3sCE417P3 Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

Regional energy strategy & action plan region Task: 5.4.2

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REGIONAL ENERGY STRATEGY & ACTION PLAN

The development path is going to analyse different scenarios for RES and efficient use of energy in the pilot regions, based on the results of regional energy balance sheet and the participation fora.

The European Union (EU) has defined an ambitious goal with the decision of the 20-20-20 targets, namely to produce 20% less greenhouse gas emissions, to achieve a 20% share of renewable energies and to increase energy efficiency by 20% until 2020. The aim is to get independent from fossil fuels by 2020. Therefore relating to different forecasts of economic growth, statistic data, development of utilisation of renewable energy and energy efficiency as well, different scenarios for regional planning and development should be analysed and occured.

Three scenarios should be calculated in the balance sheet and built up on short, middle and long term goals based on the targets for 2020. Therefore, a key point for the strategy and action plan is to held the 2nd participation for a. These scenarios have to be discussed with the political stakeholder or decision makers to select one main scenario for the concept region.

The strategy and action plan is going to give on the one hand side an overview of the region in the field of energy demand, resource potentials, supply chains as well as development path evaluated in the regional energy balance sheet. On the other side, the strategies and actions should be described, which however will conduct the selected scenario for achieving the goals for the concept region. The regional energy strategy and action plan is going to be a guide for each concept region including measures, which will help by the implementation of the selected main scenario.

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CONTENT OF THE REGIONAL ENERGY STRATEGY &ACTION PLAN REGIONAL ENERGY STRATEGY & ACTION PLAN ...... 2 1. DESCRIPTION OF THE CONCEPT REGION ...... 6 1.1 Geographical situation...... 6 1.2 Demographical situation ...... 7 1.2.1 Population ...... 7 1.2.2 Economic development and structure ...... 9 1.3 Overview of the Region ...... 11 1.4 Regulatory framework and forecast ...... 13 1.4.1 Subvention programs for private sector...... 15 1.4.2 Subvention programs for municipalities ...... 16 1.4.3 Subvention programs for public and industry ...... 16 1.4.4 Feed-in tariffs ...... 17 2. SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPT REGION ...... 17 3. REGIONAL ENERGY BALANCE SHEET ...... 20 3.1 Energy demand of the concept region ...... 20 3.1.1 Electricity generation ...... 24 3.1.2 Heat generation ...... 26 3.1.3 Liquid fuel generation ...... 28 3.2 Energy potential of the concept region ...... 28 3.2.1 Fossil Energy sources ...... 29 3.2.2 Renewable Energy sources ...... 30 3.3 Comparison of the available resources & current energy demand in the CR ...... 33 3.3.1 Covering rate of regional production ...... 34 3.3.2 Covering rate including free resources potentials ...... 35 4. POSSIBLE SCENARIOS FOR THE CONCEPT REGION ...... 36 4.1 Scenario without any measures – trend scenario ...... 37 4.2 Scenario based on energy efficiency ...... 38 4.3 Scenario based on activation of resources with or without energy savings ...... 39 5. DEVELOPMENT PATH ...... 41 5.1 Main scenario for the region ...... 42 5.2 Measures for the achieving the main scenario ...... 44

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 – in ...... 6 Figure 1.2 – Distribution of the population in Slovakia (Data from Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic) ...... 7 Figure 1.3 – Inhabitants per district in Trnava Region in the period 2009-2012 (Data from Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic) ...... 8 Figure 1.4 – Political map of the region with major cities and districts...... 8 Figure 1.5 – Regional GDP (in million EUR conversion, in current prices). Data from Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic...... 10 Figure 3.1 - Non-renewable and renewable end use energy and electricity consumption in the Region of Trnava ...... 19 Figure 3.2 – Current final energy consumption ...... 21 Figure 3.3 – Total Regional electricity generation ...... 23 Figure 3.4 – District heating generation by source ...... 24 Figure 3.5 – Amount of installed capacity per source of energy in Trnava Region ...... 26 Figure 3.6 – Total Regional renewable resources ...... 29 Figure 3.7 – Demand of final energy – current situation and savings potential ...... 30 Figure 3.8 – Regional production of energy carriers ...... 31 Figure 3.9: Covering rate of regional production ...... 32 Figure 4.1 – Trend scenario ...... 34 Figure 4.2 – Energy savings scenario ...... 35 Figure 4.3 – RES activation scenario ...... 36 Figure 4.4 – RES activation and energy savings scenario ...... 37

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 – Most important companies in Trnava Region. Data from Slovak Investment and Trade Development Agency ...... 11 Table 3.1 - Current final energy consumption by source ...... 18 Table 3.2 - Non-renewable and renewable end use energy and electricity consumption in the Region of Trnava ...... 19 Table 3.3 - Electricity consumption (MWh) in Trnava Region calculated with RegData Statistics Slovakia method ...... 20 Table 3.4 - Consumption of electricity summary in Trnava Region ...... 21 Table 3.5 - Electricity generation – thermal systems ...... 22 Table 3.6 - Electricity generation – systems without combustion ...... 23 Table 3.7 - Electricity generation – summary ...... 23 Table 3.8 - Heat generation – DH systems ...... 24 Table 3.9 - Heat generation – final users ...... 25 Table 3.10 - Heat generation – summary ...... 25 Table 3.11 - Regional resources – current use ...... 28 Table 3.12 - Regional resources – total potential ...... 28 Table 3.13 - Balance of current situation ...... 31 Table 5.1 - National overall targets for the share of energy from renewable sources in gross final consumption of energy in 2005 and 2020 ...... 39 Table 5.2 - Main figures of the chosen scenario (Data in GWh) ...... 39 Table 5.3 – Main values of the chosen scenario (Data in GWh) ...... 40

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1. Description of the concept region

1.1 Geographical situation Trnava Region (in Slovak: Trnavsky kraj) is a NUTS level 3 administrative region that was established in 1996. It is located in the middle-west part of Slovakia, and it is one of the smallest regions of the country in terms of both area and population. The total population is 556577 inhabitants and the Regional Gross Domestic Product amounted to 7927.53 million € in current prices in 2011.

Figure 1.1 – Trnava region in Slovakia

Trnava Region has following borders: Lower and Czech in the north-west, Trenčín Region in the north, in the east, Hungarian Győr- Moson-Sopron County in the south, and Region in the west. The southern part of the region, the Podunajská nížina ( lowlands), is divided by the Malé Karpaty (Small Carpathian) mountains from the Záhorská nížina (Záhorie lowlands) in the north. There are several rivers in the region, for instance the in the west, the Váh in the centre, the Malý Dunaj and the Danube in the south. The capital and the largest city of the region is Trnava. Other densely populated towns are Piešťany, , Dunajská Streda, and Sered. The region lies in the northern temperate zone, it has a continental climate with four distinct seasons. Natural territorial structure includes: Záhorie region created by and districts, Center region with Trnava, Hlohovec and Piešťany districts, and Podunajsko region, where Dunajská Streda and districts belong. Trnava region consists of: 7 districts, 16 towns, and 251 villages. The average annual precipitation is 658 mm and the annual flux of solar radiation is around 1150 kWh/m2. Trnava region has rich resources of mineral and thermal water, such as hot springs in Piešťany, and fresh water in Zitny Ostrov (Great Rye Island), which is the largest source of drinking water in Central Europe. In terms of agriculture, Trnava region is the second most productive region within the country as the agricultural land covers 70.9 % of the total area. Developed agriculture together with relatively high level

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of forestation of Záhorie and Malé Karpaty mountains provides good conditions for utilization of biomass energy. Deposits of fossil fuels are situated in Záhorie region (oil, natural gas, lignite). Even though these reserves are not voluminous they contribute to energy safety of the whole Slovakia. Localities perspective of geothermal waters energy utilization is situated in the southern part of Trnava region (Dunajská Streda and Galanta districts).

1.2 Demographical situation The total population of Slovakia was around 5.5 million capita and the population of Trnava Region was 556577 in 2012. In terms of population, the region is the smallest of all Slovakian regions; however, there are no significant differences among the population of the regions. Nevertheless, Trnava is the second most densely populated region in Slovakia.

1.2.1 Population The population density is 134 inhabitants per square kilometre in Trnava Region while the average is 110 capita per square kilometre in Slovakia. The total number of the inhabitants is different in each individual district. The number of inhabitants is 129236 (23.2%) in the district of Trnava, 60690 (10.9%) in Senica, 63090 (11.3%) in Piešťany, and 93628(16.8%) in Galanta. The lowest population is in the district of Hlohovec, where an average of 45762(8.2%) inhabitants live and in the district of Skalica where this value is 46769(8.4%). The population in Dunajská Streda is around 117402 capita (21%).

Figure 1.2 – Distribution of the population in Slovakia (Data from Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic)

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District of Trnava

District of Skalica

District of Senica 2012

District of Piešt'any 2011 2010 District of Hlohovec 2009 District of Galanta

District of Dunajská Streda

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000120000140000

Figure 1.3 – Inhabitants per district in Trnava Region in the period 2009-2012 (Data from Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic)

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Figure 1.4 – Political map of the region with major cities and districts

According to the 2012 census, there is a significant Hungarian minority in the southern part of the region (23.7%), forming a majority in the District of Dunajska Streda (87%) and also notably represented in the District of Galanta (41%); while the form a majority (73.9%) on average in the region, other minorities ( and Roma) are not very significant (together 1.2%).

1.2.2 Economic development and structure Trnava Region has several economic advantages such as the presence of major foreign investments, with an evident growth rate especially in industry. There is a high qualified workforce due to its three universities, high concentration of institutions with interregional importance and, moreover, the agricultural areas in this region are used to the highest degree in Slovakia. The railway and the road network are well-developed: the Central European Traffic Corridor which links the Baltic and the Adriatic area runs through the region and it enables it to participate in international transportation networks. Three highways pass through the region, the first connects Bratislava to Prague, the second Bratislava to Žilina and the third connects Trnava to Banská Bystrica. The region's road network consists of 267 km of first class roads. The main railway lines crossing the region connect the capital Bratislava to and , as well as other important cities in Slovakia, such as Žilina, Zvolen and Kosice. In Piešťany there is one international airport, mainly used for charter flights; moreover the bigger international airport in Bratislava is within an hour's drive. Foreign capital investment is constantly rising especially into industry, and there are future industrial zones under development in the region. Trnava Region benefits from the influx of foreign direct investment much more than other regions. Its GDP and GDP per capita in purchasing power parity are the second highest in Slovakia after . The Regional GDP in € conversion in current prices was 7927.53 mil. (in 2011), showing a growth rate of 3.61% (from 2010), following a trend of growth since 2009, after the decrease due to the economic crisis, and in 2011 the value has come back at its 2008 level.

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20000 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 2008 8000 2009 6000 2010 4000 2000 2011 0

Figure 1.5 – Regional GDP (in million EUR conversion, in current prices). Data from Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic.

The main industrial sectors in Trnava Region are chemistry, automotive industry, glass industry and metallurgy together with electrotechnics. According to the Slovak Investment and Trade Development Agency’s latest report on Trnava Region, the present situation of the industry sector can “be improved by shifting towards higher added values production”. The emphasis is on electronics and engineering since both sectors have emerged recently because of foreign investors’ activities. The industrial centre of the region is in the city of Trnava, where many factories have settled (machinery, glass production, etc.), and there is a logistic and a technology parc. Other main industrial clusters are located in Sered, Senica, and Kostolne Kracany. Unemployment rate is relatively low, 9.16% compared to the Slovak 13.5% and the gross average earnings equal to 848 €, a little lower than the Slovak average of 888 €. Furthermore, Trnava Region has great cultural heritage and historic relics that favour the tourism sector development. There are considerable geothermal and healing thermal springs but their exploitation is still far below their potential, accordingly, this sector might prove attractive for future investors.

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Industry sector Companies and their main activities Location

Automotive PSA Peugeot Citroën (Car manufacturing) Trnava

Samsung Electronics Slovakia, s.r.o., Samsung Galanta (LCD monitors and componensts) Electrotechnical Samsung – LCD monitors and componensts. Voderady Hansol Technics Europe s.r.o. - LCD components Voderady Metallurgical Zlieváreň Trnava, s.r.o. (Cast iron products) Trnava

Tatrachema, výrobné družstvo Trnava Chemical Trnava (Chemical and cleaning equipment)

Johns Manville Slovakia, a.s. Glass Trnava ( glassy fibre, glass-fiber reinforced products)

ŽOS Trnava, a.s. (train wagons manufacturing and revisions) Trnava ZF SACHS Slovakia, a.s. (cars and trucks clutches) Trnava Machine ZF Boge Elastmetall Slovakia, a.s. (car industry components) Trnava Toma Industries spol. s.r.o. (manufacture andretail of Trnava industrial uncoilers and straighteners) Pharmaceutical ZENTIVA a.s. Hlohovec (pharmaceutical industry) Hlohovec

Table 1.1 – Most important companies in Trnava Region. Data from Slovak Investment and Trade Development Agency.

1.3 Overview of the Region

Number of Inhabitants 556577 (year 2012) Density of population 134 inhabitants/km2 Number of households 204192

Area 4146.66 km2 Agricultural area 70.9 % Forestry area 15.72 % Non-used area 13.38 %

Nominal GDP 7927.53 M€ GDP per capita 14243.37 €

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1.4 Regulatory framework and forecast The legislative situation of the energy sector of the Region is linked with EU directives and their national transposition. Below is reported a summarization of the legislative framework with a short description of it and how the EU directives have been transposed into national, regional and local regulations. The EU directives mentioned are: • Directive 2001/77/EC – on promotion of electricity produced from RES in the internal electricity market. • Directive 2002/91/EC – on the energy performance of buildings • Directive 2010/31/EU – on the energy performance of buildings (recast) • Directive 2006/32/EC – on energy end-use efficiency and energy services and repealing Directive 93/76/EEC • Directive 2009/28/EC – on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC • Directive 2009/72/EC – concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 2003/54/EC • Directive 2009/125/EC – establishing a framework for the setting of eco-design requirements for energy-related products (recast). • Directive 2012/27/EC – on energy efficiency, amending Directives 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU, subsequently repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC.

At national level, the transposition of these directives is almost completed through the following list of decrees: • Energy Efficiency Act - Act No 476/2008 Coll. on the Efficiency of Energy Use implementing EU Directive 2006/32/EC on energy end-use efficiency and energy services into the Slovak legislation system The act was approved by the Parliament on 4th November 2008 and it is valid as of 1st January 2009, and it contains rules and regulation concerning the energy efficiency concept and action plans of energy efficiency including National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP); producers of electricity or heat (related to energy audit of equipments); power transmission system operator and distribution system operator (related to the evaluation of transmission efficiency); owners of big buildings (energy consumption monitoring system); technical requirements concerning thermal insulation of heat and hot water delivery; energy audits for energy consumers in industry and agriculture; energy auditors; energy service; energy efficiency monitoring, data providing and processing (data evaluation on the energy

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consumed of central government authorities, municipalities and regional administrations); operation of energy efficiency monitoring system; supervision. • Act No 555/2005 on the Energy Efficiency of Buildings implementing EU Directive 2002/91/EC on the energy performance of buildings into the Slovak legislation system. The main aim of the act is to achieve the proper and rational use of energy resources and to reduce the impact of energy usage on the environment. • Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2011-2013 as an implementing instrument under the Energy Efficiency Policy of the Slovak Republic is a continuation of the First Action Plan (AP). It should include inter alia the energy savings target in the Slovak Republic; information for citizens and companies about the exemplary role and actions of the public sector; financial and legal instruments for achieving the national indicative energy savings target, etc. The most important acts and directives for the preparation of the Second AP are: o Directive 2006/32/EC on energy end-use efficiency and energy services and repealing Council Directive 93/76/EEC; o The Energy Efficiency Act; o European Commission recommendations for the Slovak Republic regarding the preparations for the Second AP; o European Commission recommendations on measurement and verification methods in the framework of Directive 2006/32/EC on energy end-use efficiency and energy services; o International Energy Agency recommendations on energy efficiency, published in the “Energy Efficiency Progress Report, The Slovak Republic”, released in 2009. • SK 11 Energy Performance of Buildings • SK 17 Energy Efficiency Concept for the Slovak Republic The Concept of Energy Efficiency for the Slovak Republic was approved by the Slovak Government’s Decree No 576/2007. One of the main goals of the concept is to promote RES use in the country, national indicative target is related to energy savings and final energy consumptions according to the Directive 2006/32/EC. • SK 8 Energy Audit Training Programme • SK 12 Regular Check-up of Boilers, Heating Systems, and Air-Condition Systems in on-Industrial Buildings (Act No 17/2006 Coll.) is compatible with the Directive 2002/91/EC on Energy Efficiency of Buildings. The Act defines procedures and intervals of regular inspection of boilers, heating systems and air-conditions systems

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installed in buildings, which do not serve for industrial production, however consume energy.

• National Renewable Energy Action Plan (2010) sets the national 2020 targets: o overall RES share 15.3% share; o 24% share of RES in electricity; o 14.6% share of RES in heating and cooling; o 10% share of energy from RES in transport. • Strategy for a Higher Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources in the Slovak Republic The strategy was approved by Slovak Government in 2007. The goals of the document are concerning the use of renewable energy sources by 2010 and 2015. “In order to achieve these targets, Slovakia will carry out financial and legislative measures as well as measures in the field of education, science and research on RES. • Act No 309/2009 on the promotion of renewable energy and high efficiency cogeneration and amending certain laws (Act No 309/2009 on the promotion of RES) was approved in 2009 in order to promote the production of electricity from RES. The main aim of the act is to improve the functioning of the electricity market in renewable energy and create a stable business environment. “It has delivered a long- term guarantee of feed-in prices for 15 years and has guided the path followed in the production of electricity from renewable energy.” • Act No 251/2012 Coll. on Energy and consequential amendments governs: o conditions for conducting business in the energy sector; o access to the market, rights and obligations of market participants in the energy sector; o rights and obligations of natural or legal persons whose rights or obligations may be affected by market participants in the energy sector; o state administration in the energy sector; o state supervision of business in the energy sector.

1.4.1 Subvention programs for private sector In the Slovak Republic there are several initiations to promote the energy efficiency and to increase the rate of renewable energy sources in private sector. Financial programs are mostly on national level. The most of the initiations are focused on the increasing efficiency of the heating and the increasing usage of RES in heating.

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In the field of the increasing efficiency of heating system is most significant the support for thermal insulation of the State Housing Development Fund and of the Ministry of Transport, Construction and Regional Development. The State Housing Development Fund supports the thermal insulation of residential buildings through the interest-free loan. In the field of increasing usage of RES in heating is most significant the support for thermal solar panels and biomass boilers of the Ministry of Economy. With the help of the grant program of the Ministry of Economy was so far installed in Trnava region 596 solar systems and 100 biomass boilers.

1.4.2 Subvention programs for municipalities In the Slovak Republic there are also several initiations to promote the energy efficiency and to increase the rate of renewable energy sources for municipalities. Financial programs are mostly on national level. The most of the initiations are focused on the increasing efficiency of the heating and lighting and the increasing usage of RES in electricity production Financial programs for municipalities in the field of efficiency are designed for the exchange of public lighting and for the thermal insulation of public buildings. For this is most widely used European Regional Development Fund.

1.4.3 Subvention programs for public and industry In the Slovak Republic there are several initiations to promote the rate of renewable energy sources in public sector and industry. Financial programs are mostly on national level. The most of the initiations are focused on the increasing usage of RES in electricity production. Electricity produced from RES is comprehensively covered by Act No 309/2009 on the promotion of RES, which was approved by Parliament on 19 June 2009. Guaranteed electricity feed-in prices for 15 years support the construction of installations and have a positive impact on the opportunities for investment in electricity generation technology for small and medium-sized enterprises, which contribute to regional and local development. In particular, the Act regulates the conditions and method for the promotion of electricity production from renewable energy sources and high-efficiency cogeneration, as well as the rights and obligations of producers of electricity from renewable energy sources and cogeneration, biomethane producers, and other electricity market participants.

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1.4.4 Feed-in tariffs Type of station Power range (kW) Tariff (€ / kWh) Hydro P <= 100 0.11127 100 < P <= 200 0.10917 200 < P <= 500 0.10684 500 < P <= 1000 0.10515 1000 < P <=5000 0.09798 Solar – on the rooftop P < 30 0.08889 Wind N/A 0.06249 Geothermal N/A 0.15513 Biomass – purposefully cultivated P < 200000 0.09209 Biomass – waste from agriculture P < 200000 0.09690 Biomass – cereal straw P < 200000 0.10721 Biomass – liquids P < 200000 0.09179 Biomass – wastes P < 200000 0.10049 Biogas – wastes P < 200000 0.07034 Biogas – anaerobic fermentation P <= 250 0.12049 250 < P <=500 0.11 500 < P <= 750 0.10295 750 < P 0.10023 Bio methane – from biogas P <=1000 0.10753 Biogas – thermochemical gasification P < 200000 0.09921 Gas turbine with combined cycle P < 200000 0.07475 CHP gas turbine P < 200000 0.07289 Combustion engine – natural gas P < 200000 0.07289 Combustion engine – liquids P < 200000 0.07889 Combustion engine – catalytically P < 200000 0.09982 treated waste Combusted engine – thermally P < 200000 0.0984 treated waste

2. SWOT ANALYSIS of the concept region Strengthens Weakness

The highest power capacity of operated power High dependency on fossil fuels and nuclear plants within all the country (good energy safety) power, both at heat and electricity production The highest hydropower capacity in the country. Renewable energy sources contribution to electricity and heat production is small-scaled so far (with exception of water power) Geothermal energy in Galanta town is utilized for State support of renewables is low comparing to heating of recreational area with year-long other developed countries service, 1 300 dwellings, municipal hospital, schools, kindergartens, house for pensioners, and stores.

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Well developed infrastructure Fast growing car rate/1 000 pers

Favourable demography potential The public transport systems becomes weak to provide a level of service that can compete the private cars, especially recently number of bus lines have been cancelled. Strategic geographic location Energy saving measurements are implemented very slowly Good industry structure Data on renewable sources especially in households are hardly available (mostly on national level), Statistic Office does not put much attention to this topic. Developed agriculture

Favourable climatic conditions

High value added in industrial establishments result in relatively low registered unemployment rate and relatively high spending power of local population. Opportunities Threat

Favourable ratio between spatial resources and Bad Rebound effects by behavioural changes: a population can support renewables, especially steadily increasing energy demand biomass production in agriculture andforestry. overcompensates saving amounts out of an improved energy efficiency. Renewable energy as general intersectional The leadership and funding support for theme, and as a possibility to create more “green renewable energies from the national level, also jobs”. an effective coordination, is either weak or even missing completely. Energy saving concepts, both for private and The steady rise of the gas and oil prices may lead public buildings, should be empowered. to a replacement by fossil fuels that are, from the environmental perspective even worse such as coal. Designing concepts that can lower the rising Renewable carriers do locally develop, but their electricity consumption rates in households and growth speed may not be sufficient to compete the industry sector. global „bigtime“ market developments. More common transport concepts on sustainable If the distribution of renewable energies can’t and/or soft mobility, especially in the Border accelerate soon, huge losses of regional added region Trnava-Bratislava that is highly sensitive to value to global players will take place. environmental damaging. Energy related co-operation and projects between neighbouring regions.

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3. Regional energy balance sheet

The regional energy balance sheet provides an analysis of the current situation of the energy production and consumption in Trnava Region. The data used in the balance sheet are the last complete available data, which refers to the year 2011. The following points will analyse in detail the main aspects of the current energy balance, and some information on the estimated potential of renewable energy will be provided. The energy demand was split in 5 main types (fossil / not renewable, renewable, electricity, district heating, other or unknown) of energy carriers, which are also subcategorized by corresponding sources. The energy carriers were categorized into solid, liquid, gaseous and unknown in case of fossil, waste or amounts of energy which were calculated in the estimation of the energy demand but couldn’t be statistical determined. The secondary energy sources of electricity and district heating are categories by their own. As result, there was a calculation of the final energy demand as well as the amount of the energy demand by type and category.

3.1 Energy demand of the concept region The total current final energy consumption in the region is approximately 4.5 TWh. About 20% is consumed as electricity, while 70% come from fossil fuels (gaseous and liquid). The remaining part is produced from renewables or supplied to the users as heat through district heating networks. The following table shows the final energy consumption divided by energy source.

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Table 3.1 - Current final energy consumption by source

Following table shows end consumption in the region of Trnava by particular energy carrier. As it was mentioned before, some data are not available at regional level, therefore present data included in the table are derived from national level data by using per capita-linear estimation. These data are referred to years 2001 - 2009. An evolution trend has been developed from data available for previous years.

Table 3.2 - Non-renewable and renewable end use energy and electricity consumption in the Region of Trnava

Figure 3.1 - Non-renewable and renewable end use energy and electricity consumption in the Region of Trnava

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Previous figures show following findings:  There is clearly visible significant decrease of gaseous fuels consumption in 2009 caused probably by “gas crisis” in Slovakia.  Portion of renewable sources are continuously rising.  There are clearly visible impacts of world economic crisis in year 2008 (consumption of gaseous fuels, crude oil and petroleum products and electricity). According to data from the Slovak Statistics Office, the total consumption of electricity in Trnava Region was around 891721 MWh in 2010 and 844495 MWh in 2011. The methodology used by the Ministry of Economy for this data-gathering considers the amount of energy consumed by agriculture, forestry, transport, industry and construction, including own consumption on electricity and heat production and pumping. Moreover the enterprise methodology is used for organizations with 20 or more employees, data is only available for this category of consumers. Exact household data at the regional level is not published. Therefore, the consumption of electricity in Trnava Region calculated with this methodology counts for the 5-6% of the total national one, and considering the data of the last three available years, a negative trend can be noticed at regional level, while the national consumption as a whole increased.

Electricity consumption 2009 2010 2011 (MWh) by RegData (2011) Slovak Republic 15876548 16458381 17435523 Region of Trnava 907772 891721 844495 District of Dunajská Streda 72999 59919 60744 District of Galanta 127980 167880 75750 District of Hlohovec 170754 173752 182010 District of Piešťany 48332 47224 49981 District of Senica 52490 43157 46299 District of Skalica 61371 76184 77226 District of Trnava 373846 323605 352485

Table 3.3 - Electricity consumption (MWh) in Trnava Region calculated with RegData Statistics Slovakia method

A more recent report compiled by the National Slovak Statistics Office using data for the year 2012 shows an increase in the industrial electricity consumption (Tab. 3.4) taking

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into account there could be statistical differences due to a different approach in the data- gathering process. Nevertheless, in our survey, we consider the data for 2011 provided by the Slovak Statistics Office through its regional database. The decision was taken due to the fact that data for 2011 are more detailed and suitable for our balance analysis, considering that electricity supply data are available only for that year. Consumption of Electricity and MWh Heat in Industry - by Regions 2012 - Trnava Region Mining and quarrying 8614 Manufacturing 879470 Electr, gas, steam supply 30572 Water supply; sewerage 15131 Industry total 933787

Table 3.4 - Consumption of Electricity and Heat (MWh) in Industry in Trnava Region from National Slovak Statistics Office (2012)

A very similar behavior can be seen in gross consumption. Considering the renewable target, although Slovakia has a 5.5% share of renewable sources (except for large hydro- power plants), the Region of Trnava has to reach the value about 10%, due to a National Regulation, which allocated to each Slovak Region an amount of energy to be produced from renewable sources. Moreover, the RES annual growth from 2005 to 2011 is slightly higher than within whole Slovakia. The choice of the indicator will affect the scenarios definition. According to the methodology defined by CEP-REC project the National values will be used, but also the other results will be provided as a comparison.

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Figure 3.2 – Current final energy consumption

Figure 3.2 depicts the final energy consumption in 2011 with reference to the source of energy. Energy from fossil or not renewable sources stands out as the essential and dominating energy source with almost 2.7 million produced megawatt hours per year. Energy from renewable sources adds up to roughly 0.245 million MWh, electricity to 0.9 million MWh and district heat to a three quarters of a million MWh per year.

3.1.1 Electricity generation The electricity generation in the Region mainly depends on nuclear power plant in Jaslovske Bohunice (about three quarters of the total generation), while the remaining part is produced from hydropower, solar radiation and biomass combustion (gaseous, solid and liquid). It is important to underline the fact that only about 10% of the electricity production is currently consumed in the Region of Trnava, so the Region has a great surplus of electricity production. Such situation must be confirmed in the following years, since the reduction of the energy consumption in final use and the increase of RES production is threatening the economic sustainability of some large power plants fed by natural gas, which are slowing down their operational working hours. Table 3.5 provides the detail of electricity generation from thermal systems. About 34.3 GWh are produced from natural gas, mainly from high efficiency combined cycles, which are CHP units providing heat to district heating networks. The remaining parts of electricity production from thermal plants are negligible.

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Table 3.5 - Electricity generation – thermal systems

Table 3.6 shows the data related to the other renewable systems. The hydropower is by far the main renewable source for electricity production in the Region, thanks to the local morphology and to a historical development of this source. In the current situation about 2.3 TWh/y of electricity are produced from hydropower. Photovoltaics are significantly increasing, and reached nearly 34 MWh of production in 2011. The wind production remains marginal, due to a low wind potential of the region.

Table 3.6 - Electricity generation – systems without combustion

Table 3.7 - Electricity generation – summary

Figure 3.3 depicts the final energy consumption in 2011 with reference to the source of energy.

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Figure 3.3 – Total Regional electricity generation

Note: The Maximum value of electricity generation in the Fig. 3.3 is limited to value of 60 GWH/a because of significant differences in production from various types of resources.

3.1.2 Heat generation The heat generation for final use is also currently mainly related to the nuclear power plant Jaslovske Bohunice. The power plant produces a great amount of waste heat which is re-utilized for district heating systems. Considering the total amount of the heat consumption in the final use, district heating networks supply about 45% of the total energy demand. These networks are mainly relying on natural gas, and many of them have CHP units, which supply the main part of the heat. Other systems have wood biomass or biogas CHP units. The details of energy production in district heating systems are shown in Table 3.8 and Figure 3.4.

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Table 3.8 - Heat generation – DH systems

Figure 3.4 – District heating generation by source

The remaining part of the heat required by end users is generated on their site (autoproduction). The largest part relies on natural gas boilers, as a significant part of the region is connected to the National natural gas network. However, there are some mountain municipalities that are not reached by the gas network, and in the cities other energy sources are used. Fossil liquid and Renewable solid (mainly wood logs and pellet) are the main alternatives to natural gas, whereas solar thermal and heat pumps currently supply a marginal part of the total heat demand. The details of energy production in direct heating systems are shown in Table 3.9. Table 3.10 presents total regional heat generation.

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Table 3.9 - Heat generation – final users

Table 3.10 - Heat generation – summary

3.1.3 Liquid fuel generation There is currently no fuel generation in the Region, as all the fuels come from import.

3.2 Energy potential of the concept region The main source of energy supply in the Trnava region is Nuclear with a 44% share in the total energy supply. It is followed by Hydropower, which stands for 33.6%. It is the most widely used renewable energy source in Slovakia. Region power plants utilize the hydropower potential of Vah and Danube rivers, which represent an inexhaustible energy resource. In the whole of the Slovak Republic water energy is the most utilized renewable energy source for the generation of electricity. The next renewable resource with the highest share is Solar power with only 1.4% of the total installed capacity in the region. As mentioned in the region’s visions for energy utilization, the wish is to decrease the dependency of the region on imported sources of energy. Gas is an imported resource and its share of installed capacity in Trnava region is high, hence there is room for substituting it by renewables.

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Figure 3.5 – Amount of installed capacity per source of energy in Trnava Region

The current energy potential in the Region is only a small share of the total gross consumption apart from electricity. The total renewable potential is slightly over 15% of the total consumption. However, the increase of energy conversion efficiency and the reduction of the final consumptions, together with the exploitation of additional renewable sources can contribute to increase this share. The largest part of the current consumption comes from fossil resources, but the Region has only limited amount of local fossil resources, and therefore the currently energy consumption is strongly dependent on supplies from outside the region (roughly about 80%).

3.2.1 Fossil Energy sources Coal In the Trnava Region there is one exploitable mine. The annual production nowadays is between 175000-200000 tons of lignite and its exploitation is expected for more than 50 years. Lignite from this source has a low amount of sulfur, stable heating value and minimum content of heavy metals. Due to these qualities, it is used in energy industry as fuel; it is suitable for use in boilers for heating in households and to produce ecological organic fertilizer. Natural Gas

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On the territory of Trnava Region, as on the entire Slovak Republic, there are no significant gas reserves, and due to this, the Region is highly dependent on imports, getting all of its gas from Russia. Only small national reserves of gas are located in Trnava region. Currently the regional and national production of gas in almost non-existent, being close to 100 mcm per year. The only producer of gas in Slovakia is the NAFTA Company, which operates mostly in Trnava Region, in the Zahorie Basin, between Malacky and , but its main activity is the storage of gas resources. Crude Oil In 2011, the crude oil production added up to 223 ktoe, which corresponds only to 6% of the national crude oil supply, and the rest 6043 ktoe was mostly imported from Russia via the Družba pipeline. The small amounts of domestic produced crude oil are exported to Austria, while the imports are utilized in refinery processes.

3.2.2 Renewable Energy sources The Region has indeed multiple energy resources, which are currently used to produce electricity and heat. The main share comes currently from hydroelectric, which provides about 2.3 TWh each year. The second source is the wood biomass, which is used both for CHP production (as chipped wood) and for heating purposes by the final users (mainly wood logs and some chipped wood). However, the current use of regional sources is not enough to cover the entire wood biomass demand, and therefore a significant part needs to be imported. Other renewable resources are solar radiation for electricity and heat production and geothermal heat, while wind is currently playing a marginal role, due to the characteristics of the area. There are still some potentials that are currently not used, especially for biomass and solar radiation. Table 3.11 and Table 3.12 provide detailed data about the current use and the total potential of renewable regional resources. The potential is not based on theoretical assumptions but on real values which could be activated in future years. Figure 3.6 shows the available free potentials by source.

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Table 3.11 - Regional resources – current use

Table 3.12 - Regional resources – total potential

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Figure 3.6 – Total Regional renewable resources

Note: The Maximum value of the regional resource in Figure 3.6 is limited to value of 1.5 TWH/a because of significant differences in production from various types of resources. In the framework of the electricity production, in Trnava Region there is an installed capacity of 838 MW deriving from RES, according to the data mainly retrieved from the Atlas of renewable energies (2012) during the survey on Supply Analysis of Trnava Region and it corresponds to 24.18% of the total regional one. The annual production was 2334669 MWh in 2011, which corresponded to 24% of the total share. It can be affirmed that the share of renewable energy sources in electricity production is high if compared with other Slovak regions. This fact is mainly due to the presence of one of the two largest hydroelectric power plants in Slovakia in Trnava region, the above- mentioned Gabčíkovo, which has an installed capacity of 720 MW and it is located on the Danube River in the southern part of Trnava on the border with Hungary. Another reason why the percentage of renewable production of electricity is so high is that, in addition to the Bohunice nuclear power plant, there are no other major plants producing electricity, considering that the situation of the gas power plant is still controversial and not clear. The gas power plant located in Malženice, with an installed capacity of 430 MW, was built in 2011 by E.ON, but it was operational only for 2 years. The sources of solar and wind energy, however, represent a very little share in the production of electricity in the region of Trnava, with respectively 0.14% and 1.73%, although the solar energy showed a consistent growth in the two-year period between 2009 and 2011.

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3.3 Comparison of the available resources & current energy demand in the CR RES are a typical instance of a decentralised approach to power engineering in the low to medium output categories. RES primarily are local and regional significance as they improve energy balance at the regional levels. At present a conclusion applies that over the next decades, RES cannot fully replace fossil and nuclear fuels yet they may substantially extend the lifespan of the reserves of both, thus enabling to use the resources with higher efficiency. The share of electricity produced by large hydroelectric power plants in total output of all the facilities using RES is very high above 90%. Due to this, electricity production from RES in Slovakia highly depends on the level of output of large hydroelectric power plants (Strategy Plan, 2006). The mostly used energy carrier is the fossil gaseous with a share of almost 50% of the total energy consumption. Current energy consumption of Trnava Region is about 4.539 GWh which means a covering rate of electricity by 20%. Fig. 3.7 depicts final energy demand in Trnava Region according to current situation and after consideration of activation energy saving measures. Table 3.13 shows balance of current situation between final demand and regional production of energy. Currently about 25% of generated electricity is produced from renewable sources, but most of them comes from hydropower potential which is almost used up. The remaining part of the production is produced from fossil fuels, mostly natural gas but also oil products.

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Figure 3.7 – Demand of final energy – current situation and savings potential

3.3.1 Covering rate of regional production The balance of the current situation reported in the following table shows the lack of individual resources with respect to the final energy demand apart from electricity which is produced in huge amount in nuclear power plant. The renewable regional production relies on local resources, while the local production of electricity and heat supplied through district heating is mostly depending on natural gas.

Table 3.13 - Balance of current situation

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Figure 3.8 – Regional production of energy carriers

The covering rate of used regional resources calculated is 145%. This value is given by producing great amount of energy in nuclear power plant.

3.3.2 Covering rate including free resources potentials According to the strategy for higher utilisation of RES, technically utilisable potential of renewable sources in Trnava Region is estimated at 4.77 TWh annually. This potential can be utilised through implementation of available technologies, with legislative, administrative and environmental limits and restrictions applicable. The source with highest utilisation potential is biomass followed by solar energy, geothermal energy and small hydroelectric plants. The potential for future utilisation in power engineering still remains high at almost 80% of technically utilisable renewable energy sources. On full utilization of the potential, imports of energy fuels could be significantly reduced, thus minimising energy dependence of whole Slovak Republic.

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Figure 3.9: Covering rate of regional production

Including the assessment of free resources potentials in previous chapter 3.2.2, a significant amount of wood biomass can contribute to the final consumption. However, it is important to remind that a part of the wood biomass used by the final users is actually wood pellets. This kind of energy carrier is not produced in the Region, and the activation of free biomass potentials would not necessarily enhance a pellet production in the Region. This kind of fuel requires the wood to be dried, requiring a significant amount of heat, and is usually produced where surplus heat is available from industry processes or other sources. Figure 3.9 illustrates the covering rate of the regional production. This value is generated by dividing the regional production through the local end energy demand. A value of 100 % represents the situation when the carrier-specific energy consumption is completely supplied through solely regional sources.

4. Possible scenarios for the concept region In order to enable and define a development path, different scenarios have to be calculated, which will serve as the base for the development path. Amongst others, they include the analyses of the energy demand, energy supply and resource potentials. The calculation of the scenarios and therefore also the development path itself, strongly relates to the energy concerning aspects of the Europe 2020 targets. They bear a 20 % reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in mind, as well as a 20 % increase in renewable energies of the final energy consumption and a 20 % increase in energy efficiency.

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The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is essentially a result of energy efficiency, energy saving and substitution of fossil energy sources by renewable ones. The development path, thus, results in the most effective combination of measures that lead towards the desired effects. Scenarios are a prognosis-tool for evaluating the effects of chosen activities and their possible impacts – such as a development path. The current regional energy balances are the baseline for the development path. Therefore the regional energy balance sheets have been extended by basically three types of scenarios. The development path tool contains four scenarios, which will be explained in the following subchapters:  Scenario without any measures – trend scenario  Scenario based on energy efficiency  Scenario based on activation of resources without energy savings  Scenario based on activation of resources with energy savings

Because of that the tables in the previous chapter (regional balance sheet) are reflecting only static situations, without giving a hint on the development in the course of time and without comparing the development with the requirements of the European energy policy. In order to gain a more dynamic view of the planned development, the scenarios were related to a time frame. The time frame starts in the year of the respective balance and includes the period until 2030. The development is divided into sub-periods, which can be regarded as short- (2020), middle- (2025) and long term (2030) projection of the development. The reference system for the development projection is the energy related catalogue of criteria in the Europe 2020 targets.

4.1 Scenario without any measures – trend scenario The scenario of trend prolongation assumes the development of the energy demand with prolongation of the trend since 2005. Furthermore no implementations of any measures for energy saving and efficiency are taken into consideration, as well as no measures for activation of regional resources. The trend extrapolation also assumes the prolongation of the current growth rate (since 2005) of RES in the energy supply. The development is put into relation with the Europe 2020 targets of energy efficiency and share of RES in supply. Additionally, the maximum RES potential of the region is visualized. All trends and values are calculated on the base of the current regional energy balance. This scenario needs no further data input. As shown in Figure 4.1, the needed amount of RES (green dotted line) according to the Europe 2020 target, corresponding to 14 % of end energy in Slovakia, was already

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accomplished in 2011. However, Trnava Region has to continue in this effort and helps other regions which do not have such possibilities (energy potential) to reach this target. The goal for the Europe 2020 savings/efficiency on regional level (red dotted line) cannot be met in the near future. According to this scenario, the expected final demand (red line) will reach the established target about the year 2030. An interesting observation is the obvious deceleration of the decrease in final energy demand after 2020. The total renewable potential (blue line) is slightly above 5 million MWh/a.

Figure 4.1 – Trend scenario

4.2 Scenario based on energy efficiency Figure 25 depicts the decrease of the energy demand (red line) according to this saving scenario. It becomes clear that the Europe 2020 saving/efficiency goal (red dotted line) cannot be accomplished even within this scenario. According to the trend, the target will be met most likely around 2023, assuming all proposed energy savings will be carried out. Taking a closer look on the chart, a further detail is becoming visible: The reduction of the demand also reduces the absolute value of the Europe 2020 target for RES in energy supply (green dotted line), which reflects 14 % of the energy demand in the Slovak Republic. The share of RES, of course, remains the same. Just like in the preceding scenario this goal was already met in 2011.

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Figure 4.2 – Energy savings scenario

4.3 Scenario based on activation of resources with or without energy savings This scenario evaluates the effect of the activation of free potential resources of renewables in the two scenarios presented in the previous sections. Figure 4.3 visualizes the effects of the activation of regional RES. In this case no energy saving or energy efficiency is taken into consideration. That’s why the energy demand (red line) shows the same development as in Scenario I and will accomplish the Europe 2020 savings/efficiency targets (red dotted line) about the year 2030. The graph shows a moderate increase in the expected amount of RES (green line) due to the activation. In order to determine this value, initially the complete theoretical potential was quantified. In the second step its free potential was identified. The possible activation rate in percent was defined afterwards, and by multiplication with the free potential, the activation of free potential was obtained. In this scenario, more than 75 % of the energy demand in Trnava Region will be supplied by RES in 2030.

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Figure 4.3 – RES activation scenario

Energy saving and activation of regional RES potentials are integrated in Fig. 4.4 according to this scenario. It can ultimately be seen as the most optimistic scenario with the greatest impact in reference to the Europe 2020 targets.

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Figure 4.4 – RES activation and energy savings scenario

5. Development path The current legal and economic environment in SR does not establish the prerequisites for effective implementation of sources using renewable energies. Currently the principal obstacle is inefficient support mechanisms. Impacts of energy legislation and of financial tools need to be monitored on efforts at promotion of renewable energy sources, barriers to implementation examined and appropriate measures taken in order to eliminate the barriers. Appropriate legislative action could help significantly to raise the share of RES, thus aiding compliance with indicative targets for SR. RES may only become competitive from economic viewpoint with fossil and nuclear power plants in follow-up to implementation of legislative and economic regulations that adequately reward financially the fact that these are environmentally clean resources. The targets of the development path are to reduce the general energy demand by increase in energy efficiency and by saving strategies and to increase the use of RES in regional energy supply.

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5.1 Main scenario for the region The prognosis projects a growth in the economy at a declining energy intensity compliant with Slovak and EU energy policy priorities. The projected balance of consumption and production already accounts for growth in electricity consumption, shutdown of production capacities, boost to production from production facilities in construction, concept for the development of renewable sources, co-generation and for the draft scheme for new nuclear and thermal facilities needed and their output. The projected steep growth in the use of wind and solar power for electricity production entails difficulties in power grid control due unpredictable availability of the energies which is a cause of major fluctuations in output. This problem may be partly addressed by the 600 MW transfer type hydroelectric plant capable of accumulating energy from peak production and releasing it in periods of high load upon the power grid. Technologies with the best development potential in Slovakia in follow-up to a definition of on-grid prices of electricity produced from RES are:  Co-generation units burning biogas;  Biomass combustion;  Small hydroelectric plants;  Wind power plants. The abovementioned assumptions are based on practical experience of countries that have already implemented various support mechanisms in form of various incentives and allowances mainly of financial nature. The technologies have seen most progress in recent years in terms of market implementation. However, they still entail higher cost of construction of the respective production facilities compared to traditional facilities using fossil fuels (Energy Security Strategy, 2008). In the following the concrete objectives on Slovak and European level will be explained, which form the basis for the development paths.

Europe Targets: The European Union aims at limiting global warming to less than 2° C. In order to reach this target, at least 20 % of the greenhouse gas emissions shall be reduced in the medium term until 2020 in reference to the values from 1990. In order to accomplished this target, a 20 % reduction in energy consumption and an increase in renewable energies utilization up to 20 % of the endenergy consumption is required. Until 2050 an extensive decarbonisation among the European energy suppliers has to take place and the greenhouse gas emissions shall be diminished by up to 90 % (website European Parliament/Information bureau in Germany, 2013; website Centrum for European Politics, 2013)

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Slovakia: The expected amount of energy from renewable sources corresponding to the 2020 target of 14% was calculated from the expected total adjusted energy consumption according to the additional energy efficiency scenario (Table 5.1). The figures in Tab. 5.1 are expert estimates by the Ministry of Economy. Expected amount of energy from renewable sources for Slovakia is 1 572 ktoe (66 PJ).

Table 5.1 - National overall targets for the share of energy from renewable sources in gross final consumption of energy in 2005 and 2020

Trnava Region: The scenario “Activation of savings potentials and activation of regional RES potentials”, illustrated in Figure 4.4, was chosen as the main scenario due to its most ambitious but realistic characteristics. Given the considerations developed in section 4, the scenario selected for the concept region can be summarized with the following table: 2020 2030 Expected final energy consumptions 4.30 TWh 3.84 TWh RES contribution in final energy uses 2.62 TWh 2.81 TWh Share of RES in final consumptions 60% 73% Table 5.2 - Main figures of the chosen scenario (Data in GWh)

The main scenario has been defined considering the evolution of the energy consumption and the economic situation of last years. The economic crisis has caused a significant decrease of the energy consumption, particularly in the industrial sector. The residential and commercial sectors are the scene of an increasing attention on energy efficiency and rational use of energy. The energy scenario for the future years will probably see a compensation between the decreasing energy consumption due to efficiency measures, and the slightly increase of energy needs in the industrial sector, related to a recovery of production after the current crisis.

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The renewable energy production will still increase, especially in the sectors where it has now still a marginal value (photovoltaics, solar thermal, heat pumps). The production from hydroelectric plants will slightly increase due to a development of small hydro systems and a general increase of the conversion efficiency. However, the current production is already near to the maximum capacity, and little room is available for a further sustainable development. Also the energy production from wood biomass will increase with a smaller pace, as the current use is already relying on wood biomass import, as the local resources are not enough to cover the demand. Moreover, there is an increasing consumption of wood pellet, which is currently not produced in the Region. The power production from wind will continue to remain negligible, due to the weather conditions in the Region.

Table 5.3 – Main values of the chosen scenario (Data in GWh)

The share of renewables in the total energy supply of the region is already at a rate of 55%. There are still potentials to reduce fossil fuels and replace them by renewable ones from regional sources. The main targets for reduction and substitution are coal products and heating oil. A moderate mobilization of RES should lead to the elimination of coal (except technical applications in industry), bisection of heating oil used in households as well as reduction of heating oil and natural gas used in industry, by replacing these energy carriers by biomass and biogas. A further attempt to substitute fossil liquid energy carriers is to advance the use of upgraded biogas in private and public transport as a consequence of the biogas grid, which is planned to be installed in the south-east part of the project region.

5.2 Measures for the achieving the main scenario By now in Slovak legislation, an act is lacking on renewable energy sources whereas in other (mainly western) EU countries such regulations are a standard support tool to renewable energy sources and have proven over the past 10-15 years the most effective

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means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in practical applications. Hence without legislative support by the state, no significant penetration can be achieved by RES in practical applications. Renewable energy sources also include biomass with high energy potential in Slovakia that is set to play a key role in power engineering also in the future. Alternative energy producers are outraged about the new draft act on renewable energy sources. The producers claim the paper compiled by the Ministry of Economy is insufficient and obstructs the development of the sector in Slovakia. One of the main points of contention, under the draft the state would impose obligatory purchase of electricity from renewable sources only for a period of 12 years. Most EU countries have longer applicable periods by several years. The main purpose of the Energy Strategy is to create a concept for utilisation of renewable sources that identifies the key areas and opportunities for RES utilisation and suggests draft solutions for the basic framework aimed at raising the share and promoting the utilization of RES in all branches of the Slovak national economy. An integral part of the concept is analysis of current status of schemes and legislative framework for the utilisation of RES, outline of current status of the different types of RES in Slovakia and a definition of their technically utilisable potential and its implementation status. The concept also provides goals and a draft implementation scheme to aid the growth in the use of RES along with a description of domestic financial tools usable for RES promotion purposes. In the following, several measures will be presented that have been developed and finalised:  Smart Metering Deployment;  Promoting of RES for heating and cooling in public buildings;  Support for the upgrading of heat distribution system;  Promoting of RES use in households. The financial support to the utilization of RESs in Heating and cooling and Electricity production is justified for different reasons. The cost of RESs has been falling steadily for the last years, but remains higher than that of conventional energy sources. This is above all because the external costs of fossil fuels have not been internalized. This makes the RESs less competitive against the conventional ones. Some of the RESs technologies are relatively close to the market, even if for higher costs due to the still small scale productions while other RESs are at the stage of development. It is evident that the financial support is possible at the national level; however, the local level should play an important role. The Province will guarantee as an essential point of the Local Action Plans the widespread diffusion of the information about the available financial support schemes, the search for local resources useful to the start-up of the RESs

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programs, the collection and coordination of the stakeholder interested but unable, for economical reasons or for lack of structure, to participate. The participation of all stakeholders in the energy turnaround is very important for a successful implementation of these measures and also a common principle of the European Union. On the one hand the public wants to play a role in decision-making and wants to be a part of the development. On the other hand the public administration is not able to overcome the major problems alone. They need the resources and the commitment of local stakeholders to achieve their self appointed objectives. Therefore it is important to involve local stakeholders also in the development of climate and energy issues. It leads to more awareness and acceptance and support the decision making of investments in renewable energies. And people get the chance to invest in renewable energy plants or infrastructure together. Cities should implement and support participation instruments in local concepts.

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Name of the measure: Smart Metering Start of the activity: 2014 Deployment End of the activity: 2020 Short description of the measure:

In Trnava region as well as in whole Slovakia is problem with very bad knowledge of lower voltage levels of power system. There is no way, how to monitor the behaviour of end consumers. And there also is no way, how to monitor the production of electricity on the low voltage level.

But good knowledge of the power system is very important for the rightful control of the network as well as for the rightful control of demand.

Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic has therefore committed the distributing utilities to equip consumers (with annual consumption of electricity higher than 4000MWh) and distributed producers of electricity with Smart Metering devices. Such Smart Metering devices shall be capable to continuously measure the consumption (or production) as well as the quality of electricity. Measured data shall be provided to customer as well as to distributor). This will allow both effectively reducing their consumption and increasing the efficiency.

Aims out of the measure:

 To create effective Smart Metering System  To reduce energy loses in distributing system

Milestones and Results: Date (M/Y):

 Equip 80% of consumers with annual consumption higher than 12/2015 15MWh with Smart Metering devices  Equip 80% of producers and 80% of consumers with reserved power 12/2016 capacity higher than 30kW with Smart Metering devices  Equip 80% of consumers with annual consumption higher than 4MWh 12/2020 with Smart Metering devices

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Name of the measure: Promoting of RES for Start of the activity: 2014 heating and cooling in public buildings End of the activity: 2020 Short description of the measure:

For new buildings, arrangements shall be made before construction starts to ensure that, where available, the technical, environmental and economic feasibility of alternative systems is considered and taken into account; such systems include:

1. decentralized systems for the supply of energy from renewable sources; 2. cogeneration; 3. block heating or district heating or cooling, especially those systems making full or partial use of energy from renewable sources; 4. heat pumps.

A tightening of requirements under building regulations so that, after 31 December 2020, all new buildings should be nearly-zero-energy buildings, and after 31 December 2018 all the public authorities buildings which are in their ownership should be zero-energy buildings.

Aims out of the measure:

 Heating in public buildings using RES  Cooling in public buildings using RES

Milestones and Results: Date (M/Y):

 Development of a schedule and identification of contact person at the municipalities

 Definition of the framework for participation

 Information activities and attendance at exhibitions and/or local fares

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 Realization of the activities like e.g. short checks/consultations

Name of the measure: Support for the upgrading Start of the activity: 2014 of heat distribution system End of the activity: 2020 Short description of the measure:

Trnava Region has a developed system of district heating. This high degree of heat supply centralization creates sound technical conditions for the use of renewable energy sources.

In view of the available potential of biomass in Trnava region, a prospective solution for central heat supply, with the aim of reducing the production costs of the variable component of the heat price, is the construction of RES-based heat plants which can be operated in the interconnected systems of other heat plants’ individual circuits and, by means of a coordinated approach, make effective use of the installed capacity of these plants.

At present there are hardly any financial instruments to support the construction, replacement or reconstruction of heat distribution systems needed to promote the development of central heat supply based on RES.

According to the current scheme for the provision of financial assistance from the EU Structural Funds under the Competitiveness and Economic Growth Operational Programme, support is available for the use of renewable energy sources, i.e. the construction, upgrading or reconstruction of heat plants, but aid for the construction, upgrading and reconstruction of distribution systems is limited to those systems located on the premises of the aid beneficiary. This financial aid mechanism is illogical, does not reflect the specific situation of district heating systems, and needs to be changed.

Measures:

 by legislative means, ensure that the Concept of Municipal Development in Heat Energy is regularly updated and that the implementation of measures under the

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binding part thereof are monitored;  review the application of the requirement for the energy efficiency of heating plants and distribution systems using renewable energy sources in the system of heat price regulation;  create conditions for the provision of financial assistance from the EU Structural Funds for the construction, upgrading and reconstruction of heat distribution systems using heat from RES;  cancel SEI penalties for non-compliance with normative indicators of heat production and distribution.

Aims out of the measure:

 Energy saving  Encouragement of district heating

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Name of the measure: Promoting of RES use in Start of the activity: 2009 households End of the activity: 2015 Short description of the measure:

The Ministry of Economy and Construction subsidizes biomass boilers and solar panels for households from the central government budget. Installations must meet specified technical parameters.

For solar collectors, the Solar Keymark certificate is used, with a minimum energy gain of 525 kWh/year per square metre of aperture area under the defined conditions.

Technical parameters for the potential support of biomass boilers which are not designed for the incineration or co-incineration of fossil fuels reflect environmental requirements. Types of biomass boilers subsidized: boilers designed to burn wood pellets, wood briquettes, wood chips and solid wood with a gasification system. All these boiler types must meet the following specifications:

 The boiler efficiency, determined by the direct method and confirmed for the type of boiler by an accredited European laboratory, must be at least 84%.  The emission values certified by an accredited European laboratory, converted to normal conditions (pressure of 101.325 kPa, temperature of 0 °C, dry gas) and to benchmark 10% oxygen, must not exceed o for carbon monoxide (CO): 1 500 mg/m3, o for particulate matter: 100 mg/m3.  A boiler with an automatic fuel dispensing system must be equipped with protection against re-ignition.  A boiler with a gasification system must be equipped with a safety heat exchanger and a continuous combustion management system.

3sCE417P3 5.4.2 Regional energy strategies and actions plans Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 52

Aims out of the measure:

 Installation of biomass boilers  Installation of solar panels

Milestones and Results: Date (M/Y):

 Information campaign for citizens and setting up of a hotline  Consultation progress starting e.g. with personalized letters for the motivation of citizens  Founding the installation of RES in households

3sCE417P3 5.4.2 Regional energy strategies and actions plans Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 53