11. Munson, From Edison to Enron, 23; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT School of Engineering, Lemelson-MIT, Inventor of the Week Archive, Frank Sprague Electric Trolley System (April 2006), accessed online December 4, 2013, at http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/sprague.html.
12. Gawronski et al., 15-20.
13. PBS, Tesla Life and Legacy – Harnessing Niagara, accessed online at http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_niagara.html.
14. Donald Scott McPartland, “Almost Edison: How William Sawyer and Others Lost the Race to Electrification” (City University of New York: Ph.D. dissertation, 2006), 287-288; Henry G. Prout, A Life of George Westinghouse (New York: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1921), 90.
15. Gawronski et al., 31; Prout,
16. Munson, From Edison to Enron, 40. ENDNOTES 17. Howard Zenn, A People’s History of the United States (New York: The New Press, 1980, revised 2003), 187. 1. In the early years the company was known as Public Service, and later as PSE&G. 18. University of Delaware Library Special Collections Department, Progress Made Visible, The Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia, 1876, accessed online at http://www.lib. udel.edu/ud/spec/exhibits/fairs/cent.htm); Bernard Gorowitz, ed., A Century of Progress: the General Electric Story, 1876-1978: a Photo History (Schenectady, New York: 2. U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Electricity Explained: Use of Electricity,” accessed online February 2013 at Hall of History, 1981), 4. http://www.eia.gov/electricity/. 19. Wainwright, 13. 3. Bill Beck, PP&L: 75 Years of Powering the Future: An Illustrated History of Pennsylvania Power & Light Co. (Eden Prairie, Minnesota: The Viking Press, Inc., 1995), 198. 20. PBS, Tesla Life and Legacy – War of the Currents, accessed online at http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_warcur.html.
4. The correct spelling of the Russian name is Pavel Yablochkov. 21. Brian Hayes, Infrastructure: A Field Guide to the Industrial Landscape (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005), 242-243. DC is used for some of the longest highest- capacity power transmission lines; see Hayes. 5. Brett J. Gawronski, Jana Kasikova, Lynda H. Schneekloth, and Thomas Yots, The Power Trail: History of Hydroelectricity at Niagara (Buffalo, New York: Western New York Wares, Inc., 2006), 18. 22. Richard Munson, The Power Makers (Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale Press, 1985), 55.
6. Nicholas B Wainwright, History of the Philadelphia Electric Company, 1881-1961 (Philadelphia: Philadelphia Electric 23. Thomas P. Hughes, Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1983), 268-270. Company, 1961), 15; Alan Ziajka, Ph.D., Associate Vice Provost for Academic Affairs and University Historian, University of San Francisco, History of the Sciences: Lighting the City, accessed online at http://www.usfca.edu/ 24. Munson, The Power Makers, 55; Munson, From Edison to Enron, 43 about/history/lightingthecity/. 25. Munson, From Edison to Enron, 45. 7. Smithsonian Institution, Powering the Past: A Look Back, Emergence of Electrical Utilities in America (Washington, 26. James C.G. Conniff and Richard Conniff, The Energy People: A History of PSE&G (Newark, New Jersey: Public Service Electric and Gas Company, 1978), 40. D.C.: Smithsonian Institution), accessed online February 2011 at http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/. 27. Conniff and Conniff, 42-43. 8. Leonard S. Hyman, Andrew S. Hyman, and Robert C. Hyman, America’s Electric Utilities: Past, Present and Future (Vienna, Virginia: Public Utilities Reports, Inc., 2005), 118. 28. Conniff and Conniff, 62, 64.
9. William H. Meadowcroft, The Boy’s Life of Edison (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 29. “To Develop the State of New Jersey…and to Make it a Better Place in Which to Live,” Fortune Magazine, November 1934, 96. 1921), 229, accessed online February 25, 2014, at http://www.heritage-history. com/?c=read&author=meadowcroft&book=edison&story=railway. 30. Fortune, 96-99.
10. Richard Munson, From Edison to Enron (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2005), 23. 31. Fortune, 96-99.
32. Electrical World January 1906, as quoted in Conniff and Conniff, 125.
83 Endnotes 84 33. Fortune, 99; Conniff and Conniff, 67. 55. Fortune, 130.
34. Fortune, 103. 56. Ruth Schwartz Cowan, More Work For Mother (New York: Basic Books, 1983), 90.
35. Conniff and Conniff, 67; Marian Calabro, We Make Things Work: PSEG’s First Century (Lyme, Connecticut: Greenwich Publishing Group, Inc., 2003), 24. 57. Quoted in Conniff and Conniff, 282.
36. Conniff and Conniff, 68, 123, 125. According to Robert I. Smith, former CEO of PSE&G, when the company was first organized, the electric properties included 58. Hughes, 291-292. 14 generating stations with a total capacity of 40,075 kilowatts. The company held nine substations and 47 miles of transmission lines. Robert I. Smith, “A Cycle of Service: The Story of Public Service Electric and Gas Company,” address given before the Newcomen Society in North America, New York, December 6, 1979 59. Conniff and Conniff, 281. (New York: Newcomen Society in North America, 1980), 10, 15-17. 60. Wainwright, 139. 37. Bernard A. Block, “Public Service Enterprise Group Incorporated,” in International Directory of Company Histories, Adele Hast, editor-in-chief, Vol. 5 (Detroit: St. James 61. Hughes, 292; “War Purchase Board of Three Proposed,” The New York Times, July 11, 1917; Bernard M. Baruch, Chairman, American Industry in the War: A Report of Press, 1992), 701. the War Industries Board (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1921), the section on Electrical Power begins on page 280; Committee on Interstate and 38. Smith, 10; Calabro, 27; “The Marion (Hackensack River) Station of the Public Service Corporation of New Jersey,” Electrical World 47, (1-January 6, 1906):17; Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Emergency Power Bill: Hearings Before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce of the House of G.U.G. Holman, “The Electrical Distribution System of the Public Service Corporation of New Jersey—I,” Electrical World 47, (2-January 13, 1906):104. N.B.: This Representatives, Sixty-Fifth Congress, Second Session, on H.R. 12776 (August 23, 1918). article is the first of a three-part series on the subject that were published in subsequent volumes of this industry magazine. 62. “Interconnection in New England,” Electrical World 75 (19-May 8, 1920), 1077. 39. “Biggest Power Pool to Serve 2 States,” The New York Times, September 17, 1927:7, col. 5. 63. Dates for the interconnection vary between 1922 and 1925. See “About Northeast Utilities, “Western Massachusetts Electric Company,” accessed online at 40. Conniff and Conniff, 126. http://www.nu.com/aboutnu/wmeco.asp; and Bill Beck, 25 Year History of Michigan Public Power Agency [MPPA] (Lansing, Michigan: Michigan Public Power Agency, 2003), 27, accessed online September 5, 2012, at http://www.mpower.org/History/MPPA25yrHistoryFINAL.pdf. The agreement was the predecessor to the 41. Fortune 1934 [might cite date since there are several articles], 105. Connecticut Valley Power Exchange (CONVEX).
42. Fortune, 1934, 105. 64. Beck, 75 Years of Powering the Future, 150.
43. Fortune, 1934, 130. 65. David DeKok and Perry Stambaugh, “Power Struggle,” in Penn Lines 38 (2-February 2003), 3. Creation of the federal Rural Electrification Administration by executive order by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on May 11, 1935, further spurred electrical development into rural areas. 44. Fortune, 1934, 99. 66. Beck, 75 Years of Powering the Future, 151-153. 45. Conniff and Conniff, 131-135. 67. Hughes, 296. 46. Conniff and Conniff, 137. 68. Wainwright, 198-199. 47. Conniff and Conniff, 130. 69. “Midwinter Convention of the A.I.E.E.,” Electrical World 75 (9-February 28, 1920), 486. 48. Conniff and Conniff, 130. 70. Beck, 75 Years of Powering the Future, 225-226; “Business & Finance: Super-Power,” Time (August 11, 1924), accessed December 5, 2013, at http://content.time. 49. Conniff and Conniff, 134-135. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,718882,00.html.
50. Conniff and Conniff, 283-284. 71. Wainwright, 132.
51. Public Service Corporation of New Jersey, Public Service Review 1924 (Newark, New Jersey: Public Service Corporation of New Jersey, 1924), 42. 72. Conniff and Conniff, 305; Wainwright, 150.
52. Public Service Corporation of New Jersey, Public Service Review 1928 (Newark, New Jersey: Public Service Corporation of New Jersey, 1928), 44. 73. Wilmer S. Kleinback, PJM: America’s Pioneer Power Pool (Norristown, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland Interconnection, 1983, accessed January 4, 2011 at https://www.scribd.com, 18. 53. Conniff and Conniff, 301-303; Fortune 132. 74. Wainwright, 130. 54. Electrical World (cited in Conniff and Conniff)
85 To Develop the State of New Jersey and Make It a Better Place to Live Endnotes 86 75. Wainwright, 167-168. 98. “Men Live in Camps…,” Public Service News, December 15, 1928, 3; Conniff and Conniff, 307.
76. Wainwright, 180. 99. Conniff and Conniff, 307, 311-312.
77. Exelon Corporation, “The History of PECO,” Funding Universe website, accessed June 21, 2012, at http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Exelon- 100. The New York Times, September 17, 1927:1, col. 2, and October 2, 1928:43, col. 2; Deborah Van Steen and Abbie Hurlbut, “New Jersey Department of Environmental Corporation-Company-History.html. Protection Historic Preservation Office, Base Form: Roseland Switching Station,” on file, New Jersey Historic Preservation Office, Newark, 2010.
78. Hughes, 328-329. 101. Public Service Corporation of New Jersey, Twenty Second Annual Report of Public Service Corporation of New Jersey, for Year Ending December 31, 1930 (Newark: Public Service Corporation of New Jersey, 1930), 24. 79. The New York Times September 17, 1927:7, col. 5. 102. “To Open 2 Power Plants,” The New York Times, October 2, 1928:43, col. 2. 80. Hawley-Lake Wallenpaupack Chamber of Commerce, PPL Corporation, and Palmyra, Pike/Wallenpaupack Historical Society, Wallenpaupack (Hawley, Pennsylvania: Hawley-Lake Wallenpaupack Chamber of Commerce, 2001), 3, 31. 103. Alexander E. Bauhan, “Interconnection Brings Benefits by Pooling of Electric Output in New Jersey and Pennsylvania,”Public Service News, September 1, 1928, 5.
81. Hawley-Lake Wallenpaupack Chamber of Commerce, 36, 92-93. At the time it was opened, this flow line was the largest conduit of its type ever built. Between 104. “Largest Transformers in World for Roseland Switching Station,” Public Service News, August 1, 1929, 1-2. 1956 and 1958, the wooden flow line was replaced with a steel flow line of the same diameter. Bethlehem Steel completed this work. 105. Public Service Corporation of New Jersey, “Largest Transformers in World for Roseland Switching Station,” Public Service News, August 1, 1929, 1-2; “Worlds 82. Beck, 75 Years of Powering the Future, 165. Largest Transformers,” The Queenslander, September 19, 1929 (Brisbane, Australia: 1866-1939), 58, accessed online February 6, 2014, at http://trove.nla.gov.au/ ndp/del/article/22918392. 83. Beck, 75 Years of Powering the Future, 192. 106. “Roseland and West Orange Switching Stations ‘Energized,’” Public Service News, October 15, 1928, 3. 84. Wainwright, 200. 107. Wainwright, 200. 85. Conniff and Conniff, 306. 108. Conniff and Conniff, 306. 86. “Biggest Power Pool to Serve 2 States,” The New York Times, September 17, 1927:1, col. 2; Beck, 75 Years of Powering the Future, 195-196. A follow-up study, known as the Osgood Report, extended MacLaren’s report and estimated that over a six-year period the interconnection would result in a gross savings of $45 million. 109. Public Service Electric and Gas Company, Charles A. Coffin Prize, 1929, Application of Public Service Electric and Gas Company (Newark, New Jersey: Public Service Electric and Gas Company, 1929), 94. 87. Beck, 75 Years of Powering the Future, 195. 110. Kleinback, 11. 88. Conniff and Conniff, 306. 111. Image reproduced from Beck, 75 Years of Powering the Future, 168. According to the caption, “Prior to construction of the Wallenpaupack to Siegfried line, high- 89. Beck 1995, 197. voltage transmission lines were not designed well enough to withstand the sheets of ice. The photo shows a tower along the Harwood-Hauto line, December 1914.” 90. The New York Times September 17, 1927:1, col. 2. 112. Silver and Clogher, quoted in Beck, 75 Years of Powering the Future, 168. 91. The New York Times September 17, 1927:1, col. 2. 113. Beck, 75 Years of Powering the Future, 169. 92. “Roseland and West Orange Switching Stations ‘Energized,’” Public Service News, October 15, 1928, 3. 114. Conniff and Conniff, 318. 93. Conniff and Conniff, 306-307. 115. Quoted from Accent Energy Group, LLC, History of Electricity – Accent Energy, New York (Accent Energy 2013), accessed online at http://www.accentenergy.com/ 94. “Roseland-Bushkill Transmission Line Finished and put into Service,” Public Service News, April 15, 1932, 4. Energy101/ElectricityArticles.aspx/28_History-of-Electricity. 95. “Roseland-Bushkill Transmission Line Finished and put into Service,” Public Service News, April 15, 1932, 4. 116. Public Service Electric and Gas Company, Charles A. Coffin Medal, 1928 Application of Public Service Electric and Gas Company; Public Service Corporation of New Jersey, 96. “Roseland-Bushkill Transmission Line Finished and put into Service,” Public Service News, April 15, 1932, 4. “Exhibit of ‘The Practical House,’” Public Service News, September 15, 1936, 1; “House Practical of P.S. to Open in Sept., Remodeled,” Il Messaggero, July 8, 1937, 5.
97. “Men Live in Camps While Constructing Electric Tower Line Over Rugged Jersey Hills,” Public Service News, December 15, 1928, 3; Conniff and Conniff, 311. 117. Calabro, 46.
87 To Develop the State of New Jersey and Make It a Better Place to Live Endnotes 88 118. Carolyn M. Goldstein, Creating Consumers: Home Economics in Twentieth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012), 210. 139. Calabro, 64-65.
119. Ronal C. Tobey, Technology as Freedom: The New Deal and the Electrical Modernization of the American Home (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), 21-22. 140. Scott DiSavino, “NRC accepts OSEG application for new NJ reactor site,” Reuters, August 6, 2010, accessed online at http://www.reuters.com/ article/2010/08/06/utilities-pseg-hopecreek-idUSN0622691720100806; Conniff and Conniff, 355. 120. Tobey, 33. 141. Andrew Maykuth, “PSEG opens high-tech energy education center in Salem,” The Inquirer, January 25, 2010, accessed online at http://www.philly.com/philly/ 121. David E. Nye, Electrifying American: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940, paperback edition 1992 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1990), 283. business/technology/20100125_PSEG_opens_high-tech_energy_education_center_in_Salem.html#80wO68boB4Kk2Jt3.03; PSE&G, Salem Generating Station, Lower Alloways Creek, New Jersey (postcard) (Hackettstown, New Jersey: Scheller Co., 1977). 122. Conniff and Conniff, 295. 142. PSE&G. 123. Conniff and Conniff, 315-316. 143. Conniff and Conniff, 354. 124. Beck 75 Years of Powering the Future, 334-335. 144. Hayes, 201. 125. Bayla Schlossberg Singer, Power to the People: the Pennsylvania-New Jersey—Maryland Interconnection, 1925-1970 (Technological and Social Institutions), (Philadelphia: PhD Dissertation University of Pennsylvania, January 1, 1983), 266. 145. Calabro, 64.
126. “18 Utilities form Power Link Plan,” The New York Times, November 20, 1962. 146. Public Service, Electric, & Gas (PSE&G), Home Page, accessed online at PSEG Company Website November 12, 2012, at: http://www.pseg.com/family/pseandg/ index.jsp 127. Richard Munson, From Edison to Enron, 168. 147. 1907 inscription at Union Depot, Washington, D.C., quoted in Nye, 138. The seven allegorical figures above the entrance to Union Station represent Archimedes- 128. Nye, 388. Mechanics, Ceres-Agriculture, Apollo-Imagination or Inspiration, Themis-Freedom or Justice, Thales-Electricity, and Prometheus-Fire. Each has an inscription 129. Peter Kihss, “Power Failure Snarls Northeast; 800,000 Are Caught In Subways Here; Autos Tied Up; City Gropes In Dark,” The New York Times, November 10, written by Harvard president Charles William Eliot. 1965, 1. 148. Jaye Cavallo, Communications Consultant, Transmission Communications for PSE&G, personal communication with Deborah Van Steen, Architectural Historian, 130. The Learning Network, “Nov. 9, 1965: Northeast Is Hit by Blackout,” The New York Times, November 9, 2011, accessed online October 2012 at http://learning.blogs. The Louis Berger Group, Inc., Morristown, New Jersey, January 22, 2014. nytimes.com/2011/11/09/nov-9-1965-northeast-is-hit-by-blackout/; ISO New England, “History,” accessed online October 2012 at http://www.iso-ne.com/ 149. PSE&G, Susquehanna-Roseland Reliability Project Frequently Asked Questions – Helicopter Operations, accessed online February 7, 2014, at http://www.pseg. aboutiso/co_profile/history/index.html. com/family/pseandg/powerline/pdf/faq_helicopter.pdf. 131. Kleinback, 30, 73. 150. Munson, From Edison to Enron, 1, 4, 129. 132. Kleinback, 73. 151. PJM Interconnection, LLC, “Who We Are,” accessed online September 16, 2013, at http://www.pjm.com/about-pjm/who-we-are.aspx. 133. North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) Steering Group, Technical Analysis of the August 14, 2003, Blackout: What Happened, Why, and What Did We Learn?” 152. Munson, From Edison to Enron, 168. (Princeton, New Jersey: North American Electric Reliability Council, July 13, 2004), 1, accessed online December 23, 2013 at http://www.nerc.com/docs/docs/ blackout/NERC_Final_Blackout_Report_07_13_04.pdf. 153. PJM Interconnection, LLC, “PJM History,” accessed online October 2012 at http://www.pjm.com/about-pjm/who-we-are/pjm-history.aspx.
134. Thomas Fleming, New Jersey A History, 1984 edition (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1977), 192; Maxine N. Lurie and Richard Veit, New Jersey: A History of the 154. Munson, From Edison to Enron, 168. Garden State (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2012), 267. 155. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, “History of FERC,” accessed online October 2012 at http://www.ferc.gov/students/ferc/history.asp; PJM 135. Eric John Abrahamson, Building Home: Howard F. Ahmanson and the Politics of the American Dream (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013), 5. Interconnection, LLC, “Learning Center,” accessed online October 2012 at http://www.pjm.com/about-pjm/learning-center/pjm-overview/pjms-role-in-energy- industry/what-is-the-difference-between-rto-and-iso.aspx; PJM Interconnection, LLC, “PJM History.” 136. Fleming, 193. 156. Nishant Patel and Chirag Patel, “Project 1 PJM: RTO,” accessed online on February 11, 2014 at http://www-ee.uta.edu/online/Chai/EE5379/project1-PJM.ppt, 6. 137. Calabro, 64.
138. Hayes, 201.
89 To Develop the State of New Jersey and Make It a Better Place to Live Endnotes 90 14. PSE&G. The Marion Generating Station in Jersey City. Accessed at Facebook,
15. PSE&G Year in Review (1925), 5
16. “To Develop the State of New Jersey…and to Make it a Better Place in Which to Live.” Fortune Magazine (November 1934), 104
17. Burlington Generating Station, Burlington, N.J. Cret Collection, Athenaeum of Philadelphia. Local ID #: CRE380A.515.
18. Postcard from an original painting by Daniel Garber, 1930. Collection of the author.
19. PPL. Lake Wallenpaupack History (2005). Online publication accessed at
20. “Interconnecting Electric Lines.” Public Service News (November 15, 1929). FIGURE SOURCES 21. “Pennsylvania-New Jersey Interconnection.” Public Service News (September 1, 1928), 5. 22. PSE&G Archives, Newark, New Jersey. 1. PJM. PJM Zones, 2012, PJM online, accessed at
3. Time Magazine Cover, May 27, 1929. 25. James C.G. Conniff and Richard Conniff, The Energy People: A History of PSE&G (Newark: Public Service Electric and Gas Company, 1978), 307.
4. Original black and white photograph by Napoleon Sarony; colorized by Dana Keller. Accessed at Pinterest.com. 26. PSE&G Archives, Newark, New Jersey.
5. Gessford, George, “George Westinghouse” Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, biography file. Accessed online at
9. M. Mierzwa. Photograph of the old Folsom (California) Powerhouse on the American River, June 2006. Accessed at
13. PSE&G. 38. PSE&G. Reddy Kilowatt. Accessed at Facebook,
91 Endnotes 92 39. PSE&G, Salute to New Jersey: A Collection of Original New Jersey Recipes and Historical Anecdotes (Newark: Home Service Department, Public Service Electric and Gas 61. PJM. PJM 101: The Basics, The History of PJM, Training Events online (February 12, 2014). Accessed at
41. Public Service News 1931, 4
42. PJM—America’s Pioneer Power Pool (Norristown, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland Interconnection, 1979), cover.
43. “5:28 P.M. Nov. 9th the lights went out.” Life Magazine cover (21-November 19, 1965) 59. Accessed at
44. T. Fortugno, The Louis Berger Group, Inc. December 8, 2008.
45. Salem Generating Station, Postcard (Hackettstown, New Jersey: The Scheller Co., 1977). Collection of the author.
46. Will Davis. PSEG Early Site Permit applied for. Atomic Power Review (August 6, 2000). Accessed online at
47. Marion Calabro, Making Things Work: PSE&G’s First Century (Lyme, Connecticut: Greenwich Publishing Group, Inc., 2003), 65.
48. Cartoon by Henry Martin. PSE&G Energy & Environmental Resource Center (EERC), shared photo. Posted at
49. PSE&G. “High-wire act.” PSE&G Outlook (October 2007).
50. Jaye Cavallo. PSE&G, New Line construction photos.
51. Jaye Cavallo. PSE&G, New Line construction photos.
52. Jaye Cavallo. PSE&G, New Line construction photos.
53. Jaye Cavallo. PSE&G, New Line construction photos.
54. Jaye Cavallo. PSE&G, New Line construction photos.
55. Jaye Cavallo. PSE&G, New Line construction photos.
56. Jaye Cavallo. PSE&G, New Line construction photos.
57. Jaye Cavallo. PSE&G, New Line construction photos.
58. Aerial View Hopatcong Switching Station. Google Earth.
59. PJM. Map of Susquehanna–Roseland 500kV Reliability Project. Accessed at
60. PJM—America’s Pioneer Power Pool (Norristown, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland Interconnection, 1972).
93 To Develop the State of New Jersey and Make It a Better Place to Live Endnotes 94