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Ivan Sant'anna Ivan Sant’Anna 1929: quebra da bolsa de Nova York a história real dos que viveram um dos eventos mais impactantes do século 1929 descreve em detalhes os dias, semanas e meses que antecederam a quebra da Bolsa de Nova York, o grande colapso do mercado financeiro norte- -americano e mundial, a partir da tra- jetória de personalidades famosas e de gente comum. Para narrar os eventos de um dos capítulos mais sombrios e com- plexos do capitalismo, Ivan Sant’Anna pesquisou a fundo a vida de pessoas que tiveram seus destinos alterados. Triste, comovente, impactante, surpreendente — esse mosaico de histórias compõe um retrato singular dos anos 1920. 1929: quebra da bolsa de Nova York Ivan Sant’Anna 1929: quebra da bolsa de Nova York a história real dos que viveram um dos eventos mais impactantes do século Copyright © 2014, 2018 por Ivan Sant’Anna revisão Mahana Cassiavillani projeto gráfico Thiago Lacaz Sant’Anna, Ivan 1929: quebra da bolsa de Nova York: a história real dos que viveram um dos eventos mais impactantes do século / Ivan Sant’Anna. São Paulo: Inversa Publicações, 2018 ISBN 978-85-94256-01-0 1. Ficção brasileira I. Título Inversa Publicações rua Joaquim Floriano, 960, 8º andar Itaim Bibi, São Paulo-SP tel: (11) 4003 3178 [email protected] www.inversapub.com Para o meu neto Fernando Três grandes forças regem o mundo: estupidez, ganância e medo. Warren Buffet, megainvestidor americano Sumário Nota do autor 11 Personagens relevantes 13 1. O garoto de Boston 21 2. Gênios e magnatas 25 3. Incêndio e naufrágio 32 4. A Grande Guerra 38 5. Revolução Russa 42 6. Milagre da alavancagem 46 7. Comunismo versus capitalismo 50 8. Jack Morgan, o banqueiro do mundo 53 9. Pague um, leve dez 56 10. Ricos e felizes 58 11. Consórcios de investimento 62 12. Os manipuladores 66 13. Fim de ano em Wall Street 71 14. Banqueiros, especuladores e visionários 76 15. Flint, Michigan 81 16. Liga de Cavalheiros 87 17. A toca do urso 94 18. Desencantos do casamento 99 19. Espertos e otários 106 20. A pitonisa do Carnegie Hall 110 21. Penetra na Casa Branca 116 22. Um engraxate bem-informado 119 23. O verdadeiro ano de 1929 126 24. Palavra de banqueiro 131 25. Sexo com baunilha 137 26. O céu é o limite 141 27. Feira do interior 149 28. Os novos alquimistas 156 29. Uma terça muito especial 161 30. Arauto da desgraça 165 31. O homem da mala 170 32. Confissões 173 33. Atrás das grades 177 34. Feridos, desconfiados, mas ainda touros 181 35. Chamadas de margem 186 36. Venda o rumor e compre o fato 188 37. Suporte organizado 192 38. A grande chance 194 39. Reviravolta 197 40. Jolan vai ao banco 200 41. Casamento húngaro 204 42. Vendo! Vendo! Vendo! 207 43. Jantar em Hollywood 210 44. Quinta-Feira Negra 212 45. Último suspiro 218 46. Dono da América 224 47. O grande perdedor 229 48. Mal sabia ele 232 49. Misericórdia divina 234 50. A véspera 235 51. Terça-Feira Negra 238 52. Papéis podres 242 53. Choros e rezas 245 54. Temos um problema 249 55. Irremediavelmente pobres 251 56. Fim de uma era 253 57. A Grande Depressão 255 58. O cabo austríaco 259 59. Guerra e paz 262 60. Joe Kennedy 264 61. Jack Morgan 270 62. Perdas e ganhos 273 63. De Wall Street para Sing Sing 276 64. Flint: os escroques e suas vítimas 280 65. Minha vida foi um fracasso 282 66. Epílogo 286 Bibliografia 291 Crônica exclusiva: Lições aprendidas 293 Nota do autor Entre os anos que marcaram transições históricas no século XX, 1929 é um dos sete mais importantes. Tanto quanto 1914, ano do assassinato do arqui- duque Francisco Ferdinando, em Sarajevo, na Bósnia, dando início à Primeira Guerra Mundial; 1917, Revolução Russa; 1918, Armistício; 1939, invasão alemã da Polônia e consequente começo da Segunda Guerra; 1945, derrotas da Ale- manha e do Japão e início da era nuclear; e 1989, queda do Muro de Berlim. Sem exagero, a história econômica americana do século passado pode ser dividida em duas partes, antes e depois de outubro de 1929, mês em que terminou o sonho dourado e ilusório dos “esfuziantes anos 20” (The Roaring Twenties), quando, nos Estados Unidos, muitos acreditavam no surgimento de uma sociedade em que todos seriam ricos. “Everybody ought to be rich” (todos devem ser ricos), disse, convicto, John Jakob Raskob, um dos mais bem-sucedidos empresários e financistas da época, em entrevista publicada no Ladies’ Home Journal em agosto de 1929. Além de ser vice-presidente da DuPont e da General Motors, Raskob conce- beu e construiu o Empire State Building. Os crashes de 24 e de 29 de outubro daquele ano na Bolsa de Valores de Nova York, datas que se tornariam conhecidas pelos nomes pouco imagina- tivos de Quinta-Feira Negra e Terça-Feira Negra, foram seguidos por terre- motos de igual magnitude em todas as bolsas e mercados do mundo. O ano de 1929 deu origem à Grande Depressão e ao desemprego em massa, influenciou a ascensão do nazismo ao poder na Alemanha, permitindo a Adolf Hitler provocar deliberada e calculadamente a Segunda Guerra Mun- dial. Esta, por sua vez, deixou em seu rastro mais de 60 milhões de mortos. Quando se fala em crash da Bolsa, quebradeira dos bancos, ruína das fi- nanças domésticas, depressão, desemprego, guerra, Holocausto, Hiroshima, Nagasaki e mais um sem-número de desgraças, fica uma nítida impressão de que 1929 só gerou perdedores. Mas não. No mercado financeiro, os operadores são divididos em “touros” e “ursos”. Touros apostam na alta. Ursos, na baixa. Os termos vêm da época em que touros lutavam contra ursos para diversão dos garimpeiros durante a Corrida do Ouro 11 do final da década de 1840, na Califórnia. Como o touro ataca de baixo para cima, com os chifres, e o urso de cima para baixo, com as patas, vem daí a analogia. No Brasil quase não se usa as designações “touro” e “urso”. E os poucos que o fazem, se valem dos termos em inglês: bull e bear. Bearish (algo como “ursista”) é quem acredita na baixa. Bullish (“tourista”) é quem crê na alta. Bull-market é o mercado do touro. Bear-market, o do urso. Este livro tem por objetivo relatar os acontecimentos que precederam e deram origem ao crash de 1929, descrever quase que minuto a minuto os momentos mais dramáticos do colapso da Bolsa de Valores de Nova York e contar como foram os dias, semanas, meses e anos que sucederam o esface- lamento do mercado. Vai também esmiuçar a desgraça dos touros e contar o que aconteceu com os ursos. Ao iniciar esta narrativa, posso adiantar que tudo o que houve naque- les tempos foi provocado pela ganância e pelo medo, dois sentimentos que sempre moveram os mercados financeiros e que compuseram, ao longo dos séculos, a essência do DNA dos especuladores. Ivan Sant’Anna [email protected] 12 Personagens relevantes por ordem alfabética de primeiro nome Adelaide | mãe de Adele Merrill, futura senhora Charlton MacVeagh Adele MacVeagh | mulher de Charlton e filha do banqueiro Edwin Merrill Adolf Hitler Albert Wiggin | presidente do Conselho do Chase National Bank Alexander Dana Noyes | editor financeiro doThe New York Times Alexandra | czarina da Rússia, mulher de Nicolau II Alfred Sloan | presidente da General Motors Alfred Smith | diretor da Empire State Inc. Amadeo Peter Giannini | fundador do Bank of Italy e do Bank of America Andrew Arway | padrasto de Jolan e destilador de bebida clandestina Andrew Mellon | banqueiro e secretário do Tesouro dos Estados Unidos Anna Case | segunda mulher de Clarence Mackay Archibald Bodkin, sir | diretor da Promotoria britânica Arthur Schlosser | caixa do Union Industrial Bank Arthur W. Cutten | especulador canadense do mercado de ações Attilio (Doc) Giannini | irmão de Amadeo, executivo do Bank of America Barbara | mãe de Jolan e sogra de Steve Vargo Bearsted, lorde | diretor do banco inglês Montagu Samuel Beatrice | mulher de Edward Henry Harriman Simmons Benito Mussolini | ditador italiano Ben Smith | operador da W. E. Hutton and Company Bernard Baruch | financista, especulador, conselheiro de Winston Churchill Betty | mulher de Ivan Christensen Bing Crosby | cantor e ator Blair | maior acionista da Blair and Company Bradford Ellsworth | especulador profissional Calvin Coolidge | 30º presidente dos Estados Unidos Catherine | segunda mulher de Billy Durant Charles Beagle | promotor público de Flint 13 Charles Chaplin Charles Dawes | embaixador americano em Londres Charles Edwin Mitchell | presidente do National City Bank, atual Citibank Charles E. Merrill | fundador da Merrill Lynch & Co. Charles Goudiss | um dos responsáveis pela corretora do navio Berengaria Charles Lindbergh | herói americano da aviação Charles MacVeagh | embaixador dos Estados Unidos no Japão Charles Murphy | jornalista do New York Evening Mail Charles Schwab | magnata do aço Charles Stewart Mott | presidente do Conselho do Union Industrial Bank Charles Topping | especulador do mercado de ações Charlton MacVeagh | executivo da J. P. Morgan Claire | filha caçula de Clorinda e Amadeo Peter Giannini Clarence Charles Hatry | empresário e financista inglês Clarence Mackay | magnata dos telégrafos, pai de Ellin Clifford Plumb | caixa do Union Industrial Bank Clorinda Giannini | mulher de Amadeo Peter Giannini Davenport Pogue | assessor financeiro de Helena Rubinstein David McGregor | caixa do Union Industrial Bank David M. Lion | manipulador de ações David Sarnoff | presidente da Radio Corporation of America (RCA) Dee Van Balkom Furey | jornalista, terceira mulher de Charles Mott Dorothy (Dotsie) | mulher de Jesse Livermore Dorothy Goetz | cantora, primeira mulher de Irving Berlin Douglas Fairbanks Jr. | ator de cinema E. C. Delafield | executivo do Bank of America Edmund Daniels | diretor-gerente do grupo empresarial de Clarence Hatry Edmund Lynch | sócio de Charles E.
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