Women’s History Month Theme: Economic Growth and Development “Connecting Girls, Inspiring Futures” March 9, 2012

I. FREE INTERNET RESOURCES FOR AMERICAN WOMEN: MAJOR GATEWAY AND RESEARCH SITES

ALSO NOTE THE TWO APPENDICES AT THE CONCLUSION OF THIS WEBLIOGRAPHY: CHRONOLOGICAL MILESTONES FOR U.S. WOMEN AND A WOMEN’s HISTORY QUIZ.

SPECIAL FOCUS ON INTERNATIONAL WOMEN:

Enterprising Women, Thriving Societies eJournal USA, March 2012 (40 pages) http://photos.state.gov/libraries/amgov/30145/publications- English/Enterprising_Women_Thriving_Societies_eJ.pdf eJournal USA is a monthly online publication of the U.S. Department of State, Bureau of International Education Programs.

International Perspective on Women’s Issues: http://zunia.org/cat/gender/

Global Fund for Women: http://www.globalfundforwomen.org/

WWW International Virtual Library for Women’s History (for an International Perspective): http://www.iisg.nl/w3vlwomenshistory/

United Nations: International Women’s Day: http://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/iwd/index.html

MORE GENERAL STUDIES:

American Women’s History: A Research Guide: http://frank.mtsu.edu/~kmiddlet/history/women.html

Women’s Studies Resources: The University of Iowa: http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/wstudies/

Women’s Studies Guide: University of Maryland: http://userpages.umbc.edu/~korenman/wmst/links.html (These guides above and below serve as very comprehensive guides to Women’s History)

Women’s Studies E-Resource Center from the University of Wisconsin: http://womenst.library.wisc.edu/

Brief History of Women’s History Month: http://www.galegroup.com/free_resources/whm/index.htm

From the Library of Congress: http://womenshistorymonth.gov

Note the many educational resources from the Library of Congress, including Lesson Plans and Teaching Activities: http://womenshistorymonth.gov/teachers.html

Other Lesson Plans may be found by this new customized Google Search Engine: http://tinyurl.com/7sserqx (Please feel free to use)

Another customized Google Search Engine just searches the contents of Think Tanks (both U.S. and International) and also includes specialized research studies of American Universities: www.google.com/cse/home?cx=011094389090557246315%3A-f5tlirivsw

II. STATISTICS:

Women’s History Month: March 2012 Facts for Features, U.S. Census Bureau, February 22, 2012 http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/cb12- ff05.html

50 Fast Facts for Women’s History Month: http://www.mastersdegree.net/blog/2011/50-fascinating-facts-for-womens-history-month/

Women at Work: STATISTICS 2012 from the Department of Labor: http://www.bls.gov/spotlight/2011/women/ Spotlight on Statistics: Women at Work. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Dept of Labor, March 2012

Because I am a Girl: The State of the World’s Girls 2010; Digital and Urban Frontiers: Girls in a Changing Landscape http://plan-international.org/files/global/publications/campaigns/BIAAG_2010_EN2.pdf

The World’s Women and Girls Data Sheet for 2011: http://www.prb.org/pdf11/world- women-girls-2011-data-sheet.pdf

Women’s Statistics: Indicators of Social and Economic Well Being: 2011 http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/Women_in_America.pdf

Women's Economic Opportunity 2012: A Global Index and Ranking. Economist Intelligence Unit. March 2012. Women are the world's greatest undeveloped source of labor: nearly one-half of working-age women are not currently active in the formal global economy. By working disproportionately in unpaid labor, particularly in developing countries, women traditionally have had less access than men to income and resources. Thus, they are often less productive than men, which holds back the overall economy. As governments worldwide seek short- and long-term fixes to waning economic performance, expanding opportunities for the 1.5bn women not employed in the formal sector will take on even greater importance. But simply increasing the number of working women will not be enough. The poorest regions of the world have among the highest levels of female labor force participation, and poverty in those regions persists. Rather, to realize greater returns from female economic activity, the legal, social, financial and educational barriers hindering women's productivity need to be removed, according to the report. http://www.eiu.com/Handlers/WhitepaperHandler.ashx?fi=WEO_full_report_final.pdf&mode= wp

World Atlas of Gender Equality in Education. UNESCO. March 2012. With over 120 maps, charts and tables, the UNESCO World Atlas of Gender Equality in Education enables readers to visualize the educational pathways of girls and boys in terms of access, participation and progression from pre-primary to tertiary education. The Atlas features a wide range of sex-disaggregated data and gender indicators from the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. It also illustrates the extent to which gender disparities in education have changed since 1970 and are shaped by factors such as national wealth, geographic location, investment in education and fields of study. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002155/215522E.pdf

III. GENDER BASED VIOLENCE AND TRAFFICKING:

Violence Against Women is an Economic and Human Rights Issue: http://www.america.gov/st/democracyhr- english/2009/October/20091001181100ajesrom0.5990412.html

Violence Against Women: Global Costs and Consequence: http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/rls/rem/2009/130268.htm

International Violence Against Women: U.S. Response and Policy Issues CRS Report: http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL34438_20090810.pdf

Trafficking in Women (Information): http://www.state.gov/g/tip/

The Trafficking in Persons Report 2011: http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/index.htm

Elimination of Violence against Women - Office of Global Women’s Issues at the State Department: http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/

Roundtable with NGOs and Activists on Sexual and Gender-Based Violence Issues: http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2009a/08/127171.htm

IV. OFFICIAL STATEMENTS AND SPECIALIZED STUDIES:

Women’s History Month 2012, Proclamation by President , March 1, 2012 http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/03/01/presidential-proclamation-women-s- history-month-2012 International Women’s Day: Statement by U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, March 8, 2012 http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2012/03/185483.htm

Remarks at the International Women of Courage Awards Ceremony Washington DC, March 8, 2012 http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2012/03/185459.htm Remarks by Secretary Clinton and others.

Global Health and Diplomacy International Women’s Day Luncheon Remarks by U.S. Under Secretary of State Maria Otero, March 8, 2012 http://www.state.gov/j/185441.htm Focusing on the global advancement of women’s health.

Intellectual Property and Women Entrepreneurs National Women’s Business Council, February 28, 2012 (102 pages) http://nwbc.gov/sites/default/files/IP%20&%20Women%20Entrepreneurs.pdf

International Women’s Day: Celebrating Quality and Equality: http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2011/0307_womens_day_winthrop_greubel.aspx

“More Women Obtaining Patents, Trademarks in Recent Years”, news release, National Women’s Business Council, March 1, 2012, at http://nwbc.gov/news/more-women-obtaining- patents-trademarks-recent-years

Women at the Top: How Women at the Top Elevate the Bottom Line, Report, U.S. Dept of State, March 1, 2012 http://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/2012/184988.htm

Clinton Says Women Are Key to 21st Century Economic Growth. IIP Digital, Secretary Clinton’s address to the APEC Women and the Economic 2011Summit, in San Francisco, September 16, 2011, is at http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2011/09/172605.htm

The Role of Women in U.S. Politics: http://www.america.gov/st/washfile- english/2007/March/20070308161554xjsnommis7.152736e-03.html

U.S. Women Making Strides in Education and Entrepreneurship http://www.america.gov/st/diversity- english/2008/March/20080324151605xlrennef0.144848.html

V: QUIZZES:

Women’s History Month Quiz: http://www.gale.cengage.com/free_resources/whm/quiz/

More Quizzes from the National Women’s History Museum: http://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/resources/quizzes

VI. BIOGRAPHIES OF WOMEN ACHIEVERS

Women of Achievement and Her Story: Women Who Changed History and Society: http://www.thelizlibrary.org/collections/woa/woa.html

300 Women who changed the World: http://www.britannica.com/women/

Poynter’s Links to Women of the World (news):http://poynter.org/column.asp?id=49&aid=1142

APPENDIX ONE: MILESTONES IN U.S. WOMEN’s HISTORY:

MILESTONES IN U.S. WOMEN'S HISTORY:

Outstanding people and events that moved women's rights forward.

1776 is an early champion of women's rights. In a letter to her husband John Adams - who later becomes the second U.S. president - she urges lawmakers of the Continental Congress to "Remember the Ladies. ... Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands."

Related article: "Abigail Smith Adams: 'Remember the Ladies' (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080427103634eaifas0.9865229 .html)"

1848 U.S. women's rights movement is sparked at a convention in Seneca Falls, New York. Delegates issue a Declaration of Sentiments calling for equality with men, including the right to vote.

Related articles: "Seneca Falls Convention Began Women's Right's Movement (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2008/02/20080229183432liameruoy0.6444055. html)" and "A Woman's Right To Vote (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080427113403eaifas0.5485891 .html)"

1849 is the first woman to graduate from Medical school in the . She becomes a pioneer in women's education in Medicine.

1850 Escaped slave becomes a leader in the Underground Railroad, helping hundreds of slaves to their freedom in the years before the Civil War. During the war, she serves as a nurse, spy and scout for the Union forces.

Related article: "Harriet Tubman: Leader of the Underground Railroad (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080427110234eaifas4.378474e -02.html)"

1851 Abolitionist and former slave gives her famous Ain't I a Woman? Speech to the Ohio Women's Rights Convention. She is an eloquent champion of the rights of African Americans and women.

Related article: "Sojourner Truth: Antislavery Activist, Advocate of Women's Rights (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080427105717eaifas0.2486841 .html)"

1869 Wyoming, then a U.S. territory, is the first jurisdiction to grant women the right to vote. Many Wyoming legislators - all male - hope it will attract more single marriageable women to the region.

1870 is the first woman in America accepted to any school of science and technology (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). She becomes a pioneer in sanitary engineering and a founder of home economics in the United States.

1878 Soprano Marie Seilka is the first African-American artist to perform in the White House; she sings for President Rutherford B. Hayes.

1881 founds the American Red Cross, expanding on the original concept of the International Red Cross to include assisting in national disasters as well as wars.

Related article: "Clara Harlowe Barton (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080427124813eaifas0.6388971 .html)"

1887 Susanna Madora Salter is elected mayor of Argonia, Kansas, becoming the first female U.S. mayor years before women received the right to vote nationwide.

Related photo gallery: "Female Political Pioneers (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/gallery/2012/02/201202291457.html)"

1887 Journalist pioneers investigative journalism. As a reporter for the New York World, she feigns insanity and is committed to a women's insane asylum to expose abusive conditions. In 1889, she circles the globe in 72 days, a world record.

Related article: "Nellie Bly (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080427131539eaifas0.3595806 .html)"

1900 Golfer Margaret Abbott is the first American woman to win a medal in the Olympics. At the Paris games, she takes the gold medal.

1916 of Montana is the first woman elected to Congress, serving two nonconsecutive terms. She casts the only vote in Congress against war on Japan after the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor.

Related article: "Jeannette Pickering Rankin (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080427122003eaifas0.9443432 .html)"

1920 The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, giving women the right to vote, becomes law when it is ratified by two-thirds of the states. The League of Women Voters is founded.

Related article: "League of Women Voters Educates the U.S. Electorate (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2006/12/20061226164032berehellek0.5835077 .html)"

1921 becomes the first African-American woman to earn an aviation pilot's license and the first American of any race or gender to earn an international pilot's license.

1923 Family planning pioneer opens the first legal, physician-run birth control clinic in the United States, in New York City. In 1965, a Supreme Court ruling (Griswold v. Connecticut) legalizes birth control for married couples in the United States.

1925 Nellie Tayloe Ross is the first woman governor of a state (Wyoming). In 1933, she is appointed first female director of the U.S. Mint.

1926 is the first woman to swim the English Channel. Only five men swam the Channel before her, and she cuts two hours off their fastest time.

1931 is the first American woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. Addams is an advocate for the poor, a pacifist, a reformer and a feminist.

Related article: "Jane Addams (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080427132018eaifas0.7127278 .html)"

1932 makes the first solo flight by a woman across the Atlantic. She is the first woman to be awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.

Related photo gallery: "Great Women of the Twentieth Century (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/gallery/2008/10/20081009114736emsutfol0.5671045. html)"

1932 Hattie Wyatt Caraway of Arkansas, appointed to fill her late husband's Senate seat, becomes the first woman to win a Senate seat in her own right when she wins a special election. She is also the first to chair a Senate committee and to preside over the Senate.

Related article: "Hattie Wyatt Caraway (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080427122310eaifas0.8423273 .html)"

1933 is sworn in as secretary of labor. She was appointed by Franklin Delano Roosevelt as the first woman ever to serve in the U.S. Cabinet.

1933 transforms the role of first lady during her husband Franklin Delano Roosevelt's presidency. She is the first president's wife to hold regular press conferences and go on the lecture circuit, and her social activism gives a voice to the powerless: minorities, women and disadvantaged.

Related article: "Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080427122906eaifas0.0318349 .html)"

1947 becomes the first American woman to win a Nobel Prize in the sciences (physiology or medicine), and her research advances the treatment of diabetes.

Related article: "RAISE Project Helps Women Scientists Win Recognition (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2009/03/200903101211231cjsamoht0.7738153. html)"

1953 is the first woman to break the sound barrier. During her career, she sets more speed and altitude records than any of her contemporaries, male or female.

1955 is arrested in Montgomery, Alabama, for refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white man, thus sparking the U.S. civil rights movement.

Related article: "U.S. Marks 50th Anniversary of Montgomery Bus Boycott (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2008/02/20080225140519liameruoy0.664715.h tml )"

1955 becomes the first black person, American or otherwise, to perform at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. (Her famous open-air concert on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington took place on Easter Sunday, 1939.)

1962 's book Silent Spring calls attention to the dangers of agricultural pesticides. It inspires a national environmental movement in the United States.

Related book: Rachel Carson: Pen Against Poison (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2011/04/20110429104724su0.7274678.ht ml)

1963 publishes The Feminine Mystique, which galvanizes the women's rights movement. The Equal Pay Act prohibits paying women less than men for the same job.

1964 of Hawaii is the first Asian-Pacific-American woman elected to Congress. becomes the first woman to run for a U.S. presidential nomination on a major party ticket (Republican; Barry Goldwater wins the nomination).

1964 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination in employment on the basis of race or sex.

Related article: "Nation Celebrates Anniversary of Landmark Civil Rights Law (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2008/02/20080211124919liameruoy0.4420282. html)"

1968 is the first black woman elected to Congress. In 1972, she becomes the first black candidate for a presidential nomination on a major-party ticket (Democrat), and the first woman to run for the Democratic presidential nomination (George McGovern wins the nomination).

Related article: "Shirley Chisholm Dead at 80 (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2005/01/20050104154338jmnamdeirf0.267223 5.html)"

1972 Title IX of the Education Amendments bans sex discrimination in schools. Enrollment of women in athletics programs and professional schools increases dramatically.

Related article: "U.S. Gender-Equity Law Led to Boom in Female Sports Participation (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2008/04/200804011633001cjsamoht0.2589533. html)"

1978 Women's History Week first is celebrated in Sonoma County, California. (Congress passes a resolution on National Women's History Week in 1981.)

1981 Sandra Day O'Connor is the first woman on the U.S. Supreme Court, serving until 2006. Jeane Kirkpatrick becomes the first female U.S.ambassador to the United Nations.

Related article: "Sandra Day O'Connor (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080427123230eaifas0.6004755 .html)"

1983 Astronaut is the first American woman in space, flying on the shuttle Challenger. She flies a second shuttle mission in 1984.

Related article: "Women Star in Cosmic Quest (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2006/08/20060818165849bcreklaw0.4844324. html)"

1984 becomes the first woman nominated for vice president by a major party (Democrat) when she is selected as Walter Mondale's running mate.

1985 is elected first female principal chief of an American Indian nation, the Cherokee Nation.

Related article: "Wilma Pearl Mankiller (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/04/20080427123525eaifas0.1446909 .html)"

1987 Congress expands Women's History Week to a month-long event celebrated in March.

Related article: "U.S. Celebrates Women's Contributions to the World Every March (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2009/02/20090224164038xlrennef0.6375086.ht ml)"

1989 Ileana Ros-Lehtinen of Florida is the first Hispanic-American woman elected to Congress. 1990 Dr. is sworn in as U.S. Surgeon General, becoming the first woman and first Hispanic to hold that job.

1992 Astronaut , a physician, is the first African-American woman in space, flying aboard the space shuttle Endeavour as a mission specialist.

Related article: "Mae Jemison, Doctor, Scientist, Astronaut (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2012/01/20120104120328kram0.6113507. html)"

1993 is the first woman attorney general of the United States. Toni Morrison becomes the first African-American woman to win the Nobel Prize for literature.

Related book: Multicultural Literature in the United States Today (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2011/05/20110504095435su0.1574169.ht ml)

1995 Lieutenant is the first woman to pilot a space shuttle. In 1999, she becomes the first woman to command a space shuttle.

1997 is sworn in as the first woman U.S. secretary of state. Born in Prague, Czechoslovakia, she became a U.S. citizen in 1957.

2001 Elaine Chao becomes secretary of labor, the first Asian-American woman to be appointed to a president's Cabinet.

2005 Condoleezza Rice is the first African-American woman to serve as U.S. secretary of state.

2006 debuts as the first female demonstration pilot in the U.S. Air Force's air demonstration squadron team, the Thunderbirds.

Related article: "First Female Demonstration Pilot Joins U.S. Fighter Jet Team (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2005/06/20050628181938aeeebaraf0.8720362. html)"

2006 Effa Manley becomes the first woman elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame. In the 1930s and '40s, she was co-owner of the Negro Leagues team Newark Eagles.

Related item: "Kansas City Baseball Museum Honors Negro League Players (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2008/05/20080509155246akllennoccm0.65281 31.html)"

2007 is sworn in as the first female speaker of the U.S House of Representatives, one of the most powerful posts in the U.S. government.

Related article: "First Female Speaker to Preside at State of Union (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2007/01/200701191129461cjsamoht2.987307e -02.html)"

2007 Harvard University names Drew Gilpin Faust its first woman president in the school's 371- year history.

2007 Peggy Whitson, an American astronaut, becomes the first woman to command the International Space Station.

Related item: "Next Space Station Crew to Have First Woman Commander (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2007/07/20070724143616lcnirellep0.5697595. html)"

2008 Sarah Palin, governor of Alaska, becomes the first woman to run for vice president on the Republican ticket. Two years earlier, she was elected the first female governor of Alaska.

Related item: "John McCain Chooses Alaska Governor as Running Mate (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2008/08/20080829155057ajesrom0.5963251.ht ml)"

2008 Hillary Rodham Clinton is the first woman to become a leading candidate for a presidential nomination, mounting a fierce challenge against Barack Obama, the ultimate winner of the Democratic Party's nomination and the general election. In 2009, Clinton is sworn in as secretary of state, becoming the first former first lady to serve in a president's Cabinet.

Related article: "Secretary of State Calls for Robust Diplomacy (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2009/01/20090122165650esnamfuak0.1353571 .html)"

2009 Michelle Obama becomes the first African-American first lady of the United States.

Related item: "Michelle Obama: Woman of Influence (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2009/01/20090115153925glnesnom0.1614344. html)"

2009 In the 111th Congress, a record 17 women serve in the Senate and 73 women serve in the House of Representatives. This total of 90 seats equals 17 percent of the 535 seats in Congress. In addition, three women serve as delegates to the House of Representatives from Guam, the U.S.Virgin Islands and Washington.

Related article: "Parties Recruit More Women to Vote than to Run (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2008/09/20080911121502mlenuhret0.638241.h tml)"

2010 Kathryn Bigelow is the first woman in the 82-year history of the Academy Awards to win an Academy Award as best director. She claimed the Oscar for her 2009 movie The Hurt Locker.

2011 Jill Abramson becomes the first woman executive editor of the New York Times in the newspaper's 160-year history.

APPENDIX II : WOMEN’s MONTH QUIZ:

Women’s History Month Quiz for 2012

Created by Margaret Zierdt, National Women's History Project Board member

Can You Identify These Women of Great Vision and Achievement Whose History Is Our Strength?

1. Who became the first female Secretary of State of the United States, appointed by President Clinton in 1997? 2. Who took over management of Columbia Sportswear Company in the late 1930’s, when it was near bankruptcy, and turned it into the largest American ski apparel company worth $4 billion in 1972? 3. Who was the first woman in modern history to lead a major Native-American tribe, the Cherokee Nation? 4. Who was the first American woman poet whose poetry was published in London in 1650? 5. Who is considered the first American woman to be ordained by full denominational authority in 1864, and who also campaigned vigorously for full woman suffrage? 6. Who was the first woman of color elected to the U.S. Congress and was a founding member of the National Women’s Political Caucus? 7. Who was the ecologist writer whose path breaking book, "Silent Spring" in 1962 initiated the environmental movement? 8. Who was the first black woman and the youngest poet laureate in American history when she was appointed in 1993? 9. Who was imprisoned and then hanged for her Quaker faith in Boston in 1660, and 400 years later her statue was placed in front of the state House? 10. Who was the female lawyer who worked for equal rights and suffrage, co-founded the ACLU in 1910, and helped write the Equal Rights Amendment? 11. Who led the fight to criminalize lynching, helped form the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), and aided many black people who migrated from the South to Chicago? 12. Who became the first female president of Harvard University when she was named its 28th president in 2007? 13. Who became the first woman vice-president candidate on a major political party ticket when selected in 1984? 14. Who volunteered as a nurse during the Civil War, earning the nickname “Mother,” and after peace became an attorney advocating for veterans? 15. Who was the United States delegate to the United Nations who championed and won approval of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948? 16. Who earned a graduate degree from Oberlin College in 1888, was the first black woman to serve on a Board of Education (in D.C.), sued to integrate restaurants in the 1950’s, integrated the American Association of University Women at age 85, and was a founding member of NAACP? 17. Who wrote "The Feminine Mystique" in 1968 and became a leading figure in the Women's Movement? 18. Who was the first woman promoted to brigadier general in the U.S. Air Force (1971) and the first female major general in any armed forces in 1973? 19. Who was a Rear Admiral in the U.S. Navy credited with developing the COBOL computer language, and with coining the phrase “debugging” to fix a computer? 20. Who was one of the first black physicians in New York City and the first black woman to graduate from Bellevue Hospital medical school in 1926? 21. Who was the free-thinking woman who was forced out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and sought sanctuary in Roger Williams' Rhode Island in 1637? 22. Who is the architect of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C., which she designed when she was only 21 years old? 23. Who wrote the path-breaking book, "On Death and Dying" in 1969 which educated and supported helpers who provide compassionate care? 24. Who was the American founder and leader of the Shakers in the 1770's who advocated equality, individual responsibility and peace? 25. What woman ran for president on the National Equal Rights Party, receiving 4,149 votes in 6 states in 1884? 26. Who was the first woman to win an unshared Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1983 for her discovery that genes can change positions on the chromosome? 27. Who led the fight to integrate military nursing services in WW II and then achieved the integration of the American Nurses Association in 1948? 28. Who was the U.S. president's wife who saved historic paintings when the British army burned the White House in 1814? 29. Who is the first American woman to win the Nobel Prize in physics in 1963 after she discovered the structure of atoms? 30. Who is the longest-serving female U.S. senator, elected in 1986? 31. Who was the astronomer who discovered a comet, named for her, on October 1, 1847, and who was the first woman elected to the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1850), and the first professor of astronomy at Vassar College? 32. Who was first black woman lawyer in the United States and the first woman admitted to District of Columbia bar in 1872? 33. What woman met at the International Anti-Slavery Convention in London in 1840 and worked with her for women's equality for the next half century? 34. Who worked with W.E.B. DuBois' Niagara Movement and was one of the few white co- founders of NAACP in 1910? 35. What woman attended the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, signed the Declaration of Sentiments, and lived to see women win the vote in 1920? 36. Who ran a plantation in South Carolina and successfully introduced the cultivation of indigo as a commercial staple? 37. Who was the first black prima donna soprano at the Metropolitan Opera, starring from 1961 to 2007, the first black singer to earn the top fee of $2750 for each performance (second only to Birgit Nilsson who got $3000), and winner of 19 Grammy awards? 38. Who became the first female rabbi in the U.S. and the second in the world when she was ordained in Cincinnati in 1972? 39. Who sculpted the full scale marble statue of Lincoln which is in the Capitol Rotunda, becoming the first female and youngest artist to receive a commission from the government for a statue? 40. Who was the first black woman symphonic composer to have a symphony performed by a major orchestra - her Symphony in E Minor was performed in 1933 by the Chicago Symphony? 41. Who was the Zionist leader who founded Hadassah, an organization working on health issues for Jewish people in Palestine, and also rescued thousands of children from Germany in the 1930’s? 42. Who was the female Brigadier General who was the driving force behind the establishment of the Women in Military Service for America Memorial Building in Arlington Cemetery which opened in 1997? 43. What woman wrote the first novel by an American to sell more than a million copies, "The Wide, Wide World”? 44. Who was the friend of Abigail Adams who fostered political agitation with her satirical plays and then a three-volume history of the American revolution in 1805? 45. Who was the first Native American to receive the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963 for her work in decreasing infant mortality and decreasing tuberculosis? 46. Who was the author of "Our Nig," published in 1859, the first novel by a black person in English, which described racism in the treatment of free blacks in the North by abolitionists? 47. Who was the first woman mountaineer to climb over 23,000 feet on Nun Kun in the Himalayas in 1906, a record unbroken until 1934? 48. Who is the first woman conductor of a large orchestra, the Baltimore Symphony, appointed in 2007? 49. Who introduced America to French cooking in her books and television series from 1963 through the 1990's? 50. What woman has won a total of 56 Grand Slam tennis competitions events and 9 Wimbledon women's singles titles?

ANSWERS

1. Madeleine Albright (b. 1937) 2. Gertrude Boyle (b. 1925) 3. Wilma Mankiller (1945 – 2010) 4. Anne Bradstreet (1612 – 1672) 5. Olympia Brown (1835 – 1926) 6. Patsy Mink (1927-2002) 7. Rachel Carson (1907 – 1964) 8. Rita Dove (b. 1952) 9. (c. 1611 - 1660) 10. (1881 – 1928) 11. Ida Wells-Barnett (1862 – 1931) 12. Drew Gilpin Faust (b. 1947) 13. Geraldine Ferraro (b. 1935) 14. Mary Bickerdyke (1817 – 1901) 15. Eleanor Roosevelt Oct. 11, 1984- Nov. 7, 1962 16. Mary Church Terrell (1863 – 1954) 17. Betty Friedan (1921 - 2006) 18. Major General Jeanne Holm (1921 – 2010) 19. Rear Admiral Dr. (1906 – 1992) 20. May Chinn (1896 – 1980) 21. (1591 - c. 1643) 22. (b. 1959) 23. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross (1926 – 2004) 24. Ann Lee (1736 – 1784) 25. Belva Lockwood (1830 – 1917) 26. Barbara McClintock (1902 – 1992) 27. Mabel Staupers (1890 – 1989) 28. Dolley Madison (1768 – 1849) 29. (1906 – 1972) 30. (D-MD) (b. 1936) 31. (1818 – 1889) 32. Charlotte Ray (1850 – 1911) 33. (1793 – 1880) 34. Mary White Ovington (1865 – 1951) 35. Charlotte Woodward Pierce (1831 – c. 1921) 36. Elizabeth Lucas Pinckney (1722 – 1793) 37. Leontyne Price (b. 1927) 38. Sally J. Priesand (b. 1946) 39. Vinnie Ream (1847 – 1914) 40. Florence Smith Price (1887 – 1953) 41. (1860 – 1945) 42. Brigadier General , USAF retired (b. 1930) 43. Susan Warner (1819 – 1885) 44. (1728 – 1814) 45. Anne Dodge Wauneha (1910 – 1997) 46. Harriet Wilson (c. 1825 – c. 1900) 47. Fanny Workman (1859 – 1925) 48. Marion Alsop (b. 1956) 49. (1912 – 2004) 50. Martina Navratilova (b. 1956)

Violence Against Women Has Broad Social Consequences, Experts Say

By Charlene Porter, IIP Staff Writer, Washington, D.C.

Washington - Long a subject locked in the home behind a curtain of silence, violence against women will be pushed into an international spotlight in the days and weeks ahead in recognition of the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women.

The occasion is marked on November 25, but Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women's Issues Melanne Verveer said advocates of the cause will be recognizing this international problem with events scheduled through the end of the month and up to December 10, Human Rights Day. Verveer said advocates are linking the cause to human rights day as a demonstration of the fact that the rights of women and girls are also human rights. Striking a blow against a woman is a blow against human rights, she said.

"Not something marginal to human rights, not a subset of human rights, but violations of human rights," said Verveer at a State Department discussion forum held November 21. "It is truly and sadly a global scourge."

In the 16 days leading up to Human Rights Day, Verveer said, thousands of organizations and tens of thousands of people in more than 150 nations have organized events and activities to denounce violence against women.

The Secretary's Office of Global Women's Issues organized a State Department event to focus on the economic, health, legal and social costs that are the consequences of violence against women. United Nations surveys show that one in three women worldwide will experience gender-based violence in her lifetime, and that violence against women causes more death and disability for women and girls between the ages of 15 and 44 than do cancer, traffic accidents, malaria and war combined.

The World Bank has recently issued a wide-ranging report on gender equality, said Jeni Klugman, a specialist on women's issues. She said one finding is that gender equality is a smart economic policy.

"Gender equality has important benefits in terms of productivity, incomes, and improves development outcomes, including for future generations," said Klugman. Economic analysis further shows that violence incurs significant costs. As a woman is debilitated by violence or seeks to escape it, costs are incurred by the individual, her employer and her community, state and nation.

Jay Silverman, a professor in the Division of Global Public Health at the University of California-San Diego, said domestic violence is a contender to be the most preventable and modifiable risk factor that prevents the achievement of community and global health goals. Even beyond injury or death caused by violence, Silverman said, domestic violence can also degrade a woman's reproductive health and maternal health, and affect her HIV status and vulnerability to other sexually transmitted conditions.

Children in a violent home also suffer, even before birth. Evidence shows that infants born to abused women are most likely to be of low birth weight, one of the greatest risk factors for a newborn. "Once born, they are far more likely to get sick from major, major sources of child mortality," Silverman said, "such as diarrheal disease and acute respiratory infection; they are also more likely to experience stunting, malnutrition and other development issues."

And if violence is routine in domestic life, children of the household are also likely to become victims, Silverman said. Girl children in a violent home are at significantly greater risk of sexual assault; or a male relative might force them into prostitution or sell them to a human trafficker.

The U.N. General Assembly designated November 25 as the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women in 1999, while women's rights activists have marked the day since 1981, in solemn recognition of assassinations that occurred in 1960. Three sisters, political activists in the Dominican Republic, were murdered in 1960 after their ongoing protests against the Dominican dictator of the time, Rafael Trujillo.