Quantifying the Offensive Sequences That Result in Goals in Elite Futsal Matches Hugo Sarmentoab, Paul Bradleyc, M

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Journal of Sports Sciences Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rjsp20 Quantifying the offensive sequences that result in goals in elite futsal matches Hugo Sarmentoab, Paul Bradleyc, M. Teresa Anguerad, Tiago Polidoe, Rui Resendef & Jorge Campaniçoe a Centre for the Study of Education, Technologies and Health, CI&DETS, School of Education, Polytechnic of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal b Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal c Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK d Institute for Research on the Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (IR3C), Faculty of Psychology, Click for updates University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain e Department of Sport Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal f Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal Published online: 17 Jul 2015.

To cite this article: Hugo Sarmento, Paul Bradley, M. Teresa Anguera, Tiago Polido, Rui Resende & Jorge Campaniço (2015): Quantifying the offensive sequences that result in goals in elite futsal matches, Journal of Sports Sciences, DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1066024 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1066024

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Quantifying the offensive sequences that result in goals in elite futsal matches Hugo Sarmento1,2, Paul Bradley3, M. Teresa Anguera4, Tiago Polido5, Rui Resende6 and Jorge Campaniço5 1Centre for the Study of Education, Technologies and Health, CI&DETS, School of Education, Polytechnic of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal; 2Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal; 3Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK; 4Institute for Research on the Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (IR3C), Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; 5Department of Sport Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; 6Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The aim of this study was to quantify the type of offensive sequences that result in goals in elite futsal. Accepted 22 June 2015 Thirty competitive games in the Spanish Primera Division de Sala were analysed using computerised KEYWORDS notation analysis for patterns of play that resulted in goals. More goals were scored in positional attack Indoor soccer; match (42%) and from set pieces (27%) compared to other activities. The number of defence to offense analysis; patterns of play “transitions” (n = 45) and the start of offensive plays due to the rules of the game (n = 45) were the most common type of sequences that resulted in goals compared to other patterns of play. The central offensive zonal areas were the most common for shots on goal, with 73% of all goals scored from these areas of the pitch compared to defensive and wide zones. The foot was the main part of the body involved in scoring (n = 114). T-pattern analysis of offensive sequences revealed regular patterns of play, which are common in goal scoring opportunities in futsal and are typical movement patterns in this sport. The data demonstrate common offensive sequences and movement patterns related to goals in elite futsal and this could provide important information for the development of physical and technical training drills that replicate important game situations.

1. Introduction A recent systematic review of the literature pertaining to match analysis in the footballing codes identified that Futsal is the indoor 5-a-side equivalent of soccer and was previous work has focused mainly on the description of phy- developed in the 1930s (Barbero-Alvarez, Soto, Barbero- siological aspects of match-play (Sarmento et al., 2014). A Alvarez, & Granda-Vera, 2008). More recently, Fédération current challenge in this area of research involves creating Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) and Union of suitable movement sequences that can clearly identify and European Football Associations (UEFA) have standardised categorise individuals and behaviours over time. A valid pre- the rules of the game, thus allowing both domestic and dictor of sporting behaviour involves examining tactical stra- international competitions to be popularised with an expo- tegies of individuals within a team, with the aim to identify

Downloaded by [2.80.201.12] at 10:30 20 July 2015 nential increase in the number of participants involved in the common movement patterns during particular sequences game. (James, 2012). Despite its increasing popularity in the last 10 years, there Futsal is a game with a random intermittent nature, whereby is scant scientific evidence on the sport compared to other critical elements of the game are sometimes determined by footballing codes (Duarte, Batalha, Folgado, & Sampaio, 2009). chance. Thus, the training process should aim to develop regular Some researchers have examined the physiological demands individual/team behaviour sequences. Attempting to predict (Dittrich, Silva, Castagna, Lucas, & Guglielmo, 2011; Oliveira, future performance on the basis of previous performances is a Leicht, Bishop, Barbero-Alvarez, & Nakamura, 2013; Schultz de challenging task yet important for match analysts (James, 2012). Arruda, De Freitas, De Moura, Aoki, & Moreira, 2013) and the Typically, the basis for any prediction model is that performance physical characteristics of elite and sub-elite futsal players is repeatable, to some degree. In other words, events that have (Castagna, D’Ottavio, Granda Vera, & Barbero Alvarez, 2009; previously occurred will occur again in some predictable manner. Dogramaci, Watsford, & Murphy, 2011). Although less work This type of prediction is based on the principle that any perfor- has been carried out on the match activities of futsal players, mance is a consequence of factors like prior learning, inherent particularly the quantification of fundamental movement pat- skills and situational variables. Although this is a challenge given terns of players during offensive sequences of the play that movement patterns and technical performance indicators (Jovanovic, Sporis, & Milanovic, 2011; Lapresa, Álvarez, Arana, vary substantially from game to game in most footballing codes Garzón, & Caballero, 2013; Travassos, Araújo, Vilar, & McGarry, (Van Winckel et al., 2014). 2011).

CONTACT Hugo Miguel Borges Sarmento [email protected] Centre for the Study of Education, Technologies and Health, CI&DETS, School of Education – Polytechnic of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal.

Researchers in this area should adopt a multifactorial activities was selected based on an extensive review of futsal approach when employing statistical analyses, thus improving literature and by consulting a panel of experts in the area the ability to find associations between variables and the (coaches and researchers in the game). Based on the sugges- effect of different interactions (Sarmento et al., 2014). One tions from the panel, the following observational instrument promising area of research that has been recently employed was developed (Table I). This instrument included the follow- at investigating common movement patterns in team sports is ing categories that were used to code notational events: (1) T-pattern analysis (Camerino, Chaverri, Anguera, & Jonsson, start of the offensive process; (2) phases of the offensive 2012; Lapresa, Álvarez, et al., 2013; Lapresa, Anguera, process; (3) development of the offensive process; (4) spatial Alsasua, Arana, & Garzón, 2013; Sarmento et al., 2014). After characterisation of the field (Figure 1); (5) body part that studying the existing methods and software and running into performed the shot on goal; (6) number of the player. The their limitations regarding the analysis of naturally occurring validated coding instrument mentioned above was used to behaviour as complex real-time processes, Magnusson (1978) code all futsal activities in each game and data were subse- set out to develop new structural concepts and tools and in quently placed in Microsoft Excel. The reliability of the data particular for the discovery of hidden patterns of behaviour. collected was subjected to intra- and inter-observer The detection algorithm used in the software Theme allows agreement analysis using Cohen’s kappa (Cohen, 1960). the detection of repeated temporal and sequential structures in Values >0.90 were achieved for all criteria. real-time behaviour records that cannot be fully detected through unaided observation or with the help of statistical methods (Borrie, Jonsson, & Magnusson, 2002). A temporal 2.3. Data analysis pattern is essentially a combination of events, which occur, in the same order with temporal distances between each other, Specialised software (THÈME V. 5.0) was used for the detection of which remain relatively invariant in relation to the null hypoth- temporal patterns of play during futsal matches. This algorithm is esis that each component is independent and is distributed based on the assumption that the flow of complex human randomly in time (for review, see Casarrubea et al. (2014)). As behaviour (e.g. sports performance) is based on the sequential stated by Magnusson (2000, p. 94), “that is, if A is an earlier and structure as a function of time, and has a discrete nature that is B a later component of the same recurring temporal pattern not fully detectable without the use of standardised statistical then after an occurrence of A at t, there is an interval [t+d1, t and behavioural methods (Borrie et al., 2002). +d2] (d2≥d1≥d0) that tends to contain at least one occurrence The following criteria were used in order to detect the of B more often than would be expected by chance”. T-patterns during games: (1) a minimum frequency of three This software has been extensively used in several areas of occurrences was set in each match dataset; (2) the level of knowledge both in animal (Feenders & Bateson, 2012; Nicol, significance was set at P < 0.05 and (3) the T-patterns detected Segonds-Pichon, & Magnusson, 2015) and human studies were only accepted if the software detects them among all the (Sandman, Kemp, Mabini, Pincus, & Magnusson, 2012; additional randomly generated relationships. To reduce Woods, Yefimova, & Brecht, 2014). against this artefact, the software used well described algo- Although no research exists that has examined T-pattern rithms to detect temporal patterns of importance (Magnusson, analysis of elite futsal match play during sequences that result 1996, 2000, 2005, 2006). in goals. Taking into account that goal scoring is the ultimate Taking into account the variability of actions that character-

Downloaded by [2.80.201.12] at 10:30 20 July 2015 objective measure of offensive effectiveness in futsal match ise indoor soccer (like in football), the investigators in this play, the aim of the present study was to quantify the type of research area (e.g. Camerino et al., 2012; Lapresa, Álvarez, offensive sequences that result in goals in elite futsal. et al., 2013; Lapresa, Anguera, et al. 2013; Sarmento et al., 2014) have considered that an action that is repeated three times, established a significance level <0.05, is relevant for 2. Methods being consider as a regular behaviour. Additionally, if the 2.1. Players researchers failed to opt for the above criteria it could have increased the degree of difficulty in identifying completed Data were collected from a single Spanish team in the Primera T-patterns (i.e. behaviours that include the beginning, develop- División de Sala and consisted of 30 games and 17 individual ment and end of the offensive sequences). players. The team qualified to the championship playoffs. All actions in games were registered in a systematic Original data files included 126 goals scored. Ethical approval manner taking into consideration the breakdown of succes- was granted from the appropriate institutional ethics committee. sive actions. Despite this limitation, it was still possible for this software to quantify repetitive T-patterns of behaviour (Anguera, 2004, 2005). The most valuable contribution of 2.2. Data coding system T-patterns arises from the possibility of detecting particular The present study used an observational instrument that has a types of temporal structures (Borrie et al., 2002). Given that combination of a field format and a system of categories as patterns facilitate the detection of hidden structures, they criteria (Anguera, 2003; Anguera, Magnusson, & Jonsson, are of significant importance in the analysis of a futsal 2007); from a validated list of the most important futsal activ- game. This type of analysis allows the representation of a ities. This observational instrument enabled all notational specific movement pattern which corresponds to the events to be coded effectively. The finalised list of notational actions that occur in that specific order. Statistical Package JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCES 3

Table I. Summarised description of the variable criteria within the observational toll. Category Code Sub-category Code Start of the offensive IPO Interception IPOi process Disarm IPOd Goalkeeper action IPOgr Due the rules of the game IPOij By transition IPOt Phases of the offensive FJ Positional attack FJap process Set-pieces FJbp Fast attack FJar Counterattack “1vs0” FJca10 Counterattack “1vs1” FJca11 Counterattack “2vs0” FJca20 Counterattack “2vs1” FJca21 Counterattack “2vs2” FJca22 Counterattack “3vs0” FJca30 Figure 1. Spatial characteristics and pitch dimensions of a typical futsal pitch. Counterattack “3vs1” FJca31 Counterattack “3vs2” FJca32 Counterattack “3vs3” FJca33 Counterattack “4vs3” FJca43 Development of the DPO Pass back DPOpt offensive process Pass forward DPOpf Conduction of the ball DPOcb Reception/control DPOrc Dribble “1vs1” DPOdr Duel DPOdu Long pass performed by DPOgrlo goalkeeper Short pass performed by DPOgrcu goalkeeper Pass performed by the DPOmao goalkeeper with the hand Pass to the second goalpost DPO2p shot DPOr Shot with goal scored DPOgol self goal DPOagol Figure 2. The analysis of the various pitch zones that were scored during futsal Spatial characterisation of Z Right defensive zone ZDD matches. the field Left defensive zone ZDE Right medium zone ZMD Left medium zone ZME compared to other activities such as offensive (4%) and defensive Right offensive central zone ZOCD (2%) play in a “4vs5” situation. The central offensive zonal areas Left offensive central zone ZOCE were the most common for shots on goal (n = 92) compared to Right offensive zones ZOCD Left offensive zones ZOE other areas, with 73% of all goals scored from these areas of the Right ultra-offensive zones ZUOD pitch compared to defensive and wide zones. When breaking Left ultra-offensive zones ZUOE down the goals into zonal areas it seems that only 2 goals were Right ultra-offensive central ZUOCD zones scored from the defensive zone, 14 goals from the midfielder Downloaded by [2.80.201.12] at 10:30 20 July 2015 Left ultra-offensive central zones ZUOCE zone, 47 from the offensive zone and 52 goals from the ultra- Point 1 Z1 offensive zone. It is noteworthy that 44 goals were scored inside Point 2 Z2 Point 3 Z3 the penalty area with the offensive and ultra-offensive zones Point 4 left side Z4E accounted for a total of 37 and 44 goals, respectively. From the Point 4 right side Z4D points 1 (Z1) and 2 (Z2) were performed 11 goals. Finally, 18 Body part that performed Sf Head SFc the shot on goal Inside edge of the foot SFpi goals were scored from the side corridors (left and right) of the Other part of the foot SFpe offensive and ultra-offensive zones (Figure 2). Toe SFpo The number of defence to offense “transitions (IPOt)” Instep SFpp Other body parst SFo (n = 45), the ball recovery possession by interception (n = 23) Number of player J From player with number 1 to J1 to J15 and the start of offensive plays due to the rules of the game player with number 15 (n = 45) were the most common types of sequences that resulted in goals compared to other patterns of play. The foot was the main part of the body involved in scoring (n = 114) for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 20.0 was used to calculate compared to other body parts, with the breakdown of goals descriptive statistics. scored with the foot involving the inside edge (n = 68), instep (n = 34), toe (n = 8) and other parts of the foot (n = 4). 3. Results

3.1. Temporal and zonal analysis 3.2. T-pattern analysis The greatest number of goals was scored in attacking positions The data analysis revealed the existence of 345 different (42%), from set pieces (27%) and fast counterattacks (27%) T-patterns, ranging from 1 to 5 levels and including 2–8 4 H. SARMENTO ET AL.

events. Data were selected that included complete T-patterns how a combination of simple patterns combines to form a (n = 5), which comprised of the offensive sequence from start more complex pattern; (2) the upper right hand box contains to its finish. T-patterns that were associated with goals information about the frequency and real-time distribution of scored on at least three separate occasions were analysed event types in the pattern. The dots represent event occur- in greater detail in the software and subsequently rences and the zig-zag lines connecting the dots represent represented in Figures 3–7. pattern occurrences. Thus, the number of lines illustrates how Figure 3 represents the first complete T-pattern which was often the pattern occurs; (3) the bottom box contains informa- repeated five times during sequences that ended in a goal. tion about the real-time structure of the offensive pattern. It This figure presents a graphical representation of the offensive shows lines displaying the connections between events, the sequence that results in a goal, and the Theme output of the times at which they take place, and how much time passes detected pattern, composed of three boxes: (1) the box in the between event occurrences and pattern occurrences. top left corner of the screen highlights the hierarchical con- This comprised of a positional attack pattern and included struction of the pattern using a dendrogram. The right-hand six events: (1) the pattern was initiated by a player transition- edge details the technical action taking place within the pat- ing in the left midfield zone (ZME); (2) followed by a through tern. The left-hand side details the structure of the pattern and pass (DPOp) from the left midfield zone (ZME), to another Downloaded by [2.80.201.12] at 10:30 20 July 2015

Figure 3. Graphical representation of T-pattern 1. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCES 5

Figure 4. Graphical representation of T-pattern 2.

player; (3) that player then controls the ball (DPOrc) in the opponent goal from the right midfield zone (ZMD) and (4) right midfield zone (ZMD); (4) this player keeps moving for- this sequence is finished with a shot from the right central ward into a more offensive position and then makes a through offensive zone (ZOCD), which results in a goal (DPOgol). pass (DPOp) from the right midfield zone (ZMD) in the direc- Figure 6 represents the fourth complete T-pattern, which

Downloaded by [2.80.201.12] at 10:30 20 July 2015 tion of another player; (5) this player follows the same direc- was repeated five times during sequences that ended in a tion of the ball (DPOcb) from the same zone (ZMD) and (6) this goal. This comprised of a fourth type of positional attack sequence is finished with a shot from the right central zone pattern that included three events: (1) players start by transi- (ZOCD) that results in a goal (DPOgol). tioning (IPOt) into the left midfield zone (ZME); (2) a pass is Figure 4 represents the second complete T-pattern which produced (DPOp) from the midfield zone (ZME) and (3) this was repeated five times during sequences that ended in a goal. sequence is finished with a shot from the ultra-offensive cen- This comprised of a second type of positional attack pattern tral zone (ZUOCD), which results in a goal (DPOgol). and included four events: (1) players start by transitioning (IPOt) Figure 7 represents the final complete T-pattern, which was in the right midfield zone (ZMD); (2) a pass is produced (DPOp) repeated five times during sequences that ended in a goal. from the right midfield zone (ZMD) to a second player; (3) This comprised of an offensive sequence from a set-piece that followed by a through pass (DPOcb) from the left midfield included two events: (1) an infringement has occurred and the zone (ZME) in the direction of the opponent goal and (4) this team in possession have a free kick 10 m from goal (IPOj) and sequence is finished with a shot from the left central ultra- (2) a shot from the free kick (Z2) results in a goal (DPOgol). offensive zone (ZUOCE), which results in a goal (DPOgol). Figure 5 represents the third complete T-pattern, which was repeated five times during sequences that ended in a 4. Discussion goal. This comprised of a third type of positional attack pattern that included four events: (1) players start by transitioning The aim of this study was to quantify the type of offensive (IPOt) in the right midfield zone (ZMD); (2) a pass is produced sequences that result in goals in elite futsal. (DPOp) from the right midfield zone (ZMD) to a second player; The T-patterns that were detected in this study and subse- (3) ball is moved (DPOcb) in the direction towards the quently analysed represent 21% of all goals scored. These 6 H. SARMENTO ET AL.

Figure 5. Graphical representation of T-pattern 3. Downloaded by [2.80.201.12] at 10:30 20 July 2015

included basic movement patterns in the game such as pivot in a goal. The third pattern was characterised by an offensive combinations, parallels and diagonals along with set-pieces. sequence developed through a basic and specific movement These data demonstrate common offensive sequences and of futsal, the parallel. This is characterised by a parallel to the movement patterns related to goals in elite futsal and this lateral line penetration movement without the ball in the could provide important information for the development of direction of the opposition goal, by a player from the defen- physical and technical training drills that replicate important sive sector of the team (Voser, 2001). They then receive and game situations for all levels and ages. move the ball into the ZOCD where a shot occurs that results The first four patterns start in the midfield offensive zone in a goal. Another basic movement pattern within futsal is the (right and left), through transitions that are developed by diagonal. In this case, a player from the defensive sector of the positional attacks. In the first pattern, the offensive sequence team, moves into the offensive half of the pitch through a is developed through a pass to the pivot player (in futsal this diagonal run (Voser, 2001) until the ZUOCD is reached and a field position is characterised by the most offensive central shot occurs. zone). Normally, the pivots are characterised by their capacity The final pattern found displayed very different character- to receive and control the ball and by their decision-making istics to the other patterns since all seven goals were scored capabilities (Braz, 2006). In this situation, the pivot received from a free kick 10 m away from the opposition goal. This type the ball in the ZME and performed a pass to the ZMD, where of set piece usually occurs due to an accumulation of fouls by another player finished and scored. In the second pattern, the the opposition team. For each foul committed by the oppo- pivot player receives a pass but in this case, through the nent, a 10 m free kick is awarded to any outfield player conduction of the ball, this player moves into a zone near (Lozano, 1995). Thus this should be considered a fundamental the opponent goal where they performed a shot that resulted strategic situation that is only found in futsal and not in other JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCES 7

Figure 6. Graphical representation of T-pattern 4. Downloaded by [2.80.201.12] at 10:30 20 July 2015

sports. Professional coaches advocate the use of systematic set (2009), Alves (2010) and Lapresa, Álvarez, et al. (2013)con- pieces training as part of the modern game and our data firmed this zonal trend in futsal, while Yiannakos and therefore support that assertion (Lozano, 1995; Sarmento Armatas (2006) found a similar tendency in football. These et al., 2014; Voser, 2001). data, in addition to the detected regular structures of beha- Additionally to the T-pattern analysis, the frequency ana- viour (T-patterns), are even more important given that the lysis of the data also suggest that the teams frequently start analysed team can be characterised as a successful team as offensive sequences that result in a goal, through the transi- it has qualified to the championship playoffs, thus these tional play and set plays. Therefore, the set pieces, posi- tendencies of the game can help the coach and team tional attack and the capacity to maintain ball possession achieve success. are strengths that characterise the style of play of this team. The present findings concerning the area of the body used The central offensive zonal areas were the most common for to score goals are in line with previous research (Álvarez et al., shots on goal compared to other areas, with 64% of all 2004). Players typically scored more goals with the inside edge goals scored from these ZUOCE, ZUOCD, ZOCE and ZOCD of the foot (54%), followed by the instep (27%). However, zones of the pitch compared to defensive and wide zones. Lapresa, Álvarez, et al. (2013) demonstrated that the Spanish This finding is similar to the previous work by Álvarez, National team in the 2010 UEFA Futsal Championship scored Manero, Manonelles, and Puente (2004), which concludes more goals with the instep (55%), and the inside edge of the that 90% of the 1771 analysed goals in the Spanish Futsal foot (22%). These results are consistent with the current litera- League were scored from a similar area. Similarly, Martín ture (Castelo, 2009) that state that using the inside edge of the 8 H. SARMENTO ET AL.

Figure 7. Graphical representation of T-pattern 5.

Downloaded by [2.80.201.12] at 10:30 20 July 2015 foot increases ball precision and placement, with the instep of observed in this study highlight the intricate nature of futsal the foot allowing players to take shots from any area of the field performance and a greater understanding of this area is while influencing the ball speed (Lapresa, Álvarez, et al., 2013). needed to optimise the performance in the game. Our data Determining which style of play is the most effective has long demonstrate that the greatest number of goals were scored in been disputed in football performance (Hughes & Franks, 2005; attacking positions and from set pieces and are scored from Tenga, Holme, Ronglan, & Bahr, 2010a, 2010b). Although the central offensive zonal areas by using the inside edge and present study suggests that positional attack was the most instep of the foot. T-pattern analysis of offensive sequences efficient. We emphasise that this situation is the result of the revealed regular patterns of play that are common in goal complex interaction of different factors such as the philosophy of scoring opportunities in futsal and are typical movement pat- the playing style, the tradition, identity and history of the club, terns in the sport. This information could help develop physi- the quality of the players, as well as the specific environment that cal and technical training drills that replicate important game characterises the game (e.g. the quality of opposition, match situations. status)(Sarmento,Barbosa,Campaniço,Anguera,&Leitão,2011). Disclosure statement 5. Conclusions No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. Futsal tactical analysis should not only include the action of the players but also the sequences of game play resulting from these actions, particular the patterns that result in References – goals. Despite the importance attributed to tactical technical Álvarez, J., Manero, J., Manonelles, P., & Puente, J. (2004). Analysis of the factors to the success of futsal teams, this element of the offensive actions resulting in goal of professional league of Spanish game is not well understood. The complexity of the T-patterns futsal. Revista de entrenamiento deportivo, 18(4), 27–32. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCES 9

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