Essential Oils & CAM

NAHAThe National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy Essential Oils & CAM: • Functional Categories of Disease and Essential Oils • Essential Oil Therapy in Infection Control • Anti-Microbial Effects of Essential Oils • Aromatherapy and the SARS Virus • Saro Essential Oil Profile

Aromatherapy E-Journal 2012 • 1

Aromatherapy Journal The National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy

Please scroll your way through to enjoy the journal as you have others in the past. This is the paperless, waste free version that NAHA has adopted. If you have trouble viewing this PDF format or would prefer to have a disc, please contact us and we will send one. Additional fees will apply. We hope you enjoy this issue and we look forward to hearing from you soon! NAHA’s New Board of Directors President: Kelly Holland Azzaro, RA, CCAP, LMT NAHA Office Vice President: Shellie Enteen, BA, RA, LMT Public Relations: Jennifer Hochell Pressimone PO BOX 1868 Banner Elk, NC 28604 Secretary: Sharon Falsetto, CA, BA (Hons) Office: (828) 898-6161 Director Coordinator: Annette Davis, CN Fax: (828) 898-1965 NAHA Safety Chair: Sylla Sheppard Hanger Email: [email protected] Journal Layout: Robyn Harden Journal Editorial Team: Shellie Enteen & Kelly Holland Azzaro www.naha.org NAHA Webmaster: Yelena Vusataya Essential Oils & CAM In this Issue:

4 The Functional Categories of Disease and Essential Oils...... Dennis Willmont, L. Ac.

12 The Anti-Microbial Effects of Essential Oils...... David Crow, L. Ac.

22 Saro Essential Oil Profile...... Andrea Butje, LMT, Clinical Aromatherapist

25 Aromatherapy and the SARS Virus …Is there a Simple Preventative?...... Joie Power, Ph.D.

29 The Role of Essential Oil Therapy in Infection Control: MRSA...... Christine M. Gentry, RN, IAC

37 NAHA Book Review: Aromatherapy VS MRSA...... Reviewed by: Shellie Enteen, RA, BA, LMT

Editor’s note: Agarwood, Aloeswood, Frankincense, Rosewood and Sandalwood species are listed as both threatened and endangered. Please choose a different essential oil to work with to allow the trees to make a sustainable recovery. To learn more about endangered and threatened species please visit www.cropwatch.org for more information. NAHA does not encourage or endorse the purchase, sale or use of endangered essential oils. Disclaimer: NAHA and the NAHA Editorial Board cannot accept responsibility or liability for the information contained in the NAHA Aromatherapy Journal/E-Booklet or on the NAHA Website. The information is shared for educational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose or take the place of professional healthcare. The opinions expressed by the authors in this journal or e-booklet do not necessarily reflect the opinions of NAHA. Please consult your health care practitioner if you are pregnant or have been diagnosed with any serious healthcare problems before using essential oils. Keep all aromatherapy products out of reach of children and pets. Before using essential oils and aromatherapy products please consult with a professional aromatherapist. NAHA asks that all authors and contributors include information on safe use of essential oils and clearly define each essential oil’s common name and Latin binomial(s). NAHA has the right to accept or reject any articles, advertisements or content submitted. NAHA website is a resource-full area for information on Aromatherapy Safety, Applications and Uses. www.naha.org © Copyright 2012 NAHA • All rights reserved 3 The Functional Categories of Disease and Essential Oils Dennis Willmont, L. Ac.

These early techniques were improved upon by the invention of steam distillation, attributed to Avicenna (980-1037 AD), the Persian philosopher and noted herbal physician. Further advances were made in 1150, when the water-cooled condenser was invented in Europe. This made the distillation technique even more efficient. However, in 1420, the greatest advancement in essential oil distillation in the old world came with the invention of the coil-type condenser. This advancement greatly increased the total surface area for the condensation of the essential oil vapors and paved the way for the large-scale commercial distillation of essential oils in This is an excerpt from his book, Aromatherapy the beginning of the sixteenth century. The waxy and with Chinese Medicine; Healing the Body/ hard to distill essential oils were finally made Mind/Spirit with Essential Oils. available through the invention and commercial application of solvent extraction (these essential oils The Problem of Organizing Essential Oil are known as concretes) in 1890.¹ Knowledge These advances stimulated the chemical synthesis of essential oils, which began in 1856 when Friedrich While some form of essential oil distillation has been Wöhler isolated coumarin from cured tonka beans. in practice for at least 5,000 years, engineering Coumarin then became the key ingredient for the advances in distillation since the late nineteenth first synthetic cosmetic fragrance in 1882. Seven century have increased both the production in hundred coumarins have now been isolated in plants general volume and the variety of essential oils and are known to be present in many essential oils distilled. These factors have enabled the use of including Dill Seed (Anethum graveolens), Cinnamon essential oils to become much more widespread. Bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), Aniseed (Pimpinella These advances were also coupled with great anisum), Bergamot (Citrus bergamia), German progress in the field of chemistry so that throughout Chamomile (Maticaria recutita), and Lavender the twentieth century, many of the chemical (Lavandula angustifolia).² The newfound ability to constituents of essential oils were isolated and some isolate the chemical constituents of essential oils led of the medicinal properties of these constituents to the invention of partially and totally contrived have become known. These developments have chemical fragrances during the twentieth century. influenced the way essential oils are used and This trend has grown to such a degree that natural understood. whole essential oils are now difficult to find. Today there are ten drums of synthetic chemical fragrances A Chemical History of Essential Oils produced for every drum of natural essential oil. According to archaeological evidence, the earliest While most of the major chemical constituents of use of essential oils took place in crude Pakistanian essential oils are now known and understood, there distillation stills from as early as 3000 BC. The ancient are still hundreds of minor constituents present in Egyptians were also distilling essential oils at this many single oils that have not yet been identified. For time. In fact, three hundred and fifty liters of essential this reason, many of the therapeutic properties of oils stored in alabaster jars were discovered in the essential oil chemicals are not scientifically known. It tomb of King Tutankhamen. is suspected that these minor constituents are responsible for much of the aroma and healing Over 800 essential oil formulas for treating disease properties of the oils. The chemical understanding of were documented in the Ebers Papyrus, which was essential oils, nevertheless, has opened the door to discovered in 1817. The ancient Greeks distilled the realization of how these chemical constituents essential oils at the time of Christ and have continued are responsible for the healing properties of essential to do so to the present day. oils. Continued...page 5 © Copyright 2012 NAHA • All rights reserved 4 The Functional Categories of Disease and Essential Oils Dennis Willmont, L. Ac.

Continued...page 4 only the twelve major chemical constituents for only those ninety single oils described in the book. The It is not a simple matter, however, of adding chemical impetus for this scale of funding is largely determined properties together in order to arrive at an by corporate profit, which, in turn, is dependent upon understanding of the healing properties of an the patenting of products so that companies will have essential oil. Even if all of these individual chemicals exclusive rights and marketing advantages once the and properties were known, the way they react in studies are completed. This type of motivation is proportion to one another in a natural essential oil largely absent for products like essential oils, herbs, changes their effects. The healing properties of or foods, which are naturally procured and cannot natural essential oils add up to more than the sum of become the proprietary domain of industry. For their parts as tallied up from their isolated chemical these reasons, scientific investigation of the chemical constituents. Instead, it is the relationship of these properties of essential oils will remain limited and chemical parts to one another that accounts for their will, therefore, only be able to give us partial comprehensive healing properties. The problem in understanding of their therapeutic properties. understanding the therapeutic effects of essential oils is how to better organize these relationships There are hundreds of individual symptoms that have around basic principles that can be clinically been treated with essential oils. The problem of understood and applied. matching essential oils to symptoms becomes even more complicated because many different oils can be The Problem with Essential Oil Categorization used for the same symptom. The question that arises from this confusion is how to pick the best-suited oils Knowledge of the therapeutic effects of essential oils for any given condition as it appears in different has accumulated over the last five thousand years individuals with different underlying predispositions. through tradition, anecdote, hearsay, and scientific In order to get beyond the mechanical one-to-one study. Each of these approaches has different relationship between symptoms, we need to create benefits and limitations. Scientific study is dependent an intelligent system of organization for applying upon enormous funding for every material tested. In essential oils to different individuals’ needs. By fact, several hundred million dollars are routinely recognizing different properties that single oils have pumped into the study of only one substance. At this in common, we are able to understand how to use rate it would cost over sixteen billion dollars to test them more broadly in a therapeutic context. The Continued...page 6

Continued...page 5 body tissues, sensory organs, bodily areas, emotions, thought patterns, and spiritual traits. The beauty of system of categorization used in Western herbology this system is its ability to categorize all symptoms includes a long list of terms presented in a medical and all life expressions into one coherent terminology limited by a narrow symptomatic organization with only five simple categories. In perspective that does not take the broader range of addition, it also explains how all parts of the Body and healing into account. Examples include: Mind function and inter-relate.³ Anticatarrh (an expectorant that aids excess mucous The Functional Categories are an extension of the secretion); Antitussive (relieves coughs); Mucolytic Five Phases in that they help explain and identify a (dissolves mucous); Antiphlogistic (reduces more specific range of therapeutic categories within inflammation); Carminative (settles digestion); the Five Phase system. The Liver Five Phase pattern, Stimulant (temporarily increases the activity of an for example, then includes certain Functional organ); Soporific (induces sleep); Emmenogogue Categories that further define Liver imbalances as Yin (promotes menstruation); Antisudorific (prevents or or Yang, Internal or External, Excess or Deficient, or reduces perspiration); and Sudorific (increases Hot or Cold. Particular examples for these Liver perspiration). syndromes Include: Stagnant Liver Qi, Deficient Liver Blood, and Damp Heat in the Liver. In order to fully The most significant limitation of these categories is understand these nuances, one simply combines the that they do not relate directly to any broader Five Phase patterns with patterns from the theoretical framework that describes how organic Functional Categories. Examples of the Functional functions of the Body, Mind, and Spirit inter-relate. Categories include: Damp; Phlegm; Damp Heat; Fire; What is needed for essential oil study is a simple system that has the ability to organize small bits of information (the plethora of symptoms) into Continued...page 7 meaningful categories that help explain the function of the Body/Mind in a larger therapeutic context. There should also be a direct correlation between these categories and the healing strategies of the larger system. Such a method can already be found within the framework of Chinese Medicine, especially the study of herbs and acupuncture. One of the main purposes of this book is to elucidate how this framework can be applied to Natural Healing with essential oils. There are three basic systems of categorization in Chinese Medicine: 1) Yin-Yang; 2) the Five Phases; and 3) the Functional Categories. The Yin-Yang system organizes all phenomena into polar terms: light/dark; hot/cold/; active/passive, for example, and finds its most practical expression in the system of the Five Phases: Fire, Water, Wood, Metal, and Soil. Here, the phases are thought of as paired Yin-Yang polarities. Fire and Water correspond to summer and winter; Wood and Metal correspond to spring and fall; and Soil balances and harmonizes the Yin-Yang movement within these main two polarities in its correspondence to the solstices and equinoxes. Each of the Five Phases further relates to a set of correspondences including specific internal organs,

Continued...page 6 These examples have been chosen because they resemble the Western categories used for herbs Stomach and Spleen Deficiency; Deficiency of any mentioned above. They differ, however, in their Internal Organ; Qi Deficiency; Blood Deficiency; Yin reference to the larger and more comprehensive Deficiency; Yang Deficiency; Spirit Imbalance; Men- system of the Five Phases that can be usefully applied struation Problems (in terms of these categories); to the study of essential oils. The term “Drying Urination Problems (in terms of these categories); Damp,” for example, refers to the larger arena of and problems of the Exterior. what the categories “Lung” and “Metal” suggest. It includes the Body/Mind relationship and also the In conjunction with a theoretical explanation of these relationship between the Lung and other organs like categories, standard treatment protocols to correct the Bladder, the nose, and the skin. This approach them are then applied. Examples include: enables the layperson or practitioner to go beyond the purely symptomatic levels and into the realm of Transforming Damp or Phlegm; Drying Damp; treating the whole person. Disinhibiting Damp; Clearing Damp Heat; Opening the Chest; Clearing Heat; Clearing Blood Heat; While at first glance some of these terms for the Clearing Heart Fire; Fortifying the Stomach and Functional Categories may appear to be little Spleen; Tonifying and Boosting Lung Qi; Tonifying different from the Western herbal categories Heart Qi; Tonifying the Kidney; Tonifying the Yin; (Transforming Damp versus Anticatarrh; Opening Tonifying the Yang; Tonifying the Qi; Tonifying the the Chest versus Antitussive; Clearing Heat versus Blood; Calming the Spirit; Promoting Menstruation; Antiphlogistic; Fortifying the Stomach and Spleen Astringing Essence; Untying the Exterior, and versus Carminative; Tonifying the Qi⁵ versus Promoting Sweat. Stimulant; Calming the Spirit versus Soporific; Promoting the Menses versus Emmenogogue; or Untying the Exterior and Promoting Sweat versus Sudorific), the Functional Categories directly relate The International Federation to the much larger and more comprehensive healing system previously described. of Professional Aromatherapists These include: (1) detailed and functional descriptions of the internal organs and Bodily Substances (Yin, Yang, Blood, Qi, and Body Fluids); (2) therapeutic strategies directly linked to these invites enquiries from aromatherapists regarding: descriptions that tie together the overall health of the Body, Mind, and Spirit; and (3) principles explaining In Essence the Materia Medica whether it be herbs, acupuncture our quarterly professional aromatherapy journal – points and meridians, specific foods, exercises, or a dynamic and versatile forum for contributors of international standing essential oils. Annual Weekend Conference In Chinese medicine, the Functional Categories are held in the U K – an opportunity to clinically defined by a set of presentations that be informed and inspired! include physical and psycho-emotional symptoms, IFPA Practitioner Membership and a tongue and pulse presentation.⁶ Transforming join the UK’s leading aromatherapy professional Damp, for example, is associated with the general association – run by practitioners for practitioners condition of Damp in the Upper Heater, which is characterized by copious mucous, productive cough, IFPA, 82 Ashby Road, Hinckley, Leics LE10 1SN joint pain, heaviness of the limbs, swelling of the face [email protected] www.ifparoma.org and limbs, inhibited urination, a greasy tongue Tel: +44 (0)1455 637987 coating, and a slippery pulse.⁷ Different disorders or Registered Charity No. 1091325 individual symptoms can be identified as Damp in the Continued...page 8 © Copyright 2012 NAHA • All rights reserved 7 The Functional Categories of Disease and Essential Oils Dennis Willmont, L. Ac.

Continued...page 7 oils strongly indicates that essential oil therapy would best suit inclusion into such a complex system as an Upper Heater, for example, by the presence of this adjunct method instead of a complete healing overall picture. Treating the Functional Category in system in its own right. Nevertheless, because of addition to the individual symptoms empowers the their formidable qualities, especially their overall healing. One should not confuse these concentration and ease of delivery, essential oils have individual symptoms with the Functional Category. In already commanded a well-deserved niche. The order to qualify for inclusion into a given category, a Functional Categories of essential oils are, however, a given symptom must be viewed as part of the overall much-simplified version of the complete system presentation and must include a significant majority utilized in Chinese medicine. Essential oils certainly of that category’s presenting characteristics. can be used by the layperson for a wide variety of Inhibited urination, for example, may or may not problems. If full success is not achieved, it is easy to stem from Damp in the Upper Heater. It could also work with a licensed practitioner of Chinese medicine stem from Damp in the Lower Heater, Stagnant Qi of whether or not they are familiar with essential oils. the Liver, or even Excess Fire of the Heart. Only if the They will be able to provide correct and detailed symptom (inhibited urination in this case) is information related to Chinese medical diagnosis accompanied by significant characteristics of the that you can then apply to your choice of essential pattern (for Damp in the Upper Heater there is oils and application methods either at home and/or productive cough, joint pain, heaviness of the limbs, during acupuncture treatment. The same principle swelling of the face and limbs, a greasy tongue can also be applied to other qualified healthcare coating, and a slippery pulse) can it be said that the professionals. Nevertheless, the integrated opinions symptom stems from that pattern. Once the correct of all these professionals, including those in Western pattern has been established, one should treat the medicine, can always give a deeper insight into the pattern in addition to the presenting symptoms. nature of a problem so that the most comprehensive Conversely, the individual symptoms should all be healing strategy can be attained. able to be understood in light of the Functional Category. Then, the treatment principle will be comprehensive. The more comprehensive the treatment principle, the deeper and more effective the healing will be. In addition to the four methods of classifying essential oils (traditional knowledge, anecdotal lore, hearsay, and scientific knowledge),⁸ there is a fifth category, called the “signature,” used in vitalistic theory⁹ that can easily integrate the previous four, like the fifth phase (Soil) does for the Five Phases. Understanding this signature involves understanding the overall and basic characteristic of the plant in terms of a cohesive pattern that will in effect describe the connection between all the symptoms, the Five Phase connections, the Functional Categories displayed, and the chemical composition of the plant. The signatures will be presented in the “Discussion” section of the Single Oils in this book whenever Footnotes: The Functional possible. 1 A “concrete” is an aromatic, waxy, or fatty extract Chinese medicine is a very comprehensive system obtained by washing a natural, aromatic source comprising thousands of acupuncture points for material with a hydrocarbon solvent, such as hexane, acupuncture and tens of thousands of individual and then evaporating the solvent. If the general herbs. The small number of plants used for essential public knew that hexane is just the chemical name for Continued...page 9 © Copyright 2012 NAHA • All rights reserved 8 The Functional Categories of Disease and Essential Oils Dennis Willmont, L. Ac.

Continued...page 8 contrast to the Five Phase system, which is more ancient. The Eight Principles, or Functional white gas, it is questionable whether concretes would Categories, enables one to reach very specific be accepted for therapeutic purposes. The same conclusions, especially on the physical level. Most principle is true for all food grade oils that are solvent important for our study of essential oils, the extracted. Manufacturers are not required to label Functional Categories provide a system of such oils and it is very doubtful if the public would buy classification for the essential oils. The Five Phases is them if they were labeled so truthfully. Look for a broader system that enables one to connect the expeller-pressed food oils instead! Body, Mind, and Spirit together as a unified whole. 2 For a more complete list of coumarins found in 5 Or any other Bodily Substance or internal organ. essential oils, see the table of Representative Coumarin Essential Oils under the Phenylpropanes 6 Tongue and pulse diagnosis is very detailed and section of the Essential Oil Chemistry chapter. important in Chinese medicine. Pulse diagnosis, for 3 See the chapter on the Five Phases for a more example, is totally different than what is found in detailed examination of this topic. Western medicine, which is only aware of the pulse rate. In Chinese medicine there are three longitudinal 4 In Chinese Medicine, these four polarities are called positions on the radial artery of both wrists. These are the Eight Principles. They form the theoretical basis for contemporary Chinese Medical practice in Continued...page 10 Join us at the NAHA Blog NAHA World of Aromatherapy Blog Spot

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Continued...page 9 the chemical laboratory (supposedly in the absence of the vital force), the vital force doesn’t exist. further subdivided into three horizontal positions for each as well as three vertical positions making nine What is ignored in this rationalization is that while further subdivided into three horizontal positions for simple carbon-based materials can be made each as well as three vertical positions making nine artificially, the organization of carbon-based different positions for each of these vertical levels. materials (especially the more complex ones) This makes for twenty-seven individual positions for unquestionably takes place under the influence of each wrist, each corresponding to a different area such an organizing force. Otherwise, how could and function in the Body/Mind. In addition, there are Kolbe’s experiment have ever taken place? It was, twenty-eight different qualities that give indications after all, the vital force expressed through Kolbe in a as to the functional imbalances in the areas of the well-organized, well-intended, and well-funded Body/Mind indicated by the position. Only one of situation that synthesized acetic acid. It didn’t occur these qualities is the speed of the pulse. All the others simply through random “chemical” reactions. are different. Moreover, the most important aspect The same problem comes up in asking whether a of this diagnostic pulse tradition is the relationship hundred monkeys with a hundred typewriters could, between all the parts to the whole, which all further over a long enough period of time, ever write a treatment should address. Shakespearean play. Chemists point out the absurdity of such a notion, but the monkeys would 7 “Slippery” is one of the twenty-eight qualities and probably find such a silly task equally absurd. Why indicates an excess of Damp, Phlegm, or Heat that would monkeys ever want to write a Shakespearean has accumulated in the area of the body indicated by play anyway? For such questions, motivation is the pulse position. One differentiates between these equally important as time. If the monkeys really possibilities by the preponderance of the signs and needed to do it, they probably would. Perhaps they symptoms. already have! 8 The early history of the essential oil tradition grew together in conjunction with the study of herbs where Aromatherapy with Chinese Medicine; Healing the information by trained experts over long periods of Body/Mind/Spirit with Essential Oils by Dennis time eventually became common knowledge. This Willmont, Second Edition, Willmountain Press, period was one where the herbal tradition was a 2007 highly developed and extensively practiced healing art. Today, however, much of this older tradition is diluted with contemporary anecdote and hearsay. In addition, there are many plants that are being distilled into essential oils and, therefore, used for therapeutic applications that were only available as herbal preparations in times past. 9 Vitalistic theory credits the life force, a mechanism similar to the Qi of acupuncture, for the organization of biological structures. Chemists delight in touting the “demise” of the vitalistic theory by the German chemist Hermann Kolbe in 1845. Kolbe succeeded in synthesizing acetic acid (the acid found in vinegar) Dennis Willmont has been practicing acupuncture, from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, its basic and Taijiquan, and Daoist meditation since 1971. He chemical constituents. The so-called “proof” of this has published numerous articles in academic journals demise consists in the rather rigid and limiting on acupuncture and natural healing. To learn more definition of “vitalistic” that only living cells, under Dennis or to order his book ‘Aromatherapy with the influence of the mysterious “vital force” can make Chinese Medicine’ please visit his website: carbon compounds. The chemists’ rationalization is that since the carbon-based acetic acid was made in www.willmountain.com

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waters, fragrant baths, massage oils, incense, and many others. Essential oil preparations were highly esteemed by ancient physicians. Essential oil-containing spices were one of the primary methods of food preservation; the search for a fast, as yet unknown route by sea to obtain those costly spices led to the discovery of the New World. The anti-microbial action of essential oils is one of the most extensively studied aspects of botanical medicine. Research into the antiseptic properties of essential oils has been going on since the 1880s, starting with oils such as oregano (Origanum vulgare), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), and clove (Eugenia caryophyllata). By the 1930s, a considerable amount of conclusive studies had been amassed, History including proof that essential oils used in perfumes had antibiotic powers, but these ﬁndings were Essential oil-containing aromatic plants have been eclipsed by the discovery of penicillin and the used for anti-infectious purposes for millennia. emergence of antibiotic drugs. The origins of the Sewage, rotting garbage, sick people, environmental current aromatherapy movement can be credited pollution, and other sources of unpleasant smells largely to the research and work of people such as Dr. reveal the presence of proliferating microbial toxins. Jean Valnet in the 1960s. Without knowing the details of what pathogenic Essential Oil Research agents were present, people understood that where there were bad vapors, diseases lurked. Aromatic Thousands of studies on the anti-microbial eﬀects of plants have been the primary antidote for these evil essential oils are available online in hundreds of spirits. Traditional medical systems, such as databases and journals. Research has been Ayurveda, had a general concept of microscopic conducted on a vast array of essential oils and pathogens and knew that substances such as essential oil constituents from a multitude of species, essential oils counter- acted those toxins. varieties and chemotypes of aromatic plants, including details of their geographic origins, Historically, people have known that essential oils harvesting and extraction, analytical methods, and had many uses, including medicinal and preservation comparative results. of foods. The medicinal powers of essential oils have been utilized in various forms for thousands of years, Many of these studies have been performed on such as unguents, lotions, perfumes, perfumed aromatic plants with a known history of use in ethno- Continued...page 13

Continued...page 12 generation of non-toxic products; this will reduce the toxic biological burden at the root of countless botanical medicine. In these cases, testing the plant’s diseases and hasten the transition from oil components against microbial strains frequently unsustainable fossil fuel-based economies and confirms what local practitioners have known. In industries to sustainable plant-based economies and some cases, new information emerges which might industries. This is the true potential of botanical improve the use of the plant. For example, the entire medicines: agents of healing on all levels, including aerial portion of a species may be used traditionally ecological, agricultural, industrial, economic, and for anti-infectious purposes, but testing will reveal medical. that the strongest concentrations of effective compounds are in the leaves rather than the flowers, In the field of natural medicine, essential oils are or that the flowers contain properties that are best important anti-infectious and anti-microbial agents, used in other ways. whose importance grows as microbial resistance to antibiotic and antiviral drugs increases. Research Frequently, the oils used in research are distilled in papers frequently conclude with the observation that small quantities for the purpose of the study only and these oils are promising alternatives for standard are, therefore, not found on the market. Bringing anti-microbial drugs. The challenge in applying this these oils into commerce would expand the range of information is making the transition from in-vitro natural medicines available to practitioners, create studies on pure microbial strains grown in Petri dishes new products, and give farmers new sources of to the realities of human physiology. income. Because of their potency and documented pharm- The body of research includes not only examination aceutical efficacy, essential oils represent an of the antibiotic, antiviral, and anti-fungal properties important interface between allopathic and herbal of the oils, but other important functions including systems of medicine; as their antibiotic powers are anti-inflammatory, immune-stimulating, hormone- recognized they will first replace routine regulating, anti-parasitic, and anti-cancer powers. prescriptions for easily treatable conditions, and will Furthermore, the research is not limited to human later be applied to more serious conditions. health and medical applications, but extends to other important fields including veterinary medicine, food Testing Oils for Antimicrobial Properties preservation, natural flavoring and fragrances, Essential oils are being tested in-vitro, in-vivo in industrial applications and agricultural uses such as animals, and in human clinical trials. In-vitro testing pesticides and fertilizers. of essential oils against microbial strains generally Even a brief perusal of the available literature reveals proceeds in three stages. The first step is distillation that essential oils represent a vast and underutilized of the oil from a specific species of plant. The second botanical resource, a non-toxic and ecologically is analysis of the chemical constituents of the oil, sustainable industry capable of replacing a high done through gas chromatography. The third is percentage of the toxic fossil fuel-derived chemical in-vitro testing of the oil or its primary compounds compounds now routinely used in almost every against various strains of microbes. consumer product. Essential oils are steadily moving The most commonly used in-vitro method for to the next level of practical application in a new determining which pathogens are susceptible to which oils or oil constituent is the agar diffusion technique; this is the same method used to determine the bactericidal activity of antibiotic drugs. The procedure begins by inoculating a standardized microbial strain on agar medium. A series of sterile paper disks are saturated with different oils at different concentrations, and placed over the culture; alternately, the oil is dropped directly into holes in the medium. After a latency period the inhibition halo around the disks is measured, and the anti-microbial activity of the oil is rated according to its size and essential oil concentration. Continued...page 14

Continued...page 13 specifically for Wind Cold and Wind Heat, i.e. airborne pathogens; likewise, the oils produced Although the agar diffusion technique is the most within these leaves and needles are released directly commonly used, it is not necessarily the most into the air. accurate, as the essential oils have volatile as well as aqueous properties. Newer methods are now being employed to test the anti-microbial effects of essential oil vapors, rather than direct aqueous contact on disks. Results show that the concentrations of oils needed in the vapor state are far less than when applied in agar medium, thus confirming that not only are the oils highly anti-microbial, but that they are also more potent than originally thought. The Role of Essential Oil Production in Plant Physiology Traditional medical systems such as Ayurveda and Chinese medicine are fundamentally systems of eco-physiology, which describe the functioning of the human body using terms and concepts derived from observing the elements and energetic patterns The immunological functions of essential oils within of planetary biospheric physiology. If students plants are also directly related to their effects on contemplate these principles deeply, they begin to human immunity. Essential oils are secondary develop a kind of macro-thinking that reveals not just metabolic byproducts which serve several the basic elemental correspondences taught in physiological purposes, including anti-bacterial, acupuncture colleges, but vast patterns of anti-vital, and wound healing. The molecules within interrelationships between living beings and the an essential oil can be thought of as the expression of underlying commonalities of biological functions. the plants immunological intelligence; when we When this type of synthetic and integrative thinking utilize essential oils we are using botanical is combined with an understanding, even immuno-chemical intelligence to repel and destroy rudimentary, of botany, physiology, and chemistry, a pathogens common to both plants and humans, and truly holistic vision of life emerges. A holistic vision of to activate healing processes that are likewise similar life awakens a sense of reverence for the intelligence in both. It is interesting to note that most aromatic operating within every aspect of nature, and this plants are not vulnerable to common pathogens and awakening in turn is the foundation of spiritual pests that affect non-aromatic plants; likewise, those wisdom. who have worked with essential oils during times of In the field of essential oil chemistry, numerous epidemics, such as distillers and professional parallels and examples of biological unity can be perfumers, have a historical reputation of being less discovered using this macro-thinking at the intuitive vulnerable to contagious illnesses. level, which reveal why and how essential oils work. Modes of Antimicrobial Actions The lungs, for example, have a similar structure to trees: the trachea is the trunk, the bronchi are the Different molecular compounds work differently large branches, bronchioles are smaller branches, against different microbes. One of the major models and alveoli are the leaves. of anti-microbial action that has been confirmed is cellular membrane toxicity caused by monoterpenoid Likewise, the majority of essential oils used for components. treating upper respiratory conditions and the mucous membrane level of the lungs are derived from the Although essential oils are complex mixtures, leaves of trees, such as eucalyptus (Eucalyptus research suggests that the monoterpenes, being globulus) and ravensara (Ravensara aromatica), or lipophilic, diffuse into cell membranes and cause from needles of conifers such as pine (Pinus them to expand, thereby increasing their fluidity, sylvestris), spruce (Picea mariana), and fir (Abies siberica). In Chinese medical terms, these oils are Continued...page 15

Continued...page 14 Researchers have identified many specific compounds responsible for the anti-microbial powers disordering membrane structures, and inhibiting of oils; however, like other herbal preparations and membrane-embedded enzymes. Studies on the phyto-medicines, the effect of synergies is probably effects of essential oils such as: oregano (Origanum more biocompatible and therapeutically balanced vulgare), ravensara (Ravansara aromatica), and tea than using an isolated active ingredient. tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) show that they cause rapid cellular damage to bacteria. By inhibiting the The chemical compounds in essential oils fall into two enzymes and cofactors involved in the respiratory primary groups: hydrocarbons, which are mainly electron transport chain spanning the cytoplasmic terpenes (monoterpenes, diterpenes, and ses- membranes of bacteria and mitochondrial quiterpenes), and oxygenated compounds which are membranes of yeast, the monoterpenes cause phenols, terpene alcohols, esters, ethers, aldehydes, inhibition of respiratory oxygen of microbes. ketones, and oxides. While some compounds are distinctly more antimicrobial than others, there are Even slight changes to the structural integrity of cell many adjunctive uses for the less potent membranes can detrimentally affect cellular anti-microbial oils. metabolism. In the case of monoterpene toxicity, potassium ions are lost, which disrupts ionic Terpenes homeostasis and disturbs chemiosmotic control of energy-dependent processes such as metabolism Terpenes, which include monoterpenes, sequi- and motility. terpenes, and diterpenes, comprise a large group of molecules found in some form in almost all essential Antibiotic drugs interrupt specific metabolic oils, with a wide range of therapeutic functions. pathways, such as the formation of a particular protein used to build a cell membrane; bacteria can Different monoterpenes have anti-inflammatory, learn how to resist this specific disrupting influence antiseptic, antiviral and antibacterial properties; within ten days of being exposed to the drug. The some are stimulating with a tonic effect; others are biochemical action of essential oils prevents this from expectorant and mucous membrane stimulants and happening; by blocking the entire cellular respiratory decongestants; others are atmospheric antiseptic function, bacteria are simply suffocated. agents. Limonene, found in most citrus oils, has expectorant and antiviral actions. Pinene, found in Some of the strongest anti-microbial compounds, pine, cypress (Cupressus sempervirens), and tea tree such as the phenols thymol and carvacrol, can oils and cymene, found in thyme oil (Thymus completely block oxygen intake in cell membranes. vulgaris), have powerful antiseptic actions. Other monoterpenes include camphene found in fir (Abies Essential oils not only neutralize pathogenic germs, siberica), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), sweet but also help to restore and correct the underlying fennel (Foeniculum vulgaris), nutmeg (Myristica humoral terrain, such as expectoration from fragrans), cypress (Cupressus sempervirens), valerian congested mucous membranes, as well as (Valeriana officinalis). Sabinene enhancing and stimulating the immune found in juniper berry (Juniperus system. Used properly, essential oils do not communis), cedarwood (Cedrus harm or disrupt beneficial intestinal flora. atlantica), rose geranium (Pelar- They are effective against bacteria, viruses, gonium graveolens var. Bourbon). parasites, fungus, and yeast. Because of And cadinine found in hyssop their wide-spectrum action against path- (Hyssopus officinalis), myrrh ogens and immune enhancing functions, (Commiphora myrrha) and tea essential oils are an increasingly important tree (Melaleuca alternifolia). alternative to antibiotic therapy. Sesquiterpenes have outstanding Antimicrobial Compounds in Essential Oils anti-inflammatory properties For safe and effective therapeutic use of which can be used in conjunction essential oils it is important to have a basic with stronger antimicrobials or knowledge of their constituents. Essential for chronic inflammation fol- oils usually contain several major com- lowing infections. pounds and many more minor compounds, sometimes numbering hundreds. Continued...page 16

Continued...page 15 palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris geraniol chemo-type); and thujanol, The sequiterpene group contains: chamazulene found in thyme (Thymus vulgaris thujanol found in chamomiles (Matricaria recutita and chemo-type) and sweet marjoram (Origanum Chamaemelum nobile), blue yarrow (Achillea majorana); and menthol, found in peppermint millefolium). Farnesol found in chamomiles, rose (Mentha piperita). (Rosa damascena and Rosa centifolia), valeranon found in valerina (Valeriana officinalis) and santalol, Phenols found in sandalwood (Santalum album). Himalayan Spikenard (Nardostachys jatamansi) is nearly one Phenols are among the most potent of the hundred percent sesquiterpenes. anti-microbial compounds. Phenols have powerful broad spectrum anti-infectious and anti-bacterial Diterpenes are rarely found in essential oils, as they functions, are antiseptic and disinfectant, and have are less volatile and distill only in minute amounts. strong anti-parasitic properties. They have moderately strong tonic, stimulant, anti-viral, Terpene Alcohols anti-fungal, and immune enhancing properties. Terpene alcohols as a group are among the most Although they have excellent antiseptic properties, beneficial and versatile of the essential oil com- phenols are skin and mucous membrane irritants pounds. They have broad spectrum anti-infectious, which can be caustic, especially when used neat. Oils antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties; high in phenols should be used in low concentrations they also possess uplifting, energizing stimulant and and for short periods of time, after which they should tonic properties. In general they are non-toxic, be replaced by others that are less potentially toxic. non-irritating, and relatively safe. Two of the more common terpenic alcohols found in anti-microbial * Avoid use during pregnancy and with children. oils are terpinen-4-ol in tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) and sweet marjoram (Origanum Three of the most important phenols from essential majorana), and alpha terpineol, found in ravensara oils are thymol, carvacrol, and eugenol. Thymol is (Ravensara aromatica) and eucalyptus radiata. Other found in high concentration in oils such as Thyme important terpenic alcohols with anti-microbial (Thymus vulgaris). Carvacrol is found in oils such as: actions are linalool, found in coriander (Coriandrum Oregano (Origanum vulgare), Winter Savory (Satureja sativum), thyme (Thymus vulgaris linalool montana), and Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum). chemo-type), and different species of lavender Eugenol is found in oils such as Clove (Eugenia (Lavandula angustifolia). Geraniol, found in caryophyllus), Ceylon cinnamon leaf (Cinnamomum verum) and Basil (Ocimum gratissimum eugenol chemo-type). Aldehydes Monoterpene aldehydes are found primarily in the lemon-scented oils. This group contains oils that have anti-inflammatory, anti-infectious, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, and disinfectant powers. These oils must be used with caution as they can cause skin irritation. Monoterpene aldehydes include citral found in: bergamot (Citrus bergamia) lemon (Citrus limonum), lime (Citrus medica), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), melissa (Melissa officinalis), geranial found in: petitgrain (Citrus aurantium var. amara), orange (Citrus sinensis), lemon (Citrus limonum), melissa (Melissa officinalis), neral found in: lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), lemon (Citrus limonum), and citronellal found in: citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), rose (Rosa damascena and Rosa centifolia), Melissa (Melissa officinalis). Continued...page 17

Continued...page 16 in lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), clary sage (Salvia sclarea), and petitgrain (Citrus aurantium var. Aromatic aldehydes are among the most powerful amara). Some esters also have anti-fungal and broad-spectrum anti-infectious and antibacterial anti-microbial properties: geranium (Pelargonium compounds found in essential oils. They have graveolens) oil, which contains geranyl acetate, and moderately powerful antiviral, anti-fungal, and helichrysum (Helichrysum italicum), which contains anti-parasitic functions, and moderately strong neryl acetate, possess anti-fungal properties; functions as immune system stimulants and general lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) oil, which contains tonics. They are dermo-caustic and must be diluted geranyl acetate and linalyl acetate, has been found to appropriately. be bactericidal against Helicobacter pylori (see Other aromatic aldehydes are cuminal, found in below). These components are normally gentle in cumin (Cuminum cyminum), and phellandral, found in their actions and can be used with a wide safety eucalyptus (Eucalyptus polybractea). margin. Oxides Oils containing oxides are generally camphoraceous in nature. As a group they are considered to have only mild anti-infectious eﬀects, but they have excellent expectorant properties that can be used in conjunction with other oils. One of the most well-known of the non-toxic oxides is cineol (eucalyptol), which is found in eucalyptus and rosemary oils; these oils combine well with phenol-rich oils such as thyme and oregano for treatment of respiratory viral and bacterial infections.

Ketones Continued...page 18 Ketones are some of the most toxic of the compounds found in essential oils. However, some ketone-containing oils have excellent therapeutic value, although they are not generally considered strongly anti-microbial. Some oils containing ketones aid in wound healing and dissolving mucus, some are immune system stimulants, and some are anti-fungal. They can be used effectively in conjunction with stronger anti-microbial oils. Oils such as hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) have moderate amounts of ketones; peppermint (Mentha pipertia), spearmint (Mentha spicata), and rose geranium (Pelargonium graveolens var. Bourbon), which contain menthone, can be very beneficial when used properly. Esters Esters are not major anti-microbials, but they can be used in conjunction with stronger anti-microbial oils. Esters found in essential oils are normally very education • appreciation • beauty fragrant with a fruity aroma. Their therapeutic effects are balancing to the nervous system, calming, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic. An example of a well-known ester is linalyl acetate, which is found www.aromatherapythymes.com

Continued...page 17 resistance to antibiotics is emerging, that these essential oils may have potential as new and safe In-vitro, In-vivo, and Clinical Testing agents for inclusion in anti-H. pylori regimens. An extensive amount of documentation exists for (Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against in-vitro, in-vivo animal testing, and human clinical Helicobacter pylori.; Ohno T, Kita M, Yamaoka Y, trials using essential oils. Below is a brief sample of Imamura S, Yamamoto T, Mitsufuji S, Kodama T, some of these trials, to give a general overview of the Kashima K, Imanishi J.; Third Department of Internal range of possibilities that essential oils have for Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, future clinical practice, including antibacterial, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan, 2003). antiviral, and-fungal, and acaricidal. Herpes Simplex Essential oil of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) was found to inhibit Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), indicating that the oil contains an anti-HSV-2 substance. (Antiviral activity of the volatile oils of Melissa officinalis L. against Herpes simplex virus type-2.; Allahverdiyev A, Duran N, Ozguven M, Koltas S.; Tropical Diseases Center, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey, 2004). UTI The antibacterial activity of essential oils extracted from basil (Ocimum gratissimum eugenol chemo-type), lemongrass (Cymbopogum citratus), and sage (Salvia officinalis) was assessed on bacterial strains derived from 100 urine samples. Sage (Salvia officinalis) showed enhanced inhibitory activity, with 100 percent efficiency against Klebsiella and Enterobacter species, 96 percent against Escherichia coli, 83 percent against Proteus mirabilis, and 75 percent against Morganella morganii. Hepatitis (Antibacterial activity of essential oils on Fifty patients with chronic hepatitis C and ten with microorganisms isolated from urinary tract infection; chronic hepatitis B were treated with essential oils Rogrio Santos Pereira; Tnia Cristina Sumita; Marcos such as ravensara (Ravensara aromatica), thyme Roberto Furlan; Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge; (Thymus vulgaris), laurel (Laurus nobilis), niaouli Mariko Ueno; Universidade de Taubat. Taubat, SP, (Melaleuca viridiflora), and helichrysum (Helichrysum Brasi) italicum), either in monotherapy or combined with standard allopathic drugs (interferon for hepatitis C). Helicobacter pylori In patients with HCV treated with bitherapy and Japanese researchers found that lemongrass essential oils, tolerance and response to treatment (Cymbopogon citratus) and lemon verbena (Lippia was improved (80 percent good tolerance and 100 citriodora) oils were bactericidal against Helicobacter percent complete response especially for genotype pylori at 0.01 percent. In in-vivo studies, the density 1). For patients with HCV treated with monotherapy of H. pylori in the stomach of mice treated with (essential oils only), an improvement in hepatitis was lemongrass was significantly reduced compared with noted in 64 percent of cases. For HBV, two cures were untreated mice. Resistance to lemongrass did not obtained with essential oils in monotherapy. develop, whereas resistance to clarithromycin (The role of aromatherapy in the treatment of viral developed under the same conditions. The hepatitis; A.M. Giraud-Robert International Journal researchers concluded that the essential oils are of Aromatherapy; Volume 15, Issue 4, 2005, Pages bactericidal against H. pylori without the 183-192) development of acquired resistance, and since Continued...page 19

Continued...page 18 (Antibacterial Essential Oils Reduce Tumor Smell and Inflammation in Cancer Patients Journal of Clinical Oregano Oil Effective Against Shigella Dysentery Oncology, Vol 23, No 7 (March 1), 2005: pp. The results of this test showed that Origanum volatile 1588-a-1589) oil has obvious protective effect on mice infected Scabies with two strains of Shigella, and that it had germistatic and germicidal effects on dysentery The acaricidal activity of Tea Tree (Melaleuca bacteria. The researchers concluded that Origanum alternifolia) oil and some of its individual active volatile oil is an effective medicine against the components were tested on the itch mite Sarcoptes infection of dysentery bacteria. scabiei var hominis. A five per cent concentration of the oil was highly effective in reducing mite survival (Experimental study on the antibacterial effect of times, both in vitro and in vivo. The researchers Origanum volatile oil on dysentery bacilli in vivo and suggest that because of increased resistance against in vitro; Liao F, Huang Q, Yang Z, Xu H, Gao Q.; anti-ectoparasitic compounds, tea tree oil has a Department of Microbiology, Tongji Medical College, potential role as a new topical acaricide, and confirm Huazhong University of Science and Technology, terpinen-4-ol as the primary active component. Wuhan 430030, China, 2004.) Anti-Fungal (Tinea / Ringworm) (Acaricidal activity of Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil: in vitro sensitivity of sarcoptes scabiei var hominis Japanese researchers to terpinen-4-ol.; Walton SF, McKinnon M, Pizzutto conducing both in- S, Dougall A, Williams E, Currie BJ.; Menzies School vitro and in vivo of Health Research, and Northern Territory Clinical experiments found School, Flinders University, Darwin, Australia, 2004.) that the essential oils Continued...page 20 of cinnamon bark, lemongrass, thyme, lavender, tea tree, and citronella oils (in increasing effectiveness) had potent anti-Trichophyton actions by vapor contact. (In-vitro and in-vivo anti- Trichophyton activity of essential oils by vapour contact.; Inouye S, Uchida K, Yamaguchi H.; Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-03, Japan, 2001). Malodor of Tumor Necrosis Oils of eucalyptus and tea tree have been found to be highly effective in removing the malodor of necrotic tumors in cancer patients, thereby improving the quality of life. Necrotic neoplastic ulcers are usually superinfected with anaerobic bacteria such as Bacteroides, Enterobacter, or Escherichia coli species. Additionally, these oils promote ulcer healing and re-epithelization. Adverse effects are uncommon and are usually limited to minor irritation at the time of application; the beneficial effects, however, have been quite pronounced.

Continued...page 19 Editor’s Safety Note: References Always dilute essential oils before application to the skin. Certain essential oils, such as Thyme and Eucalyptus Determining the Antimicrobial Actions of Tea Tree Oil; Sean D. Cox, Cindy M. Mann, Julie L. Markham, John E. radiata are contraindicated for use on damaged skin and Gustafson, John R. Warmington and S. Grant Wyllie, 2001. should always be used in high dilution. See The Aromatherapy Practitioner Manual by Sylla Sheppard Antiviral and Antimicrobial Properties of Essential Oils; Dominique Baudoux Hanger and the Essential Oil Safety book by Robert Tisserand and Tony Balacs. General Antimicrobial Effect Bioactivity of essential oils of selected temperate Tony Burfield’s research via www.cropwatch.org shows aromatic plants: antibacterial, antioxidant, anti- oxidized Tea Tree oil may cause a rash to develop in sens- inflammatory and other related pharmacological itive individuals on undiluted skin application. activities; Katya P Svoboda and Janice B Hampson; Plant Biology Department, SAC Auchincruive, Scotland, UK, Certain essential oils can be contraindicated for use during 1993. pregnancy, for use with children and with epilepsy. Please Terpenoids and Their Effects on Conifer Insects; Linda A. check with a professional aromatherapist before using Mahaffey, Colorado State University; BI570 Spring 2004 essential oils and aromatherapy products. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Cestrum; David Crow is a master herbalist, aromatherapist and Diurnum; Bhattacharjee I., Ghosh A. and Chandra G.; acupuncturist with over 20 years experience and is an Mosquito Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The expert in the Ayurvedic and Chinese medical Burdwan University, India, 2005. systems. David currently travels and teaches Essential Oils Gain Credibility in the War on Pathogens; throughout the world. Through his visionary Marilyn Vail synthesis of medicine, ecology, and spirituality, he has helped transform the lives of thousands. To learn Essential Oils – Nature’s Powerful Anti-Viral Weapons; more about David visit his websites: Melodie Kantner

www.ﬂoracopeia.com and www.medicinecrow.com

2012 Call for NAHA E-News Articles Mini-Article Topics: Essential Oil Profile Highlight Aromatherapy Blending Tips Seasonal topics and much more!

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Saro Essential Oil Profile Andrea Butje, LMT, Clinical Aromatherapist

Latin Name: Cinnamosma fragrans I like to use Saro in steam blends, inhalers, hand Botanical Family: Canellaceae cleansers and chest rubs. I also like to combine Saro Countries of Origin: Madagascar with other oils high in 1,8 cineole such as Eucalyptus Plant: Tree (Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus radiata), Plant Part Used: Leaves Helichrysum (Helichrysum gymnocephalum), Niaouli Extraction Method: Steam Distilled (Melaleuca quinquenervia ct 1,8 cineole), Laurel leaf Aroma: Camphoraceous, Fresh, Warm and Radiant (Laurus nobilis), Rosemary (Rosmarinus oﬃcinalis ct Primary Chemical Families: 1,8 cineole) and Ravintsara (Cinnamomum camphora Monoterpenes and Oxides with a small percentage ct 1,8 cineole). of Monoterpenols Note: Top/Middle When I am creating blends for immune support I Temperature: Warm frequently combine Saro with Conifer oils, Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) and Citrus oils.

Comments: Saro is an evergreen shrub tree with flo- Safety: wers and fruits, native to Madagascar. Saro is found If oxidized, it in abundance in Madagascar, where it is known by may cause skin traditional healers as “Mandravasarotra, the plant irritation or sen- that keeps away bad things and disease.” sitization. Due The liquid expressed from the leaves is used for to the high 1,8 healing wounds and abscesses. The leaves are used cineole content to make a tea that is used as a tonic for weakness. it may antidote homeopathic Uses in Aromatherapy Blending: remedies. Oils Saro is a powerful anti-infectious oil. It is penetrating, rich in 1,8 cin- awakening and clears the head from congestion. It eole are too can be used as a natural broad spectrum antibiotic strong to use and as an expectorant. Saro is especially useful for with babies and may be too strong for use with the lungs and sinuses with children under five years old, especially on their faces respiratory infections. This is or in a steam. Care must be taken when using with a great oil for diffusion as asthmatics due to the high 1,8 cineole content. well as for steams and skin applications. Aromatherapy Blend Recipes: The last several batches Aromahead Institute im- Steam Blend to reduce congestion ported from the distiller in Make in 5 ml bottle and use 1 drop in your steam Madagascar had about 43% 20 drops Saro (Cinnamosma fragrans) 1,8 cineole. The oil also 20 drops Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) contains varying amounts of 20 drops Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) alpha and beta pinene, Cold and Flu Inhaler linalol, terpinen-4-ol and sabinene. Many of these 5 drops Saro (Cinnamosma fragrans) components contribute to 5 drops Ravintsara (Cinnamomum camphora ct 1,8 Saro’s anti-infectious pro- cineole) perties, especially for 5 drops Orange (Citrus sinensis) 1,8 cineole respiratory infections. Continued...page 23

Continued...page 22 Andrea Butje founded Aromahead Institute in Aloe vera Hand Cleanser 1999. She developed the 2 oz aloe in a flip top bottle scientifically based 200 10 drops Saro (Cinnamosma fragrans) hour Aromatherapy Cer- 10 drops Lemon (Citrus limonum) tification Program app- 10 drops Laurel leaf (Laurus nobilis) roved by the National 10 drops Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) Association for Holistic Aromatherapy, and the Scholars Program, a 400 hour Aromatherapy Certification Program approved by the Alliance of International Aromatherapists. Andrea’s interest in essential oil chemistry and blending inspired her to create the Component Database to organize existing research on individual components. The Components Database has been thoroughly edited and reviewed by the highly acclaimed aromatherapist, Robert Tisserand. Andrea was honored to have him on board, editing and reviewing the database. To learn more about the Components Database visit Chest Rub the website: https://components.aromahead.com 2 oz of Salve or Cream To learn more about Andrea visit her website at: 10 drops Saro (Cinnamosma fragrans) www.aromahead.com 5 drops Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis ct 1,8 cineole) 5 drops Siberian Fir (Abies siberica) Component Database FROM THE AROMAHEAD INSTITUTE

A searchable , interactive reference database of chemical components JennScents® of essential oils . Holistic Aromatherapy Search and explore medicinal actions , Holistic Aromatherapy Certification Courses therapeutic behaviors NAHA Level I & II Approved and thorough research . Introduction · Advanced · Specialized Business • Exclusive glossary & research citations Emotional Healing · Skin Care · Body Systems • Search components by therapeutic behavior Herbal Integration · Animals or chemical family • Created by Aromahead’s Andrea Butje In Historic Downtown Clermont • Edited by Robert Tisserand 702 W. Montrose St. Clermont Florida 352· 243 · 9627 www.jennscents.com Save 10% with discount code NAHA http://components.aromahead.com

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March 8, 2012: Sharon Falsetto, CA, BA (Hons) Aromatic Writing & Blogging

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Times: 8:30pm Eastern (5:30 pm Paciﬁc, 6:30 pm Mountain, 7:30 pm Central) May 10, 2012: Mindy Green: MS, RA, RH (AHG) Aging Gracefully with Essential Essential Oils Fee: Tele-conferences are free to NAHA Members (The only fees you may incur are from your long distance phone service) July 12, 2012: Dr. Joie Power Essential Oils and the Immune System Tele-conferences can be applied towards ARC required credit hours towards renewal. (Tele-conference time, date, presenters and fee are www.aromatherapycouncil.org scheduled to change without notice)

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What is SARS? Health Organization have stated that there may be SARS (Severe Acute Res- other means of environmental transmission as well. piratory Syndrome) is a CDC and WHO have developed recommendations for highly contagious, pneu- healthcare workers in contact with SARS patients monia-like respiratory vi- which include the use of N-95 respirators, eye rus which is now known to protection, and disposable gowns and gloves, in be caused by a new var- addition to standard procedures for infectious iant of the coronavirus. illnesses (hand washing, etc.). Guidelines for SARS Named for their dist- patients and their family members include face inctive crown-like app- masks; frequently washing and disinfecting hands, earance, coronaviruses have been known for some clothing, bedding, and household surfaces; and, no time to be a cause of upper-respiratory illnesses, sharing of food and items. As concerns about this including the common cold, and occasionally, illness have spread, the use of face masks has pneumonia. These viruses are very common and become common in public places in some countries. appear throughout the world. In the past, most Many travel advisories have also been issued and respiratory illnesses arising from coronaviruses have travel to areas of China and Canada has drastically been relatively mild and self-limiting, with fatalities decreased. confined to persons already in poor health at the time of infection. In contrast, the new coronavirus which produces SARS has resulted in fatalities in previously healthy persons. The first SARS cases were recognized in February, 2003 and as of April 16, 2003 there were over 3000 known cases worldwide, with about 159 fatalities. Mainland China and Hong Kong have reported the greatest number of cases, followed by Singapore, Canada, the United States and Vietnam. Cases have also been reported in France, Germany, Indonesia, Japan, Italy, Kuwait, Ireland, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, Thailand, South Africa, Malaysia, and the Philippines. To date, there have been no confirmed deaths from SARS in the US; otherwise, mortality rates vary from about 4% to 10% in other parts of the world. As of this writing, the mortality rate appears to have been highest in Canada. How SARS is spread? Treatment of SARS: SARS, like other respiratory illnesses, appears to Although modern medical science has developed spread through contact with infected persons. The effective treatment for many bacterial infections, virus is aerosolized in droplets of fluid expelled when there are few effective antiviral drugs and none that a victim sneezes or coughs and is then breathed in by are known to act specifically against SARS. At others in the immediate area. The CDC reports that it present, the mainstream medical approach for is also possible that it can be spread more broadly dealing with SARS has been to provide supportive through the air or by touching an object that has been contaminated. Epidemiologists with the World Continued...page 26

Continued...page 25 overcome the virus and survive, but in about 4 to 10% treatment (which may include interventions such as of cases, the infection overwhelms the body’s draining fluid from the lungs); antibiotics to control defenses and the patient dies. secondary bacterial infections; steroids to help Jane Buckle, author of Clinical Aromatherapy in control some of the symptoms of SARS; and the use Nursing, quotes an article from the science pages of of existing antiviral agents in hopes that they may the Economist Magazine saying that “no viral have some affect. epidemic has ever been stopped by drugs.” She goes on to say that synthetic viricides are difficult to manufacture and that none appear to be totally effective and are accompanied by moderate to severe side effects. Since new viruses appear all the time from unknown sources and since mainstream treatments are lacking, viral diseases represent a significant threat to health worldwide. The effectiveness of some essential oils as both antibacterial and antiviral agents has been reported for a very long time. During the bubonic plague (caused by the Yersinia pestis bacillus) that swept through Europe in the Middle Ages, killing more than

Continued...page 27 Although modern pharmacological science has produced many effective antibiotics for combating bacterial infections, it has been far less successful in developing useful antiviral agents, or “viricides”. Viruses are many hundreds of times smaller than bacteria and could not even be seen until the development of the electron microscope. Viruses are also harder to kill because they are not exactly alive in the first place. Unlike the bacterium, which is a living cell that has all the biological “machinery” for carrying out life processes, including reproduction, a virus is nothing more than a single or double strand of RNA or DNA wrapped in a coat of protein. The virus may lie dormant in the air, soil, water, or fecal matter for some time before entering a host where it can immediately or eventually reproduce itself in a destructive way. The immune system rallies to fight off viruses just as it does bacteria or any foreign invader (such as a transplanted organ). In the case of viruses that produce the common cold, measles, or some forms of pneumonia, the immune system of a relatively healthy person is able to fight off the virus. In most cases, SARS patients are also able to

Continued...page 26 Writing in 1980, the famous French surgeon, Dr. Jean 30% of the population in affected areas, it was Valnet, reported his clinical success in treating observed that people who worked in the lavender serious cases of shingles and influenza with a mixture distilleries and in other industries using essential oils of essential oils. Some of the oils he mentions include rarely contracted the disease. Several recipes for pine (Pinus sylvestris), thyme (Thymus vulgaris ct preventing plague with essential oils became popular linalool) and lemon (Citrus limonum) which are widely during this time and it was common for people to used as antivirals in clinical aromatherapy practice carry bundles of dried herbs mixed with essential oils today. During the 1990’s doctors Franchomme and on their person. In addition to lavender (Lavandula Peneol also reported clinical success in the use of angustifolia), cedarwood (Cedrus atlantica) and essential oils against viral infections. cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) were often used. In some studies, specific components of essential oils While certainly of interest, anecdotal evidence of this have been isolated and found to have antiviral kind is not scientific. In more modern times, properties. These include, among others, anethole, anecdotal evidence for the effectiveness of essential carvone, beta-caryophyllene, citral, eugenol, oils against both bacteria and viruses has steadily limonene, linalool, and linalyl acetate. Several accumulated and, more importantly to some, proper methods of antiviral action have been proposed for scientific investigations have been conducted since essential oils and essential oil components. For the 1950’s. example, investigators have hypothesized that some essential oils interfere with surface glycoproteins in the viral envelope, thus preventing attachment of the virus to host cells. Other essential oils are believed to attack viruses in the host cells, possibly at the level of the cell membrane. Of course, many essential oils are well known for their ability to stimulate the immune system and may offer some indirect protection against viral infection through these effects. Dr. Franchomme has suggested that coated viruses (those with an external lipid layer) are sensitive to those essential oils which have high levels of mono-terpene alcohols and phenols whereas uncoated viruses are sensitive to oils high in A number of essential oils have been shown in terpenoid ketones. Peneol suggests further that scientific research studies to have actions against a essential oils alter the pH and electrical resistance of variety of viruses including Herpes Simplex I, Herpes the body in a way that is less favorable to viruses. Zoster (shingles), some strains of influenza virus, Concerning the prevention and treatment of the flu, adenovirus, glandular fever, viral enteritis, viral he suggests that if essential oils are used externally enterocolitis, viral hepatitis, viral neuritis, polio, right at the onset of symptoms, the influenza can be cowpox, human rhinovirus Type II, Newcastle stopped on the first day. He also suggests external Disease, mumps, parainfluenza virus 1,2, and 3, and use of essential oil blends as a preventative measure. even HIV-1. Specific essential oils have been shown to Although the research demonstrating the antiviral act against specific viruses. For example, essential oil effects of essential oils seems to have been largely of Houttynia cordata was shown in a 1994 Japanese ignored by mainstream American medicine, it has study to have remarkable effects against HIV-1 but no not been ignored by companies in Europe involved in effects against polio or coxsackievirus). (1) Continued...page 28

Continued...page 27 For additional information on Hottuynia cordata viruses and are also known to be immune system check out this website link: stimulants, it is possible that some essential oils may http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houttuynia_cordata also prove to be of help in reducing the spread of *This information is provided for educational interest SARS. Given the present situation regarding viruses and is not intended to diagnose, treat, or cure any in general, there is an urgent need for research to disease. determine the effectiveness of essential oils against SARS and other viral pathogens. Copyright © 2010 Joie Power, Ph.D. / The Aromatherapy School All Rights Reserved Since the action of essential oils against viruses appears to have a marked degree of specificity (in This article, “Aromatherapy and the SARS Virus” was other words, since only certain oils act against certain originally published for Dreaming Earth Botanicals, viruses), a wide range of known anti-viral essential LLC oils should be investigated, as well as various blends of essential oils. In dealing with viral infections in general (flu, colds, etc.), clinical aromatherapists Dr. Joie Power is a retired, board certified most often utilize blends of essential oils, rather than neuropsychologist. She is a former Assistant single oils. In order to be safely employed by many Professor of Neurosurgery at the Medical College of people, any essential oil blend needs to be free from Georgia and has over 20 years of clinical experience in those essential oils that are known to produce a high both in- and out-patient settings. Her extensive frequency of allergic reactions or to have other studies in aromatherapy and other alternative undesirable side effects. One of the great advantages healing methods include studies with Dr. Jane Buckle of using essential oils is that they can be used (aromatherapy) and Patricia Kyritsi Howell (herbal externally, either by diffusing them into the air in the studies). She is founder and former owner of home or clinic, by applying them to the body in a Dreaming Earth Botanicals (SomaTherapy Essential massage oil, or by applying a drop to a face mask. Oils) and an internationally known writer and teacher Special nasal inhalers are also available. These are in the field of aromatherapy. Dr. Power grew up on a small clips that fit into the nose and protect the skin flower farm with grandparents who were dedicated from contact with the oil. ‘plant people’. In 2000 she left conventional medicine in order to pursue her love of all things botanical. Her All persons who choose to use any essential oil blend approach to aromatherapy weaves together solid in SARS affected areas are advised to follow all other scientific training and extensive clinical skills with a recommended and common sense precautions for holistic approach that honors body, mind, and spirit. avoiding the spread of SARS since scientific studies She is also the author of the Aromatherapy Quick have not yet been conducted to determine the Study Guide, published by Barcharts, Inc. Dr. Power effectiveness of essential oils against SARS virus. is a Professional Member of NAHA and NAHA Group (1) Immunomodulatory and anti-SARS activities of Moderator for the topic: Psychoneuroimmunology Houttuynia cordata. Lau KM. Lee KM. Koon CM. and Aromatherapy. Cheung CS. Lau CP. Ho HM. Lee MY. Au SW. Cheng

CH. Lau CB. Tsui SK. Wan DC. Waye MM. Wong KB. Wong CK. Lam CW. Leung PC. Fung KP. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 118(1):79-85, 2008 Jun 19. To learn more about Dr. Joie Power, [Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't] UI: 18479853 www.aromatherapy-school.com

In an age of increasing essential oils against bacterial burden with an threats from antibiotic emphasis on efficacy against methicillin-resistant resistant microorgan- Staphylococcus aureus. isms, there is an urgent need to find alternative Throughout history aromatherapy has been a part of therapies to address in- the herbal medicine chest of diverse cultures fections and wound care worldwide. "According to the World Health in both hospitalized and Organization, over 85% of the world's population still community based patient relies on herbal medicine, and many of the herbs are populations. aromatic," (Dossey, 2009). Traditionally, essential oils were used for their wound healing properties, to Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is fight infection, and to aid skin problems. Most were a leading cause of nosocomial infection around the used topically (Dossey, 2009). During World War I, world and has evolved into two variants with impact Rene-Maurice Gattefosse, a chemist living in France, on acute and chronic wounds, hospital-acquired treated the wounds of soldiers injured in the trenches MRSA (HA-MRSA) and community acquired MRSA with essential oils of thyme, chamomile, clove, and (CA-MRSA) (Demling & Waterhouse, 2007). lemon. During World War II these oils were used to Aromatherapy, using essential oils obtained from sterilize surgical equipment, disinfect wounds, and aromatic plants, can be part of an integrative treat gangrene (Buckle, 2003). With the discovery of healthcare plan for treating microbial infections that the antibiotic uses of penicillin, and the many related has both a lengthy history of safe and effective use compounds that followed, the medical community throughout world cultures and backing by modern moved away from the tried and true aromatherapy of scientific research. the past to a new age of manufactured antibiotics. The aim of this article is to review current research that provides evidence for the bactericidal efficacy of Continued...page 30

Continued...page 29 illness for which they are ineffective; antibiotics are used as a prophylactic, without first identifying Penicillin and the new classes of antibiotics that have specific bacterial sensitivity; antibiotics are emerged since Fleming examined that first piece of frequently added to animal feed, and antibiotics are moldy bread have saved countless lives. But their used by the food industry and fisheries. The current indiscriminate use has lead to problems of antibiotic problem with overuse of man-made antibiotics goes resistance, which opens the door to re-examining the beyond the problems of antibiotic resistance to role of essential oil therapy in infection control. include: creating chronic infections; allowing opportunistic infections to take hold; suppression of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is immune response; an increase in the development of an increasingly invasive and costly cause of both childhood asthma, and increased incidences of nosocomial and community acquired infections. chronic fatigue syndrome (Schnaubelt, 1995). MRSA infections are believed to cause considerable Commonplace use of mupirocin ointment as a illness and mortality. Resistance of S. aureus was prophylactic and to decolonize patients with MRSA noted soon after the common place use of penicillin has lead to increasing incidences of MRSA resistance in the 1940's, despite warnings regarding the to mupirocin (Demling & Waterhouse, 2007). potential for such resistance by Fleming. As stated by Schnaubelt (1995), "antibiotics are still recklessly The scope of MRSA infection is growing at an overprescribed, often for conditions for which they epidemic pace worldwide and it is a major cause of are ineffective." Buckle (2003) provides additional wound infection and bacteremia. Although originally reasons for antibiotic resistance, including: patients primarily a concern among hospitalized patients, frequently do not complete their entire course of most MRSA carriers now reside in the community antibiotic therapy; antibiotics are prescribed for viral (Demling & Waterhouse, 2007). According to Klevens, population based surveillance data obtained from 9 study sites in 2005 determined that there were 8,987 observed cases of invasive MRSA with 5,250 (58.4%) community onset, 2,389 (26.6%) hospital onset, and 1,234 (13.7%) community associated (2007). The standardized incidence rate of invasive MRSA was 31.8 per 100,000 with incidence rates highest among those age 65 years and older. Based on CDC data, the proportion of infections that are antimicrobial resistant has been growing. In 1974, MRSA infections accounted for two percent of the total number of staph infections; in 1995 it was 22%; in 2004 it was 63% (CDC MRSA in Healthcare Settings Updated, 2007). Kuehnert reviewed National Hospital Discharge Survey data from 1999 and 2000 to calculate US hospital discharges listing S. aureus infection as a discharge diagnosis and from this data the number of MRSA infections was estimated. Based on this data review it was estimated that 291,542 hospital discharges with an S. aureus diagnosis occurred annually from 1999 to 2000 and the overall rate of MRSA infections was reported to be 43.2% (2005). Continued...page 31

Continued...page 30 The most commonly used in-vitro method for determining susceptibility of microbial pathogens to Of all the useful properties of essential oils that have oils is the agar diffusion technique in which a bacterial been researched, antimicrobial actions of essential strain is inoculated on agar medium and a series of oils are one of the most extensively studied and sterile paper disks are saturated with oil at different research has been ongoing since the 1880's. Studies concentrations to determine a zone of inhibition. The have included both whole oils from aromatic plants resulting aromatogram shows how effective each with a long history of use, as well as the individual essential oil is, based on the size of the zone of chemical components of oils. "Essential oils are made inhibition and essential oil concentration (Buckle, up of an ever changing melange of active main 2003). Aromatograms are used widely in France and ingredients, secondary components, and trace England, where aromatherapy has been embraced compounds which lend oils their scents. The more readily in mainstream medical practice. composition of an essential oil depends upon many Michael Smith, a pathologist who performs factors, such as growing conditions, climate, aromatograms for numerous London hospitals, methods of harvesting, and distillation" (Schnaubelt, demonstrated the effectiveness of the following 1995). Over and over, this research concludes that essential oils against MRSA bacteria: oregano essential oils provide promising options for use in (Origanum vulgare), thymol (Thymus vulgaris CT3), conjunction with, or as a safe and effective Moroccan chamomile (Oremnis mixta), Dutch mill alternative to, manufactured antibiotics that are lavender (Lavendula x intermedia CT SUPER), Italian becoming increasingly ineffective today. To date cypress (Cupressus sempervirens), peppermint there have been numerous in-vitro studies. However, (Mentha piperita), ravensara (Ravensara aromatica), much more needs to be done in the area of in-vivo juniper (Juniperus communis), lemon (Citrus limon), studies and human clinical trials. palmarosa (Cymbopogon martini), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus smithi ) (Buckle, 2003).

You are invited to connect with Unlike the reductionist approach of modern medicine the holistic community! and pharmacology where the active ingredient is sought out and isolated from a substance, modern American Holistic Nurses Association’s aromatherapy stresses the importance of using the 32 nd Annual Conference whole essential oil for its therapeutic value as part of a holistic approach to care. It is important however to understand the active molecular components that make an essential oil antibacterial. Phenylpropanes June 13-16, 2012 including cinnamic aldehyde and eugenol are highly (Pre-Conference June 12-13) antiseptic and contain an aromatic ring similar to Snowbird, UT phenols. Terpenes, which include the monoterpenes, • Learn from holistic experts diterpenes, and sesquiterpenes are found in some • Connect with holistic nurses form in almost all essential oils and are responsible • Renew your passion for nursing for their therapeutic properties. Monoterpenes • Experience self-care include limonene, pinene, myrcene, camphene, • Earn up to 31.5 contact hours sabinene, and cadinene, thymol, carvacrol, linalol, menthol, geraniol, terpineol. Sesquiterpenes include chamazulene, zingiberene, farnesene, farnesol, REGISTER ONLINE AT bisabolol, valeranol, and santalol (Schnaubelt, 1995). www.ahna.org or call (800) 278-2462 Ext 14 Continued...page 32

Continued...page 31 ions, and create cellular damage. Terpenoids interfere with ATP formation, energy metabolism, Schnaubelt highlights studies conducted by Belaiche and inhibit oxygen intake (Battaglia, 2003). Battaglia that put oregano (Origanum vulgaris), savory explains that this eﬀect on energy metabolism makes (Satureja hortensis, Satureja montana), cinnamon it impossible for bacteria to develop resistance to (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), essential oils. clove (Eugenia caryophyllata), and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) in the category of broad spectrum A wealth of in-vitro research data is available on the eﬃcacy and listed pine (Pinus pinaster), cajeput antibacterial properties of essential oils and for the (Melaleuca cajeputi), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus purpose of this review the focus will be on essential globulus), lavender (Lavendula augustifolia), myrtle oils and their constituents that have a direct

(Myrtus communis), geranium (Pelargonium antibacterial effect on Staph aureus and MRSA. odorantissum), petitgrain (Citrus aurantium Prabuseenivasan and colleagues (2006) presented a bigaradia), tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus), niaouli study on the in vitro antibacterial activity of twenty (Melaleuca quinquenervia viridiflora) and lemon one plant essential oils against six bacterial species, thyme (Thymus serpyllium) as effective against four gram-negative bacteria and two gram positive certain strains of bacteria (1995). bacteria (Staph aureus and Bacillus subtilis) at four different concentrations (1:1, 1:5, 1:10 and 1:20) using the disc diffusion method. Out of twenty one oils tested, nineteen showed antibacterial activity (defined as a zone of inhibition >7mm diameter) against one or more bacteria with cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), lime (Citrus aurantium), geranium (Pelagonium graveolens), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), orange (Citrus sinensis), lemon (Citrus limon) and clove (Eugenia caryophyllus) showing maximum activity against all bacteria tested. Staph aureus was susceptible to fourteen of the tested oils. Nostro and colleagues (2006) examined the effects of oregano (Origanum v u l g a r e ), Carvacrol and thymol on Staph aureus biofilm formation and established biofilms. Biofilm inhibitory concentration (BIC) for oregano (Origanum vulgare), were 0.125-0.5 and for carvacrol and thymol were 0.031-0.125%. Scanning electron microscope observation of S. aureus showed that after twenty four hours in the absence of carvacrol biofilm formation was evident but in the Several different mechanisms of action have been presence of carvacrol at concentrations of 0.5 and proposed regarding how essential oils exert their 0.25 MIC biofilm was significantly reduced and bactericidal effects. One model, common with almost absent at 0.5 MIC. monoterpenes, is cellular membrane toxicity. The antibacterial action of geranylgeraniol, Monoterpene essential oils are lipophilic, thus teprenone, and phytol, all diterpenes, against S. capable of diffusing into cell membranes, causing aureus was estimated by Inoue and colleagues using a them to expand, increase fluidity, lose potassium broth dilution shaking (BDS) method. Continued...page 33

Continued...page 32 S.aureus was reported by Trombetta (2005). Each of these monoterpenes inhibited growth of S. aureus All three diterpenes inhibited S. aureus growth at and it was demonstrated that thymol (MIC concentrations of 0.15ug/ml and showed clear 0.31mg/ml) and (+) menthol (MIC 0.62mg/ml) are bactericidal activity. Geranylgeraniol suppressed considerably more toxic against S. aureus than linalyl bacterial growth most eﬀectively at 1.25ug/ml and acetate (MIC 1.25 mg/ml.) The mechanism of action teprenone at 5ug/ml however at higher of monoterpenes appears from this study to result concentrations inhibitory eﬀect decreased and from penetration and perturbation of the plasma beyond a certain concentration these compounds membrane. were growth accelerating (2005). Lee (2007) studied the antimicrobial properties of Carson (2002) reviewed the mechanism of Dracocephalum foetidum, a popular essential oil used anti-microbial action of tea tree (Melaleuca in Mongolian traditional medicine. Dracocephalum alternifolia) and three of its components, 1,8-cineole, foetidum belongs to the family Labiatae and has been terpinen-4-ol, and a-terpineol on Staph aureus traditionally used for preventing and curing diseases, through time-kill, lysis, leakage and salt tolerance bacterial and fungal infections. The terpenes make assays. It was found that these agents compromise up the largest component of the essential oil the cytoplasmic membrane of S. aureus bacteria, (monoterpenes 87.68% and sesquiterpenes 3.2%) cause loss of salt tolerance and leakage of with the main components being n-Mentha, cytoplasmic material. In this particular study, S. limonene, geranial, and neral. aureus cells were killed by tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) while in their stationary phase of growth, Continued...page 34 a time that is usually less sensitive to injury. Unlike other essential oils and components with a mechanism of action that causes cell lysis, tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) did not provoke gross cell wall damage or lysis.

Brehm-Stecher (2003) examined the sesquiterpenoids nerolidol, farnesol, bisabolol, and apritone for their ability to enhance bacterial permeability and susceptibility to antimicrobial compounds. Using disk diffusion assay studies, it was demonstrated that nerolidol, bisabolol and apritone at low concentrations of 0.5 to 2nM enhanced the susceptibility of S. aureus to ciprofloxacin, clin- damycin, erythromycin, gentamycin, tetracycline, and vancomycin. Nerolidol was the most effective antibiotic sensitizer for S. aureus in this study followed by bisabolol and apritone. This study suggests the potential for utilizing these compounds to enhance bacterial permeability to antibiotics as a means to overcome the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance.

The antibacterial eﬃcacy of three monoterpenes ThiT h i s studystudy (linalyl acetate, (+) menthol, and thymol) against

Continued...page 33 marjoram. The leaves of O. syriacum are a popular Arab spice used traditionally as a medicine, steam This study evaluated the antimicrobial effects of D. inhalation, fragrance and flavor. Antimicrobial foetidum against eight pathogenic organisms activity of O. syriacum at concentrations of 2 and 4 including S. aureus using agar diffusion method and ul/disc were compared to ampicillin, streptomycin both direct inhibition and effects of oil volatility were and nystatin. This oil inhibited growth of S. aureus at tested. D. foetidum showed marked inhibitory effect both 2uL/disc (20mm zone of inhibition) and 4 uL/disc on both S. aureus (MIC 1035ug/ml) and methicillin (30mm zone of inhibition) and was much more resistant S. aureus (MIC 572 ug/ml on MRSA2659 and effective than 10 ug/disc ampicillin (16mm zone of 1035 ug/ml on MRSA9561.) inhibition) and 10 ug/disc streptomycin (21mm zone of inhibition.) Bearden (2008) compared the in vitro antimicrobial activity of three topical wound care products against four MRSA isolates using a modified kill-time design. These products included benzethonium chloride 0.2% with essential oils of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) and white thyme, neomycin/ polymyxin B, and polymyxin B/gramicidin. Benzethonium chloride/essential oils was bactericidal against all MRSA strains by 6 hours and significantly more active than the other agents against two strains. Antibacterial effectiveness of the antiseptic Benzethonium chloride alone was not evaluated in this study so it is not possible to isolate the precise effect of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) and white thyme however both have been studied elsewhere for their anti-infective properties.

A case report on the percutaneous treatment of chronic MRSA osteomyelitis in a 49 year-old male with an open left tibia fracture was reported by Sherry (2001). Following unsuccessful treatment on long term antibiotic therapy this patient was treated with an antimicrobial called Polytoxinol (PT) which contains lemongrass, eucalyptus, melaleuca, clove, thyme, B.H.T. (butylated hydroxytoluene), triclosan, Juniperus communis and ethanol administered percutaneously via calcium Nelson (1997) studied the in-vitro activities of tea tree sulfate pellets. At three months the wound was (Melaleuca alternifolia), lavender (Lavendula healed, symptoms had resolved, wound cultures augustifolia), peppermint (Mentha piperita), thyme were clear and the infective process had resolved as (Thymus vulgaris), and juniper (Juniperus communis) shown by x-ray. This case represents a possible against MRSA and vancomycin-resistant Enterococus alternative to long term systemic antibiotic therapy. faecium. Susceptibility of bacterial strains to the oils was determined by broth micro dilution with an MIC Alma (2003) evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial deﬁned as the lowest concentration of each oil that eﬀects of Origanum syriacum (Lauraceae), commonly called Syrian oreganum, bible hyssop or wild Continued...page 35

Continued...page 34 studies confirming the antimicrobial effectiveness of tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) and there is no inhibited visible growth after overnight incubation. shortage of products available to the consumer Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) was the most containing tea tree oil for everything from acne potent oil tested with MIC90 of 0.25%. lavender control to antiseptic hand wash and hair products. (Lavendula augustifolia), peppermint (Mentha Nelson (1997) expressed concern over the potential piperita), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) had MIC90 of for such wide- 0.5% and juniper (Juniperus communis) was found to spread cos- be least potent with an MIC90 of >2%. metic use of Price (2007) presents a comparison of essential oils tea tree and and their components to the antiseptic phenol. The other essential phenol coefficient of a substance gives an indication oils in dilute of its antiseptic strength compared to phenol (with a cocentrations coefficient of 1.0.) Of the oils listed, thymol (20.0), to render them thyme (13.2), fennel (13.0), eugenol (8.6), clove (8.0), less effective camphor (6.2), citral (5.2), cinnamaldehyde (3.0), as antimic- lemon (2.2), and lavender (1.6) are more antiseptic robial agents. than phenol (p. 85). Carson (2006) reported that The studies presented here provide compelling clinical res- evidence for the use of essential oils as an alternative istance to tea or adjunct to current antimicrobial treatment tree oil has not particularly with the prevalence of antibiotic been reported resistance. Dominating the literature today are despite medicinal use in Melaleuca Australia since the 1920's. Conventional antibiotic resistance has not been demonstrated to influence tea tree oil susceptibility. Price recommends avoiding any possible resistance to essential oil therapy by always prescribing the use of 3 or 4 oils in combination (2007). Essential oils by their nature vary in composition from year to year and their varied mechanisms of action against the target organism make resistance unlikely.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), along with other emerging resistant organisms, will continue to pose a threat to both hospitalized patients and the community. Essential oil therapy addresses not only infection but can also enhance physical, emotional, and spiritual health as well through other active properties. Essential oils, particularly in addressing infection and wound care,

Continued...page 36

Continued...page 35 Dossey, B. & Keegan, L. (2009). Holistic Nursing: A Handbook for Practice (5th ed.). Jones and Bartlett Publishers. are antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, Inoue, Y., Hada, T., Shiraishi, A. et al. (2005). Biphasic Effects of calmative, and tonic and when used responsibly by Geranylgeraniol, Teprenone, and Phytol on the Growth of knowledgeable practitioners, offer a truly holistic Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrobial Agents and approach. Clinical use of aromatherapy is well Chemotherapy, 49(5): 1770-1774. respected and widely practiced in France and Lee, S., Cha, K., & Kim, S. (2007). The Antimicrobial Activity of Germany as an extension of orthodox medical Essential Oil from Dracocephalum foetidum against practice. The studies presented provide clear Pathogenic Microorganisms. The Journal of Mi c r o b i o l o g y , evidence of the enormous therapeutic potential for 45(1): 53-57. essential oil therapy and make a compelling case for MRSA in Healthcare Settings Updated, 2007, accessed 10/8/09 application and study of infection control and wound http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/ar_MRSA_spotlight_2006.ht care using essential oils in all parts of the world. ml

References Nelson, R. (1997). In vitro activities of five plant essential oils Alma, M., Mavi, A., & Yildirim, A. (2003). Screening Chemical against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Composition and in vitro Antioxidant and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Journal of Antimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oils from Origanum Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 40: 305-306. syriacum L. Growing in Turkey. Biological Pharmacology Nostro, A., Roccaro, A., & Bisignano, G. (2007). Effects of Bulletin, 26(12): 1725-1729. oregano, carvacrol and thymol on Staphylococcus Battaglia, S. (2007). The Complete Guide to Aromatherapy (2nd aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis biofilms. Journal of ed.). The International Center of Holistic Aromatherapy. Medical Microbiology, 56: 519-523.

Bearden, D., Allen, G., & Christensen, J. (2008). Comparative in Prabuseenivasan, S., Jayakumar, M. & Ignacimuthu, S. (2006). vitro activities of topical wound care products against In vitro antibacterial activity of some plant essential oils. BMC community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 6(39), aureus. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 62:769-772. Sherry, E., Boeck, H., & Warnke, P. (2001). Percutaneous Brehm-Stecher, B. & Johnson, E. (2003). Sensitization of treatment of chronic MRSA osteomyelitis with a novel Staphylococcus aureus and Escheria coli to Antibiotics plant-derived antiseptic. BMC Surgery, 1:1. by the Sesquiterpenoids Nerolidol, Farnesol, Bisabolol, and Trombetti, D., Castelli,, F., Sarpietro, M., et al. (2005). Apitone. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action of T h r e e 47(10): 3357-3360. Monoterpenes. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 49(6): Buckle, J. (2003). Clinical Aromatherapy: Essential Oils in 2474-2478. Practice (2nd ed.). Elsevier Ltd. Christine M Gentry is a Registered Nurse in Westerly, Carson, C., Hammer, K., & Riley, T. (2006). Melaleuca alternifolia Rhode Island with an interest in integrative, (Tea Tree) Oil: A Review of Antimicrobial and Other Medicinal complementary, and holistic approaches to nursing Properties. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 19(1): 50- 62. and healthcare. Educational background includes a B.S. in Biomedical Engineering and an A.S. in Nursing Carson, C., Mee, B. & Riley, T. (2002). Mechanism of Action of along with courses in holistic modalities including Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil on Staphylococcus aureus Determined by Time-Kill, Lysis, Leakage, and Salt Tolerance Reiki, Healing Touch, and Stress Management and Assays and Electron Microscopy. Antimicrobial Agents and current enrollment in the Whole Health Educator for Chemotherapy, 46(6): 1914-1920. Nurses training. A recent graduate of the Integrative Aromatherapy Certiﬁcation (IAC) course, Christine is Demling, R. & Waterhouse, B. (2007). The Increasing Problem of Wound Bacterial Burden and Infection in Acute and Chronic a practitioner and enthusiastic supporter of Soft-Tissue Wounds Caused by Methicillin-Resistant responsible essential oil use to enhance health and Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Burns and Wounds, 7:86-95. wellness. Contact information: [email protected]

Aromatherapy VS MRSA grandmother had passed away when Maggie was just By Maggie Tisserand a toddler from a case of post surgical septicemia. But it was not until she contacted commercial English Aromathe- microbiology labs with the idea of studying the rapist Maggie Tis- effects of essential oils on antibiotic resistant bacteria serand has cer- and became involved with a MRSA support group tainly come a long that her research and subsequent book evolved. way from her won- derful Aromather- I’ll admit, this was not an easy book for me to read. apy for Women This was only because of the scholarly depth of (1985, Healing Arts information presented on a problem that is much Press). One the first more common than we may like to think. Still, in books in my aro- these pages I discovered very useful advice about matic library, it transmission and how to prevent infection or cope focused on health with a diagnosis. But, most importantly as and beauty for a aromatherapists, this book demonstrates why it has youthful female au- clearly not been as important to have a proper dience. I admit I was arsenal of essential oils on hand since the outbreak of surprised when told Bubonic Plague in 1347 destroyed a third of the that she had rec- population of Europe. Once a ‘friendly’ bacteria that ently produced a helped keep harmful bacteria at bay, thanks to serious study of, of all things, the antibiotic resistant overuse of pharmaceutical antibiotics, this resistant strains of the staphylococcus aureus bacteria, labeled strain mutated for self defense and is now easily MRSA. Maggie confides in her Introduction that she transmitted and potentially disfiguring and even had an interest in this growing problem because her lethal. Continued...page 38 Aromatherapy Calendar of Events For the Current Aromatherapy Calender of Events Click Here NAHA´s Calendar Listings are free to all NAHA members and NAHA Approved Aromatherapy Schools and Educators.

All other individuals wishing to place Calendar Listings shall be included for a fee of $10. per calendar listing.

Calendar of Events web-pages are updated one to two times a month. Once you submit your event information via the online COE format please allow 2-4 weeks for information to be posted based on web-update schedule.

NAHA reserves the right to refuse any and all calendar submissions deemed not suitable for inclusion on the NAHA website, journal, newsletter and or any other NAHA form or publication. To place your listing visit the NAHA Calender of Events webpage: Click Here

Continued...page 37 for different circumstances, such as wound care, general bathing, nose and throat application. Apart from information on the current incidence in Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), Bergamot (Citrus various parts of the world, there is information on the bergamia), Clary Sage (Salvia sclarea) and Geranium common occurrence in cats and dogs and how the (Pelargonium graveolens) are added to the list of disease is carried. Even the agricultural animals antimicrobials for use on the skin and Cinnamon regularly treated with antibiotics in their feed, have (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), Orange (Citrus sinensis), fallen victim to the resistant strain. As part of a Lemon (Citrus limonum), Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) chapter on Microbiology, the way essential oils are and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), for atomizer able to overcome bacteria is explained. Part Two and diffusion. Suggestions for extra reading, lists of contains information on the antimicrobial essential relevant organizations and resources for products, oils with a specific focus on Tea Tree (Melaleuca services, and pages of specific references for all the alternifolia), Thyme (Thymus vulgaris and Thymus information contained in this book are also included. zygis), Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) and Manuka Honey, and a couple of lesser known oils; In all, this book is a fine resource for all Lelechwa (Tarchonanthus camphorates) from Africa aromatherapists and health care workers or facilities and Agonis, (Agonis fragrans) from Australia. The to have in their library for comprehensive information result of research with these and various and treatment suggestions for dealing with the ever antimicrobial oils is presented. Chapter 10 contains a growing issue of MRSA. And certainly Maggie very informative discussion of Other Ways to Combat Tisserand has made her mark as a serious research MRSA, including Phage Therapy and Colloidal Silver. aromatherapist with this complete and competent book. There are some very useful appendices, including one listing Risk Factors and another on what to do before Check out the NAHA Online Bookstore going to the hospital. Appendix V includes all aspects to purchase a copy of ‘Aromatherapy VS MRSA’. of working with essential oils, and a list of specific oils

Professional Aromatherapists who devote a large amount of time to non-member, non-profit organizations that support true Aromatherapy and humanity rely on contributions to continue their work.

Please click on these links to find out more and/or make a donation. To recommend an organization, please fill out the online feedback form.

American Herb Association The American Herb Association promotes the understanding and ecological use of medicinal herbs and aromatherapy. www.ahaherb.com

Crop Watch www.cropwatch.org

United Aromatherapy Effort www.unitedaromatherapy.org

NAHA Bookstore New Offerings The Aromatic Mind Book; Chemistry of Essential Natural Aromatherapy Oils Flipbook by Sylla with Essential Oils for Sheppard Hanger Mental Health Profes- $25.00 sionals A complete guide to classi- by Sylla Sheppard-Hanger fication of organic mol- $49.00 ecules (size: laminated, 4 by 5.5 inches, ringbound, 55 pgs)

The Aromatic Spa Book; Natural Treatments using Essential Oils and the plants and Essential Oils Cancer Miasm for Skin Care and Body by Dr. Bruce Berkowsky Work Professionals $17.00 by Sylla Sheppard-Hanger $49.00

Essential Oil Safety Hydrosols Organic Body Care By Robert Tisserand and Tony Balacs by Suzanne Catty by Stephanie Tourles $82.95 The Next Aromatherapy $18.95 $19.95

Art, Science and Business of Aromatherapy Dynamic Blending Aromatherapy Scent and Psyche by Kayla Fioravanti by Jade Shutes by Peter & Kate Damian $29.99 $125.00 $16.95

The Encyclopedia of Aromatherapy The Aromatherapy Practitioner Reference Manual by Chrissie Wildwood Aromatherapy VS MRSA by Sylla Sheppard- Hanger $24.95 by Margaret Tisserand 2 Volume Manual Set $25.00 $125.00 © Copyright 2012 NAHA • All rights reserved 40 NAHA Bookstore

Aromatherapy Workbook The Art of Aromatherapy Aromatherapy for Healing the Spirit by Marcel Lavabre by Robert B. Tisserand by Gabriel Mojay $16.95 $14.95 $19.95

Advanced Aromatherapy by Kurt Schnaubelt, Ph.D. Clinical Aromatherapy, 2nd Edition Aromatherapy $16.95 By Jane Buckle, Ph.D., RN by Kathi Keville & Mindy Green Essential Oils in Practice $19.95 $39.95

The Magic of Ayurveda Aromatherapy Ayurveda & Aromatherapy Essential Chemistry for Aromatherapy By Farida Irani Dr. Light Miller & Dr. Bryan Miller Sue Clarke $60.00 $21.95 $49.95 © Copyright 2012 NAHA • All rights reserved 41 NAHA Bookstore

Aromatherapy Recipe Guide Aromatherapy Pet Guide Jennifer Hochell Pressimone Jennifer Hochell Pressimone $20.00 $20.00 Aromatherapy for Health Professionals, 3rd Edition By Len Price, MIT, FISPA, FIAM and Shirley Price, Cert. Ed., FISPA, FIAM $55.95

The Sacred Art of Anointing Clinical Aromatherapy for By Allison Stillman Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2nd Edition $19.95 By Denise Tiran, RGN, RM, ADM, MTD, PGCEA $55.95 Understanding Hydrolats: The Specific Hydrosols for Aromatherapy - A Guide for Health Professionals Len Price, MIT, FIFPA, LIAM and Shirley Price, FIFPA, LIAM $49.95

NAHA believes in promoting and elevating true aromatherapy through the active dissemination of educational material. Check out this and other great new resources now available. Click HERE to order Now Available at NAHA! © Copyright 2012 NAHA • All rights reserved 42 NAHA Members Online Group Moderators Join us for aromatherapy topic discussions with professionals sharing their expertise and knowledge with fellow NAHA Members.

Ayurveda Aromatherapy Animal Aromatherapy Aromatherapy Massage Candice Covington Kelly Holland Azzaro Rose Chard

Astrology Aromatherapy

Clean Green with Essential Oils Aromatherapy Skin Care Shellie Enteen Essential Oil Safety Susan Stype Sylla Sheppard Hanger

Distillation Psychoneuroimmunology and Essential Oils and Hydrosols and Aromatherapy Ann Harman Asian Healing Arts Dr. Joie Power Shanti Dechen

Essential Oil Chemistry Andrea Butje Hormonal Support Carrier and Infused Oils with Rhavda Cooper Emison Essential Oils Dr. Vivian Lunny

Alchemy of Anointing Allison Stillman

Aromatic Garden Katherine Graf Aromatherapy and Hospice Care Sharon Falsetto Lisa Browder Essential Oils and Reﬂexology Reiki Aromatherapy Tanya LaMothe

Other Group Topics Available to Members: Not a member of the online members group?

• Aromatherapy in the News Use the NAHA Online Feedback Form to submit your request • Membership Discounts and Updates to join. Current NAHA Membership is required in order to join • NAHA RegionalDirectors/Representatives/Educators and participate in the online group site. NAHA reserves the • Aromatherapy & Cancer Support right to delete members from the group site whose • Aromatic First Aid memberships have expired or who do not follow participation • Subtle Aromatherapy guidelines. • Natural Perfuming • Endangered and Threatened Botanical Species Would you like to help co-moderate an aromatherapy topic Membership Networking Area, post your classes, product for the NAHA Members Only Group? discounts, video links, participate in discussions, post questions, If so, please contact NAHA via the Online Feedback Form share ideas and much more! http://www.naha.org/feedback.htm . Online Yellow Pages Ads AROMATHERAPY COMPANIES Aromatics International: (Retail and Wholesale) Visit www.AromaticsInternational.com to find Amrita Aromatherapy Inc: Amrita is the only essential oils and a wide variety of hydrosols that certified-organic aromatherapy company in the U.S. are either organic, unsprayed or wild crafted. We NEW certified-organic rosewater. NEW certified- are a small company dedicated to the plants that organic oils: sandalwood australia, holy basil, 3 create the essential oils; and to the people who rosemary oils, all citrus, and much more. Certified- grow, harvest and distill them. We work with many organic perfumes. All oils GC verified. Can supply small growers and cooperative distillers all around any oil in a certified-organic version on request. the world. We buy in small quantities to preserve Now in its 21st year, Amrita was founded by master freshness. Every batch of oil is tested with GC/MS aromatherapist Dr. Christoph Streicher. 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NAHA Mem- crafted natural products available to the public bers: Save 10% on your new business listing or year-round. Tour our interactive online store at: banner advertising purchase by mentioning NAHA. www.apothecary-shoppe.com. Email for details. Questions? Call (800) 487-8839 Phone: (313) 645-6886 www.apothecary-shoppe.com www.aromaweb.com Arlys Naturals: An online "aromatic oasis" offering Email: [email protected] a wide variety of aromatherapy products to enhance your health and well-being. Specializing in 100% Ashi Aromatics Inc. Over 100 Holistically formu- Pure Essential Oils, Synergies, Vegetable/Nut Car- lated aromatherapy bath and body products, thera- rier Oils, Diffusers, Natural Skin and Body Care. peutic massage blends, facial skin care line, chakra Herbal Teas, Soaps, Perfumery, Supplies and more. anointments. All Natural Products for People and Sign up for our free online monthly newsletter, Their Animals Friends. PETA Approved Cruelty-free Online Catalog only. Retail/Wholesale. Secure Vegan. Online ordering. 877-502-7597. Retail/Wholesale/Professional Discounts. Online www.ArlysNaturals.com Classes in Animal Aromatherapy and Flower Email: [email protected] Essences for Animals. NCBTMB Approved Continu- ing Education Provider #451233-10. Aroma Magic: Visit www.astralessence.com where Sign up for free e-newsletter. (828) 898-5555 you can learn about Aromatherapy, order pure www.ashitherapy.com essential oils and blends and explore Astrology, [email protected] Bach Flowers, Energy Work and Educational Opportunities. Read our Monthly Forecast, Bach Birch Hill Happenings Aromatherapy, LLC: We Flower and Essential Oil of the Month and sign up have 100% Pure Essential oils for use in Therapeu- for our free Newsletter! Upcoming nationally tic Aromatherapy. Also a large selection of approved CE courses on Aromatherapy and other aromatherapy supplies including carrier oils and topics for Massage Therapists listed on the forecast unscented personal care base products, many page. styles of diffusers, charts and decoders, bottles and www.astralessence.com more. Your One Stop Aromatherapy shop! Ques- [email protected] tions answered and Consultations by e-mail. Easy ordering and shipping. Fast friendly service. Sign up to get our monthly newsletter and tips. www.birchhillhappenings.com [email protected] © Copyright 2012 NAHA • All rights reserved Online Yellow Pages Ads Business Scents Aromahead Institute, oils, extracts, absolutes, ayurvedics, cosmetic and co-created by Aromahead Institute, is an easy to soap bases, specialty packaging and much more. use, affordable website builder for small busi- Purchasing directly from distilleries and producers nesses. Business Scents provides full-featured, worldwide enables us to offer premium quality prod- turn-key websites for businesses in the healing arts. ucts at wholesale pricing. ISO certified with a knowl- Build a website of your own in just days using our edgeable and friendly customer service and a 100% easily customizable templates, library of gorgeous customer satisfaction guaranteed. photography and professionally edited copy ideas! www.newdirectionsaromatics.com We provide online guidance to get your website built [email protected] quickly, all with an eye on search engine optimiza- 1-800-246-7817 tion and elegant design. Call: 941-323-3483 Sedona Aromatherapie creates custom aroma- www.businessscents.com therapy blends and skincare products for weddings, [email protected] spas, therapists or the individual, in addition to providing quality aromatherapy information through Essential Wholesale® is an organic certified online aromatherapy courses (launching 2012). manufacture and distributor of natural cosmetic bulk Also a professional aromatherapy writing service, bases, soap making & aromatherapy supplies at provided by English certified clinical aromatherapist wholesale. Sharon Falsetto, including copy and web content 866-252-9639 writing, ghost writing and blogging, course writing www.essentialwholesale.com and newsletters, designed to meet the needs of [email protected] your aromatherapy business! E-mail me for a JennScents Aromatherapy: Provides 100% pure, custom quote on any service/product. therapeutic products (pre-made and custom www.sedonaaromatherapie.com blends), 100% pure essential oils, carriers and [email protected] aromatherapy accessories at wholesale and retail. Offers Aromatherapy Certification Courses live and Time Laboratories: Since 1972, Time Laboratories via DVD, Massage Therapy CEU, Aromatherapy has been a leading manufacturer of aromatherapy Support Material such as Aromatherapy Business products, nutritional supplements, and specially Guide and JennScents Recipe Guides for humans formulated herbal compounds. Windrose Aromat- and pets. ics, our authentic aromatherapy line, offers a wide 352-243-9627 selection of Pure and Genuine GC/MS analyzed www.jennscents.com Essential Oils, expertly blended pure Essential Oil [email protected] Combinations, and patented Ultra Jet System Morning Myst Botanics: DIRECT FROM THE Diffusers. Buy direct from the manufacturer and DISTILLER. We offer Artisan Crafted, Certified save (retail/wholesale/health professional discounts Organic Hydrosols, Essential Oils, Personal Care available). Private label and custom product devel- Products and Therapeutic Infused Oils. We person- opment services available. ally distill over 30 varieties of hydrosols in small 877-846-3522 batches, including blends and custom distillations. www.timelabs.com Our Hydrosols are incredibly fresh and aromatically [email protected] vibrant. We also supply Botanical Reference Materi- US Essential Oils LLC WHOLE SALE Supplier of als & distilling supplies. We are available to teach 100% natural Essential Oils and Aromatic Products workshops/lectures. Wholesale, Certified Organic based in Houston, TX. We supply all seasonal Private Label and Retail. essential oils throughout the year from highly repu- 509-722-3150 table and ethical essential oils producers/distillers. www.morningmystbotanics.com Our products are extensively tested at each stage [email protected] for quality until delivery and we stand behind our New Directions Aromatics: Certified organic products 100%. Please contact us below for bulk processor offering pure essential oils for therapeu- orders. We supply in CANADA and UK as well. tic use. Discover hard to find oils and natural prod- PHONE: 1-800-503-6897 ucts including wild crafted and conventional types. www.usessentialoils.com You will be amazed at our extensive line of carrier [email protected] © Copyright 2012 NAHA • All rights reserved © Copyright 2010 NAHA • All rights reserved Online Yellow Pages Ads AROMATHERAPY SCHOOLS and R J Buckle Associates LLC CORRESPONDENCE COURSES Director: Dr Jane Buckle PhD, RN, Cert Ed CLINICAL AROMATHERAPY 1) Taught course. The American College of Healthcare Sciences: first course to be endorsed by (AHNA) American ACHS offers research-based aromatherapy Holistic Nurses Association. Accredited by courses, degrees, and career-oriented certificate (NCBTMB) The National Certification Board for programs. Based in Portland, Oregon, American Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork and NAHA College has demonstrated over 30 years of excel- (Level I and II). 250 CEs. 27 certified instructors. 2) lence in specialized holistic health distance educa- Home study. Accredited by (NCBTMB) and NAHA tion. As a student, you will experience dynamic, fully (Level I). 45 CEs. online and DETC-accredited distance education THE ´M´ TECHNIQUE®. A registered method of that fits into your schedule. Network with industry gentle, structured touch suitable for the very fragile, professionals and build a lifelong community from or those not trained in massage. Useful for special day one. CEU's available. ACHS aromatherapy needs or dementia. Accredited by NCBTMB and courses approved by the AHNA, NCBTMB and AHNA. Used in hospitals, hospices and other insti- NAHA (Level I and II). tutions. Live 2 day Practitioner course - 14 CEs. For detailed course descriptions, visit: Please see website for locations, instructors and www.achs.edu. more details. To request information, call (800) 487-8839 or www.rjbuckle.com email: [email protected]. [email protected].

Aromahead Institute: Learn online or in person. 200 hour NAHA approved Certification Program PUBLICATIONS (Level 1 and Level 2 covered in a single course). NAHA Aromatherapy Journal www.naha.org Improve your skills and advance the Aromatherapy Aromatherapy Thymes Profession by completing Aromahead's Scholar's www.aromatherapythymes.com Program, a 400 hour certification consisting of Aromatherapy Today Journal advanced aromatherapy chemistry, therapeutic www.aromatherapytoday.com blending, business skills, teacher training and incor- Crop Watch www.cropwatch.org porating a wider range of essential oils. Classes International Journal of Clinical approved for Massage Therapy CEU's by the Aromatherapy www.ijca.net Florida Board of Massage Therapy, National Certifi- cation Board for Therapeutic Massage and Body- International Federation of Professional work (NCBTMB). All classes led by nationally Aromatherapists www.ifparoma.org recognized Aromatherapist, Andrea Butje, Founder Vita Danzare www.vitadanzare.com of the Finger Lakes School of Massage, Aromatics International, and Aromahead Institute. NAHA is a non-political 501(c) 3 not for profit www.aromahead.com organization which means we simply offer [email protected] resources for you. If you ask for referrals for “the best” products available, we will direct you to our Institute of Integrative Aromatherapy: The Cer- list of Business and Professional members as tificate Program in Integrative Aromatherapy offers well as our advertisers. Although individuals a very comprehensive, clinical and holistic focused, within this organization may have particular pref- correspondence course for health professionals erences or experiences anything offered outside and non-professionals. You will be personally men- of NAHA business shall not hold liable to the orga- tored by author and Holistic Nurse Aromatherapist, nization. NAHA neither endorses nor approves Valerie Cooksley. The certification is fully endorsed any particular product, brand, product- selling by the AHNA, NCBTMB and NAHA (Level I and II). business or service which pays to advertise Contact hours available for Nurses and Massage online or in our journal. NAHA has the right to therapists. reject any advertisement materials that contain Contact: Valerie Cooksley, RN OCN, FAAIM promotion of unsafe and/or contraindicated use of 1-877-363-3422 essential oils and aromatherapy techniques or www.floramedica.com that include the terminology ‘Therapeutic Grade Essential Oils’. Advertisers are welcome to use [email protected] the terminology: ’pure essential oils for therapeutic use’.

© Copyright© Copyright 2010 2012 NAHA NAHA •• AllAll rights rights reserved reserved NAHA Marketplace Your guide to aromatherapy companies, products, services and announcements To place an adv. contact NAHA Advertisement Rep. Susan Cannon at: [email protected] Marketplace Rates Single Issue: Order Your Copies! $30/per inch NAHA Tele-conference Recordings Annual (4 issues): Click Here $100/per inch $25/per issue 1” Single Issue: A savings of $5/ per issue $30 Annual Contact: Susan Cannon $100.00 [email protected]

Need Your Ad Created? Contact: Robyn Harden [email protected]

NAHA is a non-political 501(c) 3 not for profit organization which means we simply offer NAHA Journals resources for you. If you ask for referrals for Click Here “the best” products available, we will direct you to our list of Business and Professional NAHA Membership Directory: members as well as our advertisers. Although Find Aromatherapy Professionals individuals within this organization may have and particular preferences or experiences Businesses anything offered outside of NAHA business shall not hold liable to the organization. NAHA neither endorses nor approves any particular product, brand, product- selling business or service which pays to advertise online or in our journal. NAHA has the right to reject any advertisement materials that contain promotion of unsafe and/or contraindicated use of essential oils and aromatherapy techniques or Your Natural Product Ad: 5” that include the terminology ‘Therapeutic Single Issue: $150 Grade Essential Oils’. Advertisers are Annual (4 issues) $500 welcome to use the terminology: ’pure essential oils for therapeutic use’.

Arizona: California: Colorado: Sharon Falsetto, CA, BA (Hons) Deborah Halvorson RA Shanti Dechen, CCAP, LMT (928) 282-1350 (714) 955-9264 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] www.learnaroma.com www.sedonaaromatherapie.com www.commonscentshealth.com

Connecticut: Florida: Florida: (Central) Belinda Davis Murano BS, CHHC (South) Susan Stype Jennifer Hochell Pressimone (860) 304-1645 (954) 523-9513 (352) 243-9627 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] www.itsyourthyme.com www.arlysnaturals.com www.jennscents.com

Idaho: Annette Davis, CN Hawaii: Director Coordinator Maine: Wendy Johnson, IIA (877) 470-8400 Diane Braybrook MA (808) 828-6290 [email protected] (207) 930-5979 [email protected] www.timelabs.com [email protected] www.essentialsforyou.com

Maryland: Rose Chard, LMT Massachusetts: Nevada: (443) 292-4396 Joyce Benoit Lisa Browder ICA, CR [email protected] (508) 586-6631 (702) 425-0780 www.yourbodyneeds.com [email protected] [email protected] www.scentsibility.cc

New Mexico: Connie Henry PhD, ND, CPH, RN, CADS New York: Tanya LaMothe New Jersey (505) 343-0552 (518) 879-9655 Cherisse Gigli, RN BSN RA CCAP [email protected] (518) 899-6660 (973) 790-1364 www.bodymindspiritplace.com [email protected] [email protected]

Ohio: North Carolina George Cox Kelly Holland Azzaro, RA, CCAP, LMBT Belleville (419)-886-3736 (828) 898-5555 Cleveland (216)-577-2720 New York: [email protected] [email protected] Katherine Graf www.ashitherapy.com www.naturaloptions.us (845) 651-1225 [email protected] www.aromastudio.com

Pennsylvania: Rhode Island: South Carolina: Liz Fulcher, RA CMT Lesley A Wooler RA Shellie Enteen, BA, RA, LMT (570) 743-2639 401-295-1140 (864) 877-8450 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] www.aromaticwisdominstitute.com www.herbwyfe.com www.astralessence.com

Washington: Ann Harman (509) 722-3150 [email protected] Virginia: www.morningmystbotanics.com Canada: Keren Dolan BA Dr. Vivian Lunny, MD, RA, MDMA, FIFA (703) 468-1241 (604) 868-4855 [email protected] [email protected] www.motherswitaromatherapy.com www.realessencesoflife.com

National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy

© Copyright 2012NAHA • All rights reserved NEW LOCATION Join us today! Please make note of the new contact NAHA Membership Beneﬁts and Resources information: In addition to the advantages of networking with NAHA PO BOX 1868 like-minded aromatherapy professionals, members Banner Elk, NC 28604 receive the following beneﬁts: Phone: 828.898.6161 Fax: 828.898.1965 • Subscription to the Aromatherapy Journal [email protected] www.naha.org • Monthly E-Newsletter and E-Announcements • Membership Discount Program Please use the NAHA Online Membership • Tele-classes, Tele-conferences and Online Form for your main communication for events (coming soon) NAHA Membership and School updates, • Member Book Specials changes in your email or contact informa- • Free Calendar of Event Postings tion, Advertisement inquiries, Aro- • Access to NAHA Member’s Only Network matherapy and Essential questions, • Online Membership Directory Listing* requests to submit an article, case-study or • Discounted Professional Liability Insurance research for NAHA E-journal and Option* E-Newsletters and any other questions you • Window Decal* may have. • Use of NAHA Logo graphic* • NAHA Blog (reciprocal links available) Did you know that you can renew your • Student Membership Available membership and approved school • Networking Opportunities online? • Access to Professional Committees and Regional Directors for aromatherapy insight Need to purchase aromatherapy books? and expertise Check out the NAHA Online Bookstore, • NAHA has placed an advertisement in we’ve added several new books to add to Massage Magazine and other aromatherapy your aromatic-library. publications to promote awareness for the approved schools/educators, professional NAHA Tele-conferences and business members and true Free for NAHA Members aromatherapy. Learn from home-save time and money! • NEW! NAHA E-Booklet Series Check our schedule of upcoming Presenters *applies to NAHA Business and Professional Membership Categories

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NAHAPlease Print or Type. Incomplete forms will delay processing of application. Name:______

Business Name:______

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I am a Licensed Practitioner: (Check each applicable profession) ___Acupuncturist ___Massage Therapist ___Medical Doctor ___Naturopath ___Nurse ___Other: ______(in regard to your profession section) Referred By: ______Memberships: Business/Professional applicants must submit typed description of business/practice background and copy of applicable aromtherapy certificates/training for NAHA review. ___New Membership ___Renewal ___Upgrade ___Change/Addition of info. only Membership Type: ______Friend: $50 • International: $75 ______Professional: $125 • International: $155 ______Business: $150 • International: $180 ______Donor: $250 • International: $300 ______Grand Donor: $1000 or more Payment Method: Check #:______Amount:______**A $25.00 fee applies for NSF/Returned cheques

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Signature:______Date:______Please review NAHA Membership criteria prior to application submission: Click Here By signing this application form, you agree to the NAHA Membership Guidelines and Requirements as outlined on the NAHA website. • I agree that I do not apply or promote any techniques considered to be unsafe use of essential oils which includes; RDT and other undiluted 'oil drop' techniques, internal use or anything out of my scope of practice. Please submit your completed application with payment to: NAHA • PO Box 1868 • Banner Elk, NC • 28604 Fax: 828-898-1965 (EST) For Online Applications and Print Application Form: Click Here

Required Member Signature: (required) ______Date: ______Use back of application for any comments/feedback/notes www.naha.org • [email protected] • (828) 898-6161 (EST) FAX: (828) 898-1965