 200 years and more reached its limit in the “real time” technologies of digital media and telecommunication. Writing at the end of the twentieth century, Virilio sees the invention of cinema as leading almost inevitably to telecommunication technologies and networked media, which work to collapse space and time into a moment of instantaneity and thus to produce a preoccupation not with the past or future, but with the present, the “time freeze” of “real time.”5 Although critical of the effects of such instantaneity – the production of “a personality split in time” – Virilio shares with enthusiasts of telecommunication and digital technology the belief that these new technologies do indeed provide a fundamental break with prior technologies. This intense preoccupation with the present and real time was very much a feature of

the ideology of technology at the end of the twentieth century, both in - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright the utopian rhetoric of technological progress and determinism and its dystopian counterparts. But where dreams of real time were very much alive prior to 9/11, the televisual and perceptual immediacy of the catastrophe of 9/11 prompted, at least for the time being, a cultural hesitation about the

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immediacy of digital technology. Print, networked, and particularly televisual media began to concern themselves less with the immediate present than with the premediated future. In asserting a shift in the televisual coverage of catastrophe, I do not mean to suggest that the desire to premediate the future suddenly emerged full-blown after September 11, nor that it confined itself to televisual news. Rather premediation can be seen to have been emerging over the course of the 1990s, and may even prove to be a kind of unseen structural counterpart to the double logic of remediation, indeed perhaps to all new technologies.6 Still, there can be little question that since 9/11 the US media environment has become increasingly populated by remediations not only of the present or the immediate past but also of the future. In the post-9/11 logic of premediation, the threat of additional acts of terrorism, of another 9/11, stands for the catastrophic or traumatic possibility of an act that has not been, or cannot be, premediated – what Derrida characterizes as “l’a’venir,” as opposed to the predictable future on which one can count and plan.7 Or perhaps another way to say this is that the shock of 9/11 generated a medial desire never to experience another catastrophe that had not already been premediated (which would of course make it a different kind of catastrophe indeed). In the immediate aftermath of the attacks, many cultural theorists, particularly but not exclusively European ones, found the 9/11 event to be further evidence of the loss of the real in the immateriality of digital mediation. For Jean Baudrillard the event of 9/11 was “not ‘real.’ In a sense, it [was] worse; it [was] symbolic” (Baudrillard, 2002, p. 29). Slavoj Žižek saw “the collapse of the WTC towers as the climactic conclusion of twentieth-century art’s ‘passion for the Real’ – the terrorists themselves did not do it primarily to provoke real material damage, but for the spectacular effect of it” (Žižek, 2002, p. 11). Nearly ten years after 9/11 early theoretical responses like these seem somewhat premature (or even sim- plistic) in their evaluation of this historical event. Indeed Baudrillard and Žižek have often been criticized for maintaining that the immateriality or dematerializing powers of media and mediation prevented the events of 9/11 from being instances of the real. For Baudrillard, 9/11 was not real because it was a medial simulacrum. For Žižek the hypermedia-

tion of 9/11 prevents us from getting to the real 9/11, which is under- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright stood as distinct from, if not prior to, its mediation, and which is taken as something to be avoided or opposed or simply erased. Žižek and Baudrillard are perhaps only the most notable figures to remark upon the fact that prior to 9/11 catastrophes like planes crashing into skyscrapers had often been depicted in Hollywood disaster films.

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In this sense 9/11 was both a paradigmatic remediation event and an important moment in the emergence of premediation. These uncanny cinematic precursors work differently, however, from the way premediation has operated after 9/11 in print, networked, and televisual media. That is, there is a medial specificity to the event of 9/11 that should not be elided or denied, a specificity related not only to its human and nonhuman casualties but also psychologically to its surprise or unpredict- ability; 9/11 was a surprise not in terms of the structural or imaginative possibility of such an attack, but in terms of the precise time and place, the particular human and non-human actants involved, and the way in which it altered the ratio of our senses in our everyday media environment. While Baudrillard, Žižek, and others were right to say that before 9/11 we had already seen such terrorist acts on our screens and knew that even in the United States they were possible – indeed we had even witnessed such acts in Hollywood films – these cinematic depictions differ from print, networked, and most significantly televisual remediation of the destruction of the World Trade Center. One difference between cinematic and televisual depictions of disaster involves the formal and aesthetic practices of the two media. Geoff King has detailed the significant differences between the formal techniques and visual strategies used in cinematic depictions of the collapse of major American skyscrapers in films like Independence Day (1996), Armageddon (1998), and Fight Club (1999) and those used in televisual coverage of the collapse of the World Trade Center, particularly in terms of both visual framing and the deployment of semiotic markers of the real (King, 2005). Where the premediation of the Iraq War, for example, entailed the televisual mediation of possible war scenarios in a formal style virtually indistinguishable from the way in which the war was mediated once it had occurred, these cinematic tours de force have more in common with what Angela Ndalianis, following Tom Gunning’s influential formulation, has called “the 1990s cinema of attractions” of special effects (Ndalianis, 2000). Perhaps the most striking difference between these two forms of “premediation” can be explained by the fact that, despite having previously seen the destruction of major American skyscrapers in the movies, the American (and the global) public were

still shocked and traumatized by the event of 9/11. - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright A related difference between cinematic and televisual depictions of catastrophes like 9/11 can be traced to the psychological or structural differences between the media of television and film. In an essay from 1990, Mary Ann Doane argued compellingly that “in its structural emphasis upon discontinuity and rupture, it often seems that television

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itself is formed on the model of catastrophe” (Doane, 1990, p. 228). Taking as her chief examples such late-eighties catastrophes as the 1986 Challenger explosion, a 1987 Detroit Northwest Airlines crash, and 1988’s Hurricane Gilbert, Doane sees real-time, liveness, and instantaneity as key elements of televisual catastrophe, which works by interrupting the predictability and reassurance of regularly scheduled programming. The live coverage of catastrophe on television functions both to generate anxiety and to suppress it. At the beginning of the nineties, televisual catastrophe worked to bring the audience into immediate contact with a “real” which disrupted the normal and the everyday, even while such catastrophe was “characterized by everything which it is said not to be – it is expected, predictable, its presence crucial to television’s operation” (Doane, 2002, p. 238). Even though it cannot account for how the scale of a traumatic catastrophe like 9/11 would be able to shift the focus of televisual catastrophe away from the present and towards the future, Doane’s analysis of the way in which television news generates and suppresses anxiety by both disrupting and perpetuating the everyday and the predictable helps to illuminate further the differences between televisual remediation and the kind of cinematic depictions of spectacular destruction cited by Baudrillard and Žižek. Because of the repetitive structure of the everyday built into televisual programming, the repeated premediation of future disasters or catastrophes works to guard against the recurrence of a media trauma like 9/11 by maintaining, as Doane suggests of televisual catastrophe, an almost constant low level of fear.8 Although Žižek and Baudrillard see cinematic catastrophe as indicative of something like a collective terrorist or apocalyptic wish, the drive towards premediation in the post-9/11 media climate more tellingly represents the media’s own cinematic and televisual war against terror. Just as the US government multiplies and extends its own networks of political, investigative, and juridical practices to prevent the occurrence of another 9/11, so the media multiply or proliferate their own premediations of potential terror attacks, as a way to try to prevent the occurrence of another media 9/11. Like the establishment of a color-coded security system of terror alert, the media’s preoccupation

with premediating the future strives to maintain a low level of anxiety - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright among the American public in order to protect them from experiencing the immediacy of another catastrophe like 9/11.9 The desire that no future catastrophic event (war, snipers, terrorism, natural disaster) be unmediated is the desire to premediate the future, the desire that the future never be free from mediation.10 The logic of premediation,

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to which I will return in much greater detail in the following chapter, differs from the double logic of remediation in that it represents not a desire for experiential immediacy, but rather a fear of such immediacy, of the kind of extreme moment of immediacy or transparency that 9/11 produced, in which the burning and collapse of the Twin Towers were perceived as if free from their mediation by radio, TV, the web, and so forth, even while these mediations were multiplying at an almost dizzy- ing pace. Over the past decade, an important aspect of premediation was still concerned with remediating 9/11, both in trying to reform the damage done to the nation’s sense of economic, political, and cultural security and in the Benjaminian sense that historical events are not definitively past, but continue to live in the present where they can be readily reactivated or invoked.

9/11: theorization or mediatization?

In 9/11: The Culture of Commemoration, David Simpson, an Anglo- American literary scholar, defends both Žižek and Baudrillard in urging the necessity of theoretical reflection in the attempt to commemorate the event of 9/11. Simpson’s concern with commemoration is in many ways a concern with remediation as well – both in remediating the horror of 9/11 and reforming the popular reputation of continental theory in the period after 9/11. Singling out (among others) Baudrillard’s and Žižek’s responses to 9/11, he makes a compelling case for the role of high theory “in the homeland” after 9/11, despite claims in the popular press to the contrary that the severity of the attack on US soil revealed how ridiculous or empty or irrelevant postmodern theory was. Simpson takes on arguments from (mainly) Anglo-American literary critics, who have condemned “theory” in the name of the universal truths of “literature,” and who see theory as disconnected from the trans-historical truths of embodied human existence.11 He takes a famous passage from William Wordsworth as an instance of how the experience of loss through literature prepared him for the sight of death, prevented him from being shocked by the vulnerabil- ity, indeed the mortality, of the human body. Simpson explains how

Wordsworth recounts that as a nine-year-old boy he was not startled - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright or surprised when he encountered the body of a drowned man on the lake of Esthwaite because he had experienced such things imagina- tively through his “early reading”:

Wordsworth records this event as a positive instance of early reading, which accustoms us to sights we have not yet seen and makes them

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bearable when we do see them .... The self can encounter these potentially traumatic events without collapsing. It does not even need to experience a period of working through; it bears up, and carries on .... The prefigurative imaginative experience makes bearable the shock of the real. (Simpson, 2006, p. 127)

Simpson introduces the idea of “prefigurative imaginative experience” to argue that just as literature neither guarantees nor forecloses a com- passionate or action-oriented response, so the unmediated experience of trauma does not guarantee sympathy or action. Simpson’s defense of theory is that it works both to make familiar and to defamiliarize events like 9/11: “Finding something bearable need not of itself lead to a deadening of sympathy, provided that some other order of thinking or feeling supervene to modify any sense of complacency. Similarly there is no guarantee that an unmediated experience (before and without the literary imagination) will not lead to a traumatic state that is equally inert and unable to act” (Simpson, 2006, p. 128). The attack on theory in the name of literature, he charges, ignores the fact that how one responds to literature depends on the situation one is in. What Simpson describes literature doing for Wordsworth is similar to what Benjamin has described cinema as doing in training the human sensorium to deal with the shocks and traumas of modernity. And, as I will argue later, mediality today similarly helps the twenty-first-century global citizen to deal with the potential recurrence of the terror and trauma of events like 9/11. It is important, though, to clarify the differences between Simpson’s notion of “prefigurative imaginative experience” and the concept of premediation that I set forth throughout this book – particularly as they involve historically disparate media formations. Insofar as Wordsworth’s literary experiences of death were, in Simpson’s terms, “prefigurative,” these experiences are largely imaginary, mediated through language. For Benjamin, on the other hand, the experience of cinema has an imaginary as well as a physical impact on the audience, not to mention its indexical (if culturally and aesthetically variable) relation to the real. And (as I will argue in the fol-

lowing chapters) with networked digital media, “prefigurative” media - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright events are in almost every respect indistinguishable, formally as well as in some sense affectively, from the medial experience of future terror events. More to the point, premediation can both prefigure the future event in the very medium within which the event itself is experienced (as with cable news in the run-up to the Iraq War in 2003) and bring about a kind of affective response to media that helps to inure us to, or

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train us to endure, media events that produce frightening, shocking, fearful, or traumatic responses. This affective premediation is evident in films like Steven Spielberg’s War of the Worlds (2005) or Alfonso Cuarón’s Children of Men (2006), for example, which, while not dealing explicitly with the event of 9/11, work to dramatize thematically and affectively what it feels like to survive in the environment of post-9/11 New York or post-7/7 London. Richard Kelly’s Southland Tales (2006) brilliantly captures the affectivity of post-9/11 premediation, remediating the formats of our security everyday to present an impending catastrophe as distributed across various media forms and networks and practices. Steven Shaviro describes the “post-cinematic media regime” presented in the film as participating in a kind of temporality of premediation in which the future impinges on the present through our hypermediated environment: “Not only do we see multiple, heterogeneous screens within the movie screen; we also see the characters in the movie appearing on these screens, creating content for them, and watching them – often all at the same time” (Shaviro, 2009). Where Wordsworth might not have been surprised by the body of the drowned man because he had already imagined dead or drowned bodies through his reading, films like Southland Tales exemplify the Benjaminian point that experiences like having already seen the Twin Towers fall on TV or on the Internet can both be rekindled and contained by the forms and practices through which our affective relations are mobilized by media as part of our daily lives. We become affectively accustomed to experiencing media terror so that if (or, so we are told, when) another terrorist attack occurs, we can, in Simpson’s terms, “encounter these potentially traumatic events without collapsing, we bear up, we carry on.” In the first decades of the twenty-first century, premediation alters the sensory or affective ratios of all forms of media, just as remediation did in the last decades of the twentieth. Thus, although Simpson makes an important point in arguing that theoretical reflection is necessary in making sense of 9/11 and its aftermath, such reflection needs also to pay sustained analytical attention to the formal, medial aspects of 9/11. Unfortunately, when

Simpson turns towards media he too often resorts to Baudrillardian - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright metaphysics, as when he links the Wordsworth example to the simulacrum:

Are the drowned man and the falling towers instances of what we call, after Baudrillard, the simulacrum, the sign without a signified,

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the image emptied of any connection to the real? Is their pre- existence in the world of romance and fairy tale or of the movies enough to deprive them of the power of identification and purpos- ive shock, the power to move and move to action? Are we trapped by the repetition of the spectacle as a commodified form able to digest whatever associates with it in the realm of new experience, making such experience never new and never shocking? (Simpson, 2006, p. 129)

To invoke the conceptual terms of remediation, Simpson fears that hypermediacy (“the repetition of the spectacle as a commodified form”) will work to rule out the immediacy of the “shocking” and “new,” after the event of 9/11, just as “early reading” prevented Wordsworth from being shocked by the new experience of seeing the body of a man drowned in the Lake of Esthwaite. In order to make this argument, however, Simpson must ignore the formal and material differences between reading about death and seeing it, or of seeing the Twin Towers collapse in a disaster film and seeing them collapse on CNN. In so doing he erases the historical specificity of different forms of mediation and makes the question only one of the content of the signified, not of the forms of the signifier in any material or technical sense. Like Baudrillard and Žižek, Simpson participates in a theorization of new media that elides the materiality or agency of mediation, taking such media as constituting an almost magical, dematerializing force, rather than, as I will argue most explicitly in subsequent chapters, a material form of governmentality in a society of control. Indeed for Simpson the Baudrillardian simulacrum (whether in Wordsworth or on CNN) empties media of all connection with the real:

Baudrillard, one of the exponents of what is called theory, had engaged with these questions before 9/11 and pursued the argument to the point of apparent absurdity in his infamous contention that the 1991 Gulf War did not take place. This aggressively counter- intuitive statement was widely reproduced as an instance of the sil- liness and even the moral turpitude of theory – for how can we say

that a war in which at least 100,000 people died in the military phase - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright alone did not take place? But Baudrillard’s point is a serious one. (Simpson, 2006, p. 129)

What makes this point serious for Simpson (even in light of more than 100,000 deaths) is his conviction that the Gulf War was mediated by

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the US government and the military as if it were a computer or video game:

The war was conducted by and represented to the victors as if it were a glorified computer game directed by remote control from afar and involving no American casualties worth listing. Apart from the horrible photos of the “highway of death” that appeared during the final phases of the Iraqi retreat from Kuwait, there were hardly any images of combat or its consequences for the violated bodies of its victims. We had seen it all before in video games. (A similar video culture of Iraq-based “real” combat games was generated during the 2003 war and circulated during the “real” time of the invasion.) The minimal numbers of American dead meant that for those in the homeland who were the targeted readers of Baudrillard’s sardonic narrative, the war never had to be removed from a purely virtual existence: everything took on the status of information, just as information technology itself operated the weapons apparently without human instigation. In a pattern that repeats itself across the reported experiences of 9/11 and the invasion of Iraq, the hyperbolic insights of Baudrillard’s theory are borne out by the empirical record. (Simpson, 2006, pp. 129–30)

At the same time that Simpson insists on the importance of mediation, however, he continues to downplay or even ignore its materiality or historical specificity. Although he repeatedly cites the importance of mediation, his argument makes sense only if we erase almost all formal and material differences among different historical media events and their audiences. If we take into account the formal and material elements of mediality, this passage only raises more questions. Because the Gulf War was conducted as a computer game, Simpson contends, it did not take place: but wouldn’t it be more accurate to suggest that it took place as a computer game takes place and to explore what this might mean? There were hardly any images of bodies or victims in the media, Simpson claims, but we’d seen it all before in video games: shouldn’t we examine the relationship between the depiction

of dead or wounded bodies in video games and in other media? And - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright does it make sense to equate “the targeted readers of Baudrillard’s sardonic narrative” with, or to fail to distinguish them from, those “who had seen it before in video games?” How much of an overlap is there between those two audiences? How many of those who had “seen it all before in video games” had read Baudrillard? And how many

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readers of Baudrillard’s sardonic narrative are regular video game players? Perhaps most egregiously the passage identifies Wordsworth’s experience of a drowned man (whom he sees in the same physically contiguous space) with the American public’s experience of the Gulf War, 9/11, or the Iraq War (which by Simpson’s Baudrillardian account didn’t even occur on the TV sets through which they were experienced). That is, Simpson equates the difference between reading about death and seeing it in person with, for example, the difference between seeing the event of 9/11 on television and seeing the Twin Towers destroyed in a disaster film. While I argued above that there were significant differences between the televisual media experience of 9/11 and that of watching skyscrapers destroyed in cinema, these two screen media experiences have more in common, affectively and perceptually, than do the experiences of reading about dead bodies and that of seeing one in person for the first time. Because Simpson follows Baudrillard in identifying images with information, however, he flattens formal and medial distinctions, and dematerializes mediation, even as he cites Baudrillard to accuse the United States of using images to flatten all information into simulation or simulacrum:

Baudrillard saw in the first Gulf War evidence that the power of images worked to flatten all information to the point where it might be true or not true, real or not real: “just as everything psychical becomes the object of interminable speculation, so everything which is turned into information becomes the object of endless speculation, the site of total uncertainty. We are left with the symptomatic reading on our screens of the effects of the war, or the effects of discourse about the war” [Baudrillard, 1995, p. 41]. Nothing can be fully denied or fully believed, every item of information is just that, an item of information. This commits us to an epistemology of fantasy and paranoia in a world in which anything could or could not be true. (Simpson, 2006, p. 130)

Sharing Baudrillard’s fear of the radical epistemological uncertainty

of the image, Simpson seems unable to distinguish one image-based - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright medium from another: “This world of images in which everything can be made to confirm or deny anything is the limit case of a proliferation of a culture of the simulacrum that has been at least latent in the human propensity for producing art objects of all kinds since who knows when, but it has been dramatically speeded up with the invention and rapid

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extension of reproducible technologies: photograph, film, video, computer” (Simpson, 2006, p. 132). It is not insignificant that Simpson invokes an abbreviated media genealogy of “reproducible technologies” (“photography, film, video, computer”) which omits not only the invention of linear perspective but arguably the most influential reproducible technology of all – the text-based printing press. His privileging of literature in the Wordsworth example ignores the fact that literature, too, is a medium of reproducible technology. For Simpson, the fear of the visual, of “images in which everything can be made to confirm or deny anything” marks the media “culture of the simulacrum” as threatening the epistemological stability of literary, text-based truth.12 One consequence of the kind of epistemological free-for-all that Simpson fears from a world of media simulacra, “in which everything can be made to confirm or deny anything,” can be found in the emergence of something like the 9/11 Truth Movement, characterized on Wikipedia as “the name adopted by organizations and individuals that question the mainstream account of the September 11 attacks against the United States.” Members of this movement mine print, mass, and digital media for evidence to support their conviction that the US government had a much more substantial and active role in the events of 9/11 than has been acknowledged in the mainstream media. Perhaps most interesting is the way in which the movement mobilizes the participatory agency of these same media to make their case – particularly the way in which they use both the Web and the social networking capabilities of the blogosphere to circulate their arguments, counter-arguments, and evidence. Jodi Dean has suggested that the rhetoric of the 9/11 Truth Movement constitutes a kind of psychotic double of academic discourse, and that the movement “gained in momentum because of the involvement of credentialed academics” (Dean, 2009). The flourishing of 9/11 Truth, Dean argues, exemplifies the changing conditions of credibility and certainty in our era of participatory networked communication. Like Simpson, Dean follows Žižek (as well as Lacan) in seeing “the problem posed by 9/11 truth not as one of credibility but of its absence, more specifically, as the absence of conditions of possibility for something

like belief or credibility” (Dean, 2009). Dean shares Simpson’s concern - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright that the explosion of participatory networked media threatens to produce an epistemological free-for-all that does away with the possibility of authoritative belief or credibility. Her treatment is more helpful than Simpson’s, however, in that she understands that the absence of credibility is paradoxically accompanied by the production of certainty. And

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unlike Simpson, Dean takes mediation seriously, paying close critical attention to the way in which 9/11 Truth remediates the event of 9/11 by mobilizing participatory and mass media, as well as by its production of the Internet blockbuster Loose Change, which employs sophis- ticated techniques of audiovisual media to affectively underscore and reinforce its message. Dean is particularly insightful about the interplay of affect and mediality in the context of conspiracy theories after 9/11 in America, an interplay that I take up in a different context in my discussion of Abu Ghraib in the third chapter.

“We are all Americans”

For Simpson, the cure for the epistemological illness brought about by the poison of media simulacra is “theory,” particularly the European theory of Derrida, Lacan, and “postmodern” theorists like Baudrillard, Žižek, or Agamben. Simpson insists throughout on the importance of this theory’s “foreignness” to explain what is both familiar and unfamil- iar about the event of 9/11. I have singled Simpson out because his book is an insightful instance of a line of theoretical argumentation about media that flourished after 9/11 and that continues to hold a prominent place in academic media theory today. Challenging this theoretical dematerialization of media in the aftermath of 9/11, I take my cue from Jean-Marie Colombani’s famous proclamation in the 12 September 2001, issue of Le Monde that “We are all Americans,” in order to take up what is distinctively American about premediation after 9/11. The American media experience needs to be understood neither as exceptional nor as unexceptional, but as historically specific, if we are to make sense of the differences between America and the rest of the world, to account for how the American experience of 9/11 differs from, for example, the continental European experience of that event (although it has much closer affinities to the British experience of 7/7, which amplified and was amplified by its resemblances to 9/11). But at the same time globally networked digital media make these differences more fluid and harder to maintain than they have ever been, as Jill Bennett perceptively explains: Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Concordia University Libraries - PalgraveConnect - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright If the trauma of 9/11 was geographically centered in the United States, it clearly was not contained within national boundaries. The immediate shock of 9/11 was felt viscerally across the globe – even though it may not have been experienced identically by citizens of New York City, London, and Pakistan; but, by the same token, the

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nature of one’s affective or empathetic response was not necessarily a function of belonging to a nation. There were bereaved families in Asia and Europe, for example, who were more traumatized than many Americans who weren’t directly affected by the tragedy; and there are asylum seekers in Australian detention centers who might be regarded as suffering greater hardship than the average US citizen as a direct result of the events of September 11. (Bennett, 2005, pp. 127–8)

Writing from an Australian perspective, Bennett perceptively illu- minates the ways in which the events of 9/11 produced impacts around the world that were often invisible to those of us in America:

In relation to 9/11, the issue of interconnectivity is a fraught one. In the United States, in the immediate aftermath of the attacks, there was a huge investment in denying potential connections between events lest this mitigate the culpability of terrorists. On another level, the very real sense in which the trauma of refugees flows from the attacks and related political maneuvers is often underplayed. When we speak of the trauma of 9/11, for example, we think instantly – and unsurprisingly – of those who suffered at the World Trade Center, or of those who lost loved ones there, but we don’t think automatically of the Afghan refugees in Australian detention centers. We may think of isolated examples of racial abuse flowing directly from the attacks (Muslim children abused on a bus in Brisbane, a Sikh attacked in the New York City sub- way) but we don’t necessarily think in terms of the networks of social relations by which subjects and bodies are inscribed with racial and colonial identities that become fixed in places over time. (Bennett, 2005, pp. 146–7)

Bennett’s characterization of the uneven geopolitical impact of the events of 9/11 is right on the mark. Nonetheless, in making sense of the aftermath of 9/11 “in America” I want to talk about how some of the affective experiences of mediation in the United States were different from those in other nations – as seen, for example, in the post-9/11

militarization of American sporting events (Air Force flyovers for sig- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright nificant baseball and football games, patriotic tributes, increased use of smoke, fire, and other explosives in player introductions during basket- ball and hockey games) or the continued presence of regular features like “A Nation at War” or “The War on Terror” on CNN, Fox, and other news networks. The chapters that follow will focus on such everyday,

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ordinary practices of mediation that are distinctively or particularly or historically American after 9/11, in a way that the focus on what has come to be called European or high “theory” is not. Unlike Simpson, I want to argue that the proliferation of media responses is not something to be countered with theory, but rather something to be theorized and analyzed itself. For the purposes of this book, then, I consider 9/11 mostly as an American medialogical event. This emphasis on America is not meant to make a case for American exceptionalism or to minimize the significance of European or non-Western responses to 9/11, but rather to recognize the specificity of the American media experience after 9/11, to insist that American experience should not be taken as universally or globally to be the case. In taking up various socio-technical forms and practices of premediation through which the event of 9/11 has been (implicitly or explicitly) remediated in the United States both individually and collectively through mass, networked, and digital media, my aim is to make this quotidian experience of mediation, both of and after 9/11, a matter of intellectual and critical concern. This focus on mediation is not to say, à la Baudrillard, that the attack on the World Trade Center was not a real event. Nor does the claim that the event of 9/11 was medialogical mean that there were no cultural or biopolitical consequences of this attack – nothing could be further from the case. To be concerned with mediality, as I explain in more detail throughout the book, is precisely to see media as agents or aspects of governmentality in the management and mobilization of populations, of what Foucault characterizes as the imbrication of “people and things” (Foucault, 1991, p. 93). For the world outside of the United States (and to a significant extent Britain), the event of 9/11 and its governmental and medialogical effects were only, or primarily, experienced through global print, mass, or networked media. And even for those who witnessed 9/11 first hand in New York City, and for those Americans who experience the governmental and medialogical effects on an everyday basis, the event of 9/11 was and continues to be inextricably mixed up with mediation.

The new normal - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright

The imbrication of mediality and affective experience is at the core of Art Spiegelman’s powerful graphic book In the Shadow of No Towers, which recounts in ten over-sized, color newsprint pages, written over nearly two years, his personal experience of the attack and destruction of the Twin

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Towers as a resident of Lower Manhattan. Spiegelman is arguably the most famous comic author of our time, whose two-volume comic treatment of the Holocaust, the most traumatic geopolitical event of the twentieth century, overdetermines him as someone well- positioned to make sense of the historical experience of 9/11. Spiegelman’s book clearly exemplifies the double logic of remediation, insisting simultaneously on the unmediated authenticity of his immediate experience and on the inseparability of his experience from the materiality of its hypermediation. Throughout the comics, and especially in the book’s introduction, Spiegelman both distinguishes his personal eyewitness experience from televisual or other medial responses and insists that his affective experience of the fall of the towers can only be understood in terms of, and cannot be separated from, his experience of the multiple remediations of 9/11 in a variety of media. The conceit or conceptual condition that underlies his book is its remediation of an earlier historical moment, the innovation of Sunday comics in mass-market American newspapers of the first two decades of the twentieth century. Despite the solidity of its sturdy cardboard pages, the book’s large-scale format and the style of the comics themselves lovingly remediate the look and feel of the newspaper comics of early modernity. As such the book serves to remind us that Walter Benjamin and Siegfried Kracauer were also interested in the illustrated newspapers and magazines of the first few decades of the twentieth century as phenomena of mechanical reproduction (Benjamin) or mass ornaments (Kracauer) suitable to, or reflective of, the affective experience of the historical conditions of European modernity. Spiegelman underscores his commitment to the connection between the mediality of the early twentieth century and that of the early twenty-first by including in his book a “Comic Supplement,” which reprints seven Sunday comics from such American newspapers as the New York American, New York Herald, and Chicago Tribune – from 1902’s “The Glorious Fourth of July!” to 1921’s “Bringing up Father.” But it is in his introduction and in his comics themselves that the implications of these connections are most fully developed. Spiegelman prefaces his comics with an introduction that lays out his motivations for the project and provides a guide to how the following

pages might be understood. The introduction begins with Spiegelman - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright asserting his identity as a son of Auschwitz survivors and noting how 9/11 seemed at first to be the holocaust that his parents had warned him about when they taught him “to always keep [his] bags packed.” Insofar as Auschwitz and World War II are indicative of the culmin- ation of the traumas of European, especially German, modernity, then

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we could say that for Spiegelman, 9/11 “took after” Auschwitz as in some senses In the Shadow of No Towers takes after Maus. But ignoring his parents’ advice, he didn’t run from New York after 9/11 because of his “allegiance” to New York City, what he describes as “the depth of my affection for the chaotic neighborhood that I can honestly call home.” This “affection” is meant on the most literal level to indicate something like fondness, but it becomes clear from the introduction and the comics themselves that it is also indicative of his affectedness, of the bodily affect produced by his “chaotic neighborhood” both before and after 9/11. Spiegelman defends his choice of the large-scale medium of the Sunday comics to depict the event of 9/11 and its aftermath:

The giant scale of the color newsprint pages seemed perfect for over- sized skyscrapers and outsized events, and the idea of working in single page units corresponded to my existential conviction that I might not live long enough to see them published. I wanted to sort out the fragments of what I’d experienced from the media images that threatened to engulf what I actually saw, and the collagelike nature of a newspaper page encouraged my impulse to juxtapose my fragmen- tary thoughts in different styles. (Spiegelman, 2004, pp. i–ii)

Spiegelman here demonstrates the double logic of remediation informing his project, setting up a categorical and rhetorical opposition between the immediacy of what he had “experienced” and “actually saw” and the hypermediacy of “media images that threatened to engulf” him. Although he characteristically distinguishes between his unmediated experience and the mediated experiences which threatened to overwhelm his actual experiences of the real, he can only express his “existential conviction” of impending doom through the remediation of another medium, the “collagelike nature of a newspaper.” His appeal to the empirical, to his first-hand experience, is simultaneously an appeal to the collage-like medium of the early-twentieth-century newspaper rather than the “engulfing” or “totalizing” or “fluid” medium of television, cinema, or the Internet at the start of the twenty-first century.

This affiliation between a particular autobiographical experience and - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright a particular medium continues in his description of the “pivotal image” of his experience of 9/11, the vaporization of the north tower. Again he begins by describing his experience in contradistinction to mechanical or electronic media like photography or video. But he goes on to describe his personal vision in a way that characterizes his body as a

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medium, so that, as in the extract above, the opposition between mediated and unmediated experiences or images turns out to be an opposition between two forms of embodied, mediated experience:

The pivotal image from my 9/11 morning – one that didn’t get photographed or videotaped into public memory but still remains burned onto the inside of my eyelids several years later – was the image of the looming north tower’s glowing bones just before it vaporized. I repeatedly tried to paint this with humiliating results but eventually came close to capturing the vision of disintegration digitally on my computer. I managed to place some sequences of my most vivid memories around that central image but never got to draw others. (Spiegelman, 2004, p. ii)

In addition to characterizing his body as a photo-sensitive organism which is physically impacted by an image, or as a kind of visual medium for producing memories, or for reproducing or remembering images and experiences, Spiegelman contrasts his private memory of this image with the “public memory” of photography or video. Tellingly, his repeated artistic failure to paint this “vision of disintegration,” “the looming north tower’s glowing bones just before it vaporized,” is overcome only by capturing it “digitally on my computer.” For Spiegelman (as for Bill Brown, who has argued that 9/11 should be seen to mark the beginning of postmodernism), the ground zero of 9/11 marks a kind of “year zero as well.” Spiegelman’s, however, is a year zero of the “dystopian Big Brother mode” that transformed the early glow of idealism of Lower Manhattan, marked by the impromptu memorials at Ground Zero, “into one of those suburban gated communities as we flashed IDs at the police barriers on 14th Street before being allowed to walk home” (Spiegelman, 2004, p. i). Spiegelman credits this transformation, along with the way in which the Bush administration “immediately instrumentalized the attack for their own agenda,” with motivating him into doing political cartooning, which he had resisted earlier at least in part because he claimed that his slow working pace seemed unsuitable in relation to the transience of political events. Yet

the persistence of the “new normal” of 9/11 in the cultural, political, - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright and media imaginary convinced him to try his hand at it. As he began to complete his initial pages, however, he found a “less than enthusiastic” reception in the American press. Accordingly, he assembled what he wryly calls his own “coalition of the willing,” largely from the press of the “ ‘old Europe’ – France, Italy, the Netherlands, England – where

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[his] political views hardly seemed extreme” (Spiegelman, 2004, p. ii). But while it is true that the press in those nations was indeed more sympathetic to Spiegelman’s politics, it is also the case that in some of those nations the medium of political newspaper comics is a more familiar historical or cultural practice than in the United States, in part because the history of European politics has prepared them to be recep- tive to the use of media as a way to modulate one’s collective moods, to enable one to deal with the conditions of modernity. Indeed, this point is underscored by the fact that in the United States only the Forward, the English-language successor of an older Yiddish newspaper, was willing to take on Spiegelman’s 9/11 comics. The comics themselves continue Spiegelman’s graphic meditation on mediation and 9/11. On the first page the sequence above the series title (“In the Shadow of No Towers”) is itself titled “The New Normal.” This sequence of three panels presents the question of normality, “the normal,” in relation to practices of watching TV. The first panel shows an adult man and woman on a sofa next to a toddler, all three sitting across from a television with a cable box converter on top. The man and woman are asleep: the man is holding what appears to be a glass of beer; the woman has a cat sleeping on her lap; the toddler is awake, sucking her thumb as she watches the TV. The calendar on the wall is dated “Sept. 10.” The second panel shows the four of them in the same positions but wide-eyed awake, staring at the TV, with their hair and bodies jumping out of their seats as if they were electrified or shocked; the calendar is dated “Sept. 11.” The third panel repeats the body language of the first, but with the hair still spiked as in the second panel and the cat, like the toddler, awake; in place of the calendar on the wall we see an American flag. In relation to our TV viewing practices, this new normal looks very much like the old normal, except that the experience of watching 9/11 on TV has had an affective, bodily impact on its viewers, making their senses appear to be shocked awake even while they return to sleep (Spiegelman, 2004, p. 1). Another comic sequence on this first page also addresses the televisual mediation of the attack on the towers. The first of three panels shows the first tower smoking and wounded after its attack; the second

panel has Dan Rather with flag-like red/white stripes over his shoul- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright der in the upper-right corner, with the words “NEW ATTACK” across it; and the third panel shows Spiegelman himself sitting on the floor smoking, looking up at a TV with a flag for a screen. Across all three panels is a dashed yellow line leading to the rear of a plane crashing into Spiegelman’s TV as if it were the second of the towers. The text of

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the sequence reads: (1) “Those crumbling towers burned their way into every brain, but I live on the outskirts of Ground Zero and first saw it all live – unmediated.” (2) “Maybe it’s just a question of scale. Even on a large TV, the towers aren’t much bigger than, say, Dan Rather’s head ....” (3) “Logos, on the other hand, look enormous on television; it’s a medium almost as well suited as comics for dealing in abstractions.” Spiegelman again begins with the distinction between live and mediated experience, underscoring the contrast between his “live – unmediated” experience and the public media experience that “burned” “those crumbling towers” “into every brain.” He ends with a moment of comparative medialogical analysis, noting that TV is “a medium almost as well suited as comics for dealing in abstractions.” Earlier he had singled out comics as the best medium to express or represent his unmediated experience. But if TV is almost as well suited as comics for dealing in abstractions, then TV might also be a suitable medium for expressing the experience of 9/11. And of course it is significant that the crashing of the plane into the tower is repeated with the TV and its American- flag logo exceeding the screen. Both the towers and American television are seen to have taken a hit on 9/11 (Spiegelman, 2004, p. 1). Spiegelman’s second comic page explicitly links his own work to the early days of Sunday comics. The page’s main image depicts Spiegelman as Maus sleeping over his work-table with an old comic page in his hands (a comic with images of a painting pig encountering a naked woman in blue and then chasing her with hearts of love above his head), positioning In the Shadow of No Towers here, as elsewhere, as a remediation of old comics. A yellow text box below the sleeping Maus (flanked on either side by a standoff between a stereotypical-looking Arab with bloody scimitar on the left and a white guy in a blue suit with a gun and a US flag on the right) reads: “EQUALLY TERRORIZED BY AL-QAEDA AND BY HIS OWN GOVERNMENT ... Our hero looks over some ancient comics pages instead of working. He dozes off and relives his ringside seat to that day’s disaster yet again, trying to figure out what he actually saw ...” (panel 2). Once again, it is only through the process of mass mediation (in this case that of “ancient comics”) that Spiegelman can know “what he actually saw” (Spiegelman, 2004, p. 2).

The super-sequence provides another interesting commentary on - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright the medium of comics, depicting Spiegelman as a post-9/11 Ancient Mariner, with an Albatross in the guise of a bald eagle-cum-American flag hat on a rope around his neck. In the first panel Spiegelman exclaims that he is “Doomed to drag this damned albatross around my neck, and compulsively retell the calamities of September 11th to

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anyone who’ll still listen!” In the second panel he complains that “they roll their eyes and tell me it’s only my Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.” The third panel glosses PTSD as “when Time stands still at the moment of trauma,” which, Spiegelman says, “strikes me as a totally reasonable response to current events!” The fourth panel reads “... I see that awe- some tower, glowing as it collapses! ...,” which is the very image that Spegelman says in the introduction was burned into the inside of his eyelids. The super-sequence ends not with a panel per se but with an image of the two towers, with only the first one burning from its attack. It then becomes clear that the panels have been turning sideways, and are drawn on what look like three-dimensional tablets, which are progressively turned almost perpendicular to the viewer, and metamorph- ose into those two towers. Where in the first comic Spiegelman equated the towers with TV, here he presents a visual equation of the towers with comic panels. Running beneath Spiegelman’s speech bubbles, the Uncle Sam albatross reiterates a sequence of messages indicative of the Bush administration’s evolving media responses to the event of 9/11: (1) “Everything’s changed! Awk!” (2) “Go out and shop! Awk!” (3) “Awk!” (4) “Be afraid!” (Spiegelman, 2004, p. 2). The largest sequence on the page works through in even greater detail the relationship between various forms of media and “what he actually saw.” In a sequence of eight narrative panels detailing his experience on the morning of 9/11, Spiegelman tries to sort out the moment of trauma that he is doomed to repeat, the moment at which time stands still, a moment inextricably entangled with his experience of mediation. In the first panel he notes that “He didn’t actually see the first plane smash into the tower a few blocks south of his Soho home,” but only “heard the crash behind them while heading North.” The second panel notes that after seeing the first crash mediated by “the face of a woman heading South,” “he and his wife, blasé new Yorkers, deigned to turn around.” In the fifth panel, he notes that “He ran back home to phone the school, so he only saw the second plane smash into the tower on TV .... Though he heard the deafening crash right outside his window.” Here again, what he actually saw was mediated through television, though as with the first crash he heard this one as well. The sixth panel notes that “He

saw the burning towers as he and his wife ran to Canal Street, toward - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright the school ... [new box] but his view was obstructed as he ran up the next block ....” In the seventh panel his view is blocked again, this time by an advertisement for a film: “He could only see smoke billowing behind a giant billboard .... It was for some dopey new Schwarzenegger movie about terrorism.” The final panel shows an image of a billboard

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for the Schwarzeneger movie, Collateral Damage, the release of which was delayed in the aftermath of the attack. Spiegelman concludes this sequence: “Oddly, in the aftermath of September 11, some pundits insisted that irony was Dead.” Finally, the bottom panels of the second comic page continues a visual and narrative sequence from the first page, which leads to the towers disintegrating and dematerializing – the vision burnt into his brain. The panel includes a jab at the provocative claims circulated just after the attacks that 9/11 was an act of “radical architectural criticism,” noting that even though he doesn’t like the way his nose looks, “I just don’t want somebody ramming a damn plane into it!” (Spiegelman, 2004, p. 2). The remaining comics take up the question of mediation more sporadically and obliquely, as they move even more directly into specific remediations of the Sunday comics included in the supplement. The first panel of the fourth comic page has Spiegelman’s wife saying, “I oughta run home and get our camera,” while Spiegelman replies: “nah! There’ll be lotsa photographers!” The second panel shows a photographer as vulture with an old-style box camera taking pictures of the crying Katz-and-Jammer tower-head kids. The text boxes reprieve Spiegelman’s concern with the relation between mediated and unmediated experience: “In mere moments their quiet Soho street was FILLED with paparazzi. And camera crews remained on their corner, at the perimeter of Ground Zero, for days after ... [new box] He saw the falling bodies on tv much later ... but what he actually saw got seared into his skull forever.” And the bottom sequence reprieves his rooted cosmopolitan line from the introduction, likening himself to Jews who didn’t leave Berlin after Kristallnacht and also reiterating his embodied “pang of affection for his familiar, vulnerable streets” (Spiegelman, 2004, p. 4). The super-sequence of the seventh page cleverly remediates the Homeland Security color-coded alert system: “Orange Alert (high risk of terrorist attack),” “Red Alert (Severe Risk of Terrorist Attack),” and “Red, White & Blue Alert (Virtual Certitude of Terrorist Attack)” (Spiegelman, 2004, p. 7).13 The eighth page takes up the affective implications of news, both print and televisual, in the aftermath of 9/11. The first sequence deals with newspapers: “I’ve consumed ‘news’ till

my brain aches. The papers have confirmed that the towers I saw fall - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright really did fall .... Aside from that, the news just confirms that I’m right to feel paranoid. My subconscious is drowning in newspaper headlines!” The bottom half of the page remediates “Bringing up Father,” PLATE 7 from the comics supplement, to comment upon Spiegelman’s obsession with 9/11 and with media reports of it. Punningly entitled

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“Marital Blitz,” the sequence begins with Spiegelman as Father, online at 2 AM looking for information to feed his conspiracy theories. His wife says that he should go to bed or he’s “gonna get news poisoning.” Then the third panel shows him in bed, remote control in hand, sigh- ing: “I guess I can watch some CNN.” The fourth panel shows someone on the TV repeating one of the foundations of conspiracy theory ideology: “ ‘Clearly no Arab had the know-how to fly into-’ ” before Father turns off the TV in disgust, saying “Bah! The paranoid putz!” Finally, the next morning the neighbor below, dressed as a terrorist, wakes him with his radio, announcing that “President Bush will be at Ground Zero today,” telling Father Art, “I listen to the radio every morning” (Spiegelman, 2004, p. 8). And the final comic of the sequence concludes with Spiegelman invited to be part of “a collage of interviews with typical New Yorkers” featured on Tom Brokaw’s show on a 9/11 concert for America in Washington, DC (Spiegelman, 2004, p. 10). In America after 9/11 the televisual collage has definitively taken the place of the collage of the illustrated newspapers from which these comics emerged. Spiegelman’s remediation of the event of 9/11 in the image of the Sunday comics of the early twentieth century simultaneously remediates it in terms of the hypermediated environment of the first decade of the twenty-first.

The emergence of premediated time

Spiegelman’s powerful remediation of the Sunday comics of the early twentieth century tellingly links the media environment of modernity to that of the present moment. The relationship between technologies of mediation and temporality, or in Bernard Stiegler’s terms, “technics and time,” while traceable back to the earliest periods of humanity, has become increasingly complex in the past century. Mary Ann Doane has made a similar connection between cinema and the media environment just prior to 9/11, arguing that one of the most important accomplish- ments of the new medium of cinema was its ability to make the contingency of time representable, as photography had done with space:

the rationalization of time characterizing industrialization and the - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright expansion of capitalism was accompanied by a structuring of contingency and temporality through emerging technologies of representation – a structuring that attempted to ensure their residence outside structure, to make tolerable an incessant rationalization. Such a strategy is not designed simply to deal with the leakage or by-products of

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rationalization; it is structurally necessary to the ideologies of capitalist modernization. (Doane, 2002, p. 11)

Completed just before the events of 9/11, Doane’s The Emergence of Cinematic Time: Modernity, Contingency, The Archive brilliantly maps out the relations among cinema and other technologies and discursive practices of capitalist modernity in representing the immediacy and contingency of temporality in the twentieth century. In the book’s final chapter Doane links cinematic, televisual, and digital representation in a common “obsession with instantaneity and contingency” through three representations of the destruction and collapse of a building (Doane, 2002, p. 208). Juxtaposing a 1901 actuality film, The Mighty Tumble, with the televisual broadcasting and digital archiving of the 19 April 1995, bombing and ultimate destruction of the Alfred P. Murrah building in Oklahoma City, which prior to 9/11 was the most catastrophic act of terrorism on American soil, Doane argues that each of these different media expresses a common desire for “liveness.” This desire is epitomized most intensively by a local television station’s decision to place a camera inside the Murrah building to record its demolition the month after it had been bombed: “Such an excessive technique registers the extraordinary desire of ‘liveness’ – to be there at the instance of the catastrophic event, to witness death as ultimate referent or as collision with the real in all its intractability” (Doane, 2002, p. 207). As I have been arguing, however, this desire for liveness, for a “collision with the real in all its intractability,” has undergone a fundamental transformation in the aftermath of the events of 9/11. Rather than a desire for the immediacy of the catastrophe, premediation seeks instead to protect the American media public from having to experience again the shock or cultural trauma experienced on 9/11 by concerning itself with the remediation not of the present, but of the future. One instructive example of this altered relation between technology and temporality, of the emergence of premediated time, was encapsulated in the creation of a 9/11 commemorative enterprise called Project Rebirth. As early as the spring of 2002, Project Rebirth sought to use time-lapse

photography to document the “rebirth” or rebuilding of the site of the - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright World Trade Center. Beginning with only three 35 mm cameras, placed at the site and set to take a picture every five minutes, Project Rebirth currently has 13 cameras in place (Lyman, 2002). The result, when run at the conventional cinematic projection rate of 24 frames per second, would be a time-lapse film of the changes on the site as it is being

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rebuilt. Initial plans for the film’s post-production were vague, ranging from editing the resulting films into a short feature for public screening, presenting them as raw footage to the Library of Congress, or exhibit- ing them in raw or edited form in museums. Current plans include the release of a documentary in 2010, which will combine time-lapse photography from the site (whose rebuilding has been remarkably slow), with the stories of “10 lives coping with 9/11,” drawn from interview footage of volunteer subjects whose lives were dramatically changed by 9/11. The ongoing project is documented on its own website, which includes information on its aims, its various media technologies, and the current state of the rebuilding of Ground Zero. In addition the site includes “trailers” of the future film and a webcam to provide minute- by-minute still images of the site. Future plans (contingent on funding) include the establishment of the Project Rebirth Center, which would provide a resource “for victims of and first responders to events of traumatic loss.” No matter how it eventually turns out, Project Rebirth strikingly exemplifies how the temporal doubleness of the logic of premediation differs from the temporality outlined by Doane in her analysis of the emergence of cinematic time. Project Rebirth exemplifies the archival impulses of both medial and cinematic time. Writing at the end of the 1990s, Doane compellingly documents a century of cinematic time, when media were largely oriented towards the present and the past, seeking both to erase the signs of their presence in the transparent remediation of history and to foreground their mediation of the present by relentlessly remediating earlier media forms (Doane, 2002). At the current historical moment, however, American (and increasingly global) culture find themselves operating amidst a different media environment, in which media have become increasingly concerned with making sure that the future will also have been premediated. In this concern with premediation, remediation does not disappear: the past, as well as the future, is understood as that which has always already been remediated.14 Project Rebirth participates in the autopoietic impulse of premediation to extend our networks of media technologies into the future, so that the future will already be remediated when it

emerges into the present and so that the media system will continue to - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright function.15 Where the premediation of the Iraq War and the ongoing premediation of the War on Terror work to produce a low level of anxiety in the public so that they will be able to deal with the uncertainties, or even the eventuality, of another future terrorist attack, Project Rebirth

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uses a similar media logic in the aim of creating a very different affect, an affect of hope. In a note “From the Director” on its website, Jim Whitaker wrote:

A month after September 11th, I visited Ground Zero and experienced a profound sense of dread and anxiety. Twenty minutes later, after witnessing the extraordinary effort, determination, and concentration on the faces of the men and women cleaning up the site, I realized that we would be able to move through this tragedy; in fact, I felt hope. An idea emerged to create a time-lapse film documenting the entire rebuilding and rebirth of the site, allowing audiences from all over the world to experience how our dread turned into hope, then pride. The film documents our ability to heal in the face of a seemingly insurmountable catastrophe. It is a meditation on resilience, optimism and hope, qualities that are the bedrock of this nation and our world. Our film is called Project Rebirth.16

In response to the “dread and anxiety” produced by the liveness and immediacy of the media event of 9/11, Project Rebirth would premediate in multiple media formats the rebirth of Ground Zero before it has even happened, seeking to remediate the horror of 9/11 by fostering an affective orientation of hopefulness or pride towards the future not only of Ground Zero and New York but also by extension of the United States and its global empire. In aiming to premediate an affect of hopefulness through the medium of time-lapse photography, Project Rebirth also remediates some of the earliest moments of American and European cinema, which often grounded its documentary and archival impulses in the photographic ontology of film. Like Project Rebirth these early cinematic projects also conveyed a kind of hopefulness about the possibilities of the new cinematic medium. One need only remember the Lumière brothers’ trick film on the demolition of a wall, which, played backwards, reveals the wall miraculously rebuilding itself in reverse. But unlike Spiegelman’s In the Shadow of No Towers, which remediates early twentieth century comics in a dialectical approach both to history and to mediation,

Project Rebirth’s remediation of early cinema approaches the events - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright of 9/11 from a historicist perspective of the kind Benjamin’s “On the Concept of History” critiques. Where Spiegelman sees the catastrophe of 9/11 both as a re-activation of the trauma of the Holocaust and as an experience that will forever be seared into his brain, Whitaker sees the “tragedy” of 9/11 as “something that we would be able to move

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through.” Project Rebirth responds to the radical disruption of 9/11 not by acknowledging or investigating what it might mean for history to be marked by discontinuity or by return, but by asserting a model of history as moving inexorably forward through homogeneous, empty time, culminating in the rebirth and continuation of the global American empire. Whitaker describes the time-lapse photographic documentation of the rebuilding at Ground Zero, with its confidence that the future, too, will unfold in an unbroken, linear progression of the kind that had been threatened by 9/11, as “a meditation on resilience, optimism, and hope, qualities that are the bedrock of this nation and our world.” Right around the time that Project Rebirth began to document the rebuilding at Ground Zero, the Bush-Cheney administration was also embarking upon their project to premediate the Iraq War, a project that was also motivated by qualities that they took to be “the bedrock of this nation and our world.” In the following chapter I take up the premediation of the Iraq War, arguing that premediation furnished the media logic of the Bush-Cheney doctrine of pre-emptive warfare. This version of premediation, like the premediation of Project Rebirth, has more in common with the linearity of prediction or forecasting than with the virtuality that marks our premediated everyday at the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century. Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Concordia University Libraries - PalgraveConnect - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright

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Remediation and premediation

Although the remediation of 9/11 began at least as soon as the first televisual images of the crash into the first tower, its premediation had in some sense been under way for some time. So, too, had premediation more generally. In Remediation we took Kathryne Bigelow’s 1995 film Strange Days as exemplifying the often contradictory logics of mediation at work at the end of the twentieth century, tracing out what we described as the double logic of remediation by which contemporary culture seeks simultaneously to proliferate and to erase mediation, to eliminate all signs of mediation in the very act of multiplying them. Looking back, I would maintain that we were right to single out Strange Days as an instance of remediation as a cultural dominant at the end of the twentieth century. But we did not at that point recognize the way in which this double logic – if not precisely nearing its end – was at least in the process of being re-mediated according to another logic, a logic of premediation in which the future has always already been pre-mediated. In other words we failed to understand fully the way in which Strange Days was already participating in a logic of premediation insofar as it both pre-mediated the United States (particularly Los Angeles) nearly five years into the future and pre-mediated future media practices and technologies. In depicting the “wire” as a device

that records one person’s sensory perception of the past (according to - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright the logic of appropriate media forms) and makes it available in the future for playback by another person (through means of appropriate media technologies), Strange Days anticipated one aspect of premediation in imagining future media technologies as remediations of current ones.

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Much as Strange Days epitomized the double logic of remediation near the end of the twentieth century, Steven Spielberg’s Minority Report (2002), released less than a year after 9/11, epitomized the logic of premediation that had been intensifying over the past decade and more. Like Strange Days, Minority Report portrays a future United States, albeit roughly half a century out rather than half a decade. Remediating a short story by Philip K. Dick, Spielberg imagines a technological medium that, like the wire, works by recording sensory or neural experience for playback. But in Minority Report, rather than capturing past neural experience for playback in the future, the technology captures “precognitions” of the future for playback in the present – for the purpose of preventing the recorded events from becoming actual history, to prevent the future from becoming the past. Furthermore, where Strange Days imagines a private, individualized form of mediation, in Minority Report precognition is a fundamentally public medium, a distributed network of biological, technological, social, juridical, and medial actants. The technology of precognition in Minority Report records the distributed cognition of three “pre-cognitives,” or occasionally (as denoted by the film’s title) the “minority report” of one of them, to be publicly displayed within the headquarters of the PreCrime unit. Technically the recording device would seem to work very similarly to the wire in Strange Days. Even though the device in Minority Report is sup- posed to be recording murders that will be committed in the future, the sensory experience that it records is recently past experience, that is, the past mental experience of the three precogs. But unlike the wire the events that are recorded and played back are not themselves past events – they are future events, premediated murders that the precognitives and PreCrime make it possible to prevent. The logic of remediation insists that there has never been a past prior to mediation and that there is no ontological difference between mediation and reality. All mediations are remedi ations, in that mediation of the real is always a mediation of another mediation. Although sharing remediation’s insistence on the ontological continuity between reality and mediation, premediation insists that the future itself is also already remediated. With the right technologies – in this case the distributed cognition made possible by the hybridized institution

of PreCrime, with its three precogs, nurtured in the appropriate phys- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright ical environment and attached to the correct hardware and software – the future can be remediated before it happens. This remediation of the future is not only formal but also reformative. Insofar as capital crime can be prevented, precognition allows for the remedying of the future, the prevention of the crime of murder through premediation.

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Like Strange Days, then, Minority Report imagines a technology that is direct and immediate. Also like Strange Days, Minority Report depicts a world awash in mediation. Detective John Anderton (Tom Cruise) lives in an apartment with transparent screens for the playback of home- movie discs of his dead son and ex-wife, clips in which the images are not contained on the two-dimensional plane of the screen but come towards the viewer into three-dimensional space, while never quite entering it. Cereal boxes have cartoon animation (audio and visual) on the front. Newspapers have up-to-the-minute, self-refreshing audio- video clips as illustrations. The malls are full of interactive audiovisual ads that greet consumers by name as they come towards them in three- dimensional space. In addition there is a kind of VR arcade that provides users with fantasy experiences that, like the wire in Strange Days, work through neural connections, bypassing projection and screening. But despite the ubiquity of media technologies in the near-future worlds of both films, the precogs’ premediations of murder are not (like the wire clips) simply recorded for private consumption, but are part of an elab- orate mechanism of securitization. These precognitions are monitored in real time then displayed in a public, quite hypermediated fashion – exhibited on interactive transparent screens, any part of which can be magnified or minimized, and connected with networked databases which can be searched and scanned in moments. Unlike Strange Days, however, which imagines the wire and its clips as a form of mediation that marks a potential end to projection and public screening or exhibition, Minority Report imagines the precogs’ clips as a way to premediate the future and to project and screen it publicly in the present. Where the wire is presented chiefly as a form of morally decadent entertainment (like video-games for adults), the precogs are part of a distributed juridical and disciplinary assemblage of securitization, aimed at eliminating murder from American society.1 The aim of the PreCrime Unit is preventive prosecution, which was to become one of the Bush Administration’s leading strategies for tracking down and preventing terrorism in post-9/11 America. In light of the draconian techniques of torture, surveillance, and data- mining employed by the Bush-Cheney administration to execute their

policies of preventive prosecution of potential terrorists, the PreCrime - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright Unit of Minority Report seems somewhat quaint (as does a 2004 BBC TV show, Murder Prevention, which pursued the PreCrime angle without the aid of the precogs). But given the timetable of the film’s production (which was well underway on 9/11/2001) and even its theatrical release in June 2002, Minority Report speaks to the fact that the current

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formation of securitization and premediation did not begin with the events of 9/11 and the Bush-Cheney declaration of the policy of pre- emptive warfare and preventive prosecution, even if those events intensified and gave shape to this media regime. I will return to Strange Days and Minority Report near the end of this chapter. But for now I want to turn my attention to the way in which premediation has been functioning more broadly in the US media environment since the event of 9/11. More particularly I want to take up the role that the tragic events of 11 September 2001, played in shaping this new media dominant in US (and increasingly global) media, in the run-up to the Iraq War and the period immediately following its commencement.

The media regime of pre-emptive war

For American and to a degree global audiences as well, the most powerful manifestation of the logic of premediation in the 18 months following 9/11 was the onslaught of media coverage leading up to the March 2003 invasion of Iraq. Even before the run-up to war could get under way, however, one of the earliest expressions of post-9/11 premediation could be found in the overwhelming American media hysteria about anthrax exposure in the days immediately following September 11. Despite the fact that the number of deaths caused by these “anthrax attacks” was miniscule in comparison, for example, to the magnitude of the AIDS epidemic, or to genocides in Darfur and elsewhere, which continue to receive only sporadic coverage in the US media, the post-9/11 news media devoted an inordinate amount of attention to premediating potential attacks. On 18 September 2001, letters con- taining powdered anthrax were sent to five media outlets in New York City and Boca Raton, Florida. Three weeks later two more were sent to Democratic US senators Tom Daschle of South Dakota and Patrick Leahy of Vermont. In focusing its coverage extensively on the possibility of future anthrax attacks, the US media response to what the FBI labeled “Amerithrax” provides an instance of how the role of the news media had increasingly come to consist not only of reporting what had already happened, but also of premediating what could happen next.

The anthrax scare became an obsession of the media not for the damage - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright it had done (which was minimal) but for the damage it might do, for the extreme threat of what it might become in the future. In order that the American public would not be surprised as it had been by the events of 9/11, it was imperative that the fullest extent of the national security threat from anthrax be premediated before it ever happened, or even

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if it never did. And further, it was not accidental that this premediated coverage of the future superseded more traditional coverage of the present or recent past. The anthrax scare underscored one of the indirect consequences of acts of irrational or random violence – to force people to re-examine those everyday practices that they take for granted, to be extra vigilant about business as usual or day-to-dayness. Anthrax preoccupied US media in part because of its mode of delivery through the Postal Service. The routine act of opening the mail had become a potential threat to one’s life. Because such acts interrupt and challenge one’s sense of business as usual, of the ordinary or the appropriate, they often motivate people to feel the need to establish, or re-establish, their sense of why things are the way they are, of what is truly important. In cases like the anthrax scare, where the perpetrator is unknown, the news media not only try to premediate the next terrorist attack, but also become part of the juridical apparatus of securitization involved in the investigation and (anticipated) apprehension of the people responsible for these acts of terror.2 In addition to their role as agents of juridicality, the US media also participate as agents of governmentality.3 This was particularly evident in the nearly 18-month run-up to the Iraq War, as the print, televisual, and networked news media served as willing participants in the Bush administration’s propaganda campaign for the Iraq War. It is now a matter of historical record that, beginning almost immediately after the terrorist attacks of 9/11, the Bush administration systematically misled the American public in making its case for a pre-emptive war against Iraq. It is also widely held that the US news media did not do enough to challenge or question the misinformation that they received from the Bush administration.4 Indeed, events of the past several years have left no doubt that this is the case. In April 2008 the New York Times published its comprehensive and well-documented investigation of the Bush Administration’s post-9/11 practice of paying retired military officers to rehearse a series of talking points and military scenarios on global networked televisual news media; the article’s authors succeeded in furnishing concrete written evidence of what

many people have been arguing for more than five years. Two months - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright later the Senate Intelligence Committee released its long-delayed report charging that “President Bush and his aides built the public case for war against Iraq by exaggerating available intelligence and by ignoring disagreements among spy agencies about Iraq’s weapons programs and Saddam Hussein’s links to Al Qaeda” (Mazzetti and Shane, 2008).

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The form that this argument most often takes is that almost from the very moment of the 9/11 attacks, the Bush Administration perpetuated an ideological tissue of lies and manufactured evidence to persuade the American public to support its neo-conservative geopolitical agenda in the Middle East. The Times investigation made explicit what had been implicit in the functioning of the globally networked info-tainment media: that after 9/11 the media has seen itself as working in conjunction with other governmental entities to help manage the public’s collective moods and perceptions. The Times article and most other media analysts understand this alliance among the Bush administration, military, and media as proof that the administration paid retired military officers and the networked news media to make sure that the US media public shared its own point of view on the appropriate way to execute the War on Terror. While this is undeniably the case, I want to make a different point: that the significance of this social networking among the executive branch, the military, and the media lies not only in the specific content of the messages that these retired offices presented to the public but also in the media formats within which they were presented. For, as the Times article notes, not all of the retired officers who served as expert analysts in different news forums always advocated the same positions, or counseled the same military policies. While one might argue that these dissenting opinions were simply overwhelmed by the preponderance of former generals uniformly repeating the Bush administration’s talking points, I want to insist instead that, particularly in the run-up to the Iraq War, what was most important was not that any particular military or political scenario was put forward but rather that so many different possible scenarios were pre-mediated that war with Iraq came to seem an inevitable event, indeed seemed in many senses to have already been a televisually mediated news event. Insofar as media theorists, political analysts, and cultural critics focus their attention only on the truth or falsity of the content of the information being provided to the media (and through the media to the public), they run the risk of overlooking the powerful way in which the formal or structural aspects of pre-war media coverage contributed to the public’s sense (even the informed,

oppositional public’s sense) of the inevitability of a pre- emptive war - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright against Iraq. One of the most striking features in the months leading up to the US invasion was that, despite the largest, most widespread anti- war protests in more than a generation, there seemed to be little real sense that anything could actually be done to stop the war. If we think only of the media’s informational content, we overlook the way that the

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formal and structural premediation of the war, as much as any specific misinformation about it, created a sense of the war’s inevitability. Beginning with the January 2002 State of the Union Address, the Bush-Cheney administration repeatedly played out the forthcoming war against Iraq in print and televisual news media. Cynically, such premediations functioned to help frighten the American public so that it would return control of Congress to the Republican Party in the 2002 mid-term elections. Equally cynically, however, this premediation of the war against Iraq allowed the networked news media to increase their ratings in the run-up to war, as well as to engage in a kind of audience testing on how best to cover the war when it did occur. Thus cable news networks proliferated any number of premediated war shows like “Countdown to War” or “Showdown with Iraq,” not only as a ploy for ratings but also as a way to help networks like CNN, Fox, or MSNBC determine how best to present the war to the American public to obtain the largest audience share.5 These cynical readings of media and political self-interest should not be underemphasized but they do not in and of themselves explain away the logic of premediation. Rather, they underscore the attraction of premediation to an American public whose sense of invincibility or invulnerability had been shaken by the events of 9/11 and which, in the face of the economic collapse of 2008, in many respects remains shaken. From the moment that the text of Bush’s 2002 State of the Union Address was released to print, networked, and televisual media, the war against Iraq was premediated in almost every possible imaginable manifestation. It was premediated as a war in which the United States and Britain would go it almost alone and as a war in which they would go in with the support of the United Nations. It was premediated as a war with a northern and a southern front, or one that would be waged primarily from the south. It was premediated as an overwhelming aer- ial assault leading to the immediate surrender of the Iraqi people, who would welcome the American liberators with open arms. It was premediated as a war that would lead quickly to a military coup, or to the capture, murder, or exile of Saddam Hussein and his immediate circle. It was premediated (both in the US media and on Al Jazeera and the

Internet) as an extended urban war in which US and allied troops would - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright engage in house to house, street to street combat with an entrenched Iraqi military and populace. It was premediated as a war in which Saddam Hussein would empty his arsenal of weapons of mass destruction – on invading soldiers, on his own people, on his oil wells, and on the Israelis. In addition the aftermath of the war was premediated as

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well. Post-war Iraq was premediated as a nation ruled by a coalition of diverse ethnic groups; as a nation governed by a new Iraqi democracy; as the site of countless intra-national conflicts and score-settling; as a nation ruled for one, three, or as many as five years by a government of the US military; as a nation governed by a coalition of UN forces; or as the catalyst for massive unrest within the Middle East. While each of these scenarios had its own level of plausibility and its own set of motivations, one thing was consistent among them all – the way in which they participated in a logic of premediation in which the mediation of war and its aftermath always preceded the events themselves, in which such real events as war and its aftermath occurred only after they had also been premediated by networked media, by government spokesmen, and by the culture at large. This incessant premediation of the war helps to explain the sense of inevitability that preceded the US invasion of Iraq in March 2003 – even for the hundreds of thousands of people who protested the impending war in cities across the globe. Most powerfully, premediation furnished the media logic for coverage of the Bush Doctrine of pre-emptive warfare. In the Bush- Cheney political regime of pre-emptive war, premediation became the dominant media regime. By premediating the war before it ever happened, the formal structure of US news media effectively supported US military doctrine, participating in the pre-emptive remediation of a future (premediated) war. The Bush Doctrine of pre-emptive war required a pre-emptive media plan, a premediation of the inevitable future (or of any number of possible inevitable futures, as long as they all led to war with Iraq). As has been well documented, this doctrine of pre-emption, as opposed to the prior doctrine of deterrence, had been circulating in neo-con circles at least since 1992.6 Similarly, the media logics of premediation had been emerging over the course of the 1990s, often as remediation’s unseen double.7 Where prior to 1989 we saw a US military regime oriented primarily towards the past, particularly to the Cold War aftermath of World War II, the “pre-medial” doctrine of pre- emptive war, as opposed to the more “remedial” doctrine of deterrence, looked to refashion not the past but the future.8 In emphasizing the way in which premediation strives to preclude

the possibility of an unmediated future, or unmediated real, I do not - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright want to be misunderstood as rehearsing a Baudrillardian account of the precession of simulacra, an account which led him, unsurprisingly, to assert that the terrorist attacks of 9/11 were not real, although acknowledging their singularity as symbolic events. Just as remediation insists on the inseparability of reality and mediation – the reality of media,

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their materiality as objects of circulation within the world of humans and non-humans, of society and of things – so the concept of premediation insists on the reality of premediated futures, or, as I argue later in this chapter, on the reality of these virtual futures. But in refusing the Baudrillardian account of simulation I also do not want to be misunderstood as saying that premediation predetermines the form of the real. Rather, by trying to premediate as many of the possible worlds, or possible paths, as the future could be imagined to take, premediation bears some affinities to the logic of designing a video game. More like designing a video game than predicting the future, premediation is not concerned with getting the future right, as much as with trying to map out a multiplicity of possible futures. Premediation would in some sense transform the world into a video or computer game, which only permits certain moves depending on where the player is in the space of the game, how far advanced she is in achieving the goal of the game, or the attributes of her avatar. Although within these premediated moves there are a seemingly infinite number of different possibilities available, only some of those possibilities are encouraged by the protocols and reward systems built into the game. Premediation is in this sense distinct from prediction. Unlike prediction, premediation is not about getting the future right. In fact it is precisely the proliferation of competing and often contradictory future scenarios that enables premediation to prevent the experience of a traumatic future by generating and maintaining a low level of anxiety as a kind of affective prophylactic. Premediation is not like a weather forecast, which aims to predict correctly the weather for tomorrow or the weekend or the week ahead. To premediate the weather would be to try to imagine all of the possible scenarios that might conceivably arise so that the weather could never come as a surprise. Furthermore, premediation differs from something like predicting the weather in a formal sense as well. Where the premediation of war in Iraq on cable news networks, for example, involved remediating any number of possible futures by means of the very formal features with which the war itself would be remediated (maps, retired generals, split-screen debates, video clips, and so forth), a weather map does not premediate tomor-

row’s storm in the way in which it will be remediated after it strikes, but - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright follows particular formal conventions of representing the forecast.9 The emerging conventions of premediation, on the other hand, required that the future prosecution of the War in Iraq, for example, be premediated in ways that are almost indistinguishable from the way it would be remediated when it happens, prompting an affective orientation

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towards the war that prepared the media public to accept it as a fait accompli when it actually happened. Premediation operates similarly to “the politics of information networks” like the Internet, which functions neither as a space of complete freedom, nor as a controlled, predetermined or pre-censored space, but as a space of virtuality where links and networks are already laid out to enable users to navigate only according to possible paths (and where patterns of linking and networking make it much more likely that users will navigate according to some possible paths rather than others).10 To say that the World Wide Web is a premediated space of virtuality is not to say that any particular individual or collective uses of the World Wide Web, or any specific paths or linking patterns, are mandated or ruled out. Rather, one can only work within those potentialities that the Internet allows or has been made to allow, within what has already been networked or premediated – technically, algorithmically, socially, and culturally.11 But the Internet also functions as a participatory social network in which new links, new content, and new formats are potentially always in the process of being added through a form of intellectual labor that Paolo Virno names the “public disposition.” Following Virno, Nigel Thrift writes that in the information capitalism of the twenty- first century, “value increasingly arises not from what is but from what is not yet but can potentially become, that is from the pull of the future, and from the new distributions of the sensible that can arise from that change” (Thrift, 2007, p. 31). Premediation is part of a heterogeneous media regime, one purpose of which is to make sure that, no matter what tomorrow might bring, it will always feel as if it had already been premediated or that it could have been. Premediation does not do away with the real. Rather it insists that the future, like the past, is a reality that will already have been premediated, through the maintenance of what Thrift calls the “continuous interactivity of the media” (Thrift, 2007, p. 35). To think of premediation as characterizing the media regime of post- 9/11 America is therefore to be concerned not with the truth or falsity of specific future scenarios but with the widespread proliferation of premediated futures. Premediation entails the generation of possible future

scenarios or possibilities which may come true or which may not, but - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright which work in any event to guide action (or shape public sentiment) in the present. These scenarios are perpetuated both by governmental actors and by the formal and informal media, as part of what I discuss more fully in the Abu Ghraib chapter through the concept of “mediality.” While individual scenarios can often take the rhetorical form of

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game-planning or predicting the outcome of future geopolitical events, such medial formations also contribute to the production of a collective affective orientation both towards particular futures and towards the future or futurity in general. This affective orientation links the future to the present in a way that tries to ensure that the future will continue to be connected to or grow out of the present, that the future will not, as it was on 9/11, be catastrophically disrupted.12 Premediation names both of these senses – the production of specific future scenarios and the creation and maintenance of an affective orientation towards the future, a sense of continuity or the feeling of assurance that there will not be another catastrophic surprise. In addition to these two senses of premediation in which the future is remediated before it even happens, there is also something like an ontological aspect of premediation in which the future is always remediated at the very moment that it emerges into the present, because the world is already so thoroughly hypermediated that it becomes impossible for anything to happen outside of its premediation. That is, premediation also names the socio-technical persistence of nonhuman objects, networks, social practices, calendars, and protocols into the future (Galloway, 2004). In this sense premediation manifests the desire that the world of the future be always premediated by colonizing the future with media – mobile phones, pda’s, laptops, personal computers, digital cameras, videophones, mp3 players, and so forth. Insofar as the future is full of such media technologies and their attendant social formats and practices, it will be full of remediations of prior media. Premediation is thus connected both with the idea of the ubiquity of media and the sense that after 9/11 the world (and its future) has somehow changed. The force of this ontological aspect of premediation is not only consistent with the inseparability of mediation and reality, the object-ness of mediation, but the ongoing proliferation of premediated networks, devices, and practices into a not fully differentiated future also underscores the force that premediation has to impact the present. In this very real way, then, the war against terror or the war against Iraq were both wars about the future, not only about how the future will be and is being premediated, but about which and whose premediations will

predominate or persist and thus about how we will act in the present. - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright Thus, quite unlike the Gulf War of 1991, when media coverage was tightly controlled and filtered through the American military, the premediation of the Iraq war provided for embedded media access unprecedented “since World War II and on a scale never before seen in the American military.”13 The access offered by the military’s innovative

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deployment of embedded media provided a marked contrast to what had been widely described as the “unprecedented Pentagon censorship of the press during the Persian Gulf War” (Norris, 1984, p. 286). Margot Norris argued that this regime of “pre-censorship” (a term coined by Walter Cronkite) transformed the reality of the Gulf War into the Baudrillardian “hyperreal” chiefly by concealing the war’s dead bodies from the public eye: “Precensorship allows the Pentagon to determine in advance what will be seen and not seen, known and not known, shown and not shown, of the war. The effect is that the military is able to program history in advance of preediting its possible narratives” (Norris, 1984, p. 286). Norris invokes Baudrillard in service of an epistemic model that posits a sense of knowledge, truth, or facts independent of mediation, claiming that in the Persian Gulf War these facts were censored by the Pentagon so that the media and the public would only get an incomplete, partial account of the “secret reality and dreadful truth” that lay behind the “media extravaganza” that the military enabled with its briefings and rocket’s-eye videos. Unlike pre-censorship, premediation operates according to the assumption that knowledge, truth, or facts are never independent of mediation, but are continually constructed, stabilized, destabilized, and reconstructed through the remediation of political, cultural, and technological networks.14 Where Pentagon pre-censorship in the Persian Gulf War was marked by its radical limitation of media coverage, the premediation of the War in Iraq worked in precisely the opposite fashion – to proliferate mediation. The Bush-Cheney administration purposely chose not to pre- censor the media in the same way it had been during the Persian Gulf War, not because they were committed to openness or transparency but because they were confident that embedded media would see the war as the military did. Of course members of the embedded media did not experience the war directly or without mediation, but rather mediated according to the principles and protocols of the military, or of the soldiers themselves. As David Simon effectively dramatized in his powerful HBO miniseries, Over There, even embedded journalists from “alternative” media like Rolling Stone quickly found themselves adopting the mindset and collective affect of the military while embedded in a

unit in the field. Although pre-censorship characterizes the media logic - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright of the Persian Gulf War, it cannot account for how the proliferation of premediations of the Iraq War brought about the sense of that war’s inevitability – or how subsequent media coverage in print, televisual, and networked media worked to bring about a sense of the war’s sense- lessness and folly. To focus only on the Bush-Cheney administration’s

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deception or misinformation in making its case for pre-emptive war against Iraq would be to miss what is most distinctive about the medial logics informing the Iraq War and the “global War on Terror.” Insofar as the news media tried to premediate as many of the possible worlds, or possible paths, as the war might take, premediation did not prede- termine the form of the real, but tried to ensure that whatever form the future takes it will emerge only within the possible futures enabled by premediated networks of technical, social, and cultural actors. And in the run-up to the Iraq War, as in other instances of televisual premediation, these possible outcomes were premediated on national and international cable news networks as programs that were in many of their formal features nearly indistinguishable from those that would be presented after the war had begun.

Autopoiesis and the liveness of futurity

On Monday, 3 March 2008, Austin-based GSD&M Idea City ran a full- page ad in the first section of the national edition of the New York Times, as part of its new branding campaign for the US Air Force. In an era of all-volunteer military recruiting, such branding campaigns are hardly unusual. What is noteworthy in this ad, however, is its participation in the logic of premediation that had become increasingly prevalent in the years following the event of 9/11. The ad remediated the layout of the front page of a print newspaper as a premediation of future catastrophes, with headlines of news stories that “could” go here: “This Could be a Headline About a Cyber Attack Causing a Blackout”; “An Article About Shifting World Powers Could Go Here”; “News About a Rogue Leader Making Threats Could Go Here”; “This Could Be a Report About a Hurricane Displacing Thousands.” Each of these headlines represents a potential threat, something for the newspaper-reading American public to be afraid of. But interestingly the ad premediates newspaper headlines more than news events – it is the news of tomorrow that is presented as frightening rather than any specific geopolitical event. The point of the advertisement’s premediation of fearful, dangerous headlines is not to scare the public – or rather only to scare them temporarily. For the

fears raised by the advertisement are ones that the ad assures us can be - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright assuaged by the security of the US Air Force. The visual arrangement of the page has all of these headlines “underwritten” by, or resting on a foundation of, the “US Air Force Above All,” which runs across the bottom of the page in a bold typeface. This visual positioning suggests that the fears themselves are simultaneously produced by the US Air Force

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(or by a discourse and practice of US Military ideology that produces the particular form or manifestation that global terror takes at this historical moment) even while the US Air Force is presented as the power that will protect us from these threats (by reassuring us that, like God himself, the US Air Force is “Above All”: “Air, Space, and Cyberspace”). The creators of this ad capitalized on the fact that at the current historical moment American news media remediate the present and the immediate past in order to premediate the future. Clearly related to a shift in news reporting from historically oriented technologies like print, photography, and film to such real-time technologies as video and the Internet (a shift already well under way by 1990), news media have begun to give up on, or perhaps more accurately to subordinate, their traditionally historical role as reporters of the very recent past, in favor of a proleptic role of reporting on what might happen in the very near future. The systemization of this altered temporality of the print, televisual, and networked news can be elucidated with the help of Niklas Luhmann’s account of the mass media, which he understands as constituting an autopoietic system for the construction of reality. For Luhmann “the mass media are one of the function systems of modern society,” which construct reality through a process of autopoiesis (Luhmann, 2000, p. 8). More specifically, he sees the mass media as making up an autonomous system of communication, which operates according to the binary code information/non-information and which thus depends on new information for its own continuation. What is particularly telling about Luhmann’s account is that, in predating the events of 9/11, it underscores the fact that premediation had been emerging over the course of the twentieth century in a variety of mass media. Luhmann’s explanation of the reality of mass media takes into account what I have been describing as the ontological aspect of premediation, the extension of media forms, practices, and technologies into the future so that the future will always already have been remediated. Luhmann describes this in terms of media programs: “The system takes its time and forms every operation in the expectation that others will follow. The system of the mass media also works in

this way, with the assumption that its own communications will be - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright continued during the next hour or the next day. Each programme holds the promise of another programme. It is never a matter of simply representing the world in any one given moment” (Luhmann, 2000, p. 11). Because of “the media’s chronic need for information,” Luhmann sees “the successful military censorship of reports about

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the Gulf War,” for example, not as running counter to the media’s aims but as furthering them by providing “new information for the necessary continuation of programmes.”15 What Norris and others have seen as censorship of the news media’s right to know the truth, Luhmann describes in terms of the media’s systemic need for new information and new programs:

All the censorship had to do was operate according to the ways of the media; it had to contribute to achieving the desired construction and exclude independent information, which would hardly have been obtainable anyway. Since the war was staged as a media event from the start and since the parallel action of filming or interpreting data simultaneously served military and news production purposes, de-coupling would have brought about an almost total loss of information in any case. (Luhmann, 2000, p. 8)

Luhmann presents a compelling account of the mass media as instrumental to the temporal logic of modernity. Indeed, he credits the mass media with helping to bring about “the much debated characteristics of modern temporal structures, such as the dominance of the past/future schema, the uniformization of world time, acceleration, the extension of simultaneity to non-simultaneous events. [The mass media] generate the time they presuppose, and society adapts itself accordingly” (Luhmann, 2000, p. 21). Luhmann’s persuasive description of the temporality of mass media helps by contrast to clarify the shift in media temporality in America after 9/11. In modernity, he argues, “News generates and reproduces future uncertainties” (Luhmann, 2000, p. 35). For the mass media of modernity, “the most important characteristic of the information/non-information code is its relationship to time. Information cannot be repeated; as soon as it becomes an event, it becomes non- information. A news item run twice might still have its meaning, but it loses its information value” (Luhmann, 2000, p. 19). Because news must be “new,” “it is the idea of surprise, of something new, interesting and newsworthy which we associate with news” (Luhmann, 2000, p. 25).

Autopoietically, surprises function as irritations to the media system, - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright which serve temporarily to destabilize it until the system restabilizes itself by transforming the irritant of surprise into information or news. “It might be said, then, that the mass media keep society on its toes. They generate a constantly renewed willingness to be prepared for surprises, disruptions even” (Luhmann, 2000, p. 22).

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Placing modern mass media in historical context, Luhmann argues that when news became a regularly occurring institution rather than one that was only needed when something notable happened, it became necessary to create a sense among the public that something new was always occurring.16 Print journalism was faced with the need to develop a new style of reporting on the recent past, which “conveyed the impression that something had already happened, but only just – in other words, it could not actually be presented in the normal tenses of past or present. Using all the methods at the disposal of a journalistic writing style specially developed for the purpose, the impression must be given that what has just gone into the past is still present, is still interesting and informative” (Luhmann, 2000, p. 25). The success of this style is evident in the fact that “The observations of events throughout society now occur almost at the same time as the events themselves” (Luhmann, 2000, pp. 25–6). Although accurately describing a journalistic style (in both print and televisual media) that still persists today, Luhmann did not live long enough to see the news media remediate this modern style in response to the catastrophic surprise of the attacks of 9/11.17 In our era of premediation, the news media’s style is now to convey the impression both that something newsworthy has only just happened in the very recent past and that something newsworthy is just about to happen in the future (think of the ubiquity of “Breaking News” and “Happening Now” on local, national, and international televisual news programs). Furthermore, as we saw in the run-up to the Iraq War, in an era of 24-7 news coverage on television and on the Internet, news items do not necessarily lose their information value when they are repeated but under the media regime of premediation increase their informational and affective value as they are repeated. It is now not only the case that “what has just gone into the past is still present,” but that what is about to go on in the future is also depicted as occurring in the present. The aim of this double presenting is, as Luhmann maintains, to produce a sense of potential surprise (for this is what keeps the news going as an autopoietic system of modernity). But it is also to try to protect against a catastrophic or disruptive surprise like the terrorist

attacks on the Pentagon or the World Trade Center. This double present- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright ing involves the production not only of future uncertainty but also of future certainty – the certainty that the future will already have been made into the past, that the future is in some sense already (or will soon be) behind us. In the wake of 9/11, however, what counts as news has changed – not only is the very recent past news but what has not yet

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happened, the near future, is also news. News not only makes the past present but it makes the future present as well. While it is surely the case that news has always to some extent been concerned with the future, there has been a major shift in the nature of this concern. For Luhmann the importance of the media’s orientation to future probabilities was primarily as a guide to action in the present. While acknowledging that “the present can calculate a future that can always turn out otherwise,” he insists that

this break between the present future and the future presents does not necessarily rule out prognoses. But their only value lies in the quickness with which they can be corrected and in knowing what is important in this regard. There exists, therefore, only a “provisional” foresight, and its value lies not in the certainty that it provides but in the quick and specific adjustment to a reality that comes to be other than what was expected. (Luhmann, 1998, p. 70)

What Luhmann himself was not in a position to foresee was the way in which competing premediations of the future would come to serve not only as providing adjustments to the realities of the present but also as providing protection from, or adaptation to, potentially unwanted futures. When Luhmann says that “the observations of events throughout society now occurs almost at the same time as the events themselves,” he understands these observations as following right on the heels of the events. In post-9/11 premediation, observations of events throughout society also occur before the events themselves (which in many cases often occur only as news but never as historical events). Put another way, if the mass media of modernity bring the events of the very recent past into the present by remediating them as items of news, premediation makes events of the future into items of news, thereby making future events themselves both into items of news and into items of the past.18 That is, premediation insists upon the liveness of futurity, the presentness and temporal immediacy of futurity – and insofar as futurity is news, upon the pastness of futurity as well. Premediation entails a

kind of futurity that is both immediately present through the liveness - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright of global networked cable TV and Internet news and already past in that this futurity is taken as news, which remains committed to making the recent past (as well as the near future) immediately present. Luhmann’s description of the mass media as an autopoietic system for orienting modern society to the future helps to explain both what

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is new about premediation and what is of a piece with the media formations of modernity. Particularly helpful is his distinction between “operation” and “observation” in making sense of the functioning of the mass media. “Operation” refers to the autopoietic reproduction of the system, the reproduction of communication from outcomes of communication, the continuation of a recursive system of irritation and stabilization. “Observation,” on the other hand, refers to distinctions used to describe something. In this way, the distinction between information and not-information, or between something that happened in the past and something that just happened, or between event and non-event – all of these are ways that the mass media, particularly the news media, have described or observed their objects. The change that premediation introduces is not only in the autopoietic operations of the news, but also in its informational observations. These cognitive observations, however, do not govern the system but are dependent upon the continued operations of the system, without which they could not or would not exist. For Luhmann mass media exist not to produce truth or to inform the public or to educate society or to serve as a watchdog on politicians, corporations, or the powerful, but to generate and process incidents of irritation, that is, to reproduce the system:

The mass media realize in society precisely that dual structure of reproduction and information, of continuation of an always already adapted autopoiesis and cognitive willingness to be irritated. Their preference for information, which loses its surprise value through publication, that is, is constantly transformed into non-information, makes it clear that the function of the mass media consists in the constant generation and processing of irritation – and neither in increasing knowledge nor in socializing or educating people in con- formity to norms. (Luhmann, 2000, p. 98)

For Luhmann, science is concerned with cognitive matters, while law concerns itself with normative matters. Mass media, on the other hand, are concerned with the production of continuity between past, present,

and future. - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright

Under normal circumstances social communication is oriented towards neither science nor the law. But neither can it be left in modern global society to the merely local everyday knowledge that is only found in the nearest vicinity. Accordingly, it seems to be the

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function of the mass media to remedy this neither cognitively nor normatively specified requirement. The mass media guarantee all function systems a present which is accepted throughout society and is familiar to individuals, and which they can take as given when it is a matter of selecting a system-specific past and establishing decisions about future expectations important to the system. (Luhmann, 2000, p. 99)

Perhaps the most crucial thing to understand about Luhmann’s account of the mass media is that in “guaranteeing all function systems a present which is accepted throughout society and is familiar to individuals,” mass media work not through consensus or reason, but through the production of objects or quasi-objects. Luhmann’s autopoietic account of social systems presents a critique of the Enlightenment-based ideals of someone like Habermas – that cognition or consensus or reason produce social stability. Like Michel Serres or Bruno Latour, Luhmann sees social stability and social order as resulting from a process of autopoietic reproduction that is held together through objects, not words or contracts or beliefs. Citing Serres’s notion of “quasi-objects,” Luhmann finds the assemblage of society to be

based in the first instance on the generation of objects, which can be taken as given in further communication. It would be much too risky to rely primarily on contracts or consensuses that can be called for as a normative requirement. Objects arise out of the recursive functioning of communication without prohibiting the opposing side. And they only leave residual problems for deciding the issue of whether one wants to agree or disagree. Modern society owes it to the mass media that such objects “exist,” and it would be hard to imagine how a society of communicative operations that extends far beyond individual horizons of experience could function if this indispensable condition were not secured through the communication process itself. (Luhmann, 2000, p. 100)

In other words the mass media generate objects about which news can

be produced, like the global War on Terror, climate change, the World - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright Cup, the US presidential election, global financial crises, or social and political unrest in Iran, Honduras, China, or elsewhere. These objects are such that consensus about them is not required – they “arise out of the recursive functioning of communication without prohibiting the opposing side.”19 And after 9/11 the objects presented in the news are as

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likely to figure in future events as they are in events of the very recent past. This change of temporality is related not only to the traumas of 9/11 but also to the ongoing changes in technologies of mediation and the altered temporalities they enable.

From virtual reality to the reality of the virtual

The shift in the operation of the mass media that was brought into focus by the events of 9/11 is evident in the contrast between Strange Days and Minority Report. When Strange Days was released in 1995, virtual reality was widely seen as marking the ultimate potential of digital immediacy. By the time that Minority Report was released in 2002, the objects and practices of digital mediation had become inextricably part of the everyday public space in which we work, play, and live. More so than Strange Days, where the liveness and immediacy of the wire were marked precisely by the elimination of screening, exhibition, and display, Minority Report participates in two distinct, contradictory media temporalities – the instantaneity of cinematic time and the futurity of premediated potentiality. In imagining a more private form of mediation and display, one tied more to nineties dreams of virtual reality than to contemporary dreams of ubiquitous media, Strange Days marks its own difference from a film like Minority Report, the difference between the new media imaginary of 1995 and that of 2002. But insofar as Minority Report marks a logic of premediation that supplants the double logic of remediation epitomized by Strange Days, Spielberg also self-consciously embraces the cinematic roots of premediation. Indeed, where Bigelow has Lenny Nero insist in Strange Days that the wire is “not TV only better,” Spielberg ties the premediation of the precognitives not only to television but also to some of the earliest moments of cinema.20 Minority Report helps to clarify the threefold character of premediation at work at the beginning of the third millennium. Where remediation entailed the refashioning of prior media forms and technologies, premediation entails the remediation of future media forms and technologies, like the wire in Strange Days, or pre-crime and precognition in Minority Report. In addition, premediation entails the desire to remedi-

ate the future before it happens, the desire that catastrophic events like - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright those of 9/11 never catch us unawares, or by surprise, the desire to avoid the catastrophic immediacy of watching live on TV a plane crash into the World Trade Center, or the Twin Towers burning and collapsing – or in Minority Report the desire to rid society of murder. Finally, this desire to premediate the future before it happens is accompanied by

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the desire to colonize the future by extending our networks of media technologies not only spatially across the globe and beyond, but also temporally into the future. In this sense, premediation seeks to make sure that the future is so fully mediated by new media forms that it is unable to emerge into the present without having already been remediated in the past. Like the PreCrime Unit of Minority Report, premediation seeks to prevent the future by premediating it – to make sure, in some sense, that the future never happens. On the other hand, like the project to premediate the rebuilding and “rebirth” of (or from) Ground Zero, premediation seeks to make sure, by extending our media networks into the future, that the future has already happened by capturing the moment when the future emerges into the present, that is, the moment when the future has already become the past. While premediation differs from remediation in that the latter seems to focus largely on prior media forms where the former focuses chiefly on future media events, this difference in emphasis helps to underscore an important point of continuity between the two media logics, the way in which form and event are inseparable under any media regime. Much as remediation involves both prior and current media events, so premediation involves the remediation of current or future media forms. Not unlike the double logic of remediation, which sought simultaneously to erase mediation and to proliferate it in the practice of reforming or refashioning prior media forms, the logic of premediation seeks to prevent an unfore- seen future by proliferating its remediation by current media forms. In so doing premediation simultaneously insists both on imagining the future in terms of new media practices and technologies and on extending the media networks of the present so that they seem to reach indefinitely into a securely (if indeterminately) colonized future. In Minority Report this pre-existence of mediality is deployed to make sure that a particular future has been prevented and can thereby be made a matter of present concern. As we have seen in relation to news, this double presenting of past and future is crucial to the new temporality of premediation operative at the beginning of the twenty-first century. In addition to the formal differences between 1990s virtual reality

and the post-9/11 ubiquity of mobile networked computing, there are - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright sociocultural or political consequences arising from these two different media formations. Insofar as premediation furnishes the media regime of pre-emptive warfare, or perhaps, as Brian Massumi could be seen to argue, of pre-emption itself, then I would suggest that the immediacy of virtual reality, or the double logic of remediation more generally, can be

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seen to have constituted the medial regime for the dot.com bubble of the 1990s. Unlike premediation, this medial formation was marked not by the fear of a catastrophic or apocalyptic future, but by the unwavering confidence of a future that would be just like the present, only bigger and better. The simultaneous medial orientation towards the immediacy of the present and the remediation of the past worked as a way to gather up and commodify historical forms of technical mediation into a forward-moving, ever-expanding present and to bring them forward into a future of unlimited immediacy, hypermediacy, and remediation – a golden age of hyper-mediated capitalism marked cinematically by the utopian romantic conclusion of Strange Days amidst the carnivalesque celebration of the coming of the new millennium. The current cultural moment, on the other hand, is marked by the logic of premediation, in which not just the past and present, but the future as well, has already been remediated, already exists as a feature on the media landscape of the present. Unlike the double logic of remediation, which seeks a kind of perceptual immediacy either through the transparent remediation of past media formations or through the hypermediation of present ones, premediation seeks to remediate potentialities, future events or occurrences which may or may not ever happen. The media regime of premediation marks not the desire for a virtual reality, but an engagement with the reality of the virtual, what Deleuze understands as “virtuality” or “potentiality.” While premediation often takes the form (as in the run-up to the Iraq War) of the proliferation of specific possibilities, or particular scenarios, the generation of these specific possibilities entails the remediation of potentialities or virtualities out of which future actions, decisions, or events might (or might not) emerge. This distinction between the possible and the virtual distinguishes premediation from game-planning or scenario-building or prediction, each of which imagines the real as something like a predetermined or pre- existing state that can be predicted or forecast or planned. In Minority Report the difference between predicting possible futures and premediating virtual ones can be seen in the three different accounts of temporality the film offers to explain PreCrime. The first two are tied up with cinematic time, the third with premediated time.

In the models based upon cinematic time, PreCrime is explained in rela- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright tion to the idea of prediction, of a future determined by the sequence of past events. In one version of this the future is seen to be added on to the present and past in accordance with the regular operation of the rules, laws, and habitual behaviors that produce future actions and events. In this account the future is like the past and the object

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of law enforcement is understood as the discovery and punishment of criminal behavior – with the exception that in the juridical formation of PreCrime and precognition, the crime has been committed, or will have been committed, in the future, not in the past. In the related position of those who oppose PreCrime in the film, although future behavior can be predicted it is not predetermined because at every moment individuals are faced with free choice. A murder might be likely to happen, but the murderer might change his mind at the last moment. This account still sees the future as following from or added on to the past, but imagines the future itself as finally blank or unwritten. The future is constrained by the past not as completely predetermined, but insofar as the choices one has to make are determined by the actions and events that have come before. Throughout Minority Report there is a recurrent refrain, voiced by several of its characters, that one can choose one’s future. There is a third account of temporality in the film, however, one which Agatha, the precog who provides the minority report that gives the film its title, sets forth, or perhaps unwittingly embodies. This account is most closely related to the virtuality of premediation, to the idea that there are multiple potential futures and that these future events always and already impinge upon the present. In the PreCrime version of this, the future seen by the precogs determines the present in the same way that the past would. But in the version exemplified by Agatha, the weight or force of these futures impact the present but do not determine it, as when she complains at one point in the film about the future becoming so wearisome, about how tired she is of the future. The most extended account of these premediated, virtual futures comes in a long scene with Anderton and his ex-wife Lara, in her house on the coast, where Agatha tells them in relation to their dead son Sean that people don’t die. She begins to detail Sean’s futures for them, beginning when he was ten years old, some two years before the film’s present, and continuing until he is in high school and in university and beyond. The point of this crucial episode in the film, which serves emotionally to reunite the estranged couple in their shared love for their dead son, is that Sean’s potential futures are as real as the future that was cut short,

emphasizing that the future impacts the present not by determining it - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright or by adding on to it, but by a process of selection and subtraction. Minority Report exemplifies that to see premediation as the remediation of virtuality or potentiality is to recognize that there are always multiple competing and incomplete reals – multiple actualities which can emerge from any potential present, but which emerge not by negation

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or addition but by differentiation and divergence from other potential but never realized actualities. What is key here is that these virtualities are real, these premediations as virtualities have a reality in the present, a force in the present, no matter how the future might turn out. That is, the model of possibility or prediction in scenarios, game-planning, or simulation ultimately involves the creation or determination of distinctions between false or illusory possibilities on the one hand and the real or the actual on the other – only those possible scenarios that come true are real, while the others are proved false or illusory or wrong. To think of premediation as virtual, and therefore as real, is to refuse this meta- physical distinction and to insist instead on the efficacy, or force, of the multiplicity of premediations in and of themselves – no matter how the future might actually turn out. Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Concordia University Libraries - PalgraveConnect - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright

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The trouble with Abu Ghraib

As I detailed in the previous chapter one of the predominant aspects of premediation in the past decade, deployed in particular by the US news media in the wake of 9/11, concerned the desire to premediate the geopolitical future so thoroughly that the American public would be protected from experiencing a catastrophic shock or surprise like that produced by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Of course medial desire is not always fulfilled, and the strategies of premediation are not always successful. In this chapter I take up an instance in which shock broke through the protective barrier of premediation – the public outrage produced by the release of torture photographs from Abu Ghraib. Jean Baudrillard links these photos to the images that proliferated on 9/11: “Before both a worldwide violent reaction: in the first case a feeling of wonder, in the second, a feeling of abjection.” “These images,” Baudrillard maintains, “are as murderous for America as those of the World Trade Center in flames” (Baudrillard, 2005, p. 1).1 Why did these photographs, which have elsewhere been described as “shock photographs that really did shock,” have such a powerful effect on Americans and in the Western world more generally? (Simpson, 2006, p. 104). Why did the photographs from Abu Ghraib have a public and political impact far greater than, say, the unlawful establishment

of a detention center at Guantanamo Bay, or the policy and practice of - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright “extraordinary rendition,” or the countless other US violations of the Geneva Convention and the bounds of accepted behavior more generally? When these photos were made public, everybody agreed that they were scandalous: left, right, center; Bush administration, Bush support- ers, Bush opponents; Americans, Iraqis, Europeans. The question I want

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to ask is what was it about these photographs, and not the thousands of other images of violent death, dismemberment, or atrocities available on the Internet, that managed to produce such a widespread sense of shock and disgust, and to become a matter of concern for the US and global media and for international governmental and non-governmental organizations. Most explanations tend to consider the photographs as disturbing because they reveal clear, unmistakable, immediately visible evidence of horrible, unacceptable behavior. Whose horrible behavior or what caused the horrible behavior is one place where opinions diverged. Some saw the photographs as revealing the horrible behavior of a few bad apples. Others saw them as revealing the scandalous behavior of the Bush-Cheney administration’s systematic post-9/11 dismantling of Geneva conventions in favor of the legalization of torture. Some saw them as revealing the immorality of American popular media culture (Hollywood, video games, TV, etc.). And some saw them as evidence of America as the “Great Satan.” My own inclinations lean strongly towards the systematic dismantling of Geneva conventions explanation. But others have already made that argument far more powerfully and completely than I can.2 Why were the photographs from Abu Ghraib so disturbing? In one sense there would seem to be no reason to ask this question, as the answer would appear to be immediately self-evident. Indeed, it is precisely self-evidence that underwrites the immediately disturbing nature of the photographs. They themselves are “self-evident,” that is, they provide visual evidence of degrading, brutal torture and violence, of the systematic abuse of political and military power. The photographs don’t lie. Verbal reports of this (and other instances of) torture had been circulating for some time in early 2004, and the US Army had been investigating charges of criminal abuse at the prison since May 2003. Nonetheless, it was only after an American television news-magazine, 60 Minutes II, showed the now-iconic photos of “hooded man” and “leashed man” on prime-time US TV on 28 April 2004, and after The New Yorker posted an article and photographs on its website on 30 April, that the news media, the public, the American government, and its

allies were forced to do something about them. Only when the photo- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright graphs were released in the print, televisual, and networked news media were people compelled to take notice. The common explanation for this has to do with the fact that the events depicted were horrible and that seeing is believing, that visual imagery has a much more powerful impact than verbal accounts do. True enough. Photographs, unlike

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printed texts, are by their nature public, visible, out in the open. Once they have been released, what they depict can’t be ignored. But might there be something else going on as well, something that has to do with the nature of our media practices, our experience of the photographs as socio-technical, material artifacts? David Simpson has argued that, despite what we know about the ease with which digital imaging technologies allow photographs to be framed, faked, or forged, the photographs from Abu Ghraib had a resonance and credibility that cut through much of the fog of media war coverage, that seemed to resist or elude premediation. “What then might explain the peculiar resonance and apparent credibility of the Abu Ghraib torture images?” Simpson asks. “First,” he explains:

they are technologically explicable as the products of amateurs with high-tech home cameras that process images on computers. They have no high finish; in their very posings they are unposed, informal. They do not seem staged to shock, or staged to do anything: one of them apparently functioned as the screen saver image on one of the prison computers. They only came to public notice because one soldier (Private Joseph Darby), troubled by what he saw, slid a disk under the door of an investigator. They are both unofficial and out of the sphere of the press corps; they seem of the people and by the people, though who or what they are for is an open question. They are aesthetically and technologically as surprising as they are upsetting in their content. We have not seen things like this before, or not quite. But they also show us what we already know: ... The true focus of our curiosity here is therefore not on the suffering Iraqis, who are unknown to us and can barely be distinguished one from another in these poorly defined and airbrushed images, but on ourselves. (Simpson, 2006, pp. 106–7)

Simpson draws our attention to, but does not pursue further, the significance of the photographs’ mediality in their reception by the US media and public. Although “technologically explicable as the products of amateurs with high-tech home cameras that process images on

computers,” the photographs are, for him, “aesthetically and techno- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright logically as surprising as they are upsetting in their content.” Rather than take the photographs simply as evidence of how military and political power was unjustly directed against Iraqi prisoners, he takes these photographs as reflective of the American public. But in contending that the photographs were aesthetically and technologically

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surprising, Simpson misses the way in which their production and distribution were part of our familiar everyday media practices. What I want to focus on in this chapter is the public’s response not to what the photographs depict but to the photographs themselves, particularly the response of the United States and the West. And I want to begin by arguing that our response to the photographs is so powerful and immediate not simply because they reveal to us abuses of power and horrible acts of torture, completely out of the ordinary and beyond the pale of acceptable, civilized, humane behavior, but also because they reveal to us the continuity between our experience of the Abu Ghraib photographs (and their creation and distribution by American soldiers) and our own acceptable, civilized, everyday, humane media practices. Put in another way: rather than treat the photographs as transparent windows through which we can view unthinkable, horrible practices of torture and humiliation (practices virtually identical to those going on in Guantanamo Bay or elsewhere in occupied Iraq or Afghanistan or at clandestine torture sites around the globe), I treat the Abu Ghraib photographs as objects of medialogical analysis, as media practices similar, if not identical, to those practices widespread among students, tourists, parents, pet-owners, photo-bloggers, and in the military itself. That is, what makes the Abu Ghraib photos so powerful is not only that they reveal to us acts of torture and humiliation that are almost universally and immediately understood to be beyond the pale even of military interrogation. The shock of these photographs is also explicable because they came into existence through ordinary media practices – taking digital photographs, burning them on CDs, uploading them on websites, and emailing them to friends and family – that were of a piece with our own everyday media practices of photographing our pets, our vacations, or our loved ones, and then sharing these images with friends, family, or strangers via the same media of file- sharing, email, social networking, mobile phones, and the web, practices which were employed by the soldiers at Abu Ghraib, and with which we have become increasingly familiar and comfortable. And of course, these photos, like so many other iconic cultural images, have been remediated as well through other familiar participatory media

practices for political purposes antithetical to those of the US military - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright under whose authority the acts of torture depicted in the photographs were carried out.3 One example of this different way of thinking about what was so disturbing about the Abu Ghraib photographs can be found in a passage about Democrat Richard “Dick” Durbin, then Assistant Minority Leader

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of the US Senate, from a 2005 New Yorker article on the torture and brutal murder of Manadel al-Jamadi in Abu Ghraib.4

Before [Durbin’s] tenure [on the Senate Intelligence Committee] ended, he looked at the full, classified set of photographs from Abu Ghraib. In a recent interview at his office in the Capitol, he said, “You can’t imagine what it’s like to go to a closed room where you have a classified briefing, and stand shoulder to shoulder with your colleagues in the Senate, and see hundreds and hundreds of slides like those of Abu Ghraib, most of which have never been publicly disclosed. I had a sick feeling when I left.” He went on, “It was then that I began to have suspicions that something significant was happening at the highest levels of the government when it came to torture policy.” (Mayer, 2005)5

In describing his reaction to the photographs Durbin is clearly troubled by the US military’s apparently government-sanctioned practice of torture and humiliation as depicted in the photographs. But what he is also troubled by (though without perhaps recognizing it in any conscious sense) is the mediality of the photographs themselves, the act of viewing photographic slides standing shoulder to shoulder with his colleagues in the Senate. It is telling that Durbin describes himself as first feeling sick and only afterwards recognizing that there was a problem with US torture policy. This sick feeling is produced by the act of viewing the photographs, irrespective of their content, or perhaps more accurately inseparable from, but independent of, the acts depicted in them. Interestingly, Durbin does not say, “you can’t imagine what it’s like to see such horrible acts of torture,” but rather, “you can’t imagine what it’s like to ... stand shoulder to shoulder with your Senate colleagues and see hundreds and hundreds of these photos.” What he comments on is the humiliation, the embarrassment, of being side-by-side with his Senate colleagues and looking at such photographs, where he might in some other circumstances have stood with many of those same colleagues to look at pictures of their children’s weddings or their most recent vacation or a new house they

might have bought. Durbin’s characterization of his affective and pol- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright itical response to the full set of classified photos is not meaningless, I would maintain, but rather points our attention to an overlooked aspect of the outrage evoked by these photographs from Abu Ghraib: how the affective intensity that these photographs evoked as media artifacts preceded the judgment of their political import. I will return

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to this point later in the chapter. I want first to turn to initial reactions to the release of the photographs by two prominent public intellec- tuals, Susan Sontag and Slavoj Žižek.

Remediating pornography?

Shortly after the release of the Abu Ghraib photographs, Susan Sontag addressed their status as media artifacts in her essay “Regarding the Torture of Others,” which extends the critical position set forth more fully in her powerful 2002 monograph, Regarding the Pain of Others. Sontag argued that the horror of the acts of torture depicted in the photos cannot be separated from the horror of the acts of photography themselves. She asks: “So, then, is the real issue not the photographs themselves but what the photographs reveal to have happened to ‘sus- pects’ in American custody? No: the horror of what is shown in the photographs cannot be separated from the horror that the photographs were taken – with the perpetrators posing, gloating, over their helpless captives” (Sontag, 2004, pp. 26–7). As others have as well, Sontag likens these photographs to those that German soldiers took of the horrors of Nazi concentration camps in World War II or to those taken of lynching victims by Ku Klux Klansman in the United States, who then distributed them to their friends and family as postcards.6 But she also notes that, unlike these earlier acts of photography, the Abu Ghraib photos produced a heightened impact because of the widespread possession of digital cameras and the ease of circulating photos across networked media: “A digital camera is a common possession among soldiers. Where once photographing war was the province of photojournalists, now the soldiers themselves are all photographers – recording their war, their fun, their observations of what they find picturesque, their atrocities – and swapping images among themselves and e-mailing them around the globe” (Sontag, 2004, p. 27). For Sontag, however, what soldiers find “fun” seems increasingly beyond the pale of what she considers to be moral behavior, particularly insofar as it seems connected with the prevalence of Internet pornography:7 Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Concordia University Libraries - PalgraveConnect - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright An erotic life is, for more and more people, that whither can be captured in digital photographs and on video. And perhaps the torture is more attractive, as something to record, when it has a sexual component. It is surely revealing, as more Abu Ghraib photographs enter public view, that torture photographs are interleaved

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with pornographic images of American soldiers having sex with one another. In fact, most of the torture photographs have a sexual theme, as in those showing the coercing of prisoners to perform, or simulate, sexual acts among themselves .... [M]ost of the pictures seem part of a larger confluence of torture and pornography: a young woman leading a naked man around on a leash is classic dominatrix imagery. And you wonder how much of the sexual tortures inflicted on the inmates of Abu Ghraib was inspired by the vast repertory of pornographic imagery available on the Internet – and which ordinary people, by sending out Webcasts of themselves, try to emulate. (Sontag, 2004, p. 27)8

Baudrillard, too, understands these photographs as pornographic, but for him it is the pornography of the war itself that the photographs remediate.9 Sontag calls attention to the mediality of the photographs primarily to condemn them for what they reveal about the media environment from which they emerge – or more specifically to condemn the culture that produces both that media environment and the soldiers who inhabit it: “For the meaning of these pictures is not just that these acts were performed, but that their perpetrators apparently had no sense that there was anything wrong in what the pictures show” (Sontag, 2004, p. 28). Arguing that the horror of these images derives in large part from how they function as photographs, Sontag simultaneously condemns the Bush administration for the abuses at Abu Ghraib and for thinking that “the fault or horror lay in the images, not in what they depict.” For Sontag what these images depict is the corruption of American culture: “What is illustrated by these photographs is as much the culture of shamelessness as the reigning admiration for unapolo- getic brutality” (Sontag, 2004, p. 29).10 Ironically, the terms of Sontag’s condemnation of the Abu Ghraib photographs are not very different (at least medialogically) from the morally conservative position that the existence of the Abu Ghraib photographs (if not the torture itself) is the result of America’s media culture: “It is hard to measure the increasing acceptance of brutality in

American life, but its evidence is everywhere, starting with the video - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright games of killing that are a principal entertainment of boys – can the video game ‘Interrogating the Terrorists’ really be far behind? – and on to the violence that has become endemic in the group rites of youth on an exuberant kick” (Sontag, 2004, p. 28).11 In the weeks following the release of the Abu Ghraib photos, such condemnation of US media

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culture was a staple of conservative Christian media, exemplified in print, televisual, and networked news media by figures like born-again Watergate conspirator Charles Colson, Family Research Council president Tony Perkins, or Ted Olsen, former US Solicitor General who suc- cessfully represented George W. Bush in Bush v. Gore, the US Supreme Court case that effectively handed the presidency to Bush (“Abuse,” 2004; Olsen, 2004). While on almost every other issue their politics are diametrically opposed, both Sontag and the Christian right acknowledge the importance of thinking about the Abu Ghraib photographs in relation to decadent US media practices. In doing so, however, their arguments focus on content and morality, seeking chiefly to pin the blame on somebody else’s media practices, by seeing both the Abu Ghraib torture and the Hollywood media-industrial entertainment complex as beyond the pale of humane, civilized, moral behavior. The argument I am pursuing about the mediality of the photographs, on the other hand, focuses on the continuity between the formal, technical media practices entailed in the Abu Ghraib photos and our own everyday practices of digital photography. While I do not want to ignore the force of the content of the photos in producing public outrage, I want to try to make sense of this outrage in terms of the medialogical affinities between looking at the Abu Ghraib photos on TV, in the newspaper, or on the web and our everyday practices of seeing photos of friends, family, or co-workers, or looking at photographs in the news. Similarly, I want to try to highlight the affinities between our ordinary digital photographic practices (including burning photo CDs, posting them on Flickr or Facebook, and emailing them to friends) and the media practices engaged in by the soldiers at Abu Ghraib.12

Unknown knowns

Like Sontag, Slavoj Žižek also saw the crux of the matter of the Abu Ghraib photos to lie in their continuity with US popular culture:

Anyone acquainted with the US way of life will have recognized in

the photographs the obscene underside of US popular culture. You - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright can find similar photographs in the US press whenever an initiation rite goes wrong in an army unit or on a high school campus and soldiers or students die or get injured in the course of performing a stunt, assuming a humiliating pose or undergoing sexual humiliation .... This, then, was not simply a case of American arrogance

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towards a Third World people. The Iraqi prisoners were effectively being initiated into American culture; they were getting a taste of the obscenity that counterpoints the public values of personal dignity, democracy and freedom. (Žižek, 2004)

Žižek’s response to the photographs’ continuity with American culture differed, however, from that of Sontag, who might have agreed that the photographs represented the obscene underside of American culture, but would seek to quarantine the values that the photographs embody from the more appropriate or humane “public values of personal dignity, democracy and freedom.” Even more than Sontag, however, Žižek ignores the medialogical significance of the photographs. While he was certainly right to see the events of Abu Ghraib as in some sense initiating the Iraqi prisoners into American culture, he does not seem to understand that they would not be fully initiated until they were given cameras and allowed to take and circulate pictures themselves, or even until they were allowed to pose freely and smile, thumbs-up signals and all. That is to say, there are two elements to US media culture’s production of what Nicholas Mirzoeff calls “the visual subject,” and being made into an object of mediation is only one of them.13 What makes the Abu Ghraib incident most con- gruent with everyday American popular culture is its participation in the practices of taking digital photographs and circulating them across premediated socio-technical networks like the Internet or email. Thus while I agree with Žižek that the events of Abu Ghraib should be seen as continuous with US popular culture, what I want to underscore is not chiefly the continuity of the torture and interrogation practices with hazing or initiation rites, but more centrally the continuity of the photographs themselves with US media practices. Despite insisting on the continuity of the photos with American culture, Žižek does not make the connections with our everyday media practices explicit, but continues to see the photographs chiefly in terms of evidence: “The photographs don’t lie.” In Žižek’s account Abu Ghraib is still understood through a representational logic in which photographs or other audio-

visual or textual media function indexically as records of prior events, - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright as evidence or testimony. What this perspective fails to understand is the way in which the photographs do not simply report or testify to immoral or pornographic political, criminal, or military events at Abu Ghraib, but are themselves specific, distinct media events with their own political and social consequences.

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Žižek’s erasure of the mediality of the photographs is most tellingly evident in his discussion of a widely cited quotation from Donald Rumsfeld, in which Rumsfeld distinguishes between “known knowns,” “known unknowns,” and “unknown unknowns.” Žižek astutely points out that Rumsfeld omits the most important permutation of this sequence, the “unknown knowns,” the “things we don’t know that we know, which is precisely the Freudian unconscious, the ‘knowledge which doesn’t know itself,’ as Lacan used to say.” Žižek continues: “The Abu Ghraib scandal shows where the real dangers are: in the ‘unknown knowns,’ the disavowed beliefs, suppositions, and obscene practices we pretend not to know about, although they form the flipside of public morality” (Žižek, 2004). Because Žižek characteristically glosses “unknown knowns” in terms of (his Lacanian understanding of) the Freudian unconscious, he is unable to recognize that there are other kinds of “knowledge which doesn’t know itself” at play in the Abu Ghraib scandal, such as the kinds of knowledge built into our media practices, into the hardware and software of our digital protocols, or the non-discursive or pre-discursive affective intensity of these photographs. That is, in addition to those “unknown knowns” that reside in our unconscious there are any number of other unknown knowns built in to our media practices in ways that we are not aware of, in ways that we do not know that we know – not because they have been repressed or sublimated but because they are concealed or invisible or unrecognized in everyday practices that we participate in and take for granted.14 Katherine Hayles makes a similar point about unconscious technological formations in a different context, contending that “as the unconscious is to the conscious, so computer code is to language ...; in our computationally intensive culture, code is the unconscious of language” (Hayles, 2006, p. 137). Hayles invokes Nigel Thrift’s powerful concept of the “technological unconscious,” which refers to “the everyday habits initiated, regulated, and disciplined by multiple strata of technological devices and inventions, ranging from an artifact as ordinary as a wristwatch to the extensive and pervasive effects of the World Wide Web” (Hayles, 2006, p. 138; Thrift, 2004). Citing proponents of distrib-

uted cognition like Edward Hutchins and Andy Clark, Hayles renames - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright Thrift’s concept the “technological nonconscious”15

Human cognition increasingly takes place within environments where human behavior is entrained by intelligent machines through such everyday activities as cursor movement and scrolling, interacting with

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computerized voice tress, talking and text messaging on cell phones, and searching the web to find whatever information is needed at the moment. As computation moves out of the desktop into the environment with embedded sensors, smart coatings on walls, fabrics, and appliances, and RFID (radio frequency ID) tags, the cognitive systems entraining human behavior become even more pervasive, flexible, and powerful in their effects on human conscious and nonconscious cognition .... Enmeshed within this flow of data, human behavior is increasingly integrated with the technological nonconscious through somatic responses, haptic feedback, gestural interactions, and a wide variety of other cognitive activities that are habitual and repetitive and that therefore fall below the threshold of conscious awareness. (Hayles, 2006, p. 140)

Part of the force of the Abu Ghraib photographs comes precisely from their participation in our technological nonconscious – the way in which they are integrated within our everyday unconscious use of technology. What enabled the photographs from Abu Ghraib to create an almost instant issue of global media publicity was not just that they brought to the attention of the global public the criminal behavior of the soldiers involved, but that our awareness of this behavior was mediated by the unconscious or nonconscious documentation and circulation of this behavior across networked media. That is to say, not only does this nonconscious behavior make the photos into objects of media publicity, but the way in which this behavior duplicates and intersects with our own premediated media practices adds to their shock as well as to their publicity. Insofar as these photos were continuous with our everyday practices they also worked to give us a feeling of the continuity of these everyday practices with the violence of empire, or of torture – a feeling that one’s media practices are connected in some way with committing or abetting torture, with the humiliation or dehu- manization of others.

Mediality

In treating the Abu Ghraib photographs in terms of their mediality, - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright I want to highlight the way in which the affective elements of our interactions with everyday media technologies work both socially and politically. By “mediality” I mean generally to call attention to what media do, to the ways in which they function as agents within the heterogeneous assemblage of twenty-first-century American and global

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society. But I mean more specifically in this chapter to call attention to the way that the media practices that make up our technological nonconscious function as part of what Michel Foucault has identified as “governmentality,” the biopolitical discursive formation that followed upon both sovereignty as the dominant juridical form of ruling a state or managing its territory and upon discipline as the dominant juridical form of the surveillance and punishment of individuals. Foucault sets forth the concept of governmentality in a series of lectures on security from 1978, which attend to the biopolitical formation that succeeds, or emerges from and within, discipline – what Deleuze will refer to as a society of control. In the governmentality lecture, Foucault notes that in addition to governing populations, one of the chief aims of governmentality is what Guillaume de La Perrière calls “the right disposition of things, arranged so as to lead to a convenient end” (Foucault, 1991, p. 93). By citing Guillaume’s idea of the “right disposition of things,” Foucault means to emphasize the way in which governmentality is concerned not only with people and populations but also with goods, commodities, production, infrastructure, information, and so forth. Or more precisely, he means to emphasize the network of people and things, of humans and nonhumans with which governmentality is concerned. Foucault glosses “the right disposition of things” in the following lengthy but crucial passage, the point of which is often neglected or ignored in treatments of Foucauldian governmentality that focus too single-mindedly on the question of the human.16

One governs things. But what does this mean? I do not think this is a matter of opposing things to men, but rather of showing that what government has to do with is not territory but rather a sort of complex composed of men and things. The things with which in this sense government is to be concerned are in fact men, but men in their relations, their links, their imbrication with those other things which are wealth, resources, means of subsistence, the territory with its specific qualities, climate, irrigation, fertility, etc.; men in their relation to that other kinds of things, customs, habits, ways of acting and thinking,

etc.; lastly, men in their relation to that other kind of things, accidents - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright and misfortunes such as famine, epidemics, death, etc. (Foucault, 1991, p. 93)

For Foucault, government is concerned not with humans in themselves (if such a concern was even possible for Foucault), but with humans in

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relation to three kinds of “things”: economic things (“wealth, resources, means of subsistence”); social things (“customs, habits, ways of thinking”); and natural things (“famine, epidemics, death”). Where sovereignty was concerned primarily with the juridical ruling of territory, and discipline with the administration of populations and of bodies, governmentality concerns itself with “men in their relations, their links, their imbrication” with things – with “a sort of complex composed of men and things.” In this sense Foucault is closer to someone like Gabriel Tarde before him, or Bruno Latour after him, both of whom see the object of government, characterized as the social, as consisting not of “a special domain of reality but a principle of connections” among humans and nonhumans – understood both as organic beings and as technical actants and artifacts (Latour, 2005, p. 13). For Foucault this “principle of connections” is exemplified in the metaphors of governing a ship or a household:

The fact that government concerns things understood in this way, this imbrication of men and things, is I believe readily confirmed by the metaphor which is inevitably invoked in these treatises on government, namely that of the ship. What does it mean to govern a ship? It means clearly to take charge of the sailors, but also of the boat and its cargo; to take care of a ship means also to reckon with winds, rocks and storms; and it consists in that activity of establishing a relation between the sailors who are to be taken care of and the ship which is to be taken care of, and the cargo which is to be brought safely to port, and all those eventualities like winds, rocks, storms and so on; this is what characterizes the government of a ship. The same goes for the running of a household. Governing a household, a family, does not essentially mean safeguarding the family property; what concerns it is the individuals that compose the family, their wealth and prosperity. It means to reckon with all the possible events that may intervene, such as births and deaths, and with all the things that can be done, such as possible alliances with other families; it is this general form of management that is

characteristic of government; by comparison, the question of landed - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright property for the family, and the question of the acquisition of sovereignty over a territory for a prince, are only relatively secondary matters. What counts essentially is this complex of men and things; property and territory are merely one of its variables. (Foucault, 1991, pp. 93–4)

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Crucial to Foucault’s account here, and often neglected by political theorists, is the key role of what Latour refers to as the relations or links among human and nonhuman actors, which sometimes goes under the name of “assemblage theory.”17 For Foucault, to govern is not to be concerned with land or territory in itself, with administrative institutions within themselves, or with humans or populations in themselves. “On the contrary, with government it is a question not of imposing law on men, but of disposing things: that is to say, of employing tactics rather than laws, and even of using laws themselves as tactics.” To govern is to be concerned with the relations among these different elements, “this complex of men and things,” as governing a ship involves “establishing a relation between the sailors who are to be taken care of and the ship which is to be taken care of, and the cargo which is to brought safely to port, and all those eventualities like winds, rocks, storms, and so on.” Because governmentality is concerned not with laws but with finding “an end which is ‘convenient’ for each of the things to be governed,” its aims are not strictly juridical or political: governmentality “implies a plurality of specific aims,” a multiplicity of tactics both within and increasingly outside of the networks of state power (Foucault, 1991, p. 95). In a late essay Gilles Deleuze characterized the governmental formations that follow upon sovereign and disciplinary societies as “control societies,” his term for what Foucault understands as societies of securitization. Where sovereign societies took bodies and territories as their objects, and disciplinary societies followed analogical logics of confinement in molding individuals into a mass, Deleuze sees control societies as employing digital tactics in modulating “dividuals” [sic] and collectivities into a “multitude” “through continuous control and instant communication” (Deleuze, 1995 and 1995a). Deleuze schemat- ically maps out a correspondence between these three different kinds of societies and three “particular kind[s] of machine – with simple mechanical machines corresponding to sovereign societies, thermodynamic machines to disciplinary societies, cybernetic machines and computers to control societies” (Deleuze, 1995, p. 175).18 In glossing governmentality in terms of control Deleuze enables us to see that in the first decade of the twenty-first century, in the current regime of securitiza-

tion, governmentality and mediality work hand-in-hand. If govern- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright mentality is the way in which biopolitical power controls and manages (and also makes possible particular forms of) “this complex of men and things,” including people, bodies, cultural and economic practices, natural events, and so on, then in a society of control mediality necessarily participates in this project through a diverse network of forms and

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practices – including but not limited to film, TV, print media, the World Wide Web, email, video games, mobile phones, MP3 players, radio, theater, or art. Thus to try to understand the Abu Ghraib photos as media practices is not just (or perhaps not at all) to look at the ways in which power is allegorized or represented or emblematized in these photos, but rather to look at the way in which governmental power is mediated, the way in which biopower is actualized, through the everyday practices of taking, uploading, and distributing these photographs. Media practices in this sense are techniques of power in a control society. Mediality works in concert with the state – works, as Foucault says of governmentality more generally, to “vitalize” the state. It is in this complex sense of the government of things in their imbrication with people and population that we can see the role of mediality in governmentality, the way in which our media practices concern themselves with things like “customs, habits, ways of acting and thinking,” or with responses to “that other kind of things, accidents and misfortunes such as famine, epidemics, death, etc.” Mediality works both to help dispose these things and to spur the state, or its institutions of government, to act, to do their job in relation to these things. One need only think of how the release of the Abu Ghraib photographs in the American print, televisual, and online media served to spur the US government to respond with investigations, with commissions, and with charges against a small number of soldiers. Or, in a similar vein, one could remember how globally networked televisual news coverage in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina forced the Bush administration to accelerate its efforts to rescue and provide aid to the victims of the disaster (or at least appear to). In America after 9/11, I want to insist, the functioning of governmentality cannot be opposed to the workings of mediality. Rather, they both participate in a heterogeneous network composed of political and medial agencies, mutually imbricated in the “proper disposition of things.”19 In saying this I do not mean to deny that communication media have in some form always been a part of governmental power but that their role has intensified and changed with the widespread proliferation of networked, personal digital media in a society of control. One

key element of this new regime of power is that medial power is not, - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright as in a disciplinary society, unidirectional. Rather, mediality works as a bi-directional or multi-directional process. Mediality does not simply mean (as Foucault often maintains) that government or media manage or control the imbricated networks of people and things, but also that people and things function actively together to create or invent new

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forms of mediation. In setting forth the concept of “affective labor,” Michael Hardt takes issue with the “Foucauldian view of biopower” because it “only poses the situation from above” (Hardt, 1999, p. 98). Paolo Virno explains that capitalism takes different forms in a control society, that it appropriates or exploits or “capitalizes” on the dynamic energies of general intellect or affective labor, distributed among what he (like Hardt and Antonio Negri) characterizes as the “multitude.” To think of the mediality of the Abu Ghraib photographs is to call attention to how their production by US soldiers at the Abu Ghraib prison exemplifies the way in which capitalism in a control society makes use of affective labor or general intellect in the production of “biopower from below.” In making this point we cannot ignore the fact that in abusing and torturing Iraqi prisoners in Abu Ghraib the soldiers involved were in fact exercising “biopower from above” in carrying out illegal and immoral US policies of interrogation and indefinite detention. What I want to emphasize, however, is the mediality of the acts of photographing and distributing the images of these acts of torture and abuse – the way in which the production of these images participated in the general intellect, the affective labor of “biopower from below.” Furthermore, I want to underscore how the shock of these photos, their power to create such public outrage, was intensified by the fact that their circulation and reception participated in the everyday practices of such affective labor both for those who took the photographs and for those who saw them online or on TV or in an email or in the newspaper.

Affectivity

One way not to understand the concept of mediality I am trying to develop is to see it as redescribing the traditional role of a free press in a democracy, which is said to serve as a watchdog on the exercise of governmental power. This is not what I am arguing, in two senses. First, I am interested as much in making sense of the participation in the processes of governmentality by the so-called “informal media” of email, the Internet, blogs, and social networking sites like YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter as I am in the “free press” in a more traditional

sense. In an age of networked digital media, as we saw, for example, - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright in the Iranian “Twitter revolution,” the mainstream press as such has become increasingly less powerful as a vehicle for informing the public of political, cultural, and social events. But more importantly in developing the concept of mediality I am trying to offer an alternative model of how the public is mobilized to act and in turn to impact the action of

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state and governmental agencies – a model in keeping with much recent work on the role of emotion and other pre-cognitive or non-cognitive (embodied) forces in guiding individual and collective action. In thinking of the Abu Ghraib photographs in terms of the ways that mediality functions to “vitalize” the state, to mobilize the complex of people and things, I have alluded to the affective intensity of these photographs as constituting an alternative way to make sense of their public impact. In referring to the notion of affective quality or intensity, I am relying upon a diverse project, developing in the past decade and more in literary, cultural, social, and political theory, to understand the role of “affect” in literature, media, culture, and society.20 This project draws upon recent work in neuropsychology and cognitive science, which insists upon the inseparability of cognition from affect or emotion, often on the priority of affect and emotion to cognition and rational judgment (Damasio, 1995, 1999, 2003; LeDoux, 1996). In the humanities (as opposed to psychology and cognitive science) these attempts to theorize affect seem characteristically to be involved in efforts to recruit or reinterpret earlier philosophical and theoretical precursors whose concerns with questions of affect have been overlooked, neglected, or minimized. Eve Sedgwick, for example, has mobilized mid-twentieth- century American psychologist Silvan Tomkins and his account of the affect system as more central than Freud’s drives in motivating human behavior, to think about what she and Adam Frank have called “the cybernetic fold” between modernism and postmodernism (Sedgwick and Frank, 1995; Sedgwick, 2003). Brian Massumi has mobilized Bergson and William James and Spinoza, as read through Deleuze and Guattari, to think about the non-subjective autonomy of affect functions in our image-based media culture in ways that are distinct from either objective reason or subjective emotion (Massumi, 2002, 2005). Steven Shaviro mobilizes Blanchot, Bataille, and Benjamin, also read through and against Deleuze and Guattari, to think about the affective state of the cinematic body, or what it feels like to live in a networked culture (Shaviro, 1993, 2003). And Mark Hansen has mobilized Bergson, Merleau-Ponty, Gilbert Simondon, and Bernard Stiegler in the service of his ambitious, if densely written, trilogy on the role of affectivity in the

functioning of new digital media (Hansen, 2004, 2006). - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright What all of these diverse treatments of affect have in common is a resistance to the totalizing narratives of psychoanalysis and ideology critique, what Sedgwick calls “paranoid reading,” in which literary, cultural, and media texts are understood chiefly in terms of the ways in which they work either to subvert or to enable the hegemony of global

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capital, or patriarchy, or ideology.21 For Sedgwick paranoid reading remains caught within the binary opposition of hegemony and subver- sion, contenting itself with arguing the ways in which texts or cultural practices function as “kinda hegemonic, kinda subversive.” Rather than focus on exposing or revealing the evidence of power in structures of representation and signification, affect theorists seek instead to focus on the functionality of literature, media, and culture, on the ways in which our embodied selves, what Walter Benjamin refers to as “the human sensorium,” is affected by these various media events prior to and independent of their cognitive impact or interpretation. Thus thinking of mediality in terms of affect is to think of our media practices not only in terms of their structures of signification or symbolic representation but more crucially in terms of the ways in which media function on the one hand to discipline, control, contain, manage, or govern human affectivity and its affiliated things “from above,” at the same time that they work to enable particular forms of human action, particular collective expressions or formations of human affect “from below.” In linking affect to mediality and governmentality, then, I mean to distinguish the current regime of mediality from an earlier regime of power in which communication media were oriented more towards truth or fidelity of representation. To paint with broad strokes, I would argue that modern forms of visual representation, beginning at least with the invention and technologization of linear perspective, and continuing with photography and then cinema, tended (at least in part) towards an increasing accuracy or fidelity to nature, and that forms of verbal representation did the same, whether through the rise of realism and naturalism in narrative fiction, the emergence of notions of sci- entific reason and description, or the development in journalism of a sense of objective reporting. Where Foucault would oppose the regime of governmentality both to sovereignty, which concerned itself with ruling territories as opposed to managing people or populations, and to discipline, which operated to administer biopower, I would oppose mediality to representationality, which concerned itself chiefly with a referential fidelity to its object rather than, as mediality does, with mobilizing people or populations, or as Massumi and others would put 22 it, with modulating affect. - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright In a 2003 interview Massumi describes the operation of what I am here characterizing as the regime of mediality:

So power is no longer fundamentally normative, like it was in its disciplinary forms, it’s affective. The mass media have an extremely

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important role to play in that. The legitimisation of political power, of state power, no longer goes through the reason of state and the correct application of governmental judgment. It goes through affective channels. For example, an American president can deploy troops overseas because it makes a population feel good about their country or feel secure, not because the leader is able to present well-honed arguments that convince the population that it is a justified use of force. So there is no longer political justification within a moral framework provided by the sovereign state. And the mass media are not mediating anymore – they become direct mechanisms of control by their ability to modulate the affective dimension. ... Affect is now much more important for understanding power, even state power narrowly defined, than concepts like ideology. Direct affect modulation takes the place of old-style ideology. (Zournazi, 2003)23

Of course, as with sovereignty and governmentality, the relation between representationality and mediality, or between ideology and affect, is not so clear-cut. Nor does it involve some absolute break or rupture, the elimination of ideology or representationality or sovereignty. Judith Butler argues in Precarious Life that sovereignty has re-emerged in the current Bush administration’s unprecedented expansion of executive power – even if sovereignty can only manifest itself through the techniques and discursive formations of governmentality.24 Massumi notes as much himself: “It is really important to understand affect ‘after a society of ideology’. Ideology is still around but it is not as embra- cing as it was, and in fact it does operate. But to really understand it you have to understand its materialisation, which goes through affect. That’s a very different way of addressing the political, because it is having to say that there is a whole range of ideological structures in place.” The same is true with representationality and its commitment to a regime of fidelity or truthfulness. This regime has never disappeared; there is still a “whole range of representational structures in place” (Zournazi, 2003). But these structures have been supplemented, and

in many instances supplanted, by mediality. Representationality, like - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright ideology, has been made to manifest itself through the techniques and discursive formations of contemporary mediality, as blogs and other web-based genres and forms of social networking are enlisted in the fight for truth or the proper – in politics, in social matters, in law, in science, or in culture.

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Addressing the role of affect in “the cultural-political functioning of the media,” Massumi would insist on affect’s autonomy, its independence not only of cognition but even of individual human subjectivity. Like other affect theorists, he is careful to distinguish affect from emotion, characterizing affects as uncontained bodily intensities and emotions as limited and contained expressions of affects first felt by the body, and only afterwards recognized as particular emotional states.25 While I would want to qualify what it means to claim that affect is autonomous, Massumi’s formulation is useful for isolating or bringing into focus the way our affective system helps to modulate or attune our relations with our human and non-human environment. In this sense the affect produced by the Abu Ghraib photos would be understood not only as a response to what the photographs reveal or mean or to the emotions they evoke, but as an unqualified bodily response independent of, and perhaps phenomenally prior to, our understanding of the emotions they evoke or the meanings they entail. And if our everyday practices of digital photography or photo-sharing also involve an affective relationship with our media, and these practices are continuous with the media practices at Abu Ghraib, then looking at the Abu Ghraib photo graphs would be experienced affectively as well as cognitively, would produce an affective response that would somehow impact or alter our prior affective relationship with our everyday media practices. That is, insofar as the very act of viewing the Abu Ghraib photos was necessarily an act that was continuous with taking the photos and circulating them online, in email, or in print, the affective force or physical shock of the photos is heightened by the mediality of the photos themselves. While this affective response cannot be separated from the content of the photos, it helps to account for the shock we feel when we recognize, along with and distinct from the affective experience of seeing the photographs, what their content actually is, what kind of inhumane practices they are remediating. On an affective level the shock comes not after recognizing them cognitively or intellectually, but in some sense prior to that recognition. We experience the shock and then afterwards recognize what it is that had shocked us. This insistence on embodied affect is very much like what William

James has described in arguing that we do not run away because we - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright are afraid but are afraid because we run, or that we do not cry because we are sad but are sad because we cry. For James, the bodily response to events that are frightening or sad both precedes and produces the emotions of fear and sadness – indeed in some sense the bodily sensations are these emotions.26 To apply this concept of bodily affectivity

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in the case of the photos from Abu Ghraib would allow us to see that we were outraged because we were shocked, rather than being shocked because we were outraged. Or put in terms of their mediality, we see the photographs as outside the pale of civilized behavior because we first experienced them affectively within our everyday media practices. While one might then want to conclude from this pre-cognitive aspect of our affective response to these and other violent images that our current media practices are culturally corrupt and that we should control or even censor the content of our culture’s media, that is not an argument that I would endorse. Rather, in calling attention to how pervasive and powerful these media practices are in constructing our identities or our affective lives, I want to emphasize the importance of understanding the mediality of our contemporary media practices, both how they mobilize affect in managing or governing human and nonhuman populations (what Foucault characterizes as the imbrication of people and things) and how they produce and are produced by collectivities of humans and nonhumans in the creation of affective labor and value from below.

Torture and pornography

I want to introduce a much less publicized controversy over scandalous digital photographs circulated on the Web by US soldiers in Iraq, as a way to consider the affective function of such photographs for the soldiers who take them and distribute them online, the creation of affective value through the functioning of mediality from below. On 28 September 2005, nearly 18 months after the release of the photographs from Abu Ghraib, the New York Times reported that the US Army was investigating photographs of Iraqi war dead that had been posted on a website called NowThatsFuckedUp.com (NTFU), owned by an American named Chris Wilson, but hosted in Amsterdam. The Times piece referred to a 20 September article in the Online Journalism Review, which was the first mainstream US venue to report the story (though it had been investigated by a journalist/ blogger associated with the Christian Science Monitor, who had learned

about it from an Italian blogger and the Italian news agency ANSA). If - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright the story’s complex provenance is typical of the interwoven linkages among the blogosphere and networked news media, both print and online, the details of the story itself were less typical, even though it entailed many of the same elements raised by the Abu Ghraib photos – graphic photographic images, the violation of Geneva Conventions,

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the relationship between pornography and violence, the omnipresence of digital cameras. NTFU.com was created as a bulletin board site for (mainly) men to exchange pornographic images of their girlfriends or wives. The site had a structure familiar to those who had used similar forums, offering general access boards available to anyone and special access boards available for those who provided a certain level of content to the site or who were willing to pay for full access. As such NTFU.com typi- fied the way in which postmodern capitalism produces affective value through collectivities enabled by the interactivity of networked digital media. The site quickly became popular with soldiers in Iraq and elsewhere, who began to post soft-core pictures of partially dressed, partially nude female (and occasionally male) soldiers. After the Pentagon blocked access to the site from computers in the field and soldiers in Iraq reported difficulty using their credit cards to access some of the paid features of the site, Wilson decided to offer soldiers free access to these features in exchange for photos from the field. His offer on the site read:

As a Thank-You for the work you do and the sacrifices you make I would like to offer you guys who want it the ability to get free access as a SUPPORTER member. [¶] Just post a picture of you guys hang- ing out, or saying hi, or of other cool stuff you see while your there. Something like the kinda pictures you would be sending home to your family and friends. Lets see some tanks, guns, the place your living in, some dead Taliban, just anything. I would like to get a glimpse of what you guys are seeing over there and I think everyone here would also. [¶] In return for your submission I will give you SUPPORTER access in the forums. When I get a few pictures I will setup a special forum called something like “Pictures From The Field” or something like that and post them all there for people to see.27

Many of the photographs that soldiers began to post depicted mutilated dead bodies and parts of bodies of Iraqi civilians and insurgents, the kinds of images that the Bush administration as well as the mainstream

media had sought systematically to prevent the American and global - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright public from seeing.28 News stories covering the NTFU incident emphasized its connection with Abu Ghraib and brought up many of the same issues raised by those photographs. Nonetheless, there was very little public awareness of these photos among the US public (or, for that matter, in Europe or

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the Middle East).29 I introduce this incident of war photos traded for pornography not to make the now familiar claim that such photos are themselves pornographic, but as a way to think about what makes an issue into a matter of public concern, how media and publicity interact with our media everyday. Even less than the Abu Ghraib photos, I would argue, these graphic photos of Iraqi dead bear little formal relationship to the photographic conventions of pornography, nor are they designed to arouse their viewers erotically, unlike the photos of female American soldiers and other amateur pornography that were posted on the NTFU site. Following the lead of now-familiar arguments by Andrea Dworkin and Catharine MacKinnon, Sontag and others would account for the outrage produced by the photos of Abu Ghraib by equating them with pornography, based upon the degrading and dam- aging effect of such images on those who produce the images, those whom the images reproduce, and those who consume them. Although such arguments about the injuriousness of pornography continue to be contested on a variety of fronts, there is a good deal of force to them. And it is hard to imagine anyone who would deny the horrible abuses of power produced by the soldiers at Abu Ghraib and documented by their photos. Nonetheless, if we think about how the Abu Ghraib photos functioned medialogically, about the kinds of work they perform, there may be a different way to make sense of them as pornographic, or at least as erotic, for the soldiers who were involved in their production. Felix Guattari has suggested that in considering behavior like obsessive hand-washing, we think not of its psychological or symbolic significance, but of its sensation, “the feeling that one is in the washing of one’s hands.” If we think of the Abu Ghraib photos in this way, then Žižek’s characterization of them as something like trophy photos of fraternity pranks would make sense of them as productive not of the feeling that one is being sexually aroused but of the feeling that one is displaying a trophy.30 Jaspir Puar, however, provides a persuasive account of how the photographs might have provided sexual arousal for some of the soldiers, particularly those like Lynndie England and Charles Graner, who “became romantically involved while in Iraq.” Puar speculates that “sharing tor-

ture functions to instigate and heighten sexual chemistries or release - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright them or both. What is the relationship between the kinds of sex they were having with each other and the kind of corporeal experiences of sexual domination they were jointly having with the prisoners? While torture elevates the erotic charge and intensity for those already ready to fuck each other, it externalizes the hatred between those ready to kill

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each other” (Puar, 2007, p. 101). Thinking explicitly about the affectivity of the acts of taking and circulating these digital photographs, Puar makes a compelling case for the eroticism of their mediality: “the separation of participant from voyeur becomes infinitely complicated by the pleasures of taking, posing for, and looking at pictures, especially as the use of cameras and videos inform varied practices (watching porn, nudie pics, to name a few) between partners of all genders in all kind of sex” (Puar, 2007, pp. 101–2). Puar takes seriously Guattari’s injunction to think not only about what the photographs might mean, but about the feeling that one is taking and distributing photographs of sexual torture:

the giddy process of documentation, the visual evidence of corporeal shame, the keen ecstatic eye of the voyeur, the haunting of surveillance, the dissemination of the images, like pornography on the Internet, the speed of transmission an aphrodisiac in itself, “swapped from computer to computer throughout the 320th Battalion,” perpetuating humiliation ad nauseum. Taken between 2 A.M. and 4 A.M., the digital photos project their anticipated audience not as a representational demographic but through the affective economies of speed, time, pace, circulation, transit, distribution, flows, and, of course, exchange. (Puar, 2007, p. 102)

Puar’s spirited description of the affectivity of producing these photographs helps to illuminate their mediality for the soldiers and prison guards at Abu Ghraib, whose interactions with digital photography and video were both as “participants” and as “voyeurs.” Irrespective of the sexual components of the behavior produced for and documented in the Abu Ghraib photos, however, I would still maintain that pornography was not what made them into global media issues. On the contrary, in the case of NTFU, the conjunction of graphic images of dead bodies and Internet pornography helped prevent this issue from becoming a matter of widespread media concern. For while hardcore Internet pornography is widespread enough that it has become a regular staple of comedy in popular media, explicitly pornographic images themselves

are not yet visible on mainstream US televisual or other popular media. - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright Not unlike dead and mutilated bodies, explicit images of sexual activity are still kept out of the mainstream media public. We know that they are available on the Internet or pay-per-view TV, we can refer to them humorously or seriously or with shock and outrage, but they are not allowed to be exhibited publicly. Thus, rather than condemn the NTFU

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photos of Iraqi war dead as pornographic, I introduced them as a way to think about how they functioned as media practices for the soldiers who took them and for those of us who saw them.

Transmitting affect

I want to conclude this chapter by thinking about how the photos of injured and dead Iraqis function medialogically in relation to the specific problems of post-traumatic stress disorder in Iraq, particularly insofar as the distinctive conditions of this war (suicide bombers, snipers, IEDs, etc.) differed from previous wars. A 2005 article in the New York Times reported on psychologists and psychiatrists on the ground in Iraq, who were working to “identify the mental reactions particular to this war”:

One of [these reactions], these experts say, is profound, unreleased anger. Unlike in Vietnam, where service members served shorter tours and were rotated in and out of the country individually, troops in Iraq have deployed as units and tend to have trained together as full-time military or in the Reserves or the National Guard. Group cohesion is strong, and the bonds only deepen in the hostile desert terrain of Iraq. For these tight-knit groups, certain kinds of ambushes – roadside bombs, for instance – can be mentally devastating, for a variety of reasons. “These guys go out in convoys, and boom: the first vehicle gets hit, their best friend dies, and now they’re seeing life flash before them and get a surge of adrenaline and want to do something,” said Lt. Col. Alan Peterson, an Air Force psychologist who completed a tour in Iraq last year. “But often there’s nothing they can do. There’s no enemy there.” Many, Colonel Peterson said, become deeply frustrated because “they wish they could act out on this adrenaline rush and do what they were trained to do but can’t.” Some soldiers and marines describe foot patrols as “drawing fire,”

and gunmen so often disappear into crowds that many have the feel- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright ing that they are fighting ghosts. In roadside ambushes, service men and women may never see the enemy. Sgt. Benjamin Flanders, 27, a graduate student in math who went to Iraq with the New Hampshire National Guard, recalled: “It was kind of a joke: if you got to shoot back at the enemy, people were

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jealous. It was a stress reliever, a great release, because usually these guys disappear.” (Carey, 2005)

What was true of Iraq generally was also true of Abu Ghraib, which was under almost nightly mortar attack from the outside, but against which the soldiers were not able to retaliate, to shoot back. Building on Freud’s analysis of the compulsive behavior of World War I veterans in “Beyond the Pleasure Principle,” Walter Benjamin has argued that film and other modern media functioned in the first decades of the twentieth century to train people to deal with the shocks of urban modernity (Benjamin, 1940a). So if Benjamin is right in thinking that the formal and technical properties of cinema and other forms of mechanical reproduction provided a way to cushion people from the shocks of modernity, then it makes sense to think about how taking digital photos of Iraqi dead might become a way to cushion and even to distribute the shock or traumatic affect of fighting in Iraq across media artifacts. Taking such photos can be seen as an attempt to displace the affect of shock to a media memory rather than having to retain it as a human memory.31 For Freud, consciousness functions to screen traumatic events from the unconscious. In Iraq mediation served a similar purpose, as a form of technological consciousness operating according to the laws of its concomitant technological unconscious. That is to say, photos of Iraqi war dead may function as some form of screen, as an attempt to block or contain or minimize the perhaps traumatic effect of seeing these things, a way of distributing the negative affect of shock or trauma across media artifacts as well, and by extension communicating or distributing it to others. I want to underscore that my interest in the role of photography in distributing (or releasing) negative affect is less psychoanalytic than medialogical. Following Guattari, I want to think about the act of taking these photographs in terms of the feeling that one is shooting back. In conditions like those in Iraq, it is important to understand the affective role that photographs like these can play. If the adrenaline surge produced by an enemy attack can’t be used to shoot, can’t be released by attacking the enemy, it can perhaps be distributed or released, at least

in part, by taking digital photos or videos of a suicide bomber’s decapi- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright tated head, or an insurgent with his limbs blown off, or even some Iraqi civilians who have been wounded, maimed, or violently murdered. The anger, the thirst for revenge, which often cannot be expressed by shooting back at the enemy with one’s gun, might be able to be expressed by shooting back at one’s enemy with a digital camera or video-recorder.

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While the effect is different militarily, affectively there may be some significant similarities – the digital images, captured, downloaded to one’s computer, and circulated among friends on the front, friends and family back home, and then on sites like NTFU to strangers on the web, can serve to distribute the affect of anger and perhaps in some small way work to dissipate or release it, in what Theresa Brennan has analyzed as “the transmission of affect.”32 The force of seeing these photographs is not only intellectual or cognitive, but more powerfully affective in giving one the feeling of wanting to avenge or shoot back or violently hurt or abuse the enemy. This revenge is likely directed in part at those of us at home, those of us who are part of this social network but not part of the experience on the ground in Iraq. This connection between shooting a photo and shooting an enemy might also help to explain the behavior of the US prison guards at Abu Ghraib, where soldiers could take out on detainees (who are potential enemies, or who stand in for enemies) the anger that they (or their fellow soldiers on the front lines) could not take out on their enemies in a war fought like the insurgency was being fought in Iraq. Indeed, two recent US documentaries, HBO’s Ghosts of Abu Ghraib and Errol Morris’s Standard Operating Procedure, feature multiple quotations from former Abu Ghraib prison guards and MPs about the constant threats of bombing that the prison was subjected to and the tension it produced among the soldiers there. In the print narrative that accompanied the release of Morris’s documentary, Philip Gourevitch describes how Sabrina Harman, the “thumbs-up” girl featured in several Abu Ghraib photos, used her own photographs and letters home as means to distribute affect to and through media practices: “To the prisoners, being photographed may have seemed an added dash of mortification, but to Harman, taking pictures was a way of deflecting her own humiliation in the transaction – by taking ownership of her position as a spectator.” Harman used letters home to her partner Kelly as media for remembering, or for allowing her not to have to: “ ‘I put everything down on paper that I was thinking. That’s the only way I can remember things, is letters and photos.’ ” Gourevich speculates that “Harman seemed to conceive of memory as an external storage device. By downloading her impressions

to a document she could clear them from her mind and transform real- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright ity into an artifact (Gourevitch and Morris, 2008, p. 113).” If Harman’s distribution of her own affective response to the situation at Abu Ghraib was symptomatic, then it would likely be the case that part of our response to these photos of Iraqi dead (as similarly to the Abu Ghraib torture photos) is an affective response to the fear or

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anger or shame distributed across and through them. The stark contrast with the kinds of affective response we normally associate with viewing digital photos on our computers or on TV or in the newspapers is part of what was so shocking, what affected us even before we were cogni- zant of what we were seeing or how horrible it was – as was our (perhaps unconscious) recognition that we use digital photos in the same way, to distribute our affective responses (surprise, awe, happiness, arousal, shame, fear, etc.) to our mediated artifacts and through them to others we know or love or care about. Which is only to say, again, that we experience at some level (what Žižek characterizes as our “unknown known,” or what Nigel Thrift calls our “technological unconscious”) that what these soldiers were doing with their Abu Ghraib photos or their photos of maimed and mutilated bodies was not fundamentally different as media practices from what we do with our digital cameras and video cameras when we capture scenes of a wedding or birthday party, a young child’s first step, our pets, our children’s orchestra performance, our vacations, or our new possessions. And that part of the horror of these images, if the unarticulated or non-symbolic part of that horror, is this bodily feeling both of the affectivity of these digital images and of the affinity between our own practices of distributing affect across and through other media as well. Why, then, did the photographs from Abu Ghraib have a public and political impact far greater than, say, the unlawful establishment of a detention center at Guantanamo Bay or the policy and practice of “extraordinary rendition” or the countless other US violations of the Geneva Convention and the bounds of accepted behavior more generally? Put most epigrammatically, my answer would be that the shock of photos like those from Abu Ghraib derived not only from the extraor- dinarily horrifying images that they showed us, but more powerfully from what they did to us by means of the ordinary practices of everyday mediality they participated in. Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Concordia University Libraries - PalgraveConnect - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright

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Cyborgs

Elsewhere I have developed the concept of a cinema of interactions to describe the media hybridity that is one of the defining conditions of contemporary mediality (Grusin, 2007).1 Significant media events are no longer confined to a single medium, but are distributed across a variety of media forms and practices. Popular music, Hollywood films, or networked television series are distributed across DVDs, the Internet, fan communities, publicity media, and so forth. As we saw in the case of the horrifying behavior at Abu Ghraib, social, cultural, and political events as well exist today only insofar as they mobilize and are mobilized by a network of complementary and overlapping media forms and practices. Media can no longer be seen to operate as the distinct, autonomous forms defined by the medium specificity that dominated much twentieth-century discussion of cinema and other media, but are now better described in terms of tendencies or translations or attributes. With MP3 players, web browsers, cameras, and video recorders built in to our computers, mobile phones, and other personal digital devices, all of our media interact and combine to the extent that it no longer makes sense to consider specific media in formal, cultural, or technical isolation. Media themselves help to construct and maintain assemblages of humans, technologies, and nature, at the same time that they emerge 2 from and are part of the assemblages they maintain and construct. - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright I invoke this concept of distributed mediation to call attention to a similar distribution of affect across human and nonhuman actors. In this chapter I take up the affective feedback loops that structure our “media everyday,” the ways in which we interact with multiple media in almost every aspect of our daily lives.3 Consider, for example, the fact

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that in our current media everyday if you pass a car and see the driver animatedly talking, it is just as likely that she will be talking to someone not in the car as that she will be talking to a passenger riding along with her. The fact that the driver is located in one geographical location and talking with someone in another means that she is interacting simultaneously within two different socio-technical, cultural networks – the network of automotive transportation within which she is moving and the network of mobile telecommunication within which she is communicating. In fact the ubiquity of mobile phones (hand-held or not) means that when you encounter a person in public today it is almost as ordinary to see her speaking with someone not in the same physical space that you share as it is to see her speaking with someone who is. The seeming omnipresence of mobile networked media devices changes the nature of physical embodiment and identity – changes the relationship of proximity, closeness, or intimacy to embodiment. Where once co- embodiment and proximity signaled closeness or intimacy or presence, it no longer necessarily does so. In fact, immediacy and presence now seem to be associated as much with one’s mediated relationships with absent others as with one’s (albeit equally mediated) relationships with people sharing the same physical space or embodied environment.4 Today we interact (both affectively and cognitively) with people who are not present as commonly as we interact with people who are. These interactions occur with media technologies and artifacts that are present, and with networks of absent technical artifacts as well. Rather than social interactions occurring with other people located within our physical space, such interactions occur with and by means of media technologies within our physical space, sometimes even (in the case of wearable devices) within our bodily space.5 Just as different media interact formally, technically, and economically among themselves, so media users or consumers (individually and collectively) interact cognitively and affectively with a variety of networked and increasingly mobile media. Interactivity, particularly in its cognitive and epistemological aspects, has long been a buzzword for new media enthusiasts, who have argued that the “digital revolution” inaugurated radically new forms of interaction among new media and their new users. Such interactivity is

not unique to digital technologies, however, but rather operates as an - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright aspect of all human and nonhuman media transactions. Where earlier discussions have illuminated some of the cognitive or epistemological implications of such interactivity, I am interested in looking at the way in which media interactivity is also bodily and affective, what Steve Shaviro, following Deleuze or Whitehead, characterizes as aesthetic.6

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In the past couple of decades, cognitive psychologists, neurobiolo- gists, and even media and cultural theorists have begun to argue that humans have co-evolved with technology throughout their history, by distributing their cognitive and other functions across an increasingly complex network of technical artifacts.7 Andy Clark, for example, argues that what distinguishes humans from other species is less our innate cognitive or analytical aptitude than our capacity to distribute cognition across a wide range of cultural practices and technical artifacts. Basing his argument on his and others’ research programs in cognitive science and neurobiology, he draws on a wide range of thinkers – including, among others, Don Norman, Ed Hutchins, Daniel Dennett, N. Katherine Hayles, Donna Haraway, and Bruno Latour – to maintain that humans co-evolve with technology and always have. Humans are “natural-born cyborgs,” Clark argues, not because we use pacemakers or contact lenses or wearable computers but because, beginning at least with the use of language, humans have used technologies both to train our brains and to distribute cognition across other technical artifacts outside of our “skin-bag” (as he likes to refer to the human body). In tracing our cyborgian nature as far back as the development of language, Clark does not ignore or dismiss the ways in which new digital technologies have accelerated our co-evolution with technology, suggesting that networked digital media may even have brought us to the cusp of a new model of cyborgs.8 He cites the cell-phone as an example of “a prime, if entry-level, cyborg technology. It is a technology that may, indeed, turn out to mark a crucial transition point between the first (pen, paper, diagrams, and digital media dominated) and the second waves (marked by more personalized, online, dynamic biotechno- logical unions) of natural-born cyborgs” (Clark, 2003, p. 27). Clark sees the proliferation of interactive, digital technologies as furthering the co-evolution of humans with our environment: “More and more parts of our worlds will come to share the moral and psychological status of parts of our brains. We are already primed by nature to dovetail our minds to our worlds. Once the world starts dovetailing back in earnest, the last few seams must burst, and we will stand revealed: cyborgs without surgery, symbionts without sutures” (Clark, 2003, p. 34).

One of Clark’s more compelling explanations of this co-evolution - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright of humans and technology builds upon a series of experiments which “show that our sense of our own bodily limits and bodily presence is not fixed and immovable,” but “is an ongoing construct, open to rapid influence by tricks” and “new technologies” (Clark, 2003, p. 27). These experiments involved blindfolded subjects who touch another’s nose

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(or a desktop or dummy hand) with the same rhythm and pattern as their own nose or hand is being touched by a volunteer. After roughly half a minute the subjects begin to feel as if the other person or object that they are touching is indeed part of themselves, so much so that when, in the case of the desktop experiment, the volunteer hits the desktop with a hammer, the subject’s galvanic skin response jumps as if it were the subject, not the desktop, being hit (Clark, 2003, pp. 59–60). The lesson Clark draws from these alterations in our sense of proprioception is that human minds are inherently plastic, and that through such everyday practices as language learning, the mind develops its cognitive powers in conjunction with its development of technical artifacts. “In all this we discern two distinct, but deeply interanimated, ways in which biological cognition leans on cultural and environmental structures. One way involves a developmental loop, in which exposure to external symbols adds something to the brain’s own inner toolkit. The other involves a persisting loop, in which ongoing neural activity becomes geared to the presence of specific external tools and media” (Clark, 2003, p. 78). Clark extends his argument from the origins of language to society, technology, and culture as well. Humans, he contends, are

by nature, products of a more complex and heterogeneous developmental matrix in which culture, technology, and biology are pretty well inextricably intermingled. It is a mistake to posit a biologically fixed “human nature” with simple wrap-around tools and culture; the tools and culture are indeed as much determiners of our nature as products of it. Ours are (by nature) unusually plastic and opportunistic brains whose biological proper functioning has always involved the recruitment and exploitation of nonbiological props and scaffolds. (Clark, 2003, p. 86)

He explains how this co-evolution works by referring to a recent study which

showed that young people’s thumbs have overtaken fingers as the

most muscled and dexterous digits among the under-twenty-fives, - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright simply as a result of their extensive use of handheld electronic game controllers and text messaging on cell phones. New generations of phones will be designed around this greater agility, leading to even further changes in manual dexterity and the like, in a golden loop. The same kind of user-technology co-adaptation can occur

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at the deepest levels of neural processing. Such developmentally open brains are not just opportunistic, but explosively opportunistic. They are ready to change themselves to make the most of the structures, media, and opportunities encountered during learning. (Clark, 2003, p. 86)

Although the concept of distributed cognition has begun to be widely accepted, little attention has been paid to the parallel concept of distributed affect. Clark’s work, however, provides a way to think about humans as affective as well as cognitive cyborgs, who interact affectively with media technologies in both “developmental” and “persisting” feedback loops. Clark takes the proprioception experiments cited above as emblematic of the way in which humans interact with their technologies in an autopoietic feedback loop through “some kind of local, circular process in which neural commands, motor actions, and sensory feedback are closely and continuously correlated” (Clark, 2003, p. 104): “in all the cases we have examined, what matters are the complex feedback loops that connect action-commands, bodily motions, environmental effects, and multisensory perceptual inputs. It is the two-way flow of influence between brain, body, and world that matters, and on the basis of which we construct (and constantly re-reconstruct) our sense of self, potential, and presence. The biological skin-bag has no special significance here. It is the flow that counts” (Clark, 2003, p. 114). Despite Clark’s claim that the biological skin-bag has “no special significance” for this cognitive feedback loop, the body is indispensable for considering affective feedback loops. Furthermore it is crucial for Clark’s explanation of these experiments that the body responds to extra-corporal stimuli as if it were receiving tactile signals:

Remember the compelling demonstrations ... where the subjects came to feel as if the desktop or dummy hand were the source of tactile signals being fed to their biological brain? When the dummy or desktop was then hit with a hammer, these subjects showed a galvanic skin response consistent with the expectation of damage to their biological body. They had, at the very deepest level (and after

only a few minutes of training), come to identify themselves with the - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright nonbiological “extensions.” (Clark, 2003, p. 104)

What is especially interesting about the experiments that Clark describes is that their use of cross-modal synchronicity to trick the mind

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works very much like what neuropsychologist Daniel Stern calls “affective attunement” (Stern, 1985, pp. 138–61). In The Interpersonal World of the Infant, his paradigmatic mid-1980s work in infant psychology, Stern argues that the infant’s sense of self emerges through affective cross-modal sensations or experiences, both with other people and with other things. The infant’s sense of distinction between self and other, as well as of the unity of perception and the connection between perceptions and a world of people and things, Stern maintains, is created and grounded at a very early level of psychological development by the infant’s affective experience. He relates the interpersonal world of the infant to the idea of distinct affect categories and their attendant facial and other bodily expressions, building upon Darwin, Silvan Tomkins, and others who have claimed that the affect system is largely innate, universal, and cross-cultural. Stern understands affective attunement as working across different sensory modes, independent of specifically defined, classified affect categories. He emphasizes how, for infants especially, it is the amodal patterning of affects, what he calls “vitality affects” (e.g., surging, falling, fading, increasing, crescendo, explosion, and so forth), which tend to predominate in their development of a sense of self (Stern, 1985, pp. 53–61). These vitality affects work in both cross-modal or amodal fashion, so that increasing intensity of sound and increasing intensity of light or touch, for example, all register as affectively alike. And Stern argues that by linking together these different modalities of sense perception, the infant begins to get a sense of the world and its attendant people and things, as well as of the relation between her feelings and sensations and those of other people and things in the world. For questions concerning our affective relations with media, what is particularly intriguing about Stern’s account is that he takes cross- modal affective patterning or mapping to be basic to our interactions with the world from infancy. In this light one can begin to understand how such audio-visual media like film, television, mobile phones, computer and video games, and the web work to imitate, reinforce, or reproduce the virtuality of our embodied experience. From the perspective of affective attunement, sound film or TV become crucial forms of

affect modulation because of the way in which they couple visual and - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright auditory patterns or sensations, as well as the way in which they present audiovisual images of the affective states of other people. Even more complexly in some sense, video games (and interactive media generally) would seem to work as modes of trans-modal or cross-modal affective and cognitive modulation by adding touch to sight and sound, so

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when you move your avatar in a game, for example, or use your mouse to move the cursor on the screen of your PC, or manipulate the touch screen on your iPhone, you are adding cross-modal patterns of touch to the coupling of sight and sound. That is, the haptic movement of hand on controller, along with other bodily/muscular movements involved, produces a change in the medial other, in both the user’s avatar or cursor and the other human and nonhuman actors on screen. In this way our media interactivity provides a kind of intensification or reduplica- tion of affective interpersonal relations. The link between the science of cognition and the science of emotion or affect, which has been popularized in recent years by Antonio Damasio, Joseph LeDoux, and others, suggests that just as our cognitive sense of our own body is not stable but always in a process of becoming, so our affective sense of our body (and others’ bodies), as well as of the world more generally, is being constructed and reconstructed through affective feedback loops not unlike those cognitive ones engaged in language learning or visual scanning (Damasio, 1995, 1999, 2003; LeDoux, 1996). Stern describes the process of affective development much like how Clark describes cognitive development. Stern details the operation of an affective feedback loop in which exposure to external feelings and emotions adds something to what, adapting Clark’s notion of the “cognitive toolkit,” we might call a person’s “affective toolkit.” Just as Clark sees the distribution of cognition to entail a persisting loop in which ongoing cognitive activity is geared to specific external tools and media, so Stern sees affective attunement as entailing a persisting loop through which we interact affectively with other people, and by extension with our external tools and media. Following Stern, I would argue that we learn how to modulate our affective states by interacting with things, people, media, or technologies in our environment, much as Clark maintains that we learn how to acquire data or information. Furthermore, just as the long human childhood has been seen as a window of opportunity in which our cultural scaffolding can change the dynamics of our cognitive system, so it can be understood to do the same for our affective system in a way that opens up new affective possibilities and combinations.9 If brains and neural processing

co-evolve like thumbs and video-game controllers, it then seems likely - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright that our affective states would also co-evolve with our media and other new technologies. It is thus not unreasonable to imagine that certain affects become stronger and more muscular in different cultural and historical contexts, while others might atrophy or grow weak from dis- use. Consequently, we might, then, seek out media (as well as other

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social, technical, or cultural environments) in which we can continue to develop and extend certain kinds of affective states or combinations and sequences of affective states, and which would then heighten, refine, or attune those states and capabilities in what Clark describes as a “golden loop.” Indeed, as I have suggested throughout this book, premediation operates on a collective scale as such a loop in relation to post-9/11 fear or terror. In the past few decades, the relation between affect and media has begun to be studied from a variety of disciplinary perspectives and in different discursive contexts. Neuropsychologists have measured affective responses to computer and video games, TV, and other media forms and practices. Computer scientists have begun to develop computers that can sense and then respond affectively to the affective states of their users. Philosophers, media theorists, and cultural theorists have addressed the affective functions of media and other aesthetic artifacts. In the remainder of this chapter I build upon some of this work to develop the idea that humans are affective as well as cognitive cyborgs – that we are engaged in a complex and overlapping network of heterogeneous feedback loops not only with other people but increasingly with our media as well. These feedback loops, I argue, have become increasingly important in the post-9/11 era in helping us to cope not only with the ongoing threats posed by global terrorism, but also with the incessant media accounts of these threats and with our own government’s efforts to protect us from these threats through the everyday media practices of securitization.

Feedback loops

Until 1995, when Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick and Adam Frank brought out Shame and Her Sisters, Silvan Tomkins had been chiefly read by psychologists and psychiatrists as an important figure in the history of twentieth-century psychiatry, whose theory of the human affect system helped to navigate between the Scylla and Charybdis of behaviorism and psychoanalysis.10 Thanks largely to Sedgwick and Frank, Tomkins has begun to be more widely known among

literary and cultural theorists interested in exploring the question - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright of affect, particularly but not exclusively as opposed to, or distinct from, cognition. Tomkins has also been of interest to those theorists who would contest particular elements of the Freudian psychoanalytic model, such as its reliance on the concept of fundamental drives as human motivators and on the governing hermeneutic distinction

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of true from illusory motives and motivations. For Sedgwick and Frank, Tomkins’s attempt to think through the affect system as a “thought-realm of finitely many (n>2) values” helps to counter some of the theoretical truisms of the late twentieth century, particularly the theoretical amalgamation of “the concepts of the essential, the natural, and the biological” that motivate and are motivated by a “hyper- vigilant antiessentialism and antinaturalism” (Sedgwick and Frank, 1995, p. 17). Like Clark or Stern after him, Tomkins appeals to qualities that humans possess “by nature,” characterizing the human affect system as being composed of a finite number of biologically innate affects.11 In thinking about affect and mediality in the twenty-first century, I am interested precisely in thinking about “the finitely many (n>2)” forms and practices that occupy our “media everyday,” partly as a way of resisting the tendencies in much media theory either to elide, uni- versalize, or proliferate infinitely the concept of media and mediation. Tomkins is useful for this project not only because he provides a model of how to think through our media everyday, but also because his cybernetic theory of the affects as part of a system of linked and overlapping feedback mechanisms and assemblies helps to illuminate the ways in which we interact affectively with our media artifacts. Sedgwick and Frank situate Tomkins’s intellectual project historically in “the cybernetic fold” between modernity and post-modernity, at a moment when the conceptualization of the possibilities of high-speed computation far exceeded its technical capabilities. It is not insignificant that the period of this cybernetic fold (roughly 1945 – 60) is also the period of the birth of network television in the United States, particularly in light of Marshall McLuhan’s characterization of television as a cool medium preoccupied not with cognitive action but with affective reaction (McLuhan, 1964). Tomkins’s theory of affect thus can be seen to emerge both from computational and from networked broadcast media, and has implications not only for our relations with our computers but for our relations with media as well. Tomkins credits Norbert Wiener’s early writing on cybernetics, particularly “the concept of multiple assemblies of varying degrees of

independence, dependence, interdependence, and control and trans- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright formation of one by another,” with allowing him to conceptualize “the role of the affect mechanism as a separate but amplifying co-assembly” in our daily interactions with other people, as well as with texts and representations, or objects and artifacts (Sedgwick and Frank, 1995, pp. 7–8). For Tomkins, this affect mechanism works in conjunction

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not only with higher order “central assemblies” and “images” that provide us with our larger sense of identity and aims, but also with more direct and constrained feedback mechanisms like the drives or the senses. The affect system has more freedom than such feedback systems, however, particularly in its choice of objects. Thus where, for example, hunger or thirst work as feedback systems because one quickly learns that one can eliminate hunger by eating or quench one’s thirst by drinking, the affect system is less direct. Indeed, for Tomkins, “most human beings never attain great precision of control of their affects,” in part because affects are so promiscuous in their choice of objects (Sedgwick and Frank, 1995, pp. 37–8). A piece of music that might make us happy one day could leave us cold the next. One day we might be ashamed of how we look, the next by the sound of our voice. The affect mechanism works with feedback systems like the drives or the senses but is not identical or fixed in relation to them.12 For Tomkins, the affect system is not necessarily a strict feedback system, but a recursive cybernetic system which works with other overlapping assemblies in the pursuit of particular aims or goals. For example, while affect modulation may or may not be an explicit goal of reading a book or listening to music or playing a video game, there is no question that it is one of the results of pursuing (what Tomkins would call) that general image, aim, or goal. So that when I use my cellphone, play a video game, browse the web, or go to the movies, I will undoubtedly have any number of different personal, cognitive, or social aims or goals in initiating these media interactions. But each of these inter actions also establishes an affective relationship between my media and my embodied self. This affective mechanism intersects and overlaps with other feedback systems, but also has a kind of autonomy or force of its own.13 That is to say, within any particular set of media interactions there will be a number of affective relations of varying intensity or centrality to the interaction. Through these relations, media themselves develop something like an affective life or force. Not only are human motivations governed by the desire to maximize positive affect and to minimize negative affect, but our relations with our media, like

our relations with other people, are shaped by a feedback mechanism - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright in which we seek to repeat those things which create positive affect and try to minimize or avoid those which produce negative affect. In our media relations we establish feedback systems or cybernetic loops that distribute our affect across various media forms, technologies, and practices.

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To understand how these affective relations work, it is instructive to think in fairly concrete, particular terms about specific interactions among humans, technology, and media. Take, for example, the eye– hand-controller–screen feedback loop that figures in almost all of our media relations: playing video games; taking, uploading, and sharing digital photos; sending text messages, chatting online, or visiting virtual worlds; using email or browsing the web; interacting with DVDs or channel-surfing cable TV with the remote; interacting with our social networks via our PC, laptop, or other mobile device. Each of these different “controllers” (the keyboard/mouse interface to the PC, the TV, cable, or DVD remote control, the mobile phone or PDA, or the video- game controller for console games) functions as an element in a hybrid human-media assemblage. All of these media assemblages work in similar ways to establish and maintain affective feedback loops. They translate human intention or agency into some form of action or activity that is distributed across, and is only possible through, our media technologies, even as these technologies have no independent agency of their own. These affective media interactions can be seen to operate as forms of what Deleuze and Guattari describe as “machinic enslavement,” which they distinguish from more traditional ideological or psychoanalytical notions of subjectification (Deleuze and Guattari, 1987, pp. 456–9). Taking the “television-machine” as an example, Maurizio Lazzarato describes how this machinic enslavement works at the molecular level of affect or sensation, very much like what I have been calling the affective life of media:

In machinic enslavement, we are connected to the television and we function as components of the televisual device, as its input/ output elements, its simple relays, facilitating and/or blocking the transmission of information, communication and signs .... Machinic enslavement operates by making no distinction between the “human” and the non-human, between subject and object, sentient and intelligible ... The individual and the machine are sets of elements, affects, organs, flux and functions, all of which operate

on the same level and which cannot be articulated as binary oppo- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright sitions: subject/object, human/non-human, sentient/ intelligible. The functions, organs, and strengths of man are connected with certain functions, organs and strengths of the technical machine and together they constitute an arrangement. (Lazzarato, 2006, p. 4)

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Although Lazzarato’s account of machinic enslavement, like that of Deleuze and Guattari, emphasizes “the pre-individual, pre-cognitive and pre-verbal components of subjectivity,” which cause “affects, perceptions and sensations as yet unindividuated ... to function like the cogs and components in a machine,” this undifferentiated molecular “arrangement” works in concert with the more molar form of “subjectification” familiar to analyses of capitalism and ideology. In thinking about the relations between machinic enslavement and our affective interactions with media, it is important to note that Deleuze and Guattari do not privilege the eye over the other senses, or totalize vision. Affect also operates, as we will discuss in the following section, through the ear–hand-controller–speaker loop that occurs in cell-phones, iPods, or other audio and audiovisual devices. Feedback from the “screen” comes via other senses as well, not just hearing but especially through touch.14 Motivated largely by the Lacanian model of the cinematic gaze of an immobilized viewer in a darkened space, much work in new media studies has minimized or elided the non- visual senses. This is one reason I emphasize here the crucial role of the hand and controller in supplementing (or indeed making possible) the visual aspects of the affective feedback loop created with our media.15 In his ambitious project on affectivity and new media, Mark Hansen has invoked Merleau-Ponty to maintain that our visual relation to the world emerges from our sense of touch, that vision is an extension of touch, optics an extension of haptics (Hansen, 2006). I would expand this claim to include all of our senses, which function not as independent, autonomous perceptual capacities but as different manifestations of touch via different bodily organs. That is, insofar as seeing the world is touching it with one’s eyes, or hearing the world is touching it with one’s ears, so smelling it is touching it with one’s nose, or tasting it is touching it with one’s tongue. Strictly speaking, all of our senses are haptic.16 In the media everyday of global post-capitalism in the twenty-first century, social or political agency is only possible by means of, or within, the constraints of machinic enslavement. More than 25 years ago William Gibson had already noticed the empowerment enabled by

the affective feedback loops of machinic enslavement, particularly in - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright the interactions between gamers and their games. In arcades, Gibson recalls:

I could see in the physical intensity of their postures how rapt these kids were. It was like one of those closed systems out of a Pynchon

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novel: you had this feedback loop, with photons coming off the screen into the kids’ eyes, the neurons moving through their bodies, electrons moving through the computer. And these kids clearly believed in the space these games projected. Everyone who works with computers seems to develop an intuitive faith that there’s some kind of actual space behind the screen. (Greenland, 1986; qtd. in Lahti, 2003, p. 157)

In an essay on the corporealized pleasures of our machinic enslavement to video games, Martti Lahti has argued that “videogames epitomize a new cyborgian relationship with entertainment technologies, linking our everyday social space and computer technologies to virtual spaces and futuristic technologies” (Lahti, 2003, p. 158). In an insightful phenomenology of the experience of gaming, Lahti describes how the “delirium of virtual mobility, sensory feedback, and the incorporation of the player into a larger system” enable video games to “tie the body into a cybernetic loop with the computer, where its affective thrills can spill over into the player’s space. This desire is perhaps best exemplified by players’ attempts to control the game world more fully with their own, empathetic bodily movement. By this I mean that familiar experience of, say, craning forward, trying to peer around corners by leaning left or right, or ducking as you desperately try to save your character – that is, yourself – from being annihilated” (Lahti, 2003, p. 163). Julian Stallabrass underscores the negative implications of this machinic enslavement, arguing that “computer games force a mechanization of the body on their players in which their movements and the image of their alter-ego provide a physical and simulated image of the self under capital, is subject to fragmentation, reification and the play of allegory” (Stallabrass, 1996, p. 89; qtd. Lahti, 2003, p. 166). Lahti, on the other hand, emphasizes the way in which, “by locating knowledge and experience firmly in the familiar terrain of the body,” video games “accustom us to the newness of new technologies by coupling the game world’s cyborg bodies and subjectivities (reassuringly) with our own bodies, making the virtual and the physical complementary rather than mutu-

ally exclusive realms. Joysticks, game controllers, pedals, and various - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright steering systems further foreground haptic interaction and simultaneously encapsulate players in a game world complete with bodily sensation” (Lahti, 2003, pp. 168–9). Lahti’s perceptive account of the role of video games in accustom- ing gamers to the newness of new technologies should not lead us to

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imagine that these affective feedback loops are specific to new media or digital technologies. The association of optic and haptic senses informs Walter Benjamin’s numerous accounts of how various technologies help to diffuse or deflect the shocks of modernity, thereby accommodating people to the new communication and transportation technologies of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.17 Benjamin discusses, for example, the way in which such acts as striking a wooden match, talking on a telephone, or releasing a photographic shutter translates into one decisive, compound action a series of other, prior human activities and technical objects required to light a fire, make a photograph, or talk on the phone.

In the mid-nineteenth century, the invention of the match brought forth a number of innovations which have one thing in common: a single abrupt movement of the hand triggers a process of many steps. This development is taking place in many areas. A case in point is the telephone, where the lifting of a receiver has taken the place of the steady movement that used to be required to crank the older models. With regard to countless movements of switch- ing, inserting, pressing, and the like, the “snapping” by the photographer had the greatest consequences. Henceforth a touch of the finger sufficed to fix an event for an unlimited period of time. The camera gave the moment a posthumous shock, as it were. (Benjamin, 1940a, p. 328)

Whether for the technologies of the early twentieth century or those of today, it is important to remember that each interaction, each step in the process, involves what Latour calls a translation from one affective formation to another. These movements, both human and technical, do not function as passive or neutral intermediaries, but work actively to translate or mediate action into another affective form or networked assemblage. For Benjamin, technological artifacts like the telephone or the camera help to explain how the human sensorium has been able to adapt to the complexity and heterogeneity of modernity from the middle of the

nineteenth century to the first decades of the twentieth century. As I - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright have been maintaining, in the first decades of the twenty-first century our multiple daily interactions with networked media perform a similar function for our post-9/11 age of global terror. Our contemporary media forms and practices also collapse into a single heterogeneous action a number of specific human and nonhuman, cognitive and affective,

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interactions, which create affective feedback loops in conjunction with our everyday media forms and practices. Following Freud, Benjamin understands the function of consciousness to consist not in the reception of stimuli but in “protection against stimuli.” Just as optic and haptic experiences are linked in the feedback loops that run through our contemporary media practices, so Benjamin finds them linked in modernity:

Haptic experiences of this kind were joined by optic ones, such as are supplied by the advertising pages of a newspaper or the traffic of a big city. Moving through this traffic involves the individual in a series of shocks and collisions. At dangerous intersections, nervous impulses flow through him in rapid successions, like the energy from a battery. Baudelaire speaks of a man who plunges into the crowd as into a reservoir of electric energy. Circumscribing the experience of the shock, he calls this man “a kaleidoscope endowed with consciousness.” Whereas Poe’s passers-by cast glances in all directions, seemingly without cause, today’s pedestrians are obliged to look about them so that they can be aware of traffic signals. Thus, technology has subjected the human sensorium to a complex kind of training. (Benjamin, 1940a, p. 328)

Drawing on Baudelaire’s intriguing reading of Poe’s “Man of the Crowd,” Benjamin links haptic experiences like lighting matches, talking on the telephone, and taking a photograph with optic experiences like watching a film, reading a newspaper, or moving through traffic. For Benjamin, all of these everyday technologies help to train the human sensorium to protect us from the shocks of modernity. Cinema is a paradigmatic example for Benjamin of the way such human-technological (or human-media) hybrids are mimetic of the large-scale relation between humans and technology under the social and political conditions of modernity. “There came a day when a new and urgent need for stimuli was met by film. In a film, perception conditioned by shock [chockförmige Wahrnehmung] was established as a formal principle. What determines the rhythm of production

on a conveyor belt is the same thing that underlies the rhythm of - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright reception in the film” (Benjamin, 1940a, p. 328). Benjamin grants particular agency to cinema because it has the potential, as Miriam Hansen argues, to create space or room for play (Benjamin’s “spielraum”), which might work to enervate the mass public of modernity to counter or challenge dominant socio-technical, aesthetico-cultural

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formations (Hansen, 2004). In a short but important essay, Benjamin distinguishes the mimetic faculty from mechanical reproduction, which aims to produce an exact replica or copy of an original work of art, or of reality. Mimesis works, on the other hand, according to a logic of non-sensuous similarity, as when a child plays at being a windmill or a train. When a child imitates a windmill or a train, for example, he does not try to represent or reproduce their formal features, but rather to move his arms or legs in a way that embodies their physical motion (Benjamin, 1933). Benjamin’s notion of mimesis is similar in this respect to Stern’s idea of vitality affects like surging, diminishing, or exploding, which denote not particular formal features in particular sensory modalities, but rather changes in intensity over time and in particular directions. In this sense the affective feedback loop between human beings and their media screens imitates the affective attunement between human beings and each other, as well as the more large-scale relation between humans and technologies at the current historical moment.18 For Benjamin, the mimetic force of cinema derives not from resemblance or reproduction but from imitation or gesture. Throughout his career Benjamin describes various kinds of affective responses that emerge in response to conditions of modernity. I would identify other kinds of responses that emerge with today’s digital media, epitomized most clearly in the socio-technical interfaces we deploy in our media interactions. For Benjamin the structure of modernity is epitomized by the way in which “one abrupt movement of the hand triggers a process of many steps,” which he famously explains in terms of the coup of gambling, the turning of a card or roll of the dice that determines the winning or losing of a particular hand or bet (Benjamin, 1940a, pp. 329–30). Benjamin links the gesture of the coup to Marx’s discussion of the factory worker on the assembly line, who must adapt himself to the machines: “In working with machines, workers learn to co-ordinate ‘their own movements with the uniformly constant movements of an automaton’ ” (Benjamin, 1940a, p. 328). If the linearity of the assembly line marked the form of the affective cyborg of modernity, the fluidity of surfing the Web or

playing video games marks the shape of the affective cyborg in the era - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright after 9/11.19 Like the match, the telephone, or the camera, our digital media also involve the triggering of a multiply stepped process by the abrupt movement of the hand. But rather than this movement culminating in the single decisive action of the gambling coup, an action which of course can be repeated almost indefinitely, the movements

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of the remote control, the mouse, or the video-game controller participate in interactive feedback loops in which affect is maintained, circulated, and translated for an extended, continuous period of time, in which the key move is not the coup which determines the end of a particular hand or roll of the dice, but the rebooting or starting up that initiates the next game. Don DeLillo recognized the significance of this post-9/11 medial structure in Falling Man, his long-awaited but not particularly well- received “9/11 novel.” One of the main narrative strands of the novel concerns the aptly named Keith Neudecker, who escapes the World Trade Center before the Twin Towers collapse on the morning of September 11, 2001. After moving in with his estranged wife Lianne and their elementary-school-aged son, Justin, Keith embarks at the end of the novel to spend his time playing poker tournaments. The novel’s final section finds Keith in Las Vegas playing in Texas Hold ’Em tournaments. Although Las Vegas would be an obvious site for DeLillo to rehearse some of his thematic hobby-horses, like the con- fusion of reality and simulation explored so brilliantly in White Noise, DeLillo is conspicuously uninterested in these questions in Falling Man. The key point of the novel’s narrative denouement is to consider the way in which casino poker tournaments epitomize the medial condition of post-9/11 America, and the way in which this form of gambling (and the historical moment in which it operates) differs from the “coup” of Benjamin and the historical moment in which he was writing.20 Early in the novel’s final chapter DeLillo notes that Keith “was fitting into something that was made to his shape. He was never more himself than when in these rooms, with a dealer crying out a vacancy at table seventeen” (DeLillo, 2007, p. 225). Both like and unlike Benjamin’s factory worker, who learns to co-ordinate his movements to the assembly line, Keith learns to co-ordinate himself with the premediated structure and routines of the casinos and of the poker tournaments, which turn out already to be “made to his shape”:

He was becoming the air he breathed. He moved in a tide of noise - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright and talk made to his shape. The look under the thumb at ace-queen. Along the aisles, roulette wheels clicking. He sat in the sports book unaware of scores or odds or point spreads. He watched the mini- skirted women serving drinks. Out on the Strip a dead and heavy heat. He folded eight or nine hands in a row. He stood in the

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sportswear shop wondering what he might buy for the kid. There were no days or times except for the tournament schedule. (DeLillo, 2007, p. 230)

Keith’s enslavement to the Las Vegas poker tournament-machine is emblematic for DeLillo of life in a post-9/11 United States, where people function as nodes in a machinic assemblage of human and nonhuman affective mediation. Like Benjamin, DeLillo acknowledges the role of the “coup” in the folding of a hand, although he insists that the most important factor in these tournaments is not the decisive moment of the outcome of an individual hand but the moment of starting again, the reassurance that the tournaments are ongoing, that there will always be another deck. Where Benjamin insists “that no game is dependent on the preceding one” (Benjamin, 1940a, p. 329), DeLillo suggests that the affective value of the coup of these poker tournaments is dependent on the succeeding game; what makes Keith feel most like himself is the “dealer crying out a vacancy at table seventeen.” Indeed, what makes poker different from other Vegas games is precisely the fact of the coup, the fact that unlike the continuous clicking of the roulette wheels, or the endless televised races at the sports book, poker involves “finitely many (n>2)” decisions and opportunities. Although Keith likes “the effect on the senses” of the sports book, “he never bet on these events” (DeLillo, 2007, p. 211). In poker, Keith prefers both the coup and the repetition, the moment of decision coupled with the promise of another hand: “Then, always, in the crucial instant ever repeated hand after hand, the choice of yes or no. Call or raise, call or fold, the little binary pulse located behind the eyes, the choice that reminds you who you are. It belonged to him, this yes or no, not to a horse running in the mud somewhere in New Jersey” (DeLillo, 2007, p. 212). Where Benjamin took the coup of modernity to consist chiefly in the decisive turn of the card or roll of the dice that marks the outcome of a hand or game, DeLillo sees the reassuring “coup” of our media everyday after 9/11 in the embodied premediation of the process, the promise that there will always be another hand, a new deck to play.

Over the course of five pages in the final chapter, DeLillo self- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright consciously underscores that the significance of these tournaments as a way for Keith to cope with the trauma of 9/11 is not primarily in their outcomes or meaning, in who wins or who loses, but in their ongoingness, the fact that the next hand, the next vacancy, will already have been premediated. In three increasingly complex

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permutations involving the phrase “a fresh deck,” DeLillo makes it clear that although an outcome is rendered, and a coup occurs, it is not chiefly the coup that matters to Keith, but the re-booting of the game.

The lucky jack did not fall. He didn’t listen to what was said around him, the incidental bounce of dialogue, player to player. A fresh deck rose to the tabletop. (DeLillo, 2007, p. 227)

He was looking at five-deuce off-suit. He thought for a moment he might get up and leave. He thought he might walk out and get the first plane, pack and go, get a window seat and lower the shade and fall asleep. He folded his cards and sat back. By the time a fresh deck floated up he was ready to play again. (DeLillo, 2007, p. 229)

These were the days after and now the years, a thousand heaving dreams, the trapped man, the fixed limbs, the dream of paralysis, the gasping man, the dream of asphyxiation, the dream of helplessness. A fresh deck rose to the tabletop. (DeLillo, 2007, pp. 230–1)

Each of these three passages presents Keith engaged in an interactive feedback loop with the game at the table, a closed circuit in which he is nearly oblivious to everything in his immediate surroundings except for the play of the cards. In the first passage, after the Benjaminian coup (“The lucky jack did not fall”) DeLillo notes explicitly that Keith ignored the dialogue of his fellow players as “A fresh deck rose to the tabletop.” In the course of playing his hand in the second passage, Keith considers a coup of a different kind, leaving Las Vegas, presumably to fly back home to New York. But instead of the more dramatic and decisive flight, he chooses instead the quotidian embodied gesture of the self- inflicted coup: “He folded his cards and sat back. By the time a fresh deck floated up he was ready to play again.” The third mention of the new deck makes it most explicit, however, that the coup that these poker hands

imitate, the coup that Jack can’t shake, is the coup of 9/11, the collapse - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright of the two towers, the death that he had somehow avoided, the immo- bility of “the trapped man, the fixed limbs, the dream of paralysis, the gasping man, the dream of asphyxiation, the dream of helplessness.” For Keith Neudecker, having survived the coup of 9/11, it is the new deck that matters, the small but reassuring movements of the poker tournament that make him ready to play again. It is not the decisiveness of the

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coup but the recommencement of the game that counts. The comfort he finds in the Las Vegas poker tournaments is the comfort offered by premediation, the embodied knowledge that there will always be another hand after the coup of the previous one, even in “the days after and now the years.”

Affective computing

Interestingly, contrary to the image of the intensely engaged video game player described by Gibson and Lahti, some physiological experiments to measure the affective intensity of computer games have found that the highest level of affective response occurred not during game play but when the system froze or the game was unex- pectedly terminated. The idea suggested by these experiments, that media might work through premediation to protect us from negative affect rather than, as critics of video games and television fear, to heighten such affect, can be explained in terms of Silvan Tomkins’s conception of affect theories, particularly negative affect theories. Where positive affect theories help to promote actions or behaviors that maximize positive affects, like smiling at friendly faces, negative affect theories do not promote negative affects but prevent or pre-empt them. Tomkins’s paradigmatic example of a negative affect theory is the theory that allows people to cross a busy street without fear.

A commonplace example is the pause of the individual at a curb before he crosses the street. It is certain that most of us at the curb learn to anticipate not only danger but fear. Few individuals experience fear at the sight of automobiles on the street. One of the reasons for this is an ideo-affective organization which informs the individual of the relevance of a broad band of contingencies for danger and for fear, and a set of strategies for coping with each of these contingencies. Thus on the curb of a city street, if automobiles do not exceed 35 or 40 miles an hour and do not deviate from relatively straight paths by more than a few degrees and if the individual allows a few

hundred feet between himself and the oncoming automobiles, he - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright characteristically crosses the street without the experience of either danger or fear. (Sedgwick and Frank, 1995, p. 166)

Although Tomkins does not refer to Benjamin here, and it is unclear if he would have been familiar with Benjamin’s work, it is interesting

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that he takes crossing a busy street as his example of how a negative affect theory would function. What is important to understand is that, for Tomkins, such a theory is one which prevents the experience of negative affect, which is consistent with the general aim of humans to minimize negative affect. This affect theory works, as consciousness does for Freud, not to produce or proliferate the experience of negative affects, but to prevent us from having to experience them by protecting us against stimuli that might provoke such affects as anger or shame or fear. It is crucial to note in Tomkins’s example that the negative affect theory that allows one to cross the street without experiencing fear also allows one to cross the street safely – or perhaps more accurately that this negative affect theory works in conjunction with a cognitive assembly or cognitive theory about how to cross the street safely.

The affect theory (a fear theory) here operates so silently and effectively that it would surprise everyman if the question of fear about crossing the street were even to be raised. He would say, quite self- persuasively, that he uses his common sense so that he doesn’t need to be afraid. This is one of the major functions of any negative affect theory – to guide action so that negative affect is not experienced. It is affect acting at a distance. Just as human beings can learn to avoid danger, to shun the flame before one is burnt, so also they can learn to avoid shame or fear before they are seared by the experience of such negative affect. (Sedgwick and Frank, 1995, p. 166)

Tomkins does not explicitly discuss this example in terms of the feedback loops we create with our technologies, but it is not inconsistent with his understanding to think that negative affect theories like those involved in crossing the street without fear would entail the establishment of affective feedback loops with cars and streets and stop-lights as well as with drivers and other pedestrians. Benjamin claims that the technologies of modernity subject the human sensorium to a complex kind of training that enables them more readily to do things like work in a factory or move through the busy traffic of a large metropolis. So,

I would argue, the technologies of the present day do something simi- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright lar in enabling us to deal with the complex environment of our media everyday, including but not limited to, the global media’s daily premediations of the almost ever-present threats of impending violence – from global terrorism or global warming, identity thieves or illegal immigrants, your government or somebody else’s. Just as we distribute

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cognition across technologies like language by means of both developmental and persisting feedback loops, so we distribute affectivity across different media and technologies, across all kinds of nonhuman actants, in feedback loops that both develop and perpetuate new cyborgian affects among humans and nonhumans. One computer scientist who has taken seriously this affective life of media is Rosalind Picard, Founder and Director of MIT’S Affective Computing Group. Picard’s group defines affective computing as “computing that relates to, arises from, or deliberately influences emotion or other affective phenomena” and “develops new technologies and theories that advance basic understanding of affect and its role in human experience.” More than a decade ago, Picard first laid out a comprehensive theory of affective computing and some of the practical problems facing the development of computers that respond to and evoke affect. In her research Picard defines “computer” broadly to include many forms of digital media as well: “Let me remind the reader, that when I refer to ‘computers’ I mean not just a monitor and keyboard with one or more CPUs, but also computational agents such as software assistants and animated interactive creatures, robots, and a host of other forms of computing devices, including ‘wearables,’ ... Any computational system, in software or hardware, might be given affective abilities” (Picard, 1997, p. 47). Picard’s interest in affect is based upon her Tomkins-influenced conviction that affect plays a crucial role in human cognition and motivation. Her group strives to create computers or computational agents with human-like affective abilities, which can be added to their already quite powerful computational and visualization capabilities. Picard seems less interested, however, in media that do not have affective abilities but only produce affective effects – or perhaps that have affective affordances that operate only unwittingly, or inadvertently, as a co-assemblage of other aims or functions. But when video or computer games respond to the commands, actions, or moves of a player, they operate as computational systems that produce changes in the game state represented on screen or in the simulated world of the game. Consequently, it makes sense to think about how these responses produce affective changes in the player of the game. In

other words, players are engaged in affective exchanges with the game - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright even if the algorithms of the game are not designed explicitly for that purpose. (The same would also be true for changing the channel of your cable or satellite TV with your remote, selecting a special feature on a DVD, updating your Facebook status, or sending a text message on your mobile phone.)

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In fact Picard and her fellow researchers are among those scientists who have sought to measure such affective changes. In research on the affective or emotional state of an undergraduate who “played the computer game of ‘Doom’ while wired up to several physiological sensors detecting signals that change with affective responses,” Picard writes, “We saw minor changes in several of the signals when he ‘found the rocket launcher’ or when he ‘was killed.’ However, the biggest response we found, significantly higher than any other in the game, occurred not during a stressful life-threatening battle, but at a more surprising moment: when the software failed to work properly. None of the violent events in the game aroused the player as much as the software problem” (Picard, 1997, pp. 163–4).21 The fact that the biggest affective responses were measured when the game failed to work properly does not minimize or contradict the claim that playing video games establishes an affective feedback loop between the player and the game, but suggests instead that maintaining the relationship with media artifacts, forms, and practices themselves is more affectively significant than the particular cognitive or representational or semiotic content depicted in games or other media. The experiment suggests that the disruption of this loop produced a different level or quality of affective intensity, an affective response which was not the aim of the game and was even inconsistent with the affective state that playing the game produced. We might further consider whether the low level of affective response evoked even by a first-person shooter game like “Doom” could mean that game-playing serves precisely as a way for people to modulate or regulate their affective states by creating a media activity, a space within their media everyday, where they could have cognitive or sensory stimulation with a minimum of affective turbulence. In designing computational devices that respond to their users’ affective states in specific ways and communicate particular affects to their users, Picard may miss an important point to be drawn from the “Doom” experiment, which is that video games, violent or not, do not necessarily produce violent emotions, but rather may create a space that is free from, or that protects people from, the violent or negative affect-

ive states produced by an ever-threatening world. This media space - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright functions in some sense as the current historical moment’s counterpart to Benjamin’s “spielraum,” even if more individualized and distributed, and perhaps less suited to the kind of critical opposition that Benjamin sought to foster. Still, it is no accident that the Internet and other distributed media networks are regularly credited with creating a place

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for political opposition or alternative discourse. Indeed, Nigel Thrift has argued that it is precisely because digital media produce spaces for boredom or stillness that they are able to produce political effects. Thrift argues against common claims that the socio-technical and medial formations of our time produce fleetingness, transience, or distraction: “I think it can be argued that greater awareness of movement has in turn produced a set of resources that enable us to separate out and value a present-orientated stillness, thus promoting a ‘politics’ based in intensified attention to the present and unqualified affectivity” (Thrift, 2007, pp. 64–5). For Thrift, the affective stillness evoked by our relations with digital media entails not the disenchantment that most critiques of modernity propose but a re-enchantment that makes possible a politics oriented to the medial conditions of the present moment. Picard’s Doom experiment treats affective intensity as something to be measured and quantified. The difference between this more instrumental understanding of affective computing and my sense of the affective life of media manifests itself most clearly when Picard talks about the affective dimension of communication media like email or cellphones. Picard is not interested directly in the affective feedback loops produced between humans and their media, but rather in the way these media operate as vehicles for transmitting human affect and emotion from one human to another.

A machine can be used as a channel for transmitting human emotions. When two humans communicate via email or via teleconfer- ence, the machine and network act as a communication channel connecting people. Typically, the channel is band-limited: all the information it receives at one end cannot be sent to the other end; some of it is lost. For example, it might convert a speech signal to text, throwing away the affective part of the signal. We might describe the affective bandwidth of a channel as how much affective information the channel lets through. Affective information might refer to the entropy of the affective part of the signal, which indicates how many bits are required to describe the part of the signal that carries the affective message. The idea of entropy as information

is that of Claude Shannon, whose renowned theory of information - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright applies also as a framework for emotion communication .... Using the framework of information theory, we might also speak of the relative “affective channel capacity” of various forms of communication, to indicate how much affective information can be carried. (Picard, 1997, pp. 56–7)

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Building upon the instrumental model of Shannon and Weaver, Picard sees affect as a form of information that can be calculated just as Shannon would calculate the cognitive or informational content of a message. Just as each act of communication, she maintains, has a measurable informational content, so it has a measurable affective content as well. There should be another way, however, to think of affect – not as part of the content of a computationally mediated message from a sender to a receiver, but as an element of the interaction between individuals and particular media technologies that is distinct but not separable from the information or cognitive content of any particular interaction. In thinking about the “affective channel capacity” of different media technologies, Picard reveals the limitations of a model that ends up reducing affect to information and ignores the embodied materiality of the medium or machine with which or through which that message is communicated.22

When sending the same words, different channels allow for more or for less affective channel capacity: email usually communicates the least affect, phone slightly more, video teleconferencing more still, and “in person” communication the most. It is usually assumed that technology-mediated communication always has less affective bandwidth than person-to-person communication. Sometimes the limits on affective bandwidth are desirable. You might wish to choose a medium where your emotions are not as easily seen. However, rarely is it desirable to have these limits forced on you. Affective recognition and expression can be used to allow for more possibilities in communication, even with limited technology. For example, if there is not enough bandwidth to transmit each person’s facial expression, the computer might recognize the expression, send just a few bits describing it, and then represent these with an animated face on the other side of the channel. (Picard, 1997, p. 57)

Picard’s taxonomy of affective mediation misses arguably the most

interesting point about different “channels” or media. The question of - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright affect and media is not just about how much affect is transmitted in the communication of a message from one person to another, but also about the degree or characteristics that affect assumes in the relationships we engage in with our technical media artifacts. From this perspective, it is possible that more affect might be communicated via phones

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than through videoconferencing, not because phones have what Picard would call more affective bandwidth (they don’t communicate, for example, facial expressions or bodily postures), but because people are more intimately and intensely engaged in affective relationships with their phones, are more comfortable using them as affective media – so much so that they often seem designed (or at least implemented) more as affective than as informational devices. Think about cellphones, for example, and the complex affective relations that many people have with their phones (including such everyday practices as assigning particular ringtones to particular callers). Especially since 9/11, as Jonathan Franzen irritatedly notes, cellphones have become the medium of choice for affective or emotional expression:

The cell phone came of age on September 11, 2001. Imprinted that day on our collective consciousness was the image of cell phones as conduits of intimacy for the desperate. In every too-loud I love you that I hear nowadays, as in the more general national orgy of con- nectedness – the imperative for parents and children to connect by phone once or twice or five or ten times daily – it’s difficult not to hear an echo of those terrible, entirely appropriate, heartbreaking I love yous uttered on the four doomed planes and in the two doomed towers. And it’s precisely this echo, the fact that it’s an echo, the sentimentality of it, that so irritates me. (Franzen, 2008, p. 92)

Franzen’s perceptive observation that our collective affective attach- ment to networked mobile media like cellphones is a response to the events of 9/11 is right on the money. And his irritation at their con- tribution to the proliferation of public displays of emotion is shared by many. But, like Picard, he only sees the cellphone as a conduit of intimacy, failing to recognize the force of the affective relation between individuals and their phones themselves. Such affective relations become particularly evident in situations in which you can watch or listen to people talking on their phones but cannot understand what they are saying – looking at someone talking

on her cellphone through a car or store window, or listening to some- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright one speaking on a cellphone in a language you don’t understand. A few years ago, while in Slovenia to present some of the material from this book, I found myself in such a situation, which helped to clarify what I am calling the affective life of media. I was having lunch with my host when her partner called to say that his plane had landed safely

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in Ljubljana. Although I could not understand her side of the conver- sation (which was conducted in Slovenian) I could certainly see (and hear and feel) how happy and relieved she was that he was back (she had told me earlier that she was anxiously waiting for his call because his flying made her nervous). Picard would most likely describe this incident as demonstrating how the cellphone functions as a channel for transmitting human emotions between two individuals. But what was striking (if not unusual) about the situation was that my host’s emotions were not only being transmitted to her partner, but were also being distributed as well to me, to the restaurant, and (I would contend) to the cellphone itself. Insofar as the cellphone did not channel all of my host’s emotions, perhaps Picard would characterize this excess as something like affective entropy, or maybe affective waste or surplus. The cellphone serves both as the medium through which my host received the welcome information that her partner was back safely, and as the medium through which she communicated her relief and joy. But, I would argue, there was something else at work here as well. Her happiness also produced vocal tones, facial expressions, hand gestures, and bodily movements and postures sensible to me and to others in the restaurant. Like the sound of her voice (which was one means of transmitting her affect) or the sight of her face (another means for transmitting that affect), the affective state communicated to and through the cellphone was also audible and visible to others in the room. Even more significant for the argument of this chapter is the feedback loop established between my host and her cellphone, which not only served as a channel to transmit her affect to her partner but also as a medium through which she could receive both his affective state and the message that he had landed safely. In serving as a channel for the bi-directional exchange of affect between my two friends, the cellphone also served, in the physical space of the restaurant and in its embodied intimacy with my host, as an affective computing device, both receiving affective expression or communication from my host and providing affective expression or communication back to her. But in addition to serving as a medium for the

mutual transmission of affect, the phone also served as a participant - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright in an affective interaction with my friend. If we were to abstract the partner at the airport for a moment, and look at the situation solely as it existed in that restaurant, what we would see is a woman engaged in an intense affective exchange with a communication device, an everyday media technology. That is to say, we could see that the

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affective joy addressed via the phone from my host to her partner was also directed at the phone itself, which in turn evoked an affective response from my host. As Deleuze notes in Cinema 1, affectivity is a quality of things as well as people. “And why is expression not available to things? There are affects of things. The ‘edge,’ ‘the blade,’ or rather the ‘point’ of Jack the Ripper’s knife, is no less an affect than the fear which overcomes his features and the resignation which finally seizes hold of the whole of his face. The Stoics showed that things themselves were bearers of ideal events which did not exactly coincide with their properties, their actions and reactions: the edge of a knife” (Deleuze, 1986, p. 97). Or a cellphone. Following Deleuze, we can see that my host was simultaneously engaged in an affective exchange with her partner and with her cellphone, which was also engaged in an affective interaction with her. This kind of thing is not, of course, unique to cellphones, but happens with other media and technical artifacts as well, whether communicational ones like email, or others like the web, TV, cinema, games, personal computing devices, or even with tools like hammers or saws, musical instruments like guitars or pianos, sporting equip- ment like baseball bats or basketballs, weapons like knives and guns, and so forth. I single out this exemplary yet ordinary everyday cellphone experience in part because it was a moment that crystallized some of my own thinking about the affective life of media and about the differences between emotion and affect, between human emotion- ality and nonhuman affectivity. For while it is certainly the case that my host was expressing her emotional relief and joy that her partner had arrived safely in Ljubljana, the situation also revealed that there were other significant elements to this mediated event, including an affective feedback loop involving her mobile phone. In thinking about the affective life of media, however, it is important not to think of affect only as a quality or intensity being circulated in a one-to-one interaction between two individuals or between an individual and a particular media artifact, but also as distributed across and translated through the socio-technical networks of the cellphone industry and its interaction/linkage with other networked and embodied spaces – like

the restaurant we were sitting in or a train car or a mall or the streets - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright of a twenty-first-century city. Indeed, as noted in a 2008 Macarthur Foundation report (produced by the Berkeley-based Digital Youth Project) on the significance of the Internet for the social life of teens, cellphones are part of a suite of mobile, socially networked media technologies that play crucial roles in the mediation and maintenance

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not only of romantic relationships between individuals, but also of affective bonds among larger social groups (Digital Youth Research, 2008). Although the Macarthur report does not push its conclusions in this direction, it would be fair to say that in the formation and evolution of social groups among “digital youth,” affectivity is distributed among an amorous assemblage of humans and nonhumans, in a kind of group or open relationship including social networking software, cellphones, email, YouTube videos, music sharing, videogames, and so forth.

Mediators

I have developed the concept of the affective life of media not only to describe such emotional interactions with media as I have outlined above, but also to describe what Brian Massumi might characterize (following Gilbert Simondon) as the pre-individual circulation of affective potentialities among human, social, technical, and medial actants. With Massumi, I think it is important to resist the collapse of affect into individual emotion or feeling, a collapse that sometimes informs current work that goes under the broad rubric of “affect theory” and that reduces bodily and autonomic affect to a synonym for human emotion. But in focusing on the affective life of our media everyday, I also want to provide a corrective to Massumi’s occasionally mystical or romantic account of the modulation of collective affect, particularly in his thinking about the role of media in modulating the affective state of America after 9/11. Just as some cultural theorists tend to elide the bodily materiality of affect in reducing it to another term for emotion, so some media theorists sometimes tend to elide the technical materiality of media in focusing on the play of digital signification. In his insightful essay, “Fear (The Spectrum Said),” Massumi imagines that the Bush Administration’s Homeland Security color-coded warning system works directly to modulate the American public’s collective affects by plugging in to their nervous systems and directly tuning their affect:

The alert system was introduced to calibrate the public’s anxiety. In - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright the aftermath of 9/11, the public’s fearfulness had tended to swing out of control in response to dramatic, but maddeningly vague, government warnings of an impending follow-up attack. The alert system was designed to modulate that fear. It could raise it a pitch, then lower it before it became too intense, or even worse, before

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habituation dampened response. Timing was everything. Less fear itself than fear fatigue became an issue of public concern. Affective modulation of the populace was now an official, central function of an increasingly time-sensitive government. (Massumi, 2005, p. 32)

Like the government’s “dramatic” warnings, some of Massumi’s assertions about politics and culture here are also “maddeningly vague.” Claims that “the public’s fearfulness had tended to swing out of control” or that “Affective modulation of the populace was now an official, central function” of the government are both plausible and appealing. But Massumi characteristically fails to substantiate these claims in terms of specific media events or to delineate particular historical examples of either the American public’s out-of-control fearfulness or the government’s declaration of a policy of affect modulation. Massumi characterizes the modulation of affect in terms of a kind of Gibsonian cyberpunk scenario, in which the Bush Administration “jacks in” to the American public:

The self-defensive reflex-response to perceptual cues that the system was designed to train into the population wirelessly jacked central government functioning directly into each individual’s nervous system. The whole population became a networked jumpiness, a distributed neuronal network registering en masse quantum shifts in the nation’s global state of discomfiture in rhythm with leaps between color levels. Across the geographical and social differentials dividing them, the population fell into affective attunement. That the shifts registered en masse did not necessarily mean that people began to act similarly, as in social imitation of each other, or of a model proposed for each and all .... Jacked into the same modulation of feeling, bodies reacted in unison without necessarily acting alike. Their responses could, and did, take many forms. What they shared was the central nervousness. How it translated somatically varied body to body. (Massumi, 2005, p. 32) Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Concordia University Libraries - PalgraveConnect - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright At a time when William Gibson himself has chosen to abandon the dystopian vision of cyberspace for his own novelistic explorations of our distributed, globalized media everyday, Massumi would perpetuate the immersive fantasy of virtual immediacy laid out more than 25 years ago in Neuromancer and other cyberpunk fiction.23

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While Massumi would likely defend his lack of empirical evidence by pointing to the fact that collective affectivity might not be verifi- able by forms of evidence that could be cited (people didn’t act similarly; bodies responded differently), this lack of specific examples detracts from his otherwise insightful account of post-9/11 mediality. A crucial problem with this approach is its failure to account for the intermediary steps, links, or assemblages that make up the media environment that enacts governmentality. Consequently, Massumi only cites TV in general (with no specific discussions of specific TV channels or programs or events), claiming that TV allows a direct manipulation of collective US affect. In addition to ignoring other media, thereby failing to make sense of how TV works together with the web, movies, newspapers, cellphones, or video games, in complex media formations to manipulate affectivity after 9/11, Massumi’s model also simplifies and generalizes notions of political or governmental agency, running the risk of imagining government as an autonomous, unified agent exerting its affective control on the populace “from above.” The concepts of mediality and affectivity that I have been developing throughout this book not only assume a more complex and multi- variable everyday media environment through which public affect is modulated but also allow for a more complex sense of social and governmental agency than Massumi admits. For as loathsome as it may have been, the Bush-Cheney administration was only one, thankfully temporary, agent of governmentality in a complex system of premediation, which included not only political institutions but also social, cultural, and medial institutions and practices whose technical and social formats work in sometimes contradictory and inconsistent manners to modulate or govern what Foucault calls “the imbrication of people and things.” By focusing on the affective life of media, I have been trying to suggest a way in which we can begin to trace out the complex and heterogeneous ways in which individual and collective affect are modulated and distributed throughout our media everyday. In the next chapter I discuss how in the post-9/11 regime of securitization, affectivity is distributed not only among individuals

and their media, but among media technologies that are increasingly - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright embedded in and distributed among the networks of objects that make up our media everyday. Through the promotion of an affectivity of anticipation and its accompanying bodily and technical gestures, premediation helps to provide the mediators that Deleuze says are “fundamental” to creation and without which “nothing happens.”24

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If we are to understand how such affective mediators work in a society of securitization and control, it is crucial to make sense of the specific ways in which affectivity is distributed, mediated, and translated among human and nonhuman actors in what I have been describing as the affective life of media. Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Concordia University Libraries - PalgraveConnect - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright

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Premediation and securitization

Earlier I argued that the public shock and outrage produced by the release of the Abu Ghraib photographs derived as much or more from the affective intensity they introduced to our everyday practices of mediality as from their evidentiary status in regard to the unacceptable practices of torture and interrogation that had gone on at the Abu Ghraib prison. My argument was based in part on the fact that reports of similar practices at Guantanamo Bay and at dark sites across the globe did not produce anywhere near the same intensity of public outrage produced by the release of the photographs from Abu Ghraib. The continuity of these photographs with our practices of digital photography and photo-sharing and the affective life of our media everyday combined to make Abu Ghraib a matter of much greater public concern than similar practices elsewhere. Louise Amoore and Marieke de Goede have argued that heightened attention to Abu Ghraib and other “intolerable examples of the logic of the camp,” by focusing on “the sovereign lines that designate the exceptional spaces of the war on terror,” has tended to overshadow “other violences at work in the war on terror that are relatively unacknow- ledged and, perhaps as a result, are in danger of being accepted as ubiquitous features of contemporary life” (Amoore and de Goede, 2008,

p. 174). The “other violences” they refer to can be understood as part of - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright what Nigel Thrift calls our “technological unconscious” (Thrift, 2004), glossed in this instance as a failure to be aware of “the more prosaic prejudices concealed in the actions taken on the basis of the minu- tiae of daily life – the newspaper bought at a railway station, the wire transfer made from an Amsterdam branch of Western Union, the cash

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paid for an airline ticket. Indeed, it is precisely on the basis of such transactions ... that people are stopped at the border, separated from their families and enter the circuits of extraordinary rendition and offshore detention” (Amoore and de Goede, 2008, p. 174). As I suggested in the chapter on Abu Ghraib, the resurgence of sovereignty as a state of exception is interdependent with our everyday medial transactions and interactions, without which it would not be able to maintain itself. Amoore and de Goede maintain that “in the ordinary transactions of daily life another spatiality of exception is emerging” (Amoore and de Goede, 2008, p. 174). This spatiality of exception operates under the paradigm of securitization, in which (following Foucault’s 1978 lectures on the subject) security is taken to supplant surveillance as the juridical regime of control societies.1 As opposed to fundamentally disciplinary technologies like surveillance, confinement, and constraint, which aim to “predict, survey, [and] prohibit” potentially illicit or disruptive activities in order to maintain social and political control, technologies of securitization aim to let happen, open up, and circulate, to encourage mobility and the proliferation of transactions of transportation, communication, and mediation. Concerned less with individuals than with populations, securitization works not by restricting travel and mobility but by making it easier to move, travel, or cross borders (understood broadly as spatial, cultural, or temporal). In outlining the ways in which such transactions are encouraged and made more easily and readily available under the regime of securitization, Amoore and de Goede concern themselves mainly with transactions pertaining to the mobility of physical bodies, particularly as they move across cultural or geopolitical borders. Such transactions make it possible to “connect the dots,” as it is called in the post-9/11 security environment. This incentive to connect the dots grows out of the belief in the security community that there was enough data available prior to 9/11 that it would have been possible to have pre-empted these terrorist attacks if someone had known how or where to look, or had even been looking. Put more exactly, however, connecting the dots is not really a question of looking, which is

more appropriate to the functioning of surveillance technologies like - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright the Foucauldian panopticon. Rather, connecting the dots involves more precisely the implementation of premediated algorithms of data mining and risk analysis to uncover patterns of suspicious behavior before they could be actualized in terrorist acts like those of 9/11 in the United States, 7/7 in Britain, or “India’s 9/11,” the November 2008 attacks in

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Mumbai. Because the quantity of transaction data generated every day across the globe makes it impossible even to conceive of monitoring potential terrorist behavior in real time, data mining and risk management algorithms seek to uncover patterns of behavior in the immediate past that might reveal terrorist behavior before it could happen. Only after such behavior is uncovered would more conventional technologies of surveillance come into play in order to pre-empt it before it could be enacted, much as the PreCrime unit in Minority Report pre-empted murders before they could occur.2 As Foucault insists in his lecture on governmentality, security does not replace discipline or sovereignty, but is added to them in a way that translates or remediates them into different formations of power. The disciplinary regime of securitization not only depends upon but also encourages the proliferation of transaction and other data so that its algorithms can connect the dots. Premediation operates in the current security regime to ensure that there will always be enough data (enough dots) in any particular, potential, or imagined future to be able to know in advance, before something happened, that it was about to happen – enough transaction data to prevent (or pre-empt) future threats to national or international security. In October 2008 the British government began floating the idea of “an innocuous-sounding communications data bill,” which would entail “the development of a centralised database that will track, in real time, every call we make, every website we visit, and every text and email we send. That information will then be stored and analysed – perhaps for decades. It will mean the end of privacy as we know it” (Russell, 2008). Jenni Russell was one among a chorus of British journalists who decried the “Orwellian” nature of such a database. But in so doing she persists in understanding the database strictly under the older paradigm of surveillance. In their analysis of the role of transaction data in a regime of securitization, Amoore and de Goede make clear that “privacy as we know it” has already ended, not because surveillance has become totalized and succeeded in eradicating it, but because it has been eclipsed by a regime of securitization in which privacy manifests itself in different juridical and medial forms. Unlike Orwell’s dystopian world of 1984, which worked in real time to monitor

and control the mobility of human bodies in the service of eliminating - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright or radically restricting privacy, the post-9/11 security paradigm encourages such mobility precisely so that it can be used to pre-empt future acts of terrorism or other threats to the security of the state by making all social transactions and media interactions a potential matter of public record.

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Premediation thus can be seen to represent a security desire. Or, put differently, premediation furnishes one of the predominant media logics of the contemporary security regime, much as it furnished the media logic for the Bush doctrine of pre-emption. De Goede characterizes premediation “as a promising term to denote the discursive economies through which terrorist futures are imagined, because it draws attention to the cultural practices of mediation at work” (de Goede, 2008, p. 158). She argues that “the political importance of premediation and its ability to inform security action in the present has significantly increased in the post-9/11 context” (de Goede, 2008, p. 156). Socially networked media technologies, like other practices of mediation, help to maintain the security regime both by enabling or encouraging mobility – whether physical or virtual, embodied or distributed – and by promoting or proliferating everyday media transactions. In this chapter I want to expand the notion of security transactions set forth by Amoore and de Goede to include all of our interactions with socially networked media. So when, for example, I move from home to my local café or from there to my office on campus, the transactions I perform in each location help to mark my path, or to provide the data (still potential, but available to be mobilized as necessary) for locating me in time as well as in space. As I log in to the wireless network at my office or in my local café, my computer’s IP address is being registered, as are my GPS co-ordinates when I send a text or receive a call on my Android, or my status (and location on the net) when I tweet or update my Facebook profile. These and other socially networked transactions provide pleasurable, embodied affective interactions with media technologies, which encourage and enable similar future transactions for the purposes of securitization. The securitization of all of these transactions is making possible, and indeed encouraging, the development of mobile social networking, which avails itself of the media technologies enabled by the current regime of securitization to allow people to carry their social networks with them wherever they may go.3 Following the previous chapter’s discussion of the affective life of media, this chapter explores how socially networked media transactions are fostered and encouraged by mobilizing or intensifying pleas-

urable affects in the production of multiple, overlapping feedback loops - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright among people (individually and collectively) and their media. I begin by outlining how, at the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century, social media, like cellphones, instant messaging, Facebook, or YouTube, encourage different historical formations of mediated affect. This distribution of affectivity across heterogeneous social networks or

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assemblages is coupled to the framework of securitization, which helps to explain why these particular socially networked media formations have emerged at this particular historical moment. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the political implications of this security regime – what it means for the explosive growth of socially networked media after 9/11 to have as one of its many consequences the proliferation of media transactions or interactions, which help (as Foucault says of governmentality and the state) to “vitalize” the political formation of securitization. If, as I argued in the previous chapters, mediality today employs the strategies of premediation to mobilize individual and collective affect in a society of security and control, then we need to look at the ways in which premediation deploys an affectivity of anticipation that functions to vitalize the regime of securitization that has replaced surveillance as the predominant juridical formation of our control society. Our everyday transactions of mediation, transportation, and communication are encouraged for security purposes not only by making them easy and readily available but also by making them affectively pleasurable – or as I discuss later in the chapter, at least not unpleasur- able, by maintaining low levels of affective intensity that provide a kind of buffer or safe space, a form of security, in relation to an increasingly threatening global media environment.

Anticipatory gestures

Earlier in this book, I outlined three aspects of the logic of premediation: the premediation of future media forms and technologies; the premediation of future events before they happen; and the proliferation of networked media technologies so that the future cannot emerge into the present without having been premediated in the past. In the remainder of this chapter I unpack this third aspect of premediation. Networked technologies are becoming increasingly social and mobile as well as ever-more embedded in the objects with which we interact and the locations in which we move and dwell. Spurred on by technological entrepreneurs, venture capitalists, and utopian digerati, the proliferation and embedding of networked media technologies takes several

different forms, often presented as new IT business models, including - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright mobile social networking, cloud computing, the Open Web, and the Internet of Things. Mobile social networking imagines a future in which social networks like Facebook and Twitter are embedded in our mobile devices and networked with GPS technologies so that you not only can tell which members of your network are on-line but also whether

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any of them are, for example, in the same movie theater, shopping mall, or museum with you. In this model the space of social networking becomes embedded with, if not identical to, the embodied space in which we move and dwell. The Internet of Things refers to a world in which objects (both natural and man-made) are tagged with RFID (radio-frequency identification) technology, which couples bar-codes or their miniaturized equivalents with GPS technologies to identify particular objects and track those objects as they move through the world. Cloud computing and the Open Web refer to two different technical models through which media formations like mobile social networking and the Internet of Things can be enabled. Cloud computing imagines a world in which computation and data storage happens not on individual mobile or desktop devices but on massive networked servers, thereby enabling one to have access to all of one’s social networks and personal data from anywhere in the networked world. The Open Web refers to the development of standards and practices that will allow all of our different applications and interfaces to communicate seamlessly with each other with a minimum of clumsy intermediaries like passwords, logins, or site registrations.4 These various IT business models for premediating the objects, practices, and devices that make up our media everyday are motivated by a number of different factors. For individual and collective media users the maximization of positive affect by striving to mediatize the entire world helps to prevent a recurrence of shocks like those produced by 9/11 by producing a feeling of anywhere, anytime connectivity. Mobilizing our social networks and embedding mediation into objects and geographic locales combine to protect us from the kind of negative surprises that might await us in an unmediated world. For the regime of securitization, the goal of proliferating and enabling media transactions concerns the prevention or pre-emption of future terrorist attacks. By encouraging mobility and networked interactivity, securitization makes possible the identification and disruption of behavior that may threaten the existing sociopolitical order. For global post-capitalism the project of extending our networked media into the future and across the globe works to transform the objects of the world into commodities, and our

media interactions into a kind of ongoing marketing. Thrift describes - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright this latter project as “producing a new ‘post-phenomenological’ com- modity architecture, a frame that can combine interactive systems (most of which rely on software in one form or another) and commodities with the spaces and times of everyday life, thereby producing an environment filled with applied and firmly embedded intelligence that

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is involved in constant iteration and feedback” (Thrift, 2007, p. 43). These new commodities help to produce “a streaming space in which the circuits of value and culture would be fused through a redefinition of the nature of materiality, through what is, in effect, a redistribution of the sensible” (Thrift, 2007, p. 43). What Thrift describes here as the redistribution of the sensible is related to what I have been referring to as the affective life of our media everyday, in which affect now imbues technical, material objects and in which the sensible, like the affective, is distributed across humans, nonhumans, and geopolitical spaces. My interest in such commodified premediation technologies as mobile social networking and the Internet of Things is to emphasize how media today work to produce affective states of anticipation and connection rather than the surprise of the real that constituted the aim of remediation at the end of the twentieth century. (Computer and video games, as well, especially as they are now networked through PCs, consoles, or portables, work on the same affective and temporal registers of anticipation and connection.) Before 9/11 the double logic of remediation worked to foster an affect of surprise at the real, whether because it seemed to confront us free from mediation or as an effect of the overwhelming multiplicity of mediation. In the security environment after 9/11, surprise is often something to be afraid of or prevented rather than to be desired or sought after. The proliferation of premediated social networks of people and things fosters an anticipation of security rather than shock or surprise. Social networks exist for the purpose of premediating connectivity, by promoting an anticipation that a connection will be made – that somebody will comment on your blog or your Facebook profile or respond to your Tweet, that you will hear the distinctive ringtone of one of your favorites, that your computer or your networked phone will alert you that you have new mail or that you have been texted. These anticipated connections, however, are not determined or specified in any particular way. It is connectivity itself that one anticipates, not necessarily a specific connection.5 Just as one anticipates not a specific connection, but connectivity or the affectivity of medial interactions in themselves, so in thinking

about the distribution of affect among media, I have not meant to sug- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright gest that the affective life of media operates only in discreet one-to- one interactions between individuals and particular networked media. Rather, I have sought to point to a more fluid and ever-changing field of affective interactions among premediated networks of humans and nonhumans, of technical and embodied mediators. In the first part of

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the twenty-first century, we live and work in a medial environment of affective anticipation, which includes the shape and flow of social networking and its affiliated sites (blogs, Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, delicious, Flickr, and so forth). This affective anticipation produces a temporality which is always divided, oriented towards both the immediate moment and the very near future, neither present to itself nor ever completely gone. This anticipatory temporality sometimes creates a heightened sense of alertness, while at other times (and perhaps more often) it generates a muted or low-level affect of waiting or passing time. Anticipation names the temporal state appropriate to premediation, as well as the affective quality fostered by the proliferation of mobile social networks or the creation of an Internet of Things in which people and their mobile devices navigate through social networks made up not only of humans and their sociotechnical media but, through technologies like GPS and RFID, of localities and objects as well.6 In the 1920s and 1930s Benjamin and Kracauer each identified distraction as the collective and individuated affective state fostered in Weimar Germany by modernity’s technologies of mechanical reproduction. In today’s world of mobile social networking and always-on media, anticipation, not distraction, is the collective and individuated affective state fostered by the premediated everyday. Where Kracauer describes the picture palaces of Berlin as providing the media sites for the formation of distracted collectivities of German shop-girls, wireless mobile devices and networked desktops provide the premediated sites for the anticipation of connectivity, of the next affective media interaction, for collectivities of socially networked youth and young adults of the early twenty-first century. For Benjamin mechanical reproduction is marked by the distracted repetition of automatic bodily gestures, and cinema is a medium that can only be experienced through distraction. Premediation is marked instead by the gesture of anticipation.7 In developing the idea of the anticipatory gesture I mean to clarify or further explain the contrast between distraction and mechanical reproduction as marks of modernity, and anticipation and premediation as marking the current moment. Where Benjamin and Kracauer consider the cinematic gesture as producing an affect of distraction in

the moviegoer, in an age of mobile networked media the cinematic ges- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright ture is relocated from the screen to the interaction between mediated and human actants. The anticipatory gesture of the mobile “netizen” towards her media is met by the anticipatory gesture of socially networked and stand-alone media towards their users. Anticipation not distraction marks our current moment.

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Linda Stone describes something similar to the anticipatory gesture in her notion of “continuous partial attention.” For Stone, continuous partial attention “is motivated by a desire to be a LIVE node on the network.” “Another way of saying this,” she explains, “is that we want to connect and be connected. We want to effectively scan for opportunity and optimize for the best opportunities, activities, and contacts, in any given moment. To be busy, to be connected, is to be alive, to be recognized, and to matter.” Because we are determined not to miss anything, she contends, “we are always in high alert when we pay continuous partial attention. This artificial sense of constant crisis is more typical of continuous partial attention than it is of multi-tasking,” which concerns itself with “doing things that are automatic, that require very little cognitive processing” (Stone, 2009). For Stone the concept of continuous partial attention works to explain the way in which people try to cope with the overwhelming media everyday of the twenty-first century. In focusing chiefly on the cognitive element of our current state of anticipation, however, Stone ignores the affectivity built into continuous partial attention. Similarly, she fails to account fully either for embodiment or for the role of technology in co-producing this anticipation of connectivity. The anticipatory gesture, on the other hand, which exemplifies the media regime of premediation, includes not only your physical, embodied turn to the keyboard and screen to check your email or Facebook page, but also the technical gesture of your mobile phone or texting alert sound ringing, the built-in anticipation of a Facebook comment box, or the premediated option of an email or text reply (Grusin, 2006). The anticipatory gesture of premediation entails both the temporality of anticipation and the affectivity of the embodied gesture – not only the gesture of the hand, but also the embodied shift or turn of attention (physically and perceptually) towards a screen or a mobile device or a moving vehicle. The anticipatory gesture is fundamental to premediation not only because it brings together the elements of temporality, mediality, and affectivity which vitalize premediation, but also because it is oriented towards the future, towards the pre-existence and continued existence of networked media formations which, recognizing and responding to the gesture, are

already anticipating something like the gesture you will make towards - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright them and the technical gesture with which they will respond. Your gesture, in being responded to, is remediated in the most basic sense, as your posting of an update on Twitter or Facebook automatically invokes the comment feature or the reply – the anticipation that your anticipatory medial gesture will be met by another. And what the move towards the

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Open Web, mobile social networking, cloud computing, or an Internet of Things would bring about is a world in which anticipatory gestures do not only have to be addressed to and answered by a particular class or set of media devices (computers, mobile phones, TVs, cars, PDAs, DVD players, MP3 players, gaming systems, ATMs, and so forth) but could be addressed in theory to anything and everything in the world. In this premediated world of the future, you wouldn’t have to go to Google Maps to find out how to get to where you wanted to go, for example, but you would address the world itself to find your directions and anticipate that the world will respond with a gesture of its own.8

Mediaphilia

To consider some of the political implications of the anticipatory gesture of premediation, it is useful to turn towards Giorgio Agamben, who “has returned these questions of ‘mediality’ to political theory” (Crocker, 2007). In “Notes on Gesture,” a short but important essay, Agamben links gesture to what he calls “pure mediality.” Invoking Marcus Terentius Varro’s On the Latin Language, Agamben challenges Deleuze’s concepts of the time image and the movement image as characterizing cinema in the twentieth century. Agamben argues that gesture, not image, is the fundamental element of cinema, describing cinema as a means which is neither oriented towards a goal nor mean- ingful in itself, but exists only in the embodied gestural movement in between purposeful and purposeless, goal-oriented and aesthetic, action (Agamben, 2000, p. 54). He suggests that gesture functions as a form of pure mediality, a means without ends. “The gesture is the exhibition of a mediality: it is the process of making a means visible as such” (Agamben, 2000, p. 57). Agamben’s characterization of cinema as essentially gestural ties him to Benjamin, for whom gestures like striking a match, picking up a phone, or taking a photograph are marks of modernity. In State of Exception, where he engages Benjamin more directly, Agamben characterizes violence, too, as “pure means” or “mediality without end” (Agamben, 2004, pp. 52–64). As in other texts, Agamben’s interest in exceptional forms of violence often focuses on “the camp”

or other spaces of sovereign exception. But as Amoore and de Goede - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright have contended, such violence can also be seen in the affective interactions that make up our media everyday. Indeed, in the current security regime of premediation, “mediality without end” can refer not only to the founding acts of exceptional violence that make possible or establish juridical or political order, but also to the anticipatory gestures that

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are both produced by and produce our everyday affective medial interactions. Agamben’s description of both gesture and violence as pure medialities is useful in suggesting the way in which violence resides not only in the powerful acts of the sovereign but also in the everyday gestures through which individuals relate to and are related to their media. Where Agamben sees gesture in terms of pure mediality, however, the anticipatory gesture of premediation is always impure in that it invokes an affective response that participates in an ongoing and potentially endless feedback loop with technical media. Premediation can thus be seen as the transformation of the pure mediality of the state of exception into the impure mediality of the everyday. Through the mediality and affectivity of the anticipatory gesture, the state of exception becomes the unexceptional. The anticipatory gesture entails both the anticipation of the exception and protection against the shock of surprise. But it is an exception that remains potential or virtual – that is always about to emerge into the present but never does. Premediation transforms the violence that establishes the state of exception as the rule from an externally imposed or enforced violence to one which is continuously in the process of being imposed and reimposed by means of the mediality of the anticipatory gesture, by our networked, affective interactions with our media everyday. Agamben’s focus on the pure mediality of violence ignores the everyday violence involved in the impure mediality of our affective inter actions. This commitment to the concept of gesture as “pure mediality” might be explained by his commitment to the primacy of language, the fact that, like Benjamin, he sees the possibility of language as a “pure and simple communicability” (Agamben, 2004, p. 62). Samuel Weber seeks to complicate the Benjaminian notion of pure linguistic mediality, explaining that for Benjamin such purity is not substantial, but relational. The “pure mediality” of language, as of violence, is defined paradoxically in terms of its relation to something external to itself, the recognition that language or the self is never identical to itself, but always separate from itself as other (Weber, 2006, pp. 66–7). Weber, following Agamben’s reading of Benjamin,

takes pure mediality or mediality without end as a gesture of violence - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright through which language separates from (or “parts with”) itself. The anticipatory gesture of premediation, on the other hand, provides a counterpart to this in one’s affective turn towards technical media, and the affective turning of technical media towards oneself. But if the violence of the letter both authorizes and is exterior to the juridical

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violence of the sovereign state, how does premediation participate in or resist this violence? Rather than deploying the now familiar post-structuralist turn to language, which defines the human’s difference from itself in terms of the technical violence of language or of the letter, I have throughout this book been working with an understanding of the human in terms of its collaboration with technical media in a heterogeneous assemblage of humans and nonhumans. Drawing on the work of Gilbert Simondon and Bernard Stiegler, Mark Hansen has characterized this collaboration in terms of “technogenesis.” “What the massive acceleration of the evolution of technics makes overwhelmingly clear is that human evolution is necessarily, and has always been, co-evolution with technics. Human evolution is ‘technogenesis’ in the sense that humans have always evolved in recursive correlation with the evolution of technics” (Hansen, 2006a, p. 300). Hansen’s account of mediation in terms of technogenesis is one of the most compelling of contemporary media theories. In detailing the ways in which premediation promotes and depends upon mutually anticipatory gestural relations among humans and technical media, I have been trying to articulate the affective life of media that vitalizes what Hansen describes as co-evolutionary technogenesis.9 Instead of subsuming cinema to language, as Agamben and Weber do, I have been concerned throughout to understand cinema as anticipating the advent of the medial regime of premediation. Jason Sperb offers a similar kind of understanding in what he calls the “cinephilia of anticipation,” by which he means to characterize the heightened affectivity of the temporal and cultural formation that is built into the release of a new film in our premediated era – particularly but not exclusively a film that is part of a series (the Bond franchise is Sperb’s personal cinephilic favorite) (Sperb, 2009). Together, the anticipatory gesture and the affective life of media work to make up what might be called a “mediaphilia of anticipation.” The mediaphilia of anticipation depends upon repetition and seriation, but multiplies these anticipatory moments to the point that they are built in to all of our everyday media interactions. Whether it is the anticipation of checking your email when you wake

up in the morning, or logging in to see who has commented on your - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright MySpace or Facebook profile, or checking your RSS feeds, or even the undetermined anticipation of receiving a text or a call on your mobile, our anticipatory gestures towards our media are indeed the anticipatory gestures of mediaphilia, if not of media love. And the anticipatory gestures of our media themselves, as they await our touch or our gaze

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to call them into action, are part of the affective life of media that these past two chapters have been sketching out. The anticipatory gestures of mediaphilia that mobilize and vitalize the affective life of media work individually and socially to provide the reassurance of networked affective interactions in the face both of the collectively mediated fear that intensified in the years following the events of 9/11 and of the increasingly threatening future of geopolitical, environmental, and now economic dangers. In terms of post- industrial global capitalism, this anticipatory mediaphilia helps to fuel the demand for new media commodities – whether technical devices like 3G mobile phones, laptops, eBook readers, flat-screen TVs, or HD DVRs; digital content like downloadable music, film, and television shows, or new DVDs or video and computer game releases; or software like digital editing plat- forms, new productivity tools, or mobile Apps for the Android, iPhone, or Blackberry. And in the framework of securitization with which this chapter began, the affective life of media and the anticipatory gestures of mediaphilia operate to encourage, make possible, and proliferate an ongoing flow of everyday media transactions, which provide the raw data to be mined so that future, potentially disruptive events of terrorism or other violent attacks can be pre-empted before they ever happen. The affective life of media helps to promote a mediaphilia of anticipation that nourishes the affective bonds that allow our social, economic, and security networks to hang together in the loose, sometimes fragile, but mainly robust assemblages that vitalize premediation at the beginning of the twenty-first century (Digital Youth Research, 2008).

Premediation and politics

Throughout this book I have been articulating the ways in which premediation has operated since 9/11 as a technology of control, whether in the Bush-Cheney administration of pre-emptive warfare and preventive prosecution or in the more broad-based regime of post-9/11 securitization, particularly in the West. Given this account, the question arises of the possibility of resisting premediation or of turning premediation against the dominant workings of biopolitics after 9/11. What would

such a resistance look like? Does premediation have a politics? - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright In a recent, cogent essay entitled “Media Theory,” Mark Hansen offers one model for opposing the hegemony of premediation, posing the problem in terms of the autonomy and agency of “personal consciousness” or “lived experience.” In this account premediation does indeed have a politics, and it is a politics that threatens and

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constrains the freedom of individual consciousness or imagination through the operation of what he calls (following Bernard Stiegler) the “culture industry” (Stiegler, 2008). By furnishing premediated social and technical formats, Hansen writes, the culture industry “aims precisely and in the most calculated manner imaginable to subordinate the subjective flux of thinking to pre-programmed and thoroughly standardized temporal patterns of media artifacts. In this sense – and here is where politics enters the scene – the contemporary temporal object/media artifact constitutes the very site for a struggle over who controls the flux of consciousness” (Hansen, 2006a, p. 304). The politics of premediation thus appears in the first instance to be negative and oppressive, particularly insofar as media forms and practices work to control what Hansen here characterizes as “the flux of consciousness.” Allying himself with Stiegler’s compelling account of the co-evolution of humans and technics, Hansen condemns the way in which

the contemporary culture industries strive to exercise and maintain a stranglehold on cultural memory ... by offering pre-programmed, media artifactual memory objects ... that, because of their seduction and their ubiquity, work to erode the role of personal consciousness and to displace lived experience as the basis for [cultural] memory. This is precisely how (say) television functions today as a temporal object and as a cultural industry, and it is more and more how – so Stiegler argues – tradition is handed down to new consciousness, which is to say, as something that has not been lived by personal consciousness but is available for adoption – and increasingly required to be adopted by that consciousness. (Hansen, 2006a, p. 304)

In this concern with the political implications of the “contemporary culture industries,” Hansen and Stiegler are troubled precisely by the dangers of what I have been calling premediation, which could be seen to furnish “pre-programmed and thoroughly standardized temporal patterns of media artifacts” in an effort “to subordinate the subjective flux of thinking” and to “erode the role of personal consciousness

and to displace lived experience.” For Hansen as well as for Stiegler, - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright the question of political opposition becomes therefore a question of “whether there is any way to resist this industrialization of consciousness. For if the culture industries offer media artifacts that succeed in displacing the role of personal memory on the production of new experiences, on new presencings, then they will have succeeded in

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controlling the future itself, to the extent at least that the future arises out of anticipations or expectations” (Hansen, 2006a, p. 304). Hansen gets precisely at one of the crucial elements of premediation in addressing the way in which the culture industry premediates the future through media artifacts, because our anticipations or expectations can only be defined, can only come into being, in relation to the media projections of this consciousness industry. For Hansen what needs to be resisted is what Stiegler calls the “industrialization of memory.”10 But it is not exactly clear what he means by this. At times he poses the problem in terms of “the subjective flux of thinking” or the “standardized temporal patterns of media artifacts,” both of which concern what media do, the way they impact the human sensorium. But at other times, sounding more like Adorno than Benjamin, Hansen sees premediation as a threat to the dignity of the human and the autonomy of the individual, focusing on tradition and cultural memory, what media mean rather than what they do. If we think of premediation strictly in terms of preformatted media scenarios handed down from above to individuals, or groups of individuals, by something like the contemporary culture industry (or worse, by the government’s manipulation of that culture industry), then premediation would indeed be a grim story, as Hansen’s adoption of Stiegler’s dystopic narrative recounts. Such preformatted “memory objects” are much more deterministic than the virtuality of premediation. What Hansen describes is in fact not premediation in a society of control but something more like ideology in a society of discipline. While I would agree with Hansen’s claim that “the future arises out of anticipations or expectations,” such anticipations do not control the future but provide the potentiality for any particular future that we may encounter, as well as for innumerable futures that will never come into being. Because Hansen is convinced that pre-programmed media formats deprive individuals of an authentic, lived consciousness, he can only conceive of political agency in terms of degrees of individual freedom. Thus he hopes that “by facilitating personal control over the flux of time – whether this be the flux of television in one’s living room (think of the potential of TIVO and other digital storage systems) or the flux of

global broadband networks and informational databases – digital tech- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright nologies [will] empower” individuals “to reassert some control ... over the projection of the future” (Hansen, 2006a, p. 304). Because digital technologies “allow personal lived consciousness control over the flux of the media artifact that is its surrogate temporal object,” Hansen avers, “they allow consciousness to live time (at least to some extent) according to its

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own rhythms.” Hansen again invokes Stiegler to underscore his claim that “digital technologies restore some of the agency that personal lived consciousness has (apparently) lost over the past two centuries of rap- idly accelerated technical evolution; by exemplifying the way that technologies function as correlates of embodied life (as our above account of the concept of mediation argued), digital technologies help personal consciousness intervene creatively and substantively in the production of presencing that constitutes – and constitutes as an essentially technical process – lived reality itself, including the lived reality of (constituting) consciousness” (Hansen, 2006a, p. 304). Although this account of resisting the hegemony of the culture industry focuses more on affectivity and mediality than on narrative and representation, one hesitates to think of the televisual time- shifting enabled by Tivo as a form of political resistance. In raising this objection I am not necessarily calling for a more radical form of resistance, but rather suggesting that Hansen’s formulation of the problem of politics continues to retain an earlier conception of power in which media technologies are opposed to, not productive of, individual agency and in which power is understood to operate only from above. The invocation of the autonomous agency of “personal lived consciousness” in the midst of an argument about co-evolutionary technogenesis leaves Hansen with nowhere else to turn but to advocate the now-familiar hope that the participatory nature of new digital technologies might work to enable political critique, to provide agency for political opposition.11 Hansen seems to recognize this, insofar as he would distinguish his position, as well as Steigler’s, from the more utopian arguments that imagine the disappearance of mass media, or the emergence of digital technologies as constituting a post-mass media era. “While these accounts are important and do contribute to a critical media politics,” Hansen writes, “they remain partial in the sense that they fail to grapple with the continuing force, indeed hegemony, exercised by the mass media today. In this respect, one of the merits of Stiegler’s analysis (and Stiegler, let us reiterate, also appreciates the critical potential of digital technologies) is its resistance to any utopian hope (or delusion) that new media would somehow displace and

succeed mass media, that mass media would simply wither away” - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright (Hansen, 2006a, pp. 304–5). Unlike the technophobia of earlier critics of mass culture like Horkheimer and Adorno, Hansen follows Stiegler in insisting that opposition to the culture industries can and must be “an essentially technical process,” because of humanity’s ongoing co-evolution with technics.

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This separation between mass media and individualized, networked personal media is one that I, too, have refused to make. Throughout this book I have avoided such a separation, partly by bringing together, in the notion of our “media everyday,” Benjamin’s and Kracauer’s ideas of mass media, mass audience, or mass ornament, with contemporary ideas about distributed, networked media (Benjamin, 1936, 1940a; Kracauer, 1995). Although Hansen wants to resist the utopian hope that mass media might wither or fade away, he remains convinced that any hope for an open, viable future entails a struggle for control “with today’s culture industries and with the media artifacts that they produce .... That is why finding new ways to tap the creativity of human embodiment – to rediscover the singularity of embodied temporal fluxes – comprises the most pressing challenge, and the most inspiring task, for media theorists today” (Hansen, 2006a, p. 305). With Hansen I would agree that the question of media theory today is a question of the future – which is, I would argue, the question of premediation. The point I have been trying to make, however, in focusing on the affectivity of media and the proliferation of networked technical devices throughout the environment, is that media theory needs to move away from what Eve Sedgwick identified as the paranoid reading strategies of psychoanalysis and ideology critique, to shift its focus from what media represent or depict to what media do (Sedgwick, 2003). Insofar as Hansen and Steigler pose the problem of resistance in terms of “embodied temporal fluxes” or the “structural coupling” of the human with technics, or something like machinic enslavement, I find their arguments compelling. But I part company when, as is too often the case in contemporary work in cultural and media studies (including at moments like the ones I have discussed in the work of Hansen or Stiegler), the question of politics, of opposition to the dominant structure of global post-capitalism, or the culture industry, is framed as a question of how mass or digital media can be deployed to create new cultural memory, autonomous agency, or personal lived consciousness. Indeed, the problem with this account may very well be the idea of the culture industry itself, which adds an unnecessary third element to the human/technics relation, something that seems to be

separate from, or outside of, that co-evolutionary technogenesis. What, - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright after all, is the consciousness or culture industry but the product of the co-evolution of humanity and technics? To imagine it as somehow different from, or outside of, that is simply to reformulate the divide between the human and technology which Hansen and Stiegler would contest, to include technics as part of the human while the culture

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industry becomes something exterior to the co-evolution of humanity and technics. Another problem with this account becomes evident when we compare premediated cultural narratives or media artifacts with other premediated or preformatted objects. If we are to take seriously the materiality of media and mediation, their continuity with other technical objects – like chairs and tables, cars and planes, paths and waterways, cans and bottles, clothes and shoes, or walls and doors – then we need to think about the preformatted or premediated nature of those objects as well. While one might justifiably complain about the inauthenticity of a technologically manufactured life in general, realistically most of us are glad that the preformatted roof stays over our head at night or the preformatted stove lights when we turn it on, that our preformatted shoes stay on our feet when we walk or the preformatted plane remains in the sky when we fly. If mediation is like any other object, then we need to think about cultural “narratives” or “memories” in the same way we think about networked connectivity or keyboards or screens. And while of course one might want to think about ways to improve these technical objects, to make them more effective, or even more “authentic,” to do so would not be to reject their preformattedness or to replace them with unformatted media or other artifacts. Preformatted narratives and memories, like preformatted technical objects and artifacts, are useful and helpful and necessary. They provide for the kind of security that we anticipate everyday – the security that things will be in the same place, work the same way, take the same amount of time. The same thing is true of our bodies as well. Aren’t we glad that our preformatted or premediated nervous, cognitive, limbic, or digestive systems are still in place when we awake in the morning? That our neural nets, language skills, affective theories, and muscle memories remain in their preformatted states, as they were when we went to sleep? To imagine otherwise is to imagine, for example, waking with a stroke, or with amnesia, and to imagine doing so as more “authentic” than awakening to our preformatted cognitive and affective maps. To imagine the politics of media theory as otherwise than this is to imagine a world in which media or cultural memories are categorically different from all other 12 objects in the world. - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright By thinking through the question of premediation in relation to different varieties of what Nigel Thrift has called non-representational theory, I have been arguing for a media theory that focuses on the kinds of everyday transactions with which this chapter began. We need to begin to understand how the regime of securitization, like the regime of

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global post-capitalism, maintains its hegemony less by the ideological narratives or symbolic content of the media images it purveys than by the distribution of these images through complex, heterogeneous assemblages of networked technical media, sociocultural formations, and the affectivity of things. Premediation helps to foster what Thrift, following Paolo Virno, calls habits of “forethought,” which capitalism makes use of (through automatisms, intuition, and forms of embodied affectivity) as a fund or reservoir for the creation of value or the invention or ideas.13 The forethought produced by, and essential to the functioning of, capitalism operates according to the logic of premediation, as a media formation which is itself engaged in producing the affective state of anticipatory readiness in both humans and technical media. “In other words,” Thrift writes, “the aim is to produce a certain anticipatory readiness about the world, a perceptual style which can move easily between interchangeable opportunities, thus adding to the sum total of intellect that can be drawn on. This is a style which is congenial to capitalism, arising out of new senses of kinds and collections of matter,” which “will mobilize new structures of forethought out of which can arise new ideas” (Thrift, 2007, p. 38). This anticipatory readiness describes a state of individual and collective affectivity, a posture of forethought rather than any specific thoughts themselves. Unlike Hansen or Steigler, Thrift sees the capitalist production of anticipatory readiness not only as foreclosing new possibilities but also as enabling them. For Thrift the question of politics is not chiefly a matter of rejecting the preformatted media artifacts furnished by the culture industry because they subordinate the flux of human thought and action, but of understanding how capitalism works to foster “a perceptual style which can move easily between interchangeable opportunities” and which “will mobilize new structures of forethought.” The very modes of resistance advocated by Hansen or Stiegler are those which an affective, premediated capitalism makes possible. Premediation furnishes a means of proliferating possible futures into which this “momentary world ... must be acted into” (Thrift, 2007, p. 114). By fostering an affectivity of anticipation, premediation not only vitalizes the heterogeneous media formation that makes up the regime of securitiza-

tion and the formation of global post-capitalism but also helps to explain - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright how the complex assemblage that Thrift describes as “our world” works to maintain itself. Through something like the anticipatory gestures of mediaphilia, people and things co-create, by means of what Stiegler calls a kind of “structural coupling,” or what Luhmann understands as an “autopoietic system,” what Thrift describes as “a world of radical

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possibility.” If political change or opposition is to occur, it must begin not with the ideological narratives or symbolic imaginaries that fuel these systems but with an understanding of and attention to the everyday mediality and affectivity through which these premediated systems of forethought operate to generate a world of anticipation “in which each actual event lies amidst many alternatives, in which possibilities exceed actualities” (Thrift, 2007, p. 114). In a post-9/11 biopolitics of securitization, premediation works simultaneously to foster and to fulfill an anticipation of security. While continuing to promote collective insecurity about future geopolitical catastrophes like terrorism, economic collapse, or global climate change, premediation offers a kind of network of reassurance through the proliferation of such media formations as the mobile web and the Internet of Things. The insecurity of premediated catastrophes is countered and overcome by the affectivity of security produced by the repeated anticipation of interaction with one’s mobile social networks, coupled with the repeated relief in finding that those networks are still there. In this regime of securitization, the problem of politics is not constituted in terms of a rejection of preformatted media techniques and practices, or shared cultural memories, in favor of an individualized or authentic media experience. Insofar as premediation can furnish an oppositional politics, it operates both by identifying and working within individual and collective mechanisms for producing, fulfilling, and maintaining the anticipation of security in a post-9/11 world. If premediation has or is to have political agency or efficacy, it must come not simply from identifying and opposing the agency of capitalism or the culture industry. Nor can it come from the rejection of preformed cultural histories or narratives provided by the culture or consciousness industries in favor of authentic or individualized ones. Like the concept of premediation itself politics is largely non- representational. If premediation is to have political efficacy or agency it will be through the political affordances or potentialities that the concept entails and the political uses that humans and nonhumans, individually and collectively, make of it.14 The politics of premediation is not chiefly a question of how premediation represents politics or is rep-

resented politically, but of the politics that premediation does. Political - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright opposition will happen as it already is happening – in movements like free software, in fights over the ownership and management of digital rights, in socially networked opposition to practices of securitization implemented by the Bush-Cheney administration in the United States and in the United Kingdom by Tony Blair, as well as elsewhere in the

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securitized West. In calling attention to mediality as the biopolitical form of governmentality in the twenty-first century, and to the power of affectivity in maintaining political order and control in an era of securitization, I mean to suggest that political opposition must operate in these realms rather than in terms of earlier conceptions of individual agency or autonomy. In this chapter I have delineated the dual nature of the concept of the anticipation of security – both the way in which securitization deploys anticipatory affect to encourage and mobilize all sorts of networked transactions so that data can be generated that would allow security agents to connect the dots, and the way in which anticipation works both individually and collectively to provide feelings or affects of security when anticipation is safely and predictably fulfilled. In doing so, I have not meant to prescribe or advocate an opposition to these practices as much as to detail or excavate them through the development of conceptual frameworks that others might make use of. Insofar as I can imagine an oppositional politics of premediation, I am fairly certain that it would take as its object the affectivity of the technical formats and practices of our media everyday as much as the content of the messages, memories, or cultural narratives that circulate through them. Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Concordia University Libraries - PalgraveConnect - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright

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Beyond 9/11

In this book, I have concerned myself largely with the intensification of premediation after 9/11, as a response to and defense against the media shock that followed the attacks on the Pentagon and the World Trade Center both in the United States and in the globalized mediasphere. Premediation, I have argued, pre-existed the events of 9/11, but intensified in response to those events, both in relation to the Bush doctrine of pre-emption and in relation to the concomitant shift in print, televisual, and networked news media from a focus on the immediacy of the present and recent past to a focus on the pre- mediacy of the future, the liveness of futurity. In this conclusion I want briefly to consider the functioning of premediation beyond 9/11, the ways in which premediation has continued, and will continue, to function in areas not directly related to 9/11 and the pre-emptive War against Terror. Over the past couple of years, heading into and moving beyond the 2008 election of Barack Obama as the first US president of color, I have been tracking the workings of premediation in print, televisual, and networked news media. I want to conclude the book with three examples of premediation in US media beyond 9/11: Hurricanes Gustav and Ike, both of which made landfall in the Gulf of Mexico in September 2008; the global financial crisis of 2008 and 2009; and the

so-called “Twitter revolution” in Iran. These instances of premediation - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright correspond to the three kinds of “things” that Foucault considers governmentality to be concerned with in relation to populations: “natural,” “economic,” and “social.” As I argued earlier, mediality today also concerns itself with the imbrication between humans and these kinds of nonhuman things.

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Natural things

Hurricanes are arguably the epitome of premediated televisual news events. The lengthy period leading up to landfall provides for numerous opportunities to premediate future catastrophic events – evacuation, flooding, wind damage, looting, death, property damage, and so forth. News coverage usually consists of a week or more of build-up as these named storms are tracked from their emergence as tropical depressions in the Atlantic to their development into tropical storms and then finally their arrival as actual hurricanes headed towards landfall in the Gulf of Mexico or on the Eastern seaboard of the United States. In the run-up to landfall (or sometimes the turn away to the open seas), global print, televisual, and networked media coverage focuses exclusively on the virtuality of these hurricanes, premediating possible future paths along with the death, damage, and destruction that might lie ahead. More than any other natural disaster, hurricanes provide ample evidence of the ways in which news media today are focused as much on the liveness of futurity as they are on the immediacy of the present or recent past. But as with other forms of premediation, hurricane coverage also participates in the remediation of prior storms, which serve as the basis of comparison and as benchmarks for the premediation of impending hurricanes. Late summer is hurricane season in the southeast United States. Once every four years, hurricane season coincides with presidential election season. The coincidence of the two proved particularly interesting in August and September 2008. On 31 August, Hurricane Gustav entered the Gulf of Mexico. Meteorologists were predicting that it would make landfall near New Orleans exactly three years to the date from Hurricane Katrina. Gustav proved to be an unusually reward- ing opportunity for premediation as well as for remediation, both because it appeared headed directly towards New Orleans and because it appeared that its landfall would coincide with the beginning of the Republican National Convention in Minneapolis-St Paul. News reporters were preoccupied with questions about how New Orleans would withstand its second major hurricane in three years and how well the

Bush administration would be prepared to deal with Hurricane Gustav - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright in comparison to its bungling of Katrina. But political reporters found themselves addressing a different question: how would the hurricane headed for the mouth of the Mississippi impact the Republican convention being held near its source in Minneapolis-St Paul, more than 1000 miles away? This political impact, of course, would not be caused

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by wind or storm surge or rain or tornadoes, but rather by the storm of media coverage the hurricane would attract. How would it look for Republicans to be celebrating the nomination of the McCain-Palin ticket and attacking their Democratic opponents if New Orleans was once again flooded by broken levees and people were seen stranded, or worse dying, in Gustav’s wake? Perhaps equally important, how much media coverage would the Republicans receive in the face of another Katrina-like disaster? When the first day of the Republican Convention was dramatically truncated in anticipation of Gustav’s landfall on Monday morning, it was a clear example of how the premediation of a hurricane could have an impact not unlike a hurricane itself. The virtual Gustav had a real impact on thousands of delegates, convention support people, transportation and communication networks, and of course the media themselves. Gustav was particularly interesting because its premediation inevitably entailed the remediation of Katrina. Not only was Gustav’s trajectory and intensity compared repeatedly to Katrina’s, but the response of local, state, and federal governments was measured against what had happened three years ago to the week. This remediation took many forms. It was a formal remediation in that the modes of coverage (maps, weather reporters, hurricane graphics, etc.) were similar to those of Katrina or most other hurricanes. It was a remediation as well of the political practices of evacuation and storm preparation that occurred prior to Katrina. But it was also a remediation in the sense that new media forms claim to entail improvements of older media forms, or remedies of past defects. This reformative aspect of remediation was most evident in the coverage of the rebuilt and reinforced levees, the new evacuation procedures, the enhanced generators at Tulane’s hospital, and the prep- arations made by FEMA and the federal government – all of which were remediations of earlier technologies, practices, and bureaucratic procedures. Finally Gustav offered George W. Bush something of a “do-over,” a chance to prove that he had learned the lessons of Katrina, that he had remediated his own approach to natural disasters. It also offered John McCain a chance to remediate his and Bush’s non-response to Katrina by flying to the Gulf Coast with his vice-presidential selection, Sarah

Palin, in advance of the hurricane’s arrival, hoping thereby to demon- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright strate that he would be a president who could take charge in crisis situations like this. And in deciding to cut short the Republican Convention in advance of Gustav’s landfall, McCain could underscore his claim to be concerned more with the welfare of the nation than with his own political ambitions. In so doing McCain sought to premediate his own

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presidential behavior through the remediation of Bush’s belated and feeble response to Katrina. As often happens in the case of premediation and virtuality, however, the real often emerges in ways quite different from its prior remediations. Gustav struck only a glancing blow to New Orleans, though perhaps a more direct blow to the prospects of the Republican presidential ticket. Premediation, however, is less about getting the future right than it is about making futurity present. In the case of Hurricane Ike, the strongest storm of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season, premediation of its impact took a different tack than with Gustav, including some interesting narratives about the dramatic spike in oil prices and multiple gas shortages that could result from the potential disruption of oil refining in the Gulf and in the Gulf Coast states. In fact as the storm approached the coast of Texas, US news media reported regularly about cars lin- ing up at gas stations as far away as South Carolina, not in response to shortages that had already occurred but in anticipation of shortages that were being premediated on TV. CNN’s 24-7 coverage of the impending landfall of Hurricane Ike provided another interesting example of televisual remediation. On Friday, 12 September, the day after the seven-year anniversary of the event of 9/11, CNN began calling its ongoing coverage of Hurricane Ike “Extreme Weather.” This moniker clearly alluded to the familiar narrative of global climate change, but more interestingly presented CNN’s coverage as a remediation of a popular televisual genre, “Extreme TV,” epitomized by such cable shows as Ice Road Truckers, Dirty Jobs, or The Deadliest Catch. What was particularly interesting about CNN’s coverage was how its on-site reporters could be seen to remediate the formats of these extreme TV shows, providing televisual media coverage of extreme situations that are inaccessible to the average viewer. CNN set up its operation on-site at a recently evacuated Holiday Inn Express, with its reporter bravely telling viewers that the management had turned over its keys to the CNN crew. Only the latest instance of a long line of news events that have been treated as episodes of an ongoing television series or mini-series, “Extreme Weather” epitomized the ways in which news media continued to shift their focus from reporting on the present or

recent past to premediating the future. Even when they do report on - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright what is happening live, as in the run-up to Hurricane Ike’s landfall, they do so within a premediated format, in this case that of extreme TV. Indeed, the arrival of Hurricane season in the United States has become almost as regular and predictable as the arrival of football season. And the premediated formats through which it is presented to the public on

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the Weather Channel and the various cable news networks have now become nearly as conventionalized and regularized as those that can be found on networks like ESPN and other major US sports networks.

Economic things

In 2008 the US hurricane season was interrupted by the premediation of an unexpected major disaster scenario, the collapse of global finance capitalism. The announcement on Sunday, 14 September, that Lehmann Brothers would declare bankruptcy triggered a global financial crisis as stock markets worldwide plunged precipitously. Seemingly overnight, the structure of feeling in the United States turned dramatically economic, modulating from a concern with hurricanes or the November presidential election to a preoccupation with the economic everyday.1 The relation between individual and collective affect in our media environment began to focus almost obsessively on the current “economic crisis.” Whether at cafés and supermarkets, in schools and libraries, in the workplace or over the dinner table, at the mechanic’s shop or the doctor’s office – small talk almost immediately turned to the crisis in the economy and the proposed bailout. People wanted to know: what is going to happen to the economy in the future? What kind of economic news will tomorrow, next week, or the election bring? This economic chatter was even more extreme in local, national, and global print, televisual, and networked news media. The New York Times, Washington Post, and other major newspapers in the United States began to read like the Wall Street Journal. In the United States, CNN, Fox, CNBC, and MSNBC were populated with new faces, new charts, and new graphics, discussing details of the mortgage and liquidity crisis, explaining potential features of the proposed bailout, and most interestingly premediating the economic and social disasters that would occur if Wall Street was not rescued from its crisis. Economic bloggers became more visible and economic matters began to garner an especially large portion of US and global web-based media attention. This proliferation of media talking heads, historical narratives, and graphic formats concerned with the economy and the market crisis worked to

provide competing, potential, not-fully-defined premediations of pos- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright sible future disaster scenarios into which US and global citizens, corporations, NGOs, and nation-states found themselves thrown and among which they would have to navigate. Such economic premediations worked to modulate individual and collective structures of feeling as the US media public found itself faced

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with any number of dismal potential economic futures. These structures of feeling, which Raymond Williams describes as “emergent or pre-emergent,” are not fixed and institutionally defined. In fostering structures of feeling, premediation promotes and modulates potential individual and collective affective qualities and intensities from which actual personal and social structures might or might not emerge. Such structures of feeling operate ordinarily as part of our media everyday, but in periods of crisis and rapid affective change their operations became much more intense and thus much more visible than at moments of relative quiescence or stability. At times of such intensity the scale of individual and collective affective modulation increases exponentially. This affective intensification fosters public and media sentiment in mobilizing or opposing large-scale resources for governmental action. As during the nearly 18-month run-up to the Bush-Cheney Iraq War, the speeded-up premediations of financial apocalypse in the autumn of 2008 worked to proliferate scenarios of future disaster to foster a level of terror or fear that would help mobilize support for the government to spend $1 trillion to bail out banks and insurance companies. In the last full-scale instance of the Bush administration’s use of premediation to further its own interests, Congress was frightened into voting into law a proposal that would cost the nation over a trillion dollars. As it had in Iraq, the Bush administration succeeded not in response to an existing catastrophe but on the basis of the premediation of a catastrophe – of what might have happened to our economy if we had not acted to prevent the next Great Depression that Hank Paulson was reported to be premediating in briefings behind Wall Street closed- doors. This is, of course, exactly the same script the Bush-Cheney administration followed in 2002, only with different Congressional committees and behind different closed doors. Like the confidential briefing reports distributed to members of key Congressional committees but kept from the American public, the briefings that convinced senators like Hilary Rodham Clinton and Joe Biden of the threat posed by Iraq and the necessity of giving Bush authorization to initiate a war, closed-door briefings by Hank Paulson proved equally terrifying.

On Friday, 19 September, on multiple news channels, an ashen-faced - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright Democratic Senator Chris Dodd told financial reporters of the catastrophic horrors that Hank Paulson had premediated for Dodd’s Senate Banking Committee. Dodd and other Senate leaders (including presidential rivals McCain and Obama) seemed convinced that the only way to prevent this catastrophe from happening was to authorize the Bush

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administration to wage a pre-emptive war against the threat of another Great Depression. In the case of Iraq, however, the enemy had a face: Osama bin Laden or Saddam Hussein. Who or what was the enemy in Paulson’s and Bernanke’s premediations of financial meltdown? For many people it was Wall Street itself, but the political and financial establishments could not allow the mortgage crisis to be blamed on Wall Street if they were to persuade the nation that Wall Street needed to be bailed out. In a hearing before the Senate Banking Committee, Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke was asked by Senator Sherrod Brown, a Democrat from Ohio, “Does Wall Street owe the American people an apology?” Bernanke deflected an answer, claiming that Wall Street was “an abstraction.”2 This exchange raised an interesting question of agency and responsibility during this extended moment of financial crisis – particularly the question of how financial agency is premediated among print, televisual, and networked news media. Although Bernanke followed up his characterization of Wall Street as an abstraction by acknowledging that “a lot of people made big mistakes,” my interest as a media theorist is not with identifying those responsible for the sub-prime mortgage crisis, but with understanding how both formal and informal media helped to create and amplify the agency of financial crisis to the point where Congress approved a $700 billion bailout in response to the multiple premediations of economic catastrophe. Bernanke’s sidestep to the contrary, Wall Street is anything but an abstraction in our media everyday. At first blush the agency of the sub- prime mortgage crisis appeared chiefly economic – it hurt individuals in their pocket-books and businesses on the bottom line. But it is worth considering the media forms in which this monetary or economic damage manifested itself to the American public: how was the agency of the current financial crisis manifested in US and global media? Initially the agency of financial crisis manifested itself in nearly non-stop media coverage of the impending catastrophe and diminishing online and print financial statements. Or more accurately it manifested itself in the fear and trembling that was produced by the obsessive premedia-

tion of impending economic catastrophe in our print, televisual, and - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright networked media. People turned on the TV and saw news anchors and politicians, economists and financiers, warning them about the impending financial catastrophe heralded by recent turbulence in the markets. They heard about billions of dollars in value that had been lost. They saw graphs of the recent financial past heading almost inevitably

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downwards into their financial future. Those fortunate enough to have them looked at their 401Ks or mutual funds or e-portfolios and saw how much value these financial instruments had lost. People saw gas prices rising and “for sale” and “for lease” signs sprouting up like mushrooms. All of these examples participated in an over-heated logic of premediation, whose tone was one of extreme urgency. People were on the alert, concerned, and ultimately scared. The agents to fear in the financial crisis were not Osama bin Laden, Saddam Hussein, or al Qaeda, however, but were called “the market” or “Wall Street” or “the Dow.” “The market will not be happy if too many limitations are put on this bailout.” “Wall Street is worried that unless the Fed acts, more turbulence lies ahead.” “The Dow is demonstrating its concern about the terms of the bailout.” Print, televisual, and networked news media depicted these agents as if they made up a pantheon of economic or financial gods, powerful creatures which must be feared and respected, which must be pacified. “Wall Street,” “the market,” and “the Dow” appeared incessantly in the headlines, crawls, and splash screens of our media everyday as agents who were anything but abstract. The mediasphere was filled with the priests and votaries of these gods, warning the public of the danger that could come if they were angered or their will was flaunted. These financial deities are powerfully complex and heterogeneous actors in our economic drama, what Bruno Latour has characterized (remediating Michel Serres) as “quasi-objects” or (more recently, in a term also employed by Gilles Deleuze) as “assemblages.”3 Like Greco-Roman deities, which are complex socio-technical actants inseparable from their votaries and priests, their icons and temples, their calendars and sacred places, their rituals of sacrifice and remuneration, so these economic deities are anything but “abstractions.” “Wall Street,” “the market,” and “the Dow” name heterogeneous formations of humans and nonhumans, of material and immaterial forces, of technical and social networks – including their own votaries and priests, icons and temples, calendars and sacred places, and rituals of sacrifice and economic remuneration. The agency of Wall Street (like that of the City in the United Kingdom) is not the agency of an abstraction, but rather the agency of the complex

socio-technical assemblage of financial employees, bank statements, - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright office buildings, powerful computer servers, distributed financial software networks, and so forth. But to return to the question posed to Bernanke, did Wall Street owe the American people an apology? Or, to put it differently, what would it mean for “Wall Street” to apologize to the American people? Who or

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what would make that apology? And to whom or what would it apologize? Such questions might best be answered if we think of Wall Street not as “abstract,” but as “virtual.” In describing Wall Street as a Latourian quasi-object or Deleuzian assemblage, I mean to resist describing economic agency as an immaterial essence or abstraction of very real and concrete socio-technical, cultural, and economic practices and capital resources. Wall Street is as real an object as any other. Similarly, though, I would resist thinking of Wall Street as a fixed, stable, or unified entity. I invoke Latour and Deleuze to highlight the way in which such entities as Wall Street, the market, or the Dow are always emergent or in a state of becoming, even as they are already powerful actors on the geopolitical and economic stage. Like the Greco-Roman gods, their agency derives precisely from their virtuality, both from the reality of what they have just done and from the potentiality of what they may do in the future. The priests and oracles of the Greco-Roman pantheon remediated many political, economic, and natural occurrences and historical events in terms of the agency of the gods. Simultaneously, they devoted consider- able energies and resources to placating, premediating, and even trying to control the agency of the gods in the future. Similarly, in invoking the virtual agency of our financial pantheon, the print, televisual, and networked news media work both to explain the present and recent past in terms of such economic demigods as Wall Street, the market, or the Dow, and to premediate how these gods will act in the near and not- so-near future. It was through the terrifying agency of these demigods that the US Congress was moved to authorize more than $700 billion to prevent a depression that had only been premediated and that might never have occurred.

Social things

In addition to mobilizing people in relation to economic and natural things, mediality also works to mobilize the social. Media coverage of the aftermath of the contested Iranian presidential election in June 2009 was notable for marking the ways in which televisual immediacy in the news had shifted in an era of social networking

and premediation. As I have argued earlier, media treatment of the - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright terrorist attacks of 9/11 can be seen to have marked the perfect global remediation event, epitomizing the double logic of remediation that emerged most powerfully in the dot.com explosion of the 1990s. Televisual media coverage of 9/11 combined the immediacy of live video with the hypermediacy of the windowed interface. Across the

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globe people could watch live the burning and collapse of the Twin Towers in the midst of a hyper-mediated environment of multiple media feeds, both visually on screen and textually through print, televisual, and networked media. Televisual immediacy and digital hypermediacy combined to produce a collective affective sense of shock and terror. US and global media coverage was very different in the wide-scale popular demonstrations against the results of the Iranian presidential election, specifically the determination that Mahmoud Ahmadinejad had won by more than 11 million votes. In order to prevent US and global media from filling their pages, programs, and screens with live and otherwise remediated images of the anti-government demonstrations, the repressive Iranian regime imposed a stiff media crackdown. Live video coverage was interdicted. Journalist visa renewals were routinely denied. News reports to the outside world were severely cur- tailed. Because global media outlets like CNN, BBC, or Al Jazeera could not provide robust live coverage of events on the street in Tehran and other Iranian cities, social networks like Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter stepped in to fill the void. After being challenged for its lack of coverage in the weekend following the 12 June election, CNN began to foreground the constraints under which it was being forced to operate, reporting dramatically on the restrictions its reporters had to deal with. Consequently, instead of its reporters covering live events in Iran, CNN began covering other media, particularly social networks like Twitter, YouTube, and Facebook. While there were no live video feeds coming directly from Iran, there were multiple social networks in a state of continual anticipation for the next hundred tweets or videos or status updates. In the earliest stages of the Iranian demonstrations live-blogging on sites like Huffington Post proved particularly helpful in mediating the chaotic flow of words, images, sounds, and videos coming from Iran. As the demonstrations continued, CNN and other cable news networks televisually remediated live-blogging, providing viewers with updates from other online sources not through remediated text, but through premediated televisual flow.

In the midst of these premediated social networks, enthusiastic claims - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright for a new Twitter revolution could be heard. Self-styled Internet guru Clay Shirkey called it a social media revolution, hyperbolically calling the social unrest in Iran “the first revolution that has been catapulted onto a global stage and transformed by social media” (Shirkey, 2009).

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Especially in the first days after the election, in the face of the Iranian government’s attempt to crack down on many socially networked Internet sites, Twitter proved to be extremely agile and difficult to shut down. In an effort to confuse Iranian censors, Twitter users around the world changed their local time-zones to Tehran. Almost by the minute, specifications for mirror sites and other non-Iranian servers were spread through hundreds and thousands of tweets. Many Iranians took advan- tage of software developed by the Falun Gong to resist Chinese censorship by providing servers that changed IP addresses almost by the minute. Yet it is not clear what had been most transformed by Twitter, the Iranian revolution (if it in fact proves to be one) or Western media coverage. Twitter and other social media provided vehicles for those in Iran to communicate to the rest of the world, and in some cases were used to publicize protests and demonstrations in Iran. But this Iranian “media revolution” mainly intensified social media practices that had been under way for some time. Indeed the affectivity and mediality of the distributed Mumbai terrorist attacks in 2008 had already taken a different shape from 9/11, due partly to the shift in temporality from the dramatic explosions of the Twin Towers (and even the Pentagon and failed fourth plane) to the ongoing series of recursive attacks in Mumbai. Extended over a longer period of time, the Mumbai attacks evolved recursively in response to the actions of the Indian security forces, which they were monitoring in part through networked and televisual media. These attacks were being directed from Lashkar E Toiba headquarters in Pakistan through cellphones used as monitors or controllers to manipulate the terrorist avatars on the ground in Mumbai. Well before the Iranian Twitter revolution, televisual news reports in the Mumbai attacks were not dominated by TV reporters but were populated by Twitter, Facebook, Flickr, live blogging, and so forth. Thus, although CNN took great pains to emphasize how different its reporting on Iranian social networks and amateur videos was from its usual practice of verifying reports and sources, its Iran reporting only intensified and extended the network’s already growing reliance on email, blogs, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and iReporters over the previous few years. This fascination with social

media on the part of the mainstream media marked the transformation - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright of the notion of perceptual or affective immediacy from the liveness of video to the connectivity of social networking. As epitomized by the media coverage of the social unrest in Iran, which focused on the next tweet or YouTube video, the next email message or Facebook update,

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the concern with immediacy had not disappeared, but rather had been relocated from the liveness of the present to the liveness of futurity. This mediality of anticipation was epitomized by CNN’s coverage on the second weekend following the Iranian election. On that Saturday, for example, in the 6:00 pm EST hour, CNN’s coverage of the “Breaking News” from Iran, “Iran Election Fallout: Blood on the Streets of Iran,” presented an especially interesting discussion between Josh Levs and Don Lemon concerning the repeated and continued updating of one’s Twitter page. The affective orientation towards social media presented in their exchange differed from the affective or temporal immediacy of live video coverage, with its monitoring of action in the present in real-time. With live video there is a sense of connection in real-time, with what is being shown on screen occurring at the same moment as you are watching it. With these Twitter feeds rushing past, however, there is a different temporality and a different affective sense. On the one hand what is being retweeted on cable news or on live blogs or other online sites has already happened in the past. It is not happening now. It is not immediate in the way that live video is. But on the other hand, CNN sought to present the sense that their coverage was even more immediate than live or recently recorded video insofar as they emphasized not what had been tweeted already, but what was about to be tweeted. Viewers were encouraged to retweet. Iranians were encouraged to provide reports, however brief or anonymous they might have had to be. What we witnessed in the media coverage of the Iranian demonstrations was not a new social media revolution, but the form that televisual immediacy has assumed in an age of premediation. Rather than emphasizing the liveness and immediacy of their real-time video feed, the CNN reporters talked excitedly about how the Twitter stream changed every second. On the one hand this could be seen as analogous to Walter Benjamin’s account of the affective distraction of watching cinema, as the images flash by faster than one can process them. But the affect of social networks is more an affect of anticipation than distraction. The CNN reporters, like all social networkers, displayed an anticipatory orientation, looking forward towards the next refreshing of the tweet

stream or the next live blog, the next email of status update. Instead of - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright monitoring the action in Iran in real time, they positioned themselves as monitoring the Twitter feed as it was about to flash by. When Don Lemon led into a commercial break, saying “All of that new video and new information coming into CNN moment by moment,” the point was clear that it was the socially networked information that was being

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covered, not the live events themselves. In our current media formation, immediacy is less about the experience of what is happening on screen at any particular moment than about the anticipation of what is going to happen in the immediate future. In an era of premediation beyond 9/11, immediacy is less about the liveness of real-time than about the liveness of futurity. Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Concordia University Libraries - PalgraveConnect - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright

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Introduction

1. For a fuller discussion of the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century concept of the economy of nature and how its logic might be, and has been, challenged in terms of other economies of nature and society (see Grusin, 1993). 2. The distinction between mediators and intermediaries, as well as the related concepts of mediation and translation, figure in many places in Latour’s work, perhaps most directly in We Have Never Been Modern (Latour, 1993). 3. Jill Bennett provides a model of how to think about trauma in a way that is affective rather than psychoanalytical (Bennett, 2005).

1 Remediating 9/11

1. For an engaging and trenchant critique of these practices (see Elmer and Opel, 2008). 2. As I indicate in the introduction, I use the US form of the date throughout this book for its inescapable allusion to 911, the telephone number one dials in an emergency in the United States, and to indicate the book’s primary focus on the specifically American logic of post-9/11 mediality. 3. Rey Chow argues that the key rupture, or epistemic change, can be marked by the moment when the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, after which “war was more and more to be fought in virtuality .... Warring in virtuality meant competing with the enemy for the stockpiling, rather than the actual use, of preclusively horrifying weaponry” (Chow, 2006, p. 33). 4. Jill Bennett describes the global scope of 9/11 this way: “The attacks seemed to shatter the notion of distanced perception, coming closer than any event in recent memory to constituting a genuinely global tragedy, from which geographic distance no longer guarantees isolation” (Bennett, 2005, p. 126). 5. “With the instant photoprint enabling invention of the cinematographic sequence, time will not stand still again. The film strip, the film reel, and later, the real-time video cassette of non-stop telesurveillance will all illustrate the incredible innovation of a continuous time-light .... These days, the screen of real-time televised broadcasts is no longer a monochromatic filter like the one familiar to photographers which lets through a single colour only

of the spectrum, but a mono-chronic filter which allows a glimpse only of - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright the present” (Virilio, 1997, p. 27). Identifying “time freeze, finally, in the real instant of the live television broadcast,” or in the networked immediacy of the computer screen, Virilio articulates a dystopian version of utopian claims that technologies of telecommunication bring people together across space in the instantaneity of “real time.” Like nineties techno-enthusiasts, Virilio is convinced that the era of networked satellite telecommunication

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eradicates what he sees as the interval of communication, the distance in time and space between the act of issuing a communication and the act of receiving or interpreting that communication. Both past and future are obliterated in favor of “the instant,” “real time,” “the present.” Furthermore, the “real time” of the present itself, he argues, is split between “the real time of our immediate activities – in which we act both here and now – and the real time of a media interactivity that privileges the ‘now’ of the time slot of the televised broadcast to the detriment of the ‘here,’ that is to say, of the space of the meeting place” (Virilio, 1997, p. 38). 6. Tom Gunning argues as much in the conclusion to his essay, “Re-Newing Old Technologies: Astonishment, Second Nature, and the Uncanny in Technology from the Previous Turn-of-the Century.” Commenting on “the prophetic nature of new technologies, their address to a previously unimagined future,” Gunning avers: “Every new technology has a utopian dimension that imagines a future radically transformed by the implications of the device or practice” (Gunning, 2003, p. 56). 7. The idea of “l’a’venir,” a future that can never be known, recurs throughout Derrida’s work, as in the following passage from Archive Fever: “The condition on which the future remains to come is not only that it not be known, but that it not be knowable as such. Its determination should no longer come under the order of knowledge or of a horizon of pre-knowledge but rather a coming or an event which one allows or incites to come (without seeing anything come) in an experience which is heterogeneous to all taking note, as to any horizon of waiting as such” (Derrida, 1996, p. 47). I am grateful to Ken Jackson for alerting me to this passage. 8. Doane supports her account of the logic of televisual catastrophe with reference to Freud’s account in “Beyond the Pleasure Principle,” of the psychic need to maintain low levels of anxiety witnessed in soldiers who had been traumatized by the war, or to Benjamin’s account of a similar phenomenon in terms of the shocks of modernity (Benjamin, 1940a). Clearly the current expression of premediation in televisual news media and film bears some affinities to the traumas of modernity, particularly to the preoccupation with predicting and controlling the future attendant upon the increased risks and consequences of industrial accidents in modernity. Developments like insurance, political polls, or economic forecasts, for example, are in some sense, early efforts to premediate the future. Yet they differ from the current logic of premediation in their desire to control the future rather than to proliferate competing mediations of it. I take up Benjamin’s account in Chapter 3 in relation to Abu Ghraib and the Iraq War. 9. Brian Massumi argues persuasively that the Bush Administration’s adoption of a color-coded warning scheme for homeland security served to modulate the level of fear among the US public. In the fourth chapter I take

up Massumi’s argument in more detail, differentiating his philosophical - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright approach from my medialogical one, largely in terms of the particularity of our respective discussions of the ways in which media function to modulate collective affect (Massumi, 2005). 10. The idea of a technology of premediation that would in fact see into the future is a central part of the premise of John Woo’s Paycheck (2004), an adaptation of yet another Philip K. Dick story.

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11. Simpson criticizes Felicity Nussbaum and Terry Eagleton, in particular, each of whom argues that literary theory prevents, or works against, the kind of trans-historical humanist empathy or understanding that literature enables. Simpson introduces an episode from William Wordsworth’s The Prelude to refute the claim that, unlike theory, which only paralyzes empathy and action, literature allows one to act empathetically in the face of death, loss, or trauma. 12. Simpson here extends into twenty-first-century American theory the twentieth-century French theoretical suspicion of visual images detailed persuasively by Martin Jay, 1993. 13. In one super-sequence Spiegelman provides a more pointed and medialogically specific expression of one of the central points in Brian Massumi’s powerful essay, “Fear (The Spectrum Said),” which I discuss in greater detail in the book’s fourth chapter. 14. One feature of this simultaneous concern with the remediation of both past and future has been a proliferation of scholarly and popular historical projects, in a variety of media and in a variety of national and transnational contexts, to uncover and explain the world’s mediated past. Among these projects are the history of early cinema and other optical technologies; the prehistory of computers; the early days of radio, television, and telegraph; the material history of print culture; the archiving and interpretation of dead media in all their forms. This collective project to rewrite the past is also motivated by, or participates in, the practice of premediating the future by enforcing the idea that the past, too, had always been premediated, that historical and cultural difference (past or future) is constituted at least in part according to the emergence or development of different media technologies and practices. 15. Project Rebirth also serves to remind us that the desire to mediate the future at the moment it emerges into the present has its historical anteced- ents. Andy Warhol’s 1964 Empire, an eight-hour film of the Empire State Building, is one obvious project that Project Rebirth’s documentation of Ground Zero is meant to remediate. But where Empire, as many of Warhol’s films, aimed to create an affect or mood of boredom, Project Rebirth aims to produce a collective affect or mood of hope, as its title makes clear. For an insightful discussion of the role of boredom in Warhol’s aesthetics (see Flatley, 2004). 16. This director’s note, accessed in the summer of 2007, has been replaced with a similar, but less hopeful note, which reads, in part: Shortly after 9/11, I was visiting New York City from my home in LA, and went to Ground Zero to experience for myself as best I could what was happening there. Along with the despair and anger I felt, I sensed the determination and resolve of the first responders and volunteers work-

ing to clear the site – and knew then that somehow New York would - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright cope, the site would be rebuilt, and that this process urgently needed to be captured on film over the coming years .... So myself and our small team began Project Rebirth by installing time-lapse cameras at Ground Zero to record the hour-by-hour re-development of the site, and began chronicling the lives of ten people grieving and coping post 9/11. Today, we are more than halfway

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through creating this unique historical record, and Project Rebirth will be a part of the National September 11 Memorial and Museum, and archived at the US Library of Congress. In the coming months and years we will continue working to ensure that as much of the physical re-building is captured before this history is lost forever, and to tell as fully as possible our subjects’ stories – so that audiences will better understand and appreciate how people cope with the trauma of disasters. (“Project Rebirth | From the Director,” http://www.projectrebirth. org/director.php, accessed 11 December 2008)

2 Premediation

1. To emphasize further the fully premediated character of this imagined US society in the middle of the twenty-first century, Spielberg presents a TV commercial for PreCrime very early in the film as a means of initial narrative exposition for the viewer, showing the audience of the film in the theater, as well as the TV audience in the world of the film, the history, and workings of PreCrime. The force of this form of ubiquitous premediation (that our knowledge of the future, as well as of the past, is already mediated) is underscored by the fact that when the film opens the very first images that the viewer sees on screen are images of a premediated crime displayed on the monitors of the PreCrime Unit. The film begins with images not of the unmediated real-time world of the film, but of the premediated world of a crime that is about to be committed. Like Strange Days, which opens with a first-person snuff clip from the wire, Minority Report begins with cinematic images of the mediated and screened perceptions of the precogs, rather than of the United States of 2054 in which these images are being screened. 2. Although the FBI was reportedly pressured by the White House to blame Al Qaeda for these attacks, no connection was found. As of this writing, the attacks have been officially blamed on Bruce Ivins, a biodefense researcher at the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases in Fort Detrick, Maryland. Ivins committed suicide in July, 2008, prior to formal charges being filed. Many people with knowledge of Ivins and the case continue to question whether he was indeed responsible for the anthrax attacks. 3. The role of the media as part of the US disciplinary apparatus was also explicit in the challenge to the everydayness of American life posed in the fall of 2002 by the serial sniper killings that occurred in and around the Baltimore-Washington, DC, metropolitan area. This sense of the disruption of business as usual produced by the snipers was reinforced by the news media in print, on the Internet, and especially on TV, which interrupted its

daily schedules with the creation of the newest reality news shows (“Terror - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright in Suburbia” or “D.C. Snipers”), complemented with 24-7 coverage by means of multiple crawls on the bottom of the screen. In the overwhelming desire to identify and apprehend these “terrorists,” the public often lost sight of the news media’s participation in the fabric or network of forces out of which such acts of terror emerge. In a distributed form of premediation, print, radio, TV, and Internet media; local, state, and federal police; the

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snipers and the public – all participated in the same heterogeneous socio- technical disciplinary formation. The news media did not cover the police or the snipers as autonomous entities, but rather participated as actors in the investigation and capture of the snipers. In the same way the police, with pre-scheduled briefings and news conferences and official daily media communications, participated as actors in the practices and schedules of networked media. What was distinctive about this media event was the extent to which the snipers themselves were both part of, and made possible by, the news media in which they participated not only as viewers of their own mediation, but also as programmers (in the participatory sense of today’s networked media and “reality TV”). Indeed, the snipers ultimately proved instrumental in their own identification and apprehension, through their communication in letters at the scene of the crime or pre-scheduled phone calls to the police, as well, of course, as by continuing to commit the murders themselves. No murder, no crime, no police, no law enforcement, no media. But one could say the same of any of these elements, without which the sniper crisis or the anthrax scare would not have been the particular events that they were. At the current historical moment in the United States, acts of terror like those of the DC snipers are not only acts of crime or violence, but also their remediation in televisual media coverage and programming. Domestic terrorists today do not exist without expert analyses by professors of psychology or criminal justice, retired detectives or undercover agents, print and magazine journalists. Terrorists, too, serve as agents of their own capture and discipline through their premediation both in the media and by police and other law enforcement agencies. 4. Scott McClellan’s 2008 tell-all book was only the latest inside evidence of the Bush administration’s systematic propaganda campaign to mislead Congress, the media, and the American public into accepting the need to wage war against Iraq. This kind of propaganda campaign fits into the argument about lying, as well as about the failure of the media to investigate or challenge the web of unsubstantiated or misleading assertions that made up the case for war. But McClellan did not really take up the way in which the war’s premediation prepared the public to accept it when it finally occurred. 5. The competition among cable news networks in the run-up to war was featured in an article in the New York Times, which detailed the war’s premediation without using the term: Recalling how CNN made its name during the gulf war, each channel is trying to distinguish itself and outdo its rivals. And because cable news success often seems to rest as much on the presentation of the programs as the journalism itself, executives are looking for different production twists to enhance their war, and prewar, coverage. As a result, the reports

are taking on a hypercharged tone as the cable networks try to persuade - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright viewers ahead of time that they are the ones to watch should war break out. But even as these news executives conceded that competition had electrified their presentations, they took pains to emphasize that they were covering the story with appropriate gravity, not to mention significant resources. (Rutenberg, 2003)

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6. In February 1992 Paul Wolfowitz published a report with Scooter Libby that outlined the justification for pre-emptive warfare. The confidential report was leaked to the New York Times (Tyler, 1992). 7. One example of an early 1990s cinematic premediation is Wim Wenders’ Until the End of the World (1991) which, like Strange Days, is set in the clos- ing days of 1999. Also like Strange Days, Until the End of the World imagines a technology that captures neurological perceptions and transmits them from one person to another – in this case, recording audio-visual impressions for a blind woman or recording dreams for broadcast on a television monitor or video screen. 8. The idea of pre-emptive warfare has as its counterpart the domestic practice of “preventive prosecution” of terrorists, which is now the official policy of the US government. Like pre-emptive warfare, preventive prosecution aims to stop acts of domestic terror before they happen. For a trenchant discussion of the legal and policy issues entailed in this policy, see Chesney, 2007. 9. Interestingly, the website for the Weather Channel in the United States now offers on its interactive radar screen the option of looping not only the past few hours of Doppler images but also a few hours of “future” images as well, in a digital format identical to its remediation of the past. 10. For interesting and important discussions of the politics of information networks, the essays by Rogers, Noortje Marres, and Greg Elmer (in Rogers, 2000). See also (Elmer, 2004, and Rogers, 2004). 11. Similarly, just as one can only move within a video game according to the game’s algorithms, there is a mathematically infinite number of ways in which a particular game can be played – including choosing to play to lose or for other ends than the game establishes (like making a machinima film) or just to hang out or spend one’s time stealing cars and randomly killing people (as in games like the Grand Theft Auto series). 12. This latter sense of premediation manifests itself in different medial formations at different historical moments, but it also participates in or persists more trans-historically as part of the more general human and social ongoingness into the future, what Thrift, following Virno, characterizes as “forethought” (Thrift, 2007, pp. 37–8). 13. This “media mobilization” required “vast logistical planning of its own, [and] involve[d] at least 500 reporters, photographers and television crew members – about 100 of them from foreign and international news organizations, including the Arab network Al Jazeera” (Blumenthal and Rutenberg, 2003). 14. Here I am indebted to Bruno Latour’s concept of “faction,” which refers to the constructed and produced nature of facts, even while refusing the extreme position of social constructivism that all facts are only construc-

tions (see, for example, Latour, 1999). - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright 15. Although acknowledging that “the victims’ side of the war was almost completely erased in the process,” Luhmann notes that presenting the victims’ side would have “completely contradicted the picture built up by the media themselves of what a war should look like” (Luhmann, 2000, pp. 8–9). 16. For an informative account of the evolution of news from a spoken medium to an electronic one (see Stephens, 1997).

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17. Indeed, for Luhmann, “Modern society experiences its future in the form of the risk of deciding” between probable and improbable futures (Luhmann, 1998, pp. 70–1). 18. The relation between past and future is key to the functioning of mass media in modern society, particularly as they set up what Luhmann describes as “a horizon of self-generated uncertainty” which has to be serviced with ever more information: Mass media increase society’s capacity for irritation and thus also its ability to produce information. Or, to be more precise: they increase the complexity of contexts of meaning in which society exposes itself to irritation through self-produced differences. The capacity for irritation, it will be remembered, is generated by horizons of expectation which may provide expectations of normality but which in isolated cases can be shattered by coincidences, incidents, accidents; or by spots of indeter- minacy, which are re-produced as being constantly in need of comple- tion. What is happening in each case is autopoiesis – the reproduction of communication from outcomes of communication. For this (as for any) autopoiesis there is neither a goal nor a natural end. Rather, informative communications are autopoietic elements which serve the reproduction of just such elements. With each operation, discontinuity, surprise, pleasant or unpleasant disappointment is reproduced. And the structures which are reproduced in this process and which tie it to what is known and capable of repetition (otherwise information could not be recognized as difference) simultaneously serve its reproduction and are adapted for it in the meanings they hold. Thus time becomes the dominating distinction of meaning, and in this dimension the distinction which defines time, starting with the before/ after distinction. The connection between past and future is now nothing but an artificially arranged chronometry – and nothing more than would be necessary or impossible in terms of its natural essence. The present – the differential of the two temporal horizons which itself is neither future nor past – becomes the place where information solidifies and decisions have to be made. But the present is in itself only this point of change or only the position of the observer distinguishing future and past. It does not occur within time. (Luhmann, 2000, pp. 82–3) Like Virilio, who sees the acceleration of the media technologies of modernity as bringing us to a point of monochrony in which only the present is visible, Luhman takes the mass media, in their autopoietic reproduction of communication from outcomes of communication, as producing the present as “the place where information solidifies and decisions have to be made.” Also like Virilio, Luhman considers the present to be outside of time,

characterizing the present as “only this point of change or only the position - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright of the observer distinguishing future and past.” 19. Mass media generate such “quasi-objects” as part of their role as the memory of society. Memory participates in the double temporal orientation of the mass media towards the past and towards the future: “This double orientation, comprising a memory on the one hand and an open future on the other, maintains the possibility of oscillating between the two sides of any

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distinction” (Luhmann, 2000, p. 101). For Luhmann, memory (along with its co-occurring double, forgetting) is constantly at work in the mass media. Luhmann dismisses the psychologically plausible idea that memory has the task, only needed occasionally, of recalling past events. Rather, memory is performing a constantly co-occurring discrimination of forgetting and remembering that accompanies all observations even as they occur. The main part of this activity is the forgetting, whereas only exceptionally is something remembered. For without forgetting, without the freeing up of capacities for new operations, the system would have no future, let alone opportunities for oscillating from one side to the other of the distinctions used in each instance. To put it another way: memory functions as a deletion of traces, as repression and as occasional inhibiting of repression. (2000, p. 101) For Luhmann, then, it is precisely this memory function of the mass media that “produces functions appropriate for the entire social system. Obviously this social use of the mass media constantly to link past and future is connected to the extremely high expectations of redundancy and variety which modern society poses and which it must attribute temporally and take account of via the distinction of past and future” (2000, p. 102). 20. What tips Anderton off to the fact that there has been some manipulation of the evidence is that in looking at what appear to be two different clips of the same premediated murder, he notices that the ripples on the water are moving in opposite directions, thus concluding that the films must have been shot (or rather the precognitions perceived) at different moments. Anderton’s observation of the ripples in the water lets Spielberg allude to the opening scene of the movie in which Anderton is looking at the precognition of an about-to-be-murdered adulterer waiting in the park outside the townhouse of his lover. In examining the hypermediated precognition of this murder, Anderton sees a boy in the background first on one side of the man then on another. He correctly deduces from this that the boy must be on a merry-go-round, a deduction that helps to locate the townhouse and thus to prevent the crime. In this scene as well, where Anderton is interacting with the precognition displayed on the screen at PreCrime headquarters, he is shown turning a knob back and forth between two digital freeze frames of the potential victim in the park with the boy behind him on different sides. The narrative point of this sequence is for Anderton to locate the townhouse by identifying the park through the presence of its merry-go-round. But the cinematic point that Spielberg means to make involves a self-conscious reference to early pre-cinematic optical devices like the zootrope, which took still images and moved them in a circle to create motion.

This attention to the details of the film, whether the direction of the - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright ripples on the water or the placement of a bystander in the background of a film, is not unlike the attention paid by viewers of very early cinema, in which filmgoers watched films not to be absorbed by a transparent, seamless narrative, but to be astonished by the images captured on film. More specifically, among the images that early viewers commented on with some regularity in early cinema were such contingent events as the wind

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blowing through the leaves of trees and the rhythmic motion of the waves of the sea. At this most crucial moment in Anderton’s solving of the crime, Spielberg conflates these two paradigmatic moments of early cinematic contingency in the example of the ripples on the water, which were produced by a momentary shift in the wind.

3 Affect, Mediality, and Abu Ghraib

1. This is a translation of “Pornographie de la guerre,” which Baudrillard published in Liberation on May 19, 2004, shortly after the release in the media of the Abu Ghraib photos. 2. Michelle Brown, for example, argues that the “cause” of Abu Ghraib can be found in the US “prison-industrial complex,” and their “shock value” in the “apparent patriotic delight of the torturers.” Brown places Abu Ghraib in the context of American prison practices and cites Amy Kaplan’s claim that “ ‘homeland security will increasingly depend on proliferating these mobile, ambiguous spaces between the domestic and foreign’ ” (Brown, 2005, p. 973). Gregory Hooks and Clayton Mosher (2005) see the abuses at Abu Ghraib as systematic of a regime of torture practiced by US national security agencies and embraced and authorized by the Bush Administration. The books on Abu Ghraib are too numerous to include here. (Some of the major accounts include Danner, 2004; Hersh, 2004; and Greenberg and Dratel, 2005.) 3. Dora Apel provides a powerful survey and analysis of some of these remediated images in relation to the history of lynching photographs in the American South (Apel, 2005). 4. Manadel Al-Jamadi was the only murdered prisoner to have been photographed at Abu Ghraib. These images included those widely reproduced ones with Sabrina Harman and Charles Graner giving the thumbs up signals and smiling while leaning over Al-Jamadi in his body-bag. 5. Of course the context of Senator Durbin’s experience of the photographs was very different from that of most Americans, in regard both to the greater quantity of them he was allowed to see and to the media format in which he was able to see them. For most of us, the Abu Ghraib photographs were available only through print, televisual, and networked media. But in whatever media format one accessed these photos, they were made available through the pervasiveness of digital cameras and networked digital media. It is important, then, to pause for a moment here to rehearse some of the medialogical implications of networked digital photographs as opposed to instant snapshots like Kodaks or even self-developing pictures like Polaroids. First, digital cameras make possible a significant increase in magnitude of the number of pictures able to be taken and stored on memory cards as opposed to a roll of

celluloid film. Second, there is a significant decrease in the cost of taking a - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright photograph, as memory cards can be downloaded and reused, while each roll of exposed celluloid film must be developed and new film purchased. Third, there is a substantive shift in the timeframe involved in the act of photography, as digital photos are available to be seen (or deleted) instantly – continuing what Paul Virilio would call the “dromological” acceleration from the early days of metal- and glass-plate photography with exceedingly long

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exposure times, to the development of snapshots and then Polaroids where you can watch your picture developed on the spot (Virilio, 1997). Fourth, there is an increase in technical reproducibility, as digital photos once downloaded can be duplicated nearly infinitely, with little effort or cost or degradation of image; while photographic negatives can also be reproduced, this is a slow and costly process that has historically been dependent on owning the original negative. Fifth, there is an order of magnitude increase in distribut- ability, as digital photos can be emailed to hundreds or thousands of people as attachments, can be posted on websites and made available thereby for copying or downloading at a click of the mouse. Sixth, there is an expansion of the potential audience available for a digital photo, a shift in the relationship of the private and public spheres, as photos that once would have been mainly shown to friends or family can now be distributed across the globe to strangers in different countries or cultures, or perhaps to the neighbor next door. My point in rehearsing these differences between digital and celluloid photography is not to celebrate or bemoan the heightened powers of new digital media, but to call attention to the way in which the Abu Ghraib photographs participated in premediated networks and media formats that encourage (or at the very least make much more readily available) the taking and distribution of photographs and videos, that provide the conditions for photographic or medialogical agency at the present historical moment. 6. For a brief but powerful account of the continuity of Abu Ghraib with a history of torture and particularly lynching in America (see Carby, 2004). 7. The connection between the Abu Ghraib photographs and pornography has been widespread (see, for example, Brison, 2004; Willis, 2005; and Simpson, 2006). 8. Nicholas Mirzoeff notes that the acts of sexual degradation and abuse depicted in the photos are primarily sodomistic and Orientalist. As such they worked more to dehumanize these men for their ethnicity than to present them as objects of the heterosexual pornographic gaze found in mainstream Internet pornography. Where lesbian pornographic images are typically found in straight heterosexual pornography, male on male images like those in the Abu Ghraib photos are taboo (Mirzoeff, 2006). Jasbir Puar provides a more extensive and powerful version of this argument, claiming that the “ ‘Abu Ghraib prisoner sexual torture/abuse scandal’ ... vividly reveals that sexuality constitutes a central and crucial component of the machinic assemblage that is American patriotism,” what she characterizes as “homonationalism” (2007, p. 112). According to Puar, “not only is the Muslim body constructed as pathologically sexually deviant and as potentially homosexual, and thus read as a particularized object for torture, but the torture itself is constituted

on the body as such .... As the space of ‘illicit and dangerous sex,’ the Orient is - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright the site of carefully suppressed animalistic, perverse, homo- and hypersexual instincts” (p. 87). 9. Baudrillard also sees the photographs to be reflective of America and to be evidence of the way in which digital images are “definitively integrated into the war.” But for him it is the pornography of the war itself that the images reflect (2004).

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10. Donald Rumsfeld was excoriated for claiming that the real problem at Abu Ghraib was the fact that every soldier had a digital camera or video recorder. Politically, of course, such a remark is indefensible; medialogically, however, Rumsfeld seems to recognize that what made this a matter of public concern has much to do with the circulation of the photographs themselves. 11. The practice of blaming video games for horrible acts of violence committed by youth was most evident in the aftermath of the Columbine massacre in 1999. 12. Two things seem to be at stake here: (1) the nature of the United States, i.e., what is defined as appropriately American behavior, as within the norms of what is acceptable for/to Americans, and what should be excluded or ruled out as inappropriate to America, but rather caused by something else, a few bad apples, Hollywood/media complex, corrupt Bush administration; and (2) the nature of the human, i.e., what is acceptable as appropriately human behavior, and what can/should be excluded or ruled out as inhuman, as caused by something else, e.g., American government, Bush, Hollywood, digital media, and so forth. These are both similar to the situation described by Stanley Cavell in response to Jerry Mander’s theses against television in the 1970s, i.e., that media are seen as being to blame for the inhumanity of American culture. But for Cavell, TV only serves to monitor or reveal the evil/ violence/corruption of the human (Cavell, 1982). My argument here is similar to Cavell’s, although I would emphasize (following Bruno Latour’s work on technical mediation) the delegation of agency to technical/ technological artifacts or nonhumans as marking what it means to be human (Latour, 1994). 13. “By the visual subject I mean a person who is both the agent of sight – regardless of his or her biological abilities to see – and an object of certain discourses of visuality” (Mirzoeff, 2006, p. 22). 14. I have in mind here, among other things, the concept of “protocol” developed by Alexander Galloway, which takes seriously the forms of discursive biopower that are built into our networked digital computers and the ways in which they interact (Galloway, 2004). 15. In the following chapter I take up these models of distributed cognition as a way to think about how, like cognition, human affect is distributed across and among nonhuman artifacts. 16. Of course Foucault is often taken as a key figure in the emergence of “Thing Theory,” particularly in earlier works like The Order of Things (see Brown, 2001). But discussions of governmentality too often proceed as if Foucault had left this concern with things behind him, which this crucial passage demonstrates is far from the truth. 17. Assemblage theory is a theory of social complexity which has a diverse genealogy. Its proponents include Gilles Deleuze, Manuel De Landa, Bruno

Latour, Nigel Thrift, and others. A cogent definition is offered by Jane - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright Bennett, who writes: An assemblage is, first, an ad hoc grouping, a collectivity whose origins are historical and circumstantial, though its contingent status says nothing about its efficacy, which can be quite strong. An assemblage is, second, a living, throbbing grouping whose coherence coexists with energies and countercultures that exceed and confound it. An assemblage

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is, third, a web with an uneven topography: some of the points at which the trajectories of actants cross each other are more heavily trafficked than others, and thus power is not equally distributed across the assemblage. An assemblage is, fourth, not governed by a central power: no one member has sufficient competence to fully determine the consequences of the activities of the assemblage. An assemblage, finally, is made up of many types of actants: humans and nonhumans; animals, vegetables, and minerals; nature, culture, and technology. (Bennett, 2005, p. 445) 18. Deleuze elaborates on this correspondence in the “Postscript on Control Societies”: It’s easy to set up a correspondence between any society and some kind of machine, which isn’t to say that their machines determine different kinds of society but that they express the social forms capable of producing them and making use of them. The old sovereign societies worked with simple machines, levers, pulleys, clocks; but recent disciplinary societies were equipped with thermodynamic machines presenting the passive danger of entropy and the active danger of sabo- tage; control societies function with a third generation of machines, with information technology and computers, where the passive danger is noise, and the active, piracy and viral communication. (Deleuze, 1995a, p. 180) In both passages Deleuze is careful to emphasize that this relationship is not one of technological determinism; but his model of social expression runs the risk of substituting a social or cultural determinism for a technological one. 19. Diane Rubenstein reviews two 1999 books on governmentality; she sees these books as describing aptly the ways in which governmentality operates in post-9/11 America (which she calls, in the heat of late 2002, Bush/ Ashcroft’s America). Rubenstein underscores Nikolas Rose’s contention that “Governing takes place in ‘multitudes of encounters ... prisons, clin- ics, schoolrooms and bedrooms, factories and offices, airports and military organizations, the marketplace and shopping mall, sexual relations and much more’ (2003, p. 5).” 20. Nigel Thrift usefully summarizes “five schools of thought about affect that populate modern social thought”: Darwinian “affect program theory”; “the James-Lange theory”; the Sylvan Tomkins school; the school of Gilles Deleuze; and the “psychosocial” school (Thrift, 2007, pp. 223–5). Jonathan Flatley offers an affective glossary that helps to distinguish between different ways of understanding affect; Flatley distinguishes between affect, emotion, mood (stimmung), and structure of feeling (Flatley, 2008, pp. 11–27). 21. Clare Hemmings criticizes Sedgwick and Massumi for invoking affect as

something like a magical bullet for all that ails cultural theory. Aligning - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright them, but playing them off against Tomkins and Deleuze, respectively, Hemmings criticizes “the contemporary fascination with affect as outside social meaning, as providing a break in both the social and in critics’ engagements with the nature of the social” (Hemmings, 2005, p. 565). This critique is more accurate, I would contend, for Massumi than for Sedgwick – both of whom Hemmings takes to task for overlooking “theory written

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from the margins” (Hemmings, 2005, p. 558). Although I do not agree with many of the specific points she makes, I do concur with her sense that the autonomy of affect, especially in Massumi, often takes on a kind of magical or mystical force. My interest here is not to celebrate affect or affect theory, but to call our attention to the ways in which affect and media interact in governmentality after 9/11. 22. Of course this is not to say that earlier media forms did not concern themselves with modulating affect. Indeed, Derrida’s essay “Economimesis” argues precisely that mimesis is less a matter of representational fidelity than it is of intersubjective reproducibility. In my earlier book on the American national parks, I take up the nineteenth-century formation of representationality in a chapter on fidelity to nature in relation to the creation of Yellowstone National Park. My argument is that representational fidelity to nature is not only about formal mimetic accuracy of representation but also about the intersubjective reproduction of the feeling produced by a particular natural landscape or location (Grusin, 2004). 23. In this interview, as throughout much of his work, Massumi tends to skip over the intermediary role played in this process by particular media forms and practices. In the following chapter I take up in greater detail my differences with Massumi on this point. 24. Butler is not entirely explicit about the dependence of a resurgent sovereignty on the discursive technologies of the regime of governmentality which supplanted both surveillance and sovereignty. Wendy Brown provides a more worked out account of the relation between sovereignty, discipline, governmentality, and historicity (Brown, 2006). 25. See, especially, “The Autonomy of Affect” (Massumi, 2002). 26. William James’s insistence on the bodily production of affect or emotion has becomes something of a touchstone for affect theorists (James, 1890). Some examples of James’s appropriation include Silvan Tomkins, who cites James in insisting that individual affects have distinct bodily and facial manifestations (Sedgwick and Frank, 1995); Deleuze, who deploys James’s theory of emotion to describe T. E. Lawrence’s shame at having an erection in the midst of being tortured (Deleuze, 1997); Massumi, who provides an extended and very useful gloss on James’s theory of the bodily basis of affect in relation to the experience of fear (Massumi, 2005); Nigel Thrift, who includes the James-Lange theory as one of the five main forms of affect theory in the social sciences (Thrift, 2007); and Jonathan Flatley, for whom James helps explain the difference between affect and emotion (Flatley, 2008). 27. This site is no longer available on the Internet, even on the Wayback Machine site, which provides only the message that the domain name is for sale. 28. When Brian De Palma sought to end his 2007 film Redacted with a photo-

montage of such photographs of wounded, dead, and fragmented Iraqi bod- - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright ies, Magnolia Pictures, the film’s US distributor, forced him to conceal the faces of these bodies, ostensibly to protect the company from lawsuits. 29. Perhaps for that reason, the US Army decided not to pursue disciplinary charges against soldiers who had posted on the site. But on 7 October 2005, Wilson was arrested in his home in Lakeland, Florida, by Polk county sheriff’s deputies on charges of obscenity – not for the photos of Iraqi dead but

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for the sexually explicit photos on the site. Four days later he was released on bail. On 16 December 2005, Wilson’s bail was revoked and he was returned to jail because he had continued to operate the Web site while out on bail. On 13 January of the following year, Wilson pleaded guilty to five misdemeanor obscenity charges in exchange for the state of Florida agreeing to drop its felony charge against him as well as the remaining 295 obscenity counts. Wilson also agreed not to work on any adult Web sites for the next five years and to shut down his site within 90 days, after which he turned over the URL to the Polk County Sheriff’s Office, which now hosts the site with a message warning against using the Internet for pornographic purposes. Wilson has not completely disappeared, however. On 31 March 2006 he opened a short-lived site called barbecuestopper.com, which followed the same bulletin board format as NTFU. After a time as the purveyor of the Liberal Blogger, a site that, from the statistical evidence provided, has failed to find its audience, Wilson now hosts the site “Documenting Reality,” which follows the online forum format of NTFU and explicitly links itself to NTFU in the heading on its home page, “Documenting the Strange, Bizarre, and Unusual Formerly NTFU.” 30. Nicholas Mirzoeff reads the Abu Ghraib photographs in relation to a long historical tradition of sodomitic and Orientalist constructions of the body of the other in service of the hegemony of the Imperial body. This account is not unpersuasive, and it helps to unpack the similarities between different practices and discourse of power inequalities that have to do with alterity or otherness in racial, ethnic, or gendered terms. Medialogically, however, the Abu Ghraib photographs do not function in the same way as pornographic images do in regard to what he himself names “the visual subject” (Mirzoeff, 2006). 31. Jose van Dijck has discussed the various ways in which our memories are distributed across media artifacts and practices (2007). 32. Teresa Brennan takes up the various ways in which affective and emotional energies can be distributed among individuals and groups of people. What I am interested in here, and which I take up in much greater length in the following chapter, is the way in which humans increasingly transmit or distribute their affect to and through their media and other technical artifacts (Brennan, 2004).

4 The Affective Life of Media

1. In characterizing our current historical moment as entailing a digital cinema of interactions, I mean to suggest that cinema, like other media, are distributed among an already premediated world, inseparable from and dis-

tributed among a network of prior digital remediations. Our interactions - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright with audiovisual media have moved increasingly from the theatrical space of performance and exhibition to domestic or mobile media spaces. The Internet, social networking, and mobile communication devices have now brought media not only into the space of the home but also into the bodily spaces of everyday life. As TV has been doing for half a century or so, the networked PC, video-game console, DVD player, and personal computing

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devices have brought virtually all of our media into domestic and mobile personal space, making our interactions with media much more numerous, frequent, interconnected, and complex. TV and other networked media have redefined public, collective space in such a way that it is no longer marked chiefly by the co-presence of bodies in the same physical space but by the distribution of bodies across networked space. This distributed media formation demands that we recognize that there is today almost no sense of a medium that exists in itself, but rather only media that exist in relation to or in collaboration with other media. TV, video games, the Internet, or film are media assemblages – networks or systems of technologies, practices, and social formations, which are generally stable for the most part, but which in the process of circulation and exchange tend to fluctuate or perhaps overlap at various nodes or crossings. In everyday usage we often tend to identify these media with their audiovisual manifestations on different screens (film, computer, or TV), but we know that at the current historical moment these screens are not technologically limited to the display of particular media, but can each be used to display any of these three media. TV or the Internet can be projected on cinema screens by digital projectors. We can watch movies or surf the Internet on a TV screen. Personal computers let us watch TV and movies on our monitors with relative ease. PDAs, portable music players, and mobile phones are now able to display content from cinema, TV, and the Internet. Media now operate as heterogeneous, dynamic assemblages made up of various technical, social, aesthetic, economic, or political elements that coalesce, and then regroup, in changing but relatively stable formations. 2. Take, for example, the historic US Presidential campaign of 2008 – both campaigns existed only as they were remediated and premediated across a complex network of media forms and practices, including print, televisual, and Internet news and political advertisements, left- and right-wing blogs, and robust candidate websites employing (especially Obama’s) the latest in social networking software. It would be impossible to distinguish where either campaign ended and its mediation began. After his election, Obama continued to employ many of the same media strategies used in the 2008 campaign. Perhaps most interesting was the creation of the Office of the President Elect, which governed the transitional period between Obama’s election and his inauguration through a strategy of premediating an Obama presidency even while insisting that “We only have one president at a time.” 3. By media everyday I mean something like what Arjun Appadurai means by the term “mediascape” (Appadurai, 1996), or what Michel de Certeau means by practices of everyday life, but with an emphasis on the agency of media, on our daily, everyday interaction with particular media forms, practices, and artifacts (de Certeau, 1984). “Media everyday” refers both to the all- day, everyday global “media-logue” circulating among print, broadcast, and

Internet media, and also to the way in which our everyday experience is - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright now increasingly a media experience, the way multiple, networked media practices are the fabric of our everyday lives. These two phenomena – that our media are every-daily and that our everyday is interwoven with media – together help both to frame a kind of public discourse and to modulate collective affective states or moods, to shape or enable both individual discourse and forms of individual affect, the affective life of our media everyday.

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In thinking of the media everyday as the 24-7 hypermediated environment within which we live, I am not claiming that media make up a coherent, undifferentiated “environment.” Rather I want to look at the ways in which particular media forms, technologies, and practices interact in the US in the decade after 9/11. Barry Richards provides a more managerial perspective on the media everyday (Richards, 2007). He delineates three levels of emotional regulation: everyday life, institutions, and communications. Where Richards defines everyday life as “deep culture” – thereby eliding or ignoring the material artifacts of everyday life and their role in affective or emotional regulation or governance – I take everyday life as including not only these deep cultural habits and rituals and practices but also their manifestation or instantiation in technical artifacts and our interactions with them. Richards understands emotional regulation in the practice of “emotional governance,” which has some affinities with my notion of “governmentality,” though from a different framework, from within governance, thinking of how governance (leadership) might best work. 4. In particular the chapter by Varnelis and Anne Friedberg, “Place: The Networking of Public Space,” provides an excellent account of the ways in which physical proximity and networked proximity are increasingly incom- mensurable in today’s society. One of their best and most familiar examples is that of the experience of sitting in a café next to many other people, each of whom is connected via their laptops and other mobile devices with people and places located in a geographical elsewhere (Varnelis, 2008). 5. As I argue later in the chapter, these interactions produce affective relations with the media themselves, as our faces glow with delight as we talk to an absent loved one on a mobile phone, or as we react (or don’t) to our avatar’s activity in a video game, or concentrate intently on a digital video editing program. 6. If, as Steve Shaviro’s brilliant account of Whitehead maintains, all experience is aesthetic or affective, then our relationship with our media are by definition aesthetic, but also are of interest in that they serve to emblematize or make evident to us the aesthetic character of all experience. That is, our media interactions in some sense double or externalize our embodied relations with experience more generally in both revealing how that experience is based on sensation and in constituting a particular aestheticized, materi- alized, networked form of this experience. Shaviro cites Deleuze making a related point about Kant’s aesthetic as having two meanings, one in the tran- scendental aesthetic to provide an account of sensation and experience and another to account for particular forms of aesthetic judgment like sublimity and beauty (Shaviro, 2009). 7. Similarly, as I argue later in this chapter, our affective lives have been distrib-

uted across a network of different media technologies and aesthetic practices, - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright as we interact not only with other people but also with the artifacts of our media everyday. 8. Bernard Stiegler also argues for the co-evolution of humans and technology in the first two volumes of his Technics and Time trilogy (Stiegler, 1998 and 2008). I take up Stiegler’s idea of the co-evolution of humanity and technics in the final chapter.

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9. Part of the force of Stern’s argument is that our affective identities form a much more constant element of our self than, say, our cognitive or social identities. Nonetheless, if we think historically and collectively, it seems definitely to be the case that affectivity, like cognition, co-evolves with technology and culture. 10. Sedgwick was especially influential in introducing a Tomkinsian approach to affectivity to the humanities, particularly literary studies, both as co-editor of the Tomkins reader and as critic and affect theorist (Sedgwick and Frank, 1995). 11. Sedgwick and Frank explain: “some momentum of modernity (call it monotheism? call it the Reformation? call it capitalist rationalization?) has so evacuated the conceptual space between two and infinity that it may require the inertial friction of a biologism to even suggest the possibility of reinhabiting that space.” I would concur with Sedgwick and Frank’s insistence that in appealing to the biological or the natural they are not “min- imizing the continuing history of racist, sexist, homophobic, or otherwise abusive biologisms, or the urgency of their exposure, that has made the gravamen of so many contemporary projects of critique.” Nonetheless, they worry (and I concur with this as well) that “the installation of an automatic anti- biologism as the unshifting central tenet of ‘theory’ ” has brought about a “loss of conceptual access to an entire thought-realm, the analogic realm of finitely many (n>2) values. Access to this realm is important for, among other things, enabling a political vision of difference that might resist both binary homogenization and infinitizing trivialization” (Sedgwick and Frank, 2005, p. 15). In other words, Sedgwick and Frank are concerned that the anti-essentialism of many contemporary theoretical critiques works against the politics of difference that it would seek to advocate. 12. Rather, the affect system interacts with these and other human systems in the course of pursuing goals or intentions, what Tomkins calls Images, and in pursuing what he characterizes as the four General Images that he claims are almost universally developed by human beings: “(1) Positive affect should be maximized; (2) Negative affect should be minimized; (3) Affect inhibition should be minimized; (4) Power to maximize positive affect, to minimize negative affect, to minimize affect inhibition should be maximized” (Sedgwick and Frank, 1995, p. 67). 13. Brian Massumi offers one of the strongest accounts of the autonomy of affect in his essay of that name. My thinking about affect owes a great deal to Massumi’s work, although my focus differs from his in productive ways. For further discussion of Massumi’s concept of affect, see the previous chapter (Massumi, 2002). 14. The prevalence of Internet pornography, for example, encourages mastur-

batory feedback loops, as audiovisual media produce haptic and emotional - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright erotic feelings that then lead eye/hand/body to seek additional affect to alter or modify or increase or climax those feelings. Interestingly, there is a satiety built into (particularly male) sexuality that may or may not be built into TV watching or video games or computer/net surfing. Increasingly we encounter more and more interfaces that involve various parts of our body. The twenty-first-century car, for example, increasingly functions as

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an interface to communication as well as transportation. And the Nintendo Wii has turned the whole body into an interface with such games as Wii golf or baseball, as, too, has the arcade game turned home console game Dance, Dance Revolution. 15. The New York Times Magazine published a piece showing images from Robbie Cooper’s videos of the faces of children playing video games, videos taken from a camera placed within the TV monitors on which the games were displayed (the videos themselves are available online at nytimes.com: http://video.nytimes.com/video/2008/11/21/magazine/1194833565213/ immersion.html?scp=1&sq=robbie%20cooper&st=cse). The piece quotes Cooper, who says: “It’s fascinating that a world that’s purely visual can have a physical effect.” Cooper gets it both right and wrong in this quote – right in that video games have physical, bodily effects, but wrong in imagining that these effects are purely visual (Cooper, 2008). 16. Laura Marks makes a similar argument (Marks, 2002). Mark Paterson also offers an interesting treatment of the relations among touch, affects, and technologies (Paterson, 2007). 17. This is a recurring theme in Benjamin’s work, developed most fully and famously in the various versions of the “Artwork” essay (Benjamin, 1936; Benjamin, 1939) and in “On Some Motifs in Baudelaire” (Benjamin, 1940a). Miriam Hansen provides probably the best discussion of the significance of the differences among Benjamin’s three different versions of the essay that has become known most widely in English as “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction” (Hansen, 2004). 18. Jonathan Flatley makes a similar connection in Affective Mapping (Flately, 2008). I am especially indebted to him for numerous discussions concerning Stern, Benjamin, and other topics related to the arguments in this chapter. 19. Zygmunt Bauman is arguably the most prominent advocate of what he calls “Liquid Modernity,” which he distinguishes from the more industrial, solid, material modernity of Benjamin’s time (Bauman, 2000). While Bauman is clearly right to want to distinguish between the modernity of the digital age and that of the industrial age, his account of the present (and of the past) too often tends to homogenize what are often heterogeneous and complex social formations. 20. Although poker tournaments on TV preceded 9/11, like premediation did, they intensified in popularity after 2002 – partly due to first use of the “pocket cam” in the United States in 2002. In some sense related to what DeLillo describes in Falling Man, there is something about televised poker tournaments that seems to speak to the post-9/11 cultural mood. 21. This is but one instance in a larger body of research on video games and emotion that has been developing over the past decade. My aim in this

chapter is not to take up this research in detail. Rather I cite this example - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright both because of Picard’s major position in the development of affective computing and because it is an emblematic instance of one of the ways in which the affective life of media works. 22. The materiality of information has been an abiding concern of N. Katherine Hayles. Her fullest treatment of the relationship between materiality and information can be found in How We Became Posthuman (Hayles, 1999).

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23. In Spook Country, William Gibson’s second post-cyberpunk novel, a recurring idea is that cyberspace has “everted,” turned inside out, so that rather than constituting a digitally networked world elsewhere, cyberspace has become the material world of our media everyday (Gibson, 2007). Pattern Recognition, too, introduces this notion in laying out a world of premediated cool-hunting and viral marketing (Gibson, 2003). 24. In an intriguing essay called “Mediators,” Deleuze proclaims: Mediators are fundamental. Creation’s all about mediators. Without them nothing happens. They can be people – for a philosopher, artists or scientists; for a scientist, philosophers or artists – but things too, even plants or animals, as in Castaneda. Whether they’re real or imaginary, animate or inanimate, you have to form your mediators. It’s a series. If you’re not in some series, even a completely imaginary one, you’re lost. I need my mediators to express myself, and they’d never express themselves without me; you’re always working in a group, even when you seem to be on your own. And still more when it’s apparent: Felix Guattari and I are one another’s mediators. (Deleuze, 1995b, p. 125) The Deleuzean concept of mediators is worked out in much greater detail over a series of works by Bruno Latour, whose ideas of mediation and translation have been central to the development of my own thinking and writing about new media for more than a decade. The brilliance of Latour’s concepts lies in his radical refusal to separate human from nonhuman mediation, a refusal which Deleuze, too, seems to subscribe to in the passage above. Deleuze’s theorization is much more fluid and inconsistent than Latour’s. Deleuze, like his translator and interpreter Brian Massumi and many self- described Deleuzeans, often tends to elide the particularity of mediation in ways that someone like Latour rarely does. For a critique of this line of thought in Deleuze and Guattari (see Hansen, 2000). Throughout my treatment of affectivity and mediation, I am trying on the one hand to avoid a specific one-on-one notion of affective media interaction and on the other hand to avoid a model of total, undifferentiated medial and affective flow.

5 The Anticipation of Security

1. In critical security studies, “securitization” has a technical meaning, related to the mainly discursive processes through which some issues come to be regarded as security issues. My use of the term is more general, related to the concept of security spelled out by Foucault in the lectures on security and governmentality. For a good example of recent work in security studies (see Huysmans, 2006). Thanks to Marieke de Goede for directing me to the

important literature in critical security studies. - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright 2. Indeed, connecting the dots cannot by itself prevent terrorism. In the case of the 2008 Mumbai attacks, for example, US intelligence had connected the dots sufficiently to communicate its suspicions of such an attack to the Indian government a month earlier. Security expertise notwithstanding, the ability to connect the dots does not guarantee the ability to identify and prevent acts of terror.

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3. Mobile social networking refers to the extension of social networking technologies to mobile media so that (ideally) wherever you go you are interacting both with your “local,” physical environment and your socially networked environment. So, for example, if you go into a bar or a museum, you are able to see if anyone in your environment is in your social network and who they are (with appropriate privacy settings available). Social networks would become completely mobile. Here premediation takes the form of a business model for mobile social networking which markets a relation with our media that helps to implement the current post-9/11 security regime. Securitization works here to encourage fun, inexpensive, and easy mobile media transactions that are recorded and potentially able to help security agencies to “connect the dots” – find patterns that could prevent future acts of terrorism in the United States or against US interests. Giuseppe Lugano provides a useful summary of mobile social networking in an interesting article which reports on a study of 18 young adults in Finland (Lugano, 2008). 4. All of these new technical and business models operate according to what Alexander Galloway identifies as “protocol” in a society of control. The establishment of premediated protocols by the technical and business communities makes possible these, and other, formations of mobile social networking (Galloway, 2004). Galloway develops this idea further in collaboration with Eugene Thacker (Galloway and Thacker, 2007). 5. David Huron discusses the role of anticipation and expectation in music. Huron cites, among other affect-oriented scientists, Antonio Damasio and Joseph LeDoux, in arguing that expectation is a key affect in the appreciation of music. Huron cites psychologist George Mandler in support of his claim that the “primary affect” is “prediction response,” which is our response to an event as either what we expected or predicted or as some sort of surprise or unexpected outcome (Huron, 2006, pp. 12–13). Interestingly for my argument here, is Huron’s contention that the facial expressions of surprise are seen to be identical to those of horror (Huron, 2006, pp. 25–6). 6. Jasbir Puar characterizes her project as participating in what I have been describing throughout this book as premediation. This project is thus profoundly impelled by an anticipatory temporality, a modality that seeks to catch a small hold of many futures, to invite futurity even as it refuses to script it, distinct from an anticipatory “paranoid temporality” that Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick critiques. Sedgwick writes of paranoia, “No time could be too early for one’s having-already-known, for its having-already-been-inevitable, that something bad would happen. And no loss could be too far in the future to need to be preemptively discounted.” Paranoid temporality is thus embedded in a risk economy that attempts to ensure against future catastrophe. This is a temporality of negative exuberance – for we are never safe enough, never healthy

enough, never prepared enough – driven by imitation (repetition of the - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright same or in the service of maintaining the same) rather than innovation (openness to disruption of the same, calling out the new). A paranoid temporality therefore produces a suppression of critical creative politics; in contrast, the anticipatory temporalities that I advocate more accurately reflect a Spivakian notion of “politics of the open end,” of positively enticing unknowable political futures into our wake, taking

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risks rather than guarding against them. In that sense it is also ensconced in an antedating temporality, an example of which is as follows: “The runner’s belief that he consciously heard the gun and then, immediately, exploded off the blocks is an illusion made possible ... because the mind antedates the sound of the gun by almost half a second.” This book is an attempt at antedating the sound of the gun, that is, not only or primarily anticipating the future, but also recording the future that is already here, yet unknown but for a split second. (Puar, 2007, pp. xix–xx) The critical project that Puar describes is a project of premediation, an attempt to “catch a small hold of many futures, to invite futurity even as it refuses to script it.” In glossing Sedgwick’s anticipatory paranoid temporality as attempting to ensure against future catastrophe, Puar helps to clarify the difference between premediation and prevention. Her invocation of the “missing half-second” introduces what Massumi characterizes as the autonomy of affect, and helps to connect her project to premediation in yet another way (Massumi, 2002). What premediation strives for is not to prevent future catastrophes but to prevent those catastrophes from having been unanticipated to protect us from being caught unawares and shocked by future catastrophes as we were on 9/11 – to antedate the sound of the gun. Although Puar does not concern herself very often with questions of media and mediation (with a notable exception being her superb analysis of the erotics of digital photography in Abu Ghraib, which I discuss in the third chapter), her description of her methodology interestingly portrays a project that participates in the logic of premediation that this book sets forth. 7. Benjamin also talks about the temporality of daily newspapers, which present information in the present as the present, cut off from past or future. His (and Kracauer’s) interest in the medium of the illustrated newspaper provides an account of the ways that modernity produced a stream of experiences that exist for themselves and in the present, whose reference to the past is contingent and non-determinative. In today’s news media we find a similar phenomenon but oriented as much towards the future as towards the past. The temporality that is paradigmatic of our moment is one in which the affective anticipation produced by the news refers to the present moment almost as if it was structurally independent from the moment that preceded it even as it anticipates the moment that will follow. So, for example, in the weeks leading up to the election of the first democratic government in Iraq in January 2005, the news media in the US emphasized the potential dangers in Iraq, the threats, deaths, or terrorism that could result from these elections. But when the elections happened, and there seemed to be no tremendous increases in violence or terror, and the Iraqi people turned out to vote in large numbers, the media almost immediately shifted

its tone to report on the elections as good news – a victory for the US agenda - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright to spread democracy to Iraq. While one might criticize the media’s quick transformation, its willingness to spin the story counter to the news of the previous days or weeks or even months, it is more to the point to see this instead as the temporality of a premediated news format in which the news is presented as a way to anticipate the future, whether it turns out as it had been premediated or not.

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8. For a series of speculative essays on locative media and mobile social networking, see “Space is the Place!” an issue of the online receiver magazine; Vodafone, 2008. Sponsored by British IT giant Vodafone, receiver is described on its website as follows: “Vodafone’s receiver portal is an exciting place at the intersection of communication technologies, pioneer thinking and digital playfulness. Come in and explore!” Since its first issue in 2000, receiver has featured contributions by many new media theorists, practition- ers, and researchers, although as the journal’s self-description indicates, the essays tend to be more speculative and enthusiastic than critical or analytical. Nonetheless, the pieces on locative media provide a good introduction to some of the possibilities envisioned for these new mobile social networking technologies at the end of 2008. 9. Andy Clark’s description of humans as natural-born cyborgs also addresses this co-evolution, but Clark’s cognitive focus participates in the privileging of language that I have been challenging here (Clark, 2003). 10. Hansen borrows this concept from the chapter of the same name in Stiegler’s Technics and Time, 2: Disorientation (Stiegler, 2008, pp. 97–18). Published in France in 1996, this second volume of Stiegler’s trilogy presents a view of media temporality in line with Virilio’s notion of “real time,” which I discuss earlier in the book (Virilio, 1997). Although Stiegler deploys a Heideggerian notion of “anticipation” in his work, his (and Heidegger’s) anchoring of the temporality of anticipation to the awareness of the inescapability of impending death is different from my sense that the affectivity of anticipation at our present moment has more to do with trying to escape the repetition of shock or surprise epitomized by the mediality of the event of 9/11. A fuller discussion of Stiegler’s or Heidegger’s philosophical conception of anticipation, while undoubtedly worth pursuing, is beyond the scope of this work. 11. This is only, I think, necessary if we see the agency of the contemporary conscious industry as other from our individual agency, as providing a totalizing media environment, rather than seeing that our media environment, our lived consciousness, is already heterogeneous, made up of individually controlled media artifacts interacting in all sorts of non-determinative ways with media artifacts furnished by the consciousness industry. If we resist homogenizing and making other the current media formations, and see them not simply as top-down but as emergent, from the bottom up, we don’t need to provide some kind of critical agency for individual digital media interventions, which then gets us out of the problem of possibly imagining digital media as sources of radical breaks or liberation. My problem with this objection is that it wants to make a categorical distinction between mediated memories and unmediated memories, or personal consciousness and collective or mediated consciousness. For if we see “contemporary culture

industries” not as sources of ideological power/oppression/control, but as - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright the most current way in which culture has always co-evolved with human bodies and with technics, then what is the problem with this? 12. In this paragraph, as indeed throughout, I am sympathetic to the ontology and metaphysics of Bruno Latour. This paragraph is particularly indebted to the account of Latour provided by Graham Harman in Prince of Networks (Harman, 2009).

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13. Forethought, Thrift writes, is “a vital performative element of situations, one which cannot only produce its own intelligibilities but which can be trained to produce ideas .... But now the intention is to read and exploit signs of invention by regarding the body as a mine of potentiality and to generate and harness unpredictable interactions as a source of value by regarding space as more than a map. The automaticity of intuition can then be enrolled to produce better outcomes: it becomes a fund of expertise” (Thrift, 2007, p. 37). In this sense the pre-cognitives of Minority Report and indeed the entire PreCrime system can be seen as emblematic of this production of forethought, harnessed not only to capitalism but also to juridicality. “Persons are to be trained to ‘unthinkingly’ conjure up more and better things, both at work and as consumers, by drawing on a certain kind of neuro-aesthetic which works on the myriad small periods of time that are relevant to the structure of forethought and the ways that human bodies routinely mobilize them to obtain results ... to produce more of the kind of ideas that seem to just turn up, which, in reality, are thoughts that we are forever prevented from becoming directly aware of” (Thrift, 2007, p. 37). This can easily be seen as describing what the precogs are doing, a kind of collective neuro-aesthetic production of innovation or creativity, in which unconsciousness becomes produced/maintained as a more or less permanent or constant state of mind rather than something that works sub rosa or sporadically or intermittently or mixed with consciousness. And as such it points to the way in which we are, in a world of premediation, all pre-cognitives. 14. If anything, the problem of politics takes the form of something like the Free Software movement, in which preformatted cultural memories or media technologies are modified recursively according to collective principles and needs, what Christopher Kelty calls a “recursive public” (Kelty, 2008).

Conclusion

1. Raymond Williams coined the concept “structure of feeling,” as Jonathan Flatley reminds us, not only because “structure of feeling” “enables us to talk about the sociality of affect, but because it enables us to describe those structures that mediate between the social and the personal that are more ephemeral and transitory than set ideologies or institutions” (Williams, 1977; Flatley, 2008, pp. 24–7). “Premediation” in one sense functions as such an ephemeral and transitory structure, mediating between individual and collective affect, and in another sense could be seen to describe one of the strategies or frameworks such structures of feeling employ in mediating “between the social and the personal.” In either sense, it is clear that at the present moment changes in structures of feeling invariably manifest themselves through our print, televisual, and networked media. - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright 2. Bernanke’s characterization of Wall Street as an “abstraction” operates upon fundamental binary oppositions that go back to the earliest moves of modernity: abstract vs. concrete, idealism vs. materialism, imaginary vs. real, mind vs. body, and so forth. The very financial practices that have inflated the current economic bubble and that now threaten to throw the

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United States and perhaps the world into a recession stand as the refutation of these oppositions. While critics of these financial practices often point out, for example, that the problem with the buying and selling of deriv- atives stems from the fact that such mortgages appear to have lost their connection to real properties, these criticisms resort to the same dualis- tic metaphysics underlying Bernanke’s characterization of Wall Street as an “abstraction.” 3. Read again Jane Bennett, quoted in Chapter 3 note 18. Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Concordia University Libraries - PalgraveConnect - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright

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Press of Harvard University Press, 2003). - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright Bennett, Jane (2005) “The Agency of Assemblages and the North American Blackout,” Public Culture, Volume 17, Number 3, pp. 445–65. Bennett, Jill (2005) Empathic Vision: Affect, Trauma, and Contemporary Art (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press). Blumenthal, Ralph, and Jim Rutenberg (2003) “Journalists Are Assigned to Accompany U.S. Troops,” New York Times (18 February).

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7/7/05 9, 18, 23, 123 affective life of media 90–121 9/11 Truth Movement 22–3 passim, 95, 118, 138 9/11/2001 1–4, 6–7, 8–37, 38–45, affectivity 4, 6–7, 18, 24–5, 48, 47–8, 50–4, 56–8, 62–3, 76, 97, 65–6, 72, 77–82, 85, 88–9, 101, 103, 105–11, 115, 118–20, 123–6, 111, 113, 117–18, 120–1, 125–6, 127–8, 134, 141, 143, 146, 151, 128, 130, 132–3, 137–8, 140–2, 153, 155, 156n2, 156n4, 158n16, 153, 172n9, 172n10, 174n24, 167n19, 168n21, 171n3, 173n20, 177n10 175n3, 176n6, 177n10 Afghanistan 10, 65 post- 1, 10, 13, 15, 18, 24, 30, Agamben, Giorgio 23, 131–3 40, 41–2, 47, 54, 58, 63, 97, 103, Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud 152 106–7, 120, 123–5, 134, 141, Al-Jamadi, Manadel 66, 164n4 156n2, 167n19, 173n20, 175n3 Al Jazeera 11, 44, 152, 161n13 Abu Ghraib 1, 7, 23, 47, 65, 66, 68, Alfred P. Murrah Building 34 69, 70, 77, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, Amoore, Louise 122–5, 131 122–3, 157n8, 164n2 anthrax attacks 41–2, 159n2, 160n3 photographs 4, 62–72, 76, anticipation 109, 120, 126, 128–34, 77, 78, 81–2, 84, 88, 89, 122, 136–7, 139–42, 154–5, 175n5, 164n4, 164–5n5, 165n6, 165n7, 175n6, 177n10 165n8, 165–6n9, 166n10, 169n30, cinephilia of 133 176n6 mediaphilia of 133–4 torture 62–3, 66, 67–8, 83 of security 139–40, 142 Adorno, Theodor 136, 137 anticipatory gesture 129–34, 140 affect 78–81, 88–9, 97–9, 147 Apel, Dora 164n3 anticipatory 109, 120, 126, Appadurai, Arjun 170n3 128–31, 140–2, 177n10 Armageddon 14 attunement 95–7, 105, 119 assemblage 5, 40, 56, 72, 75, 90, autonomy of 78, 81, 99, 172n13 100, 103, 107, 111, 118, 120, cross-modal 94–6 125–6, 133–4, 140, 150–1, 165n8, distribution of 87, 88–90, 94, 111, 166–7n17, 170n1 115–18, 120–1, 125, 128 Auschwitz 26–7 feedback loops 3–4, 90, 96–106, autopoiesis 35, 51–7, 94, 140–1, 110–13, 116–17, 125–6, 132 162n18 mediators 118–20, 125–6 l’avenir 13, 157n7 modulation 79–80, 95, 99, 118–20, 147–8 Baltimore-Washington sniper killings

negative theory 109–10 (2002) 159–60n3 - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright theory 6–7, 118, 167n20, 168n21, Bataille, George 78 168n26 Baudelaire, Charles 104 transmission of 88–9, 116, 169n32 Baudrillard, Jean 13–15, 16, 18–21, vitality 95, 105 25, 45–6, 49, 62, 68, 129, affective computing 111–15 165–6n9 affective labor 76 Bauman, Zygmunt 173n19

189

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BBC 40, 152 de Certeau 170n3 Benjamin, Walter 8, 16, 17, 18, Children of Men (Cuarón) 18 26, 36, 78, 79, 87, 103–8, Chow, Rey 156n3 109–10, 112, 129, 131–2, 136, cinema 6, 12, 13–15, 17, 21, 27, 138, 154, 157n8, 173n17, 173n18, 33–5, 36, 37, 57, 59, 79, 87, 90, 173n19, 176n7 101, 104–6, 117, 129, 131, 133, and coup of gambling 105–7 154, 158n14, 159n1, 163–4n20, and dialectical history 8–9, 36 169–70n1 and gesture 104–5, 131–2 cinema of interactions 90, 169–70n1 and mimesis 105 Clark, Andy 71, 177n9 and modernity 103–6, 157n8 Natural-Born Cyborgs 92–8 and “spielraum” 104–5, 112 Clinton, Hilary Rodham 148 Bennett, Jane 166–7n17, 179n3 cloud computing 2, 126–7, 131 Bennett, Jill 23–5, 156n3, 156n4 CNBC 11, 147 Bergson, Henri 78 CNN 11, 19, 24, 33, 44, 146–7, Bernanke, Ben 149, 179n2 152–4, 160n5 Biden, Joseph 148 co-evolution 92–3, 133, 135–9, bin Laden, Osama 149, 150 172n8, 177n9 biopolitics 5, 25, 73, 75–7, 134, 141–2 cognitive feedback loops 92–4, 96 Blair, Tony 141 Colson, Charles 69 Blanchot, Maurice 78 commodification 19, 59, 73, Bolter, Jay 1, 5 127–8, 134 Brennan, Therese 88, 169n32 consciousness, industrialization Brown, Bill 28, 166n16 of 135–9, 177–8n11 Brown, Michelle 164n2 continuous partial attention 130 Brown, Sherrod 149 control societies 19, 73, 75–7, 120–1, Brown, Wendy 168n24 123, 126, 136, 167n18, 175n4 Bush-Cheney administration 37, controller 33, 93, 96, 100–2, 40–1, 42–3, 44, 49, 62–3, 141, 106, 153 148, 157n9, 160n4 Cooper, Robbie 173n15 preventive prosecution 9, 40–1, coup of gambling 105–109 134, 161n8 Cronkite, Walter 49 Bush doctrine of pre-emption 9, 37, cultural studies 5 42–5, 49–50, 125, 134, 143 culture industry 135–9 Butler, Judith 168n24 cybernetics 98–9 Precarious Life 80 Damasio, Antonio 96, 175n5 capitalism 3, 5, 47, 59, 77, 83, 101, Dean, Jodi 22–23 127, 134, 138, 139–41, 147, De Landa, Manuel 166n17 178n13 Deleuze Gilles 7, 59, 73, 75–6, 78, catastrophe 9, 12–15, 18, 34, 36, 50, 91, 100–1, 117, 120, 131, 150–1, 141, 148–9, 157n8, 176n6 166n17, 167n18, 167n20, 167n21,

cinematic 13–15 168n26, 171n6, 174n24 - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright televisual 13–15 DeLillo, Don Cavell, Stanley 166n12 Falling Man 106–9, 173n20 cellphone 6, 11, 48, 65, 76, 90–1, 92, Dennett, Daniel 92 95–6, 99–100, 101, 111, 113–17, Derrida, Jacques 13, 23, 157n7, 118, 120, 125, 128, 130, 131, 134, 168n22 153, 170n1, 171n5 Dick, Philip K. 39, 157n10

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Digital Youth Project 117–18 Friedberg, Anne 171n4 van Dijck, Jose 169n31 future 4, 6, 8, 9, 12–13, 15–17, 18, distraction 113, 129–30, 154 34–7, 38–40, 41–2, 45–8, 50, distributed affect 2, 47, 77, 87–9, 90, 50–7, 58–61, 62, 124–6, 127, 95–7, 99–100, 110–11, 115–18, 129–31, 134, 136, 138, 140–1, 120–1, 125–6, 128, 166n15, 143–55, 157n5, 157n6, 157n7, 169n32, 171n7 157n8, 157n10, 158n14, 158n15, distributed cognition 39, 71, 92–94, 159n1, 161n9, 161n12, 162n17, 96–7, 110–11, 166n15 162n18, 162–3n19, 175n3, Doane, Mary Ann 14–15, 33–5, 175–6n6, 176–7n7 157n8 futurity 48, 53–4, 57–8, 143, 144, Dodd, Christopher 148 146, 153–5, 175–6n6 “Doom” (video game) 112–13 Durbin, Richard 65–6, 164n5 Galloway, Alexander 48, 166n14, Dworkin, Andrea 84 175n4 gambling 105–9 Eagleton, Terry 158n11 general intellect 77 economic crisis of 2008 3, 143, gesture 105, 116, 131–2 147–51 anticipatory 129–34, 140 Elmer, Greg 156n1, 161n10 cinematic 105, 129 embedded media 48–50, 162n13 embodied 105, 108, 128–30 Empire (Warhol) 158n15 medial 130–1 England, Lynndie 84 technical 120, 128, 130–1 extreme TV 146–7 Ghosts of Abu Ghraib (HBO) 88 Gibson William 101–2, 109, 119 Facebook 3–4, 69, 77, 111, 125, 126, de Goede, Marieke 122–5, 131 128, 129, 130, 133, 152, 153 Gourevitch, Philip 88 feedback loops 72, 99–102, 104, 108, governmentality 19, 25, 42, 73–7, 128, 172–3n14 79–80, 120, 124, 126, 142, 143, Fight Club 14 166n16, 167n19, 168n21, 168n24, Flatley, Jonathan 167n20, 168n26, 171n3, 174n1 173n18 Grand Theft Auto 161n11 Flickr 69, 129, 153 Graner, Charles 84 forethought 140–1, 161n12, 178n13 Ground Zero 28, 30, 32, 33, 35–7, Foucault, Michel 25, 73–7, 79, 82, 58, 158n15, 158n16 120, 123, 124, 126, 143, 166n16, GSD&M Idea City 50–1 174n1 Guantanamo Bay Detention biopolitics 75–77 Center 1, 7, 62, 65, 89, 122 governmentality 25, 73–7, 79, Guattari, Felix 7, 78, 84, 85, 87, 124, 126, 143, 174n1 100–1, 174n24 imbrication of people and Gulf War (1991) 19–21, 48–50, 51–2 things 25, 73–4, 82, 120 censorship 48–9, 51–2

surveillance 123–4 Gunning, Tom 14, 157n6 - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright Fox News 3, 11, 24, 44, 147 Frank, Adam 78, 97–8, 172n11 Hansen, Mark 78, 101, 133, 134–40, Franzen, Jonathan 115 174n24, 177n10 free software 178n14 Hansen, Miriam 104–5, 173n17 Freud, Sigmund 71, 78, 87, 97, 104, haptics 72, 96, 101–4, 172n14 110, 157n8 Haraway, Donna 92

10.1057/9780230275270 - Premediation: Affect and Mediality After 9/11, Richard Grusin

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Hardt, Michael 77 Iraq 1, 10, 62, 64, 65, 70, 77, 82–4, Harman, Graham 178n12 86–8, 148, 149, 176n7 Harman, Sabrina 88, 164n4 Iraq War (2003) 1, 10, 14, 17, 20–1, Hayles, N. Katherine 71–2, 92, 35, 41–6, 48, 62, 82–4, 86, 157n8, 174n22 160n4, 168n28, 169n29 Heidegger, Martin 177n10 inevitability of 44–5 Hemmings, Claire 167–8n21 premediation of 35, 37, 43–6, Homeland Security 164n2 48–50 color-coded alert system 32, run-up to 1, 4, 9, 41–5, 48, 50, 53, 118–20, 157n9 59, 148 Hooks, Gregory 164n2 Ivins, Bruce 159n2 Horkheimer, Max 137 Huntington, Samuel 10 James, William 78, 81–2, 168n26 Huron, David 175n5 Hurricane Gustav 143, 144–6 Kant, Immanuel 171n6 Hurricane Ike 143, 146 Kaplan, Amy 164n2 Hurricane Katrina 1, 76, 144–6 Kelty, Christopher 178n14 Hussein, Saddam 42, 44, 149, 150 King, Geoff 14 Hutchins, Edward 71, 92 Kracauer, Siegfried 26, 129, 138, hypermediacy 1–3, 6, 11–12, 13, 176n7 18–19, 26–7, 33, 40, 48, 59, 151–2, 163n20, 171n3 Lacan, Jacques 22, 23, 71, 101 Lahti, Martti 102–3, 109 ideology 12, 51, 78–9, 80, 101, language 132–3 136–9 Latour, Bruno 6, 7, 56, 74, 75, 92, immateriality 13, 150, 151 103, 150–1, 156n2, 161n14, immediacy 1–3, 6, 11–13, 15–16, 19, 166n12, 166n17, 174n24, 178n12 26–7, 34, 40, 54, 57–9, 91, 119, Lazzarato, Maurizio 100–1 129, 143, 144, 147, 151–2, 153–5, LeDoux, Joseph 96, 175n5 156–7n5, 176n6, 176n7 Lemon, Don 154 fear of 15–16, 36, 57 Levs, Josh 154 Independence Day 14 Libby, Lewis (Scooter) 161n6 informal media 3, 47, 77, 149 liveness 15, 34, 36, 57, 153–5 interactivity 40, 47, 83, 91–2, 95–6, of futurity 53–4, 143, 144, 153–5 106, 108, 127 locative media 177n8 affective 91, 99, 132, 171n5 Loose Change (film) 23 cognitive 91–2 Lugano, Giuseppe 175n3 Internet 5, 10, 18, 23, 27, 44, 47, 51, Luhmann, Niklas 51–7, 140, 161n15, 53, 54, 63, 67, 70, 77, 85, 90, 112, 162n17, 162n18, 162–3n19 117, 153, 159n3, 168n27, 169n29, 170n1, 170n2, 170n3 machinic enslavement 100–2, 138 pornography 67, 85, 165n8, MacKinnon, Catherine 84

172–3n14 mainstream media (MSM) 3, 22, 83, - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright of Things 126–30, 131, 141 85, 153 Iran 56, 151–4 Mander, Jerry 166n12 presidential election (2009) 1, Mandler, George 175n5 151–4 Marks, Laura 173n16 Twitter revolution 4, 77, 143, Marx, Karl 105 152–5 Marres, Noortje 161n10

10.1057/9780230275270 - Premediation: Affect and Mediality After 9/11, Richard Grusin

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mass media 23, 30, 51–7, 79–80, Minority Report (Spielberg) 18, 137–8, 162n18, 162–3n19 39–40, 57–61, 124, 159n1, Massumi, Brian 78, 79–81, 118–20, 163–4n20, 178n13 157n9, 158n13, 167–8n21, Mirzoeff, Nicholas 70, 165n8, 168n23, 168n26, 172n13, 174n24, 166n13, 169n30 176n6 mobile networked media 91, 126–31 materiality 26, 64, 80, 118, 128, mobile phone (see cellphone) 150–1, 158n14, 171n3, 171n6, mobile social networking 125, 173n19, 174n23 126–9, 131, 141, 175n3, 175n4, of information 174n22 177n8 of mediation 19–21, 45–6, 114, modernity 17, 26–7, 29, 33–4, 51–7, 118, 139 87, 98, 103–7, 110, 113, 129, McCain, John 3, 145, 148 131, 157n8, 162n18, 162–3n19, McClellan, Scott 160n4 172n11, 173n19, 176n7, 179n2 McLuhan, Marshall 9, 98 Mosher, Clayton 164n2 means without ends (see pure MSNBC 11, 44, 147 mediality) multitude 75, 77 media everyday 65, 69, 84, 89, 90–1, Mumbai terrorist attacks 9, 123–4, 98, 101, 107, 110, 112, 118–20, 153, 174–5n2 122–3, 125–6, 128, 130, 131–3, Murder Prevention (BBC) 40 138, 141, 148–50, 170–1n3, music 90, 99, 134, 175n5 171n7, 174n23 MySpace 3, 129, 133 mediality 4, 6–7, 9–10, 17, 20, 23, 25, 26, 43, 47–8, 58, 64–6, 68–9, Ndalianis, Angela 14 71–7, 78–82, 85, 89–90, 98, 120, negative affect theory 109–11 122, 126, 130–3, 137, 141–2, 143, Negri, Antonio 77 151–5, 156n2, 177n10 New York Times 86–7, 160n5 impure 132–3 news media 11, 41–5, 48–50, 51–7, pure 131–3 62–3, 69, 82, 143, 144, 146, mediation 1–3, 4–7, 11, 13–16, 147, 149–51, 157n8, 159–60n3, 19–21, 23, 24–5, 29–32, 33, 35–6, 176–7n7 38–40, 45, 48–9, 57–9, 70, 77, 87, newspapers 26–7, 29, 32–3, 40, 50, 90, 98, 107, 114, 117, 123, 125–6, 69, 77, 89, 104, 120, 122, 147, 127–8, 133, 137, 139, 156n2, 176–7n7 160n3, 166n12, 170n2, 174n24, Nintendo Wii 173n14 176n6 Norman, Donald 92 immateriality of 13, 150, 151 Norris, Margot 49 materiality of 19–21, 45–6, 114, NowThatsFuckedUp.com 82–4, 118, 139 169n29 reality of 5–6, 31, 45–6 Nussbaum, Felicity 158n11 televisual 14, 29–30, 43–4, 166n12 ubiquity of 40, 48, 53, 58, 91, 135 Obama, Barack Hussein 9, 143, 148,

mediators 6, 118–21, 128 156n2, 170n2 - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright 174n24 Olsen, Ted 69 memory 28, 87–8, 135, 138, Open ID 2 162–3n19, 177–8n11 Open Web 2–3, 126–7, 131 industrialization of 135–6 optical technologies 158n14, mediated 87–8, 162–3n19, 164n5 163n20 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice 78, 101 optics 101, 103–4

10.1057/9780230275270 - Premediation: Affect and Mediality After 9/11, Richard Grusin

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Orwell, George media regime of post-9/11 1984 124 America 47–8 ontological aspect 7, 39, 48, 51–2 Palin, Sarah 3, 145 politics of 131, 134–42 paranoid reading 78–9, 138 and potentiality 59–61, 132 Paterson, Mark 173n16 reality of 45–6, 59–61 Paulson, Henry 148–9 and security 124–5, 131 Paycheck (Woo) 157n10 televisual 13–14 Perkins, Tony 69 threefold character 57–8, 126 photography 22, 27, 28, 33, 34–6, and time 33–7 51, 62–72, 79, 87, 89 virtuality of 59–61, 132 digital 6, 81, 85, 122, 164–5n5, vs. prediction 4, 46–8 176n6 vs. “prefigurative imaginative Picard, Rosalind 111–16, 173n21 experience” 17–21 Poe, Edgar Allen 104 vs. simulation 45–6 poker tournaments 106–9, 173n20 preventive prosecution 40–1, 161n8 politics 29, 69, 80, 113, 119, 131, Project Rebirth 34–7, 158n15, 134–42, 172n11, 176n6, 178n14 158–9n16 of information networks 47, 161n10 Protocol 46, 48, 49, 71, 166n14, of premediation 134–43 175n4 pornography 67–8, 82–6, 165n7, Puar, Jaspir 84–5, 165n8, 175–6n6 165n8, 165–6n9, 172–3n14 pure mediality 131–3 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 86 quasi-objects 56, 150–1, 162n19 potentiality 57, 59–61, 136, 151, 178n13 Rather, Dan 29–30 pre-cinematic optical real time 12, 15, 40, 51, 124, 154–5, devices 158n14, 163–4n20 156–7n5, 159n1, 177n10 prediction 4, 8, 37, 46–8, 59–61 reality 1–3, 6, 39, 45–9, 51, 54, pre-emption 2, 9, 37, 44–5, 58, 125, 59–61 127, 143 Redacted (DePalma) 168n28 pre-emptive war 41–4 remediation 1–4, 6, 8, 11, 13–16, premediation 1–2, 4, 5–8, 12–14, 18–19, 26–7, 30, 33–6, 38–9, 15–16, 17–18, 23, 25, 34–5, 45–6, 49, 57–60, 128, 144–6, 151, 38–61, 62, 64, 97, 107, 109, 110, 158n14, 160n3 120, 124–6, 128–30, 131–4, double logic 1–3, 11–13, 16, 26–7, 134–42, 143–51, 154–5, 157n8, 38–9, 57–9, 128, 151–2 157n10, 158n14, 159n1, televisual 14–15, 146 159–60n3, 160n5, 161n12, Remediation 1, 4–5, 6, 38 175n3, 175–6n6, 178n1 representationality 70, 79–80, cinematic 13–15, 21, 57, 161n7 168n22 commodities 127–8 Republican national convention

formal structure 43–4, 50 (2008) 144–6 - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright impurity of 132–3 Richards, Barry 171n3 logic of 5, 9, 13, 15–16, 35, 38–9, Rogers, Richard 161n10 41, 44–5, 50, 57–9, 126, 140, 150, Rose, Nikolas 167n19 157n8 Rubenstein, Diane 167n19 media logic of pre-emptive Rumsfeld, Donald 71, 166n10 war 43–5 Russell, Jenni 124

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securitization 2, 8, 40–1, 42, 75, technological non-conscious 71–2 97, 120–1, 122–6, 127–8, 134, technological unconscious 71–2, 87, 139–42, 174n1, 175n3 89, 122 security 2, 5, 15–16, 18, 41, 50, 73, telephone 10, 103–5, 131, 156n2, 123–6, 128, 131, 134, 139, 141–2 160n3 security studies 174n1 televisuality 6, 11, 14–15, 21, 26, Sedgwick, Eve 78–9, 97–9, 138, 29–30, 33, 34, 38, 43–4, 50, 76, 167–8n21, 172n10, 172n11, 175n6 85, 100, 137, 146, 152, 166n12, Serres, Michel 56, 150 178n1 Shaviro, Steven 18, 78, 91, 171n6 and catastrophe 13–15, 34, 157n8 Shirkey, Clay 152 and immediacy 12–13, 151, Simon, David 152, 154 Over There 49 and news 13, 14, 32, 42, 44, 49, Simondon, Gilbert 78, 118, 133 51, 53, 63, 69, 143, 144, 147, 149, Simpson, David 150, 151, 152, 153, 160n3, 164n5, 9/11: The Culture of 170n2 Commemoration 16–23, 62, temporality 33–7, 51–2, 57–60, 64–5, 158n11, 158n12 129–30, 153–4, 175–6n6, social media 125–6, 126–31, 152–5 176–7n7, 177n10 Sontag, Susan 67–70 terrorism 9, 10, 13, 15, 31, 34, 40, 97, Regarding the Pain of Others 67 110, 124, 134, 141, 174n2, 175n3, Southland Tales (Kelly) 18 176n7 Sovereignty 73–5, 79–80, 122–4, Thacker, Eugene 175n4 131–3, 167n18, 168n24 The 9/11 Report: The National Sperb, Jason 133 Commission on Terrorist Attacks Spiegelman, Art upon the United States 10 In the Shadow of No Towers 25–33, The Mighty Tumble (film) 34 36, 158n13 theory Maus 26 affect 6–7, 118, 167n20, 168n21, Spielberg, Steven 18, 39–40, 159n1, 168n26 163–4n20 continental 16–23 Spinoza, Baruch 78 non-representational 7, 139–40 Stallabrass, Julian 102 postmodern 16, 23 Standard Operating Procedure trauma 7, 156n3 (Morris) 88 things 25, 46, 73–6, 78, 79, 82, Stern, Daniel 95–8, 105, 172n9, 95–6, 117, 120, 128, 139–40, 143, 173n18 144, 147, 151, 166n16, 174n24 Stiegler, Bernard 33, 78, 133, Thrift, Nigel 7, 47, 71–2, 89, 134–40, 172n8, 177n10 113, 122, 127–8, 139–41, Stone, Linda 130 161n12, 166n17, 167n20, Strange Days (Bigelow) 38–40, 57, 59, 168n26, 178n13 159n1, 161n7 time

structure of feeling 147–8, 178n1 cinematic 33–4 - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright surveillance 23–4 premediated 33–7 televisual 14–15, 34 Tarde, Gabriel 74 TiVo 136–7 technics 33, 133, 135, 137–9, 172n8, Tomkins, Silvan 7, 78, 95, 97–9, 177–8n11 109–11, 167n20, 167n21, 168n26, technogenesis 133, 137–8 172n10, 172n12

10.1057/9780230275270 - Premediation: Affect and Mediality After 9/11, Richard Grusin

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torture 40, 62–6, 67–70, 72, 77, virtuality 37, 46–7, 59–61, 95, 100, 82–6, 88, 122, 164n2, 165n6, 102, 125, 132, 136, 144, 146, 151, 165n8 156n3 transactions 122–6, 127, 142 Vodafone 177n8 translation 5–6, 156n2 Twin Towers 11, 16, 18, 19, 21, 25–6, Wall Street 149–51 57, 106, 152, 153 War of the Worlds (Spielberg) 18 Twitter 3, 77, 128, 130, 152–4 War on Terror 35 Twitter revolution 77, 152–4 Warhol 158n15 Weather Channel 147, 161n9 unknown knowns 71–2, 89 Weber, Samuel 132–3 Until the End of the World (Wim Whitaker, Jim 36–7 Wenders) 161n7 Whitehead, Alfred North 91, 171n6 US Air Force 50–1 Wiener, Norbert 98 US presidential campaign of 2008 3, Williams, Raymond 148, 178n1 170n2 Wilson, Chris 82–3, 169n29 Wired 2 Varnelis, Kazys 171n4 Wolfowitz, Paul 161n6 video games 20–1, 40, 46, 63, Wordsworth, William 16–19, 21, 68, 76, 95, 97, 100, 101–2, 105, 158n11 109, 111–13, 117, 118, 120, 128, World Trade Center 9, 11, 12, 14, 24, 161n11, 166n11, 170n1, 173n14, 25, 34, 53, 57, 62, 106, 143 173n15, 173n21 World Wide Web 6, 47, 71, 76 violence 131–2 Virilio, Paul 12, 156–7n5, 162n18, YouTube 77, 118, 125, 152, 153 164–5n5, 177n10 Virno, Paolo 47, 77, 140, 161n12 Žižek, Slavoj 12–15, 16, 19, 22, 23, virtual reality 6, 12, 57–9, 119 67, 69–71, 84, 89 Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Concordia University Libraries - PalgraveConnect - 2013-01-21 Libraries - PalgraveConnect University - licensed to Concordia www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright

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