Supplementary Figure S2; Perrin et al. Relations between surface traces and slip-length pro les at depth (inferred from source inversion models), and fault architecture and long-term propagation, for all analyzed in present study for which source models are available.

1983 Borah Peak earthquake (Mw 7.3) - Normal fault - Immature 1.5 Zone of largest coseimic slips Mendoza and Hartzell, 1988 1

0.5 slip at depth (m) slip at

Maximum coseismic 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Rupture length (km) H N Direction of long-term propagation of the Mackay Thousand Springs- fault Warm Springs fault 5 km Lone Pine fault

Mapping from Crone and Haller 1991

25 Ma et al., 2001 1999 ChiChi earthquake Johnson et al., 2001 Zone of largest coseimic slips Wu et al., 2001 (Mw 7.6) 20 Reverse and strike slip fault - Intermediate maturity 15

10

slip at depth (m) slip at 5 Maximum coseismic

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Rupture length (km) N Direction of 10 km long-term propagation of the Chelungpu fault ~2.5 km/s ~2.5 km/s

H Mapping from Dominguez et al., 2003

2002 Denali earthquake (Mw 7.9) - Strike slip fault - Mature Mapping from Plafker and Berg, 1994

Direction of long-term Likely zone of propagation fault initiation Chatham Strait F. of the Denali N fault

EKF 500 km Zone of largest coseimic slips 10 Oglesby et al., 2004 Asano et al., 2005 5

Togiak-Tikchik F. slip at depth (m) slip at

Maximum coseismic 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Rupture length (km) Direction of Denali Fault long-term N propagation H 3.3 km/s 5-5.5 km/s of the Denali Totschunda Fault Susitna Glacier fault Fault Supplementary Figure S2; Perrin et al. (following) Zone of largest coseimic slips 2010 El Mayor Cucapah earthquake (Mw 7.2) Wei et al., 2011 Strike slip fault - Intermediate maturity 6

4

2 slip at depth (m) slip at Maximum coseismic 0 San Gabriel 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Rupture length (km) Mountains Thrust H 1 km/s? Direction of 3 km/s? long-term propagation of 50 km Sierra Juarez faultsthe Elsinore fault N Mapping from Dorsey et al., 2012

1999 Hector Mine earthquake (Mw 7.1) Strike slip fault - Immature fault 10 Zone of largest coseimic slips 8 Kaverina et al., 2002 Ji et al., 2002 6 Jónsson et al., 2002 4 Salichon et al., 2004

slip at depth (m) slip at 2 Maximum coseismic 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Rupture length (km) 1.8 km/s Direction of Bullion Mtns Blind F. H 2.2-2.8 km/s N long-term Lavic Lake F. propagation of Mesquite Lake F. Pisgah F. Pinto the Lavic Bullion F. 20 km Mountain Lake-Bullion- fault Mesquite Lake fault Mapping from Jennings et al., 1994 in Jachens et al., 2002

1979 Imperial Valley earthquake (Mw 6.5) 2 Zone of largest coseimic slips Strike slip fault - Intermediate maturity ? 1.5

1

0.5 Hartzell and Heaton, 1983 slip at depth (m) slip at Maximum coseismic 0 0 10 20 30 40 Rupture length (km) N Direction of long-term propagation of the Imperial fault 20 km ~2 to 7-8.8 km/s 2.5-2.9 Mapping from USGS website km/s H

1999 Izmit earthquake (Mw 7.4-7.6) Delouis et al., 2002 Cakir et al., 2003 Strike slip fault - Intermediate maturity Zone of largest coseimic Bouchon et al., 2002 slips not constrained Direction of long-term Reilinger et al., 2000 propagation 8 of the North Anatolian fault 6 and of its northern branch Northern branch 4 2 slip at depth (m) slip at

Main North Anatolian fault Maximum coseismic 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 N Rupture length (km) 100 km N H 3 km/s 4.8-5.8 Mapping from Sengör et al., 2005 km/s Supplementary Figure S2; Perrin et al. (following) 2001 Kunlun earthquake (Mw 7.8) - Strike slip fault - Mature 8 Zone of largest coseimic slips 6 4 Lasserre et al., 2005 2 Direction of

slip at depth (m) slip at long-term Direction of Maximum coseismic N 0 250 km propagation of long-term 0 100 200 300 400 500 Rupture length (km) the Kunlun fault propagation of the Kunlun fault H 2.6-3.3 km/s 5-6.7 km/s Likely zone of fault initiation

Mapping from Van der Woerd et al., 2002; Kirby et al., 2007

1992 Landers earthquake (Mw 7.3) - Strike slip fault - Immature Zone of largest coseimic slips 8

6

Wald and Heaton, 1994 4 Hernandez et al., 1999 Cotton and Campillo, 1995 Cohee and Beroza, 1994 slip at depth (m) slip at

Maximum coseismic 2

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Rupture length (km)

Harper Lake fault Homestead Valley Camp Rock-Emerson fault Direction of long-term ~4 km/s propagation of the Camp Rock-Emerson-Homestead ~2.5-3.6 Johnson Valley H Valley- Johnson Valley fault 20 km N km/s system Mapping from Jennings et al., 1994 in Jachens et al., 2002

1997 Manyi earthquake (Mw 7.5) - Strike slip fault - Intermediate maturity

Zone of largest coseimic slips 8

6 4 N 2 Funning et al., 2007

slip at depth (m) slip at 50 km

Maximum coseismic 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Rupture length (km) Direction of long-term Direction of <3 km/s 3-3.2 km/s propagation of long-term the Manyi fault propagation of H the Manyi fault Likely zone of fault initiation

Mapping modi ed from Taylor and Yin 2009 in Bell et al., 2011 Supplementary Figure S2; Perrin et al. (following)

2008 Sichuan earthquake (Mw 7.9) - Reverse (and strike slip) fault - Intermediate maturity

20 Zone of largest coseimic slips 15 10 5 Fielding et al., 2013 slip at depth (m) slip at 0 Maximum coseismic 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Rupture length (km) Direction of long-term Beichuan fault N H propagation of the Beichuan fault 50 km Pengguan fault 3-3.4 km/s 2.5-3 km/s

Mapping from Shen et al., 2009

1987 Superstition Hills earthquake (Mw 6.6) Zone of largest coseimic slips 5 Strike slip fault - Intermediate maturity 4 Wald et al., 1990 3 N 2 40 km 1 0

slip at depth (m) slip at 0 10 20 30 Maximum coseismic Rupture length (km) San Andreas Fault Direction of long-term H propagation of the San Mapping from Dorsey, 2002 Jacinto fault

2010 Yushu earthquake (Mw 7.1) - Strike slip fault - Intermediate maturity Zone of largest coseimic slips 1.5 Direction of Li et al., 2011 long-term 1 propagation 50 km 0.5 of the Garze-

Yushu fault depth (m) slip at 0 Xianshui He Maximum coseismic 0 20 40 60 80 Rupture length (km) N fault H

1.6-2.5 km/s 4-5 km/s Mapping from Wang et al., 2008