The Prevalence of Bullying & Abuse in Mb.Sahmri.Com

Dr Mike Musker, Bellberry Senior Research Fellow, & Jacqueline Bowden, Manager; Tobacco Control Research and Evaluation Theme Leader, Mind & Brain Research, Professor Julio Licinio & SAHMRI’s Executive Officer, Research Lead in Population Health for Adelaide University, Associate Professor Caroline Miller

mb.sahmri.com

The Prevalence of Bullying & Abuse in South Australia: It’s not just in the playground!

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 1 The

Theme Leader Professor Julio Licinio people and Professor Mali Wong that made Associate Professor Caroline Miller this work and Jacqueline Bowden possible.

Professor Anne Taylor and Eleonora Dalgrande

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 2 www.sahmri.com

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 3 mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 4 Definition of Bullying: Is it just jostling for social superiority?

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 5 AgeDefinition & Gender when of bullying bullying Olweus, D 2013, 'School bullying: development and some important challenges', lastAnnu experiencedRev Clin Psychol, vol. 9, pp. 751-780. •OfDan those Olweus that had experiencedis considered some formto be of bullyingthe pioneer (n=1366), of 27.8% bullying reportedprevention. that they http://www.violencepreventionworks.org/ had experienced it during the ages of 0-12 years (primary school), 36.6% had experienced it when they were 13-17 years •(secondarywhen exposed, school) & 16.2% repeatedly were 18 years and and over over. time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other students. • This definition emphasized intentionally negative or aggressive acts that are carried out repeatedly and over time. • there is a certain imbalance of power or strength. The student who is exposed to negative actions has difficulty defending himself or herself.

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 6 Components and behaviours of bullying OlweusAge ,& D 2013,Gender 'School bullying:when development bullying and some important challengeslast experienced', Annu Rev Clin Psychol, vol. 9, pp. 751-780.

WeOf those say a student that had is beingexperienced bullied when some another form of student, bullying or (n=1366),several 27.8% reported that they had experienced it during the ages of 0-12 years •(primarysay mean school), and hurtful 36.6%things had experienced or make fun of it himwhen or herthey or were call him 13 -or17 her years mean and (secondaryhurtful names school) & 16.2% were 18 years and over. • completely ignore or exclude him or her from their group of friends or leave him or her out of things on purpose • hit, kick, push, shove around, or lock him or her inside a room • tell lies or spread false rumours about him or her or send mean notes and try to make other students dislike him or her and other hurtful things like that. • When we talk about bullying, these things happen repeatedly, and it is difficult for the student being bullied to defend himself or herself. We also call it bullying when a student is teased repeatedly in a mean and hurtful way. • But we do not call it bullying when the teasing is done in a friendly and playful way. • Also, it is not bullying when two students of about the same strength or power argue or fight.

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 7 Work Related Bullying Nielsen, MB, Indregard, AR & Overland, S 2016, 'Workplace bullying and sickness absence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the research literature', Scand J Work Environ Health, Jun 15. Workplace bullying refers to situations at the workplace where:- • an employee repeatedly and over a prolonged time period is exposed to harassing behaviour

• from one or more colleagues (including subordinates and leaders) and

• where the targeted person is unable to defend self against this systematic mistreatment

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 8 Why this study was undertaken

• Research on a relatively healthy population identified 25% (n=10 of 40) had experienced serious bullying that had affected their lives, causing early retirement, leaving their job to become self employed, traumatisation, and damage to their self worth, reporting: o intimidation by their managers o organisations were making use of bullying to encourage people to leave their workplace

• All of these people had been at the top of their game in the workplace, yet unjustly experienced interpersonal and top down bullying. It is the injustice that people find hard to cope with and hence recovery is difficult.

• Also as a manager of a large group of staff, many reported bullying by their colleagues.

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 9 AgeMedical & Gender Profession when & bullying Power Relations last experienced Research of medical students about bullying showed that Consultants (the most powerful members of the profession) where performing almost half all bullying Of46% those (n=138 that of had299 participants)experienced some form of bullying (n=1366), 27.8% reported that they had experienced it during the ages of 0-12 years (primary school),And a typical 36.6% statement had experienced of a victim: it when they were 13-17 years (secondary school) & 16.2% were 18 years and over. “We get mistreated by the very people that are in control of our assessment / progression. How can you complain against the very person that controls your future? Its just easier to endure it.”

Research by: Anna Kirsten Zsubert Medical Student / Researcher & presenter at yesterdays 11.40 session NCAB 2016

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 10 The Health Omnibus Survey https://health.adelaide.edu.au/pros/data/hos/ Population Health Adelaide University Professor Anne Taylor / Eleonora Dalgrande & Team

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 11 The Health Omnibus Survey

• Started in 1989 – and is still going in 2016 • Representative door-to-door user-pays survey • Aim: To provide high quality representative population data on health problems & related issues • Clustered, self weighting, multi-stage, systematic area sample of 15+ year olds • Representative population surveys of rural & metropolitan South Australia • ABS collectors districts - Weighted to census data • Consistent methodology • Personal interviews > Around 3,000 each year • 70+% response rate

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 12 Sensitive Nature of Questions Tourangeau, R & Yan, T 2007, 'Sensitive questions in surveys', Psychol Bull, vol. 133, no. 5, Sep, pp. 859-883

• Prior to the survey I met with surveyors to provide guidance on how to deal with possible responses and provided some guiding principles. • Provided information (information cards) on where to seek help if the person was thought to be in distress. • There was a prologue about the sensitive nature of the questions and participants were given options to refuse to answer.

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 13 Our Questions in the Survey

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 14 Lifetime use of antidepressants (prompt card)

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 15 Heading here

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 16 AgeHousehold & Gender Income when bullying last experienced Of those that had experiencedHousehold some Income form Priorof bullying to Tax (n=1366), 27.8% 30.0% reported that they had experienced it during the ages of 0-12 years 25.0%(primary school), 36.6% had experienced it when they were 13-17 years Not

20.0%(secondary school) & 16.2% were 18 years and over. stated, $80001 to 28.2% up to $140,000, 15.0% $40,000, $40001 24.5% 19.5% to $140,001 to 10.0% $80,000, $180,000, $180,000 or 17.1% 5.8% more, 4.8% 5.0%

0.0% 1

up to $40,000 $40001 to $80,000 $80001 to $140,000 $140,001 to $180,000 $180,000 or more Not stated up to $40,000 19.5% 587 $40001 to $80,000 17.1% 515 $80001 to $140,000 24.5% 735 $140,001 to $180,000 5.8% 175 $180,000 or more 4.8% 145 Not stated 28.2% 848

mb.sahmri.com - Mind 100.0%& Brain 2016 300517 Educational Achievement

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 18 Overall Populations & Sample Ethics approved through Adelaide University

• Population of SA is 1.7 million (ABS: 3101.0 - Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2015) – 7.11% of total Australian Population

• 5300 households were selected with a response rate of 57.3% i.e. 3005 interviews. (1/9/2015 to 31/12/2015)

• Final Sample Size 3005 (0.18% of SA Population) participants / households

• Personal Interviews with households throughout the state (including all country centres with a population of 10000 or more) from Statistical Areas level 1 designated by the ABS.

• A non-replacement sample with the aim of achieving 3000 interviews with people aged 15 years and over.

• With up to six separate visits until response obtained.

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 19 The Bullying Data Health Omnibus 2015 Exclusive!

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 20 Key Findings – Bullying 46.2%

Overall, 46.2% of South Australians aged 15 years and over reported that they had been bullied at school or work:- 24.3% occasionally or 1-3 times, 7.9% often or 4-10 times and 14.0% frequently or more than 10 times

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 21 Key Findings – Length of Bullying

Most people who were bullied were bullied for Years 37% (488) Many people were bullied for Months 27% (356), but Others were only bullied for a matter of Days 16% (207) Length of bullying (n=1321) Not stated, 6, 0% Don t know, 72, 5% Days, 207, 16%

Years, 488, 37% Weeks, 192, 15%

Months , 356, 27%

Days Weeks Months Years Don t know Not stated

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 22 Age when bullying last experienced

Of those that had experienced some form of bullying (n=1366), 27.8% reported that they had experienced it during the ages of 0-12 years (primary school), 36.6% had experienced it when they were 13-17 years (secondary school) & 16.2% were 18 years and over.

Age at time of Bullying n=1366 40%

35% 13-17 years, 18 years and 30% 37% older, 35% 25% 0-12 years,

20% 28%

15%

10%

0-12 years 13-17 years 18 years and older mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 23 Age when bullying last experienced

There were no significant differences for those in school years 0-17, but for those over 18 years – Women were almost twice as likely to have experienced bullying over the age of 18 years.

Age & Gender at time of Bullying – n=1366 70%

60% 18 years 50% 13-17 and years, 40% 0-12 older, 55% years, 64% 0-12 13-17 30% 56% 18 years years, years, and 20% 45% 45% older,

10% 36%

0% Male - n=660 of 1366 (48.3%) Female - n=706 of 1366 (51.7%)

0-12 years 13-17 years 18 years and older mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 24 Age at time of survey: Bullied or Not

Those that reported being bullied were more likely to be less than 59 years of age at the time of the survey – possibly those over 59yrs had a difference in perception of bullying or there has been a cultural in that bullying may have increased in the last 5 decades. A high number of those in the younger age bracket of 15-29 years (28%) expressed that they had been bullied.

28% under 30yrs Bullied 35% over 59yrs Not Bullied Compared to <19% in all other Compared to <21% in all other age categories mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 age categories 25 Age when bullying last experienced

Most bullying occurs before the age of 50 years, but the 7 years between the ages of 10 and 16 are the worst years by far, with 53% of all bullying before the age of 50yrs occurring in this seven year cluster. 16% of all bullying occurred last during the ages of 13 & 14 years.

Bullying from 3-49 years (n=1116) All Life Stages 40-49 years(10), 127, 3-9 years (7), 121, 31-60 middle age, 361, 61-88 retirement, 29, 2% 11% 11% 28%

31-39 years(9), 85, 8%

24-30 years(7), 71, 10-16 years (7), 595, 53% 6% 2-30 Youth, 905, 70%

17-23 years(7), 117, 11%

3-9 years (7) 10-16 years (7) 17-23 years(7) 2-30 Youth 31-60 middle age 24-30 years(7) 31-39 years(9) 40-49 years(10) 61-88 retirement mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 26 Gender & Bullying Björkqvist, K, Lagerspetz, KMJ & Kaukiainen, A 1992, 'Do girls manipulate and boys fight? developmentalAge & trends Gender in regard to direct when and indirect aggression',bullying Aggress Behav, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. last117-127 experienced No significant difference in gender by overall bullying status The graph below shows that among those that were bullied, females were Ofmore those likely that to experiencehad experienced bullying someoften (4form-10 times)of bullying or frequently (n=1366), (>10 27.8% times) reported that they had experienced it during the ages of 0-12 years (primary school), 36.6% had experienced it when they were 13-17 years (secondary 70.0% school) & 16.2% were 18 years and over. 60.0% 57.8% 54.7% 50.0% 52.5% 49.7% 50.3% 47.5% 45.3% 40.0% 42.2%

30.0%

20.0%

10.0%

0.0% Never Occasionally (1-3 times) Often (4-10 times) Frequently (greater than 10 times) Male Female

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 27 Sexual Abuse Compared to Bullying AgeLucas, S, Jernbro & ,Gender C, Tindberg, Y & Janson, when S 2016, 'Bully, bullying bullied and abused. Associations between violence at home and bullying in childhood', Scand J Public Health, vol. 44, no. 1, Feb, pp. 27-35. last experienced • A Canadian Study showed Rates of cyberbullying in the past 6 months were twice as high in sexually abused teens compared to non-victims both for girls (33.47 vs. 17.75%) Ofand those boys that(29.62 had vs. experienced13.29%) (Hebert some et al form 2016). of. bullying (n=1366), 27.8% • reportedBullying experiences that they had are commonexperienced among it duringyouth and the are ages clearly of 0 associated-12 years (primarywith abuse. school),Frequent 36.6%bullying, had whether experienced as victim it whenor perpetrator, they were warrants 13-17 particular years (secondary vigilance, as it school)appears & to 16.2% be an indicatorwere 18 ofyears severe andviolence over. in the home (Lucas et al 2016). Sexual Abuse compared to Bullying 60.0% Article: Hebert, M, Cenat, JM, Blais, M, 50.0% 53.3% Lavoie, F & Guerrier, M 2016, 'Child Sexual Abuse, Bullying, Cyberbullying, and Mental 40.0% Health Problems among High Schools 39.1% Students: A Moderated Mediated Model', 30.0% Depress Anxiety, vol. 33, no. 7, Jul, pp. 623- 629 20.0% 23.0% 21.6%

10.0% 10.8% 10.5% 11.4% 7.6% 7.6% 6.4% 5.8% 2.9% 0.0% 3-9 years (7) 10-16 years (7) 17-23 years(7) 24-30 years(7) 31-39 years(9) 40-49 years(10) year sexual abuse year of last bullied

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 28 Smoking & Bullying AgeAzagba, S 2016,& Gender 'School bullying andwhen susceptibility bullying to smoking among never-tried lastcigarette experiencedsmoking students', Prev Med, vol. 85, Apr, pp. 69-73. • Those that had experienced bullying were significantly more likely to Of those that had experienced some form of bullying (n=1366), 27.8% smoke than those that hadn’t (19.1% vs 12.6% respectively) reported that they had experienced it during the ages of 0-12 years • There was an incremental and statistically significant increase in smoking (primaryrates by school), frequency 36.6% of bullying had experienced as shown by itthe when graph they below were 13-17 years (secondary school) & 16.2% were 18 years and over.

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 29 Socio-economic Status Due, P, Merlo, J, Harel-Fisch, Y, Damsgaard, MT, Holstein, BE, Hetland, J, Currie, C, Gabhainn, SN, de Matos, MGAge & Lynch, & J 2009, Gender 'Socioeconomic inequality when in exposure bullying to bullying during adolescence: a comparative, lastcross-sectional, experienced multilevel study in 35 countries', Am J Public Health, vol. 99, no. 5, May, pp. 907-914. • Those that were occasionally bullied were significantly more likely to live in areas of Most Advantaged. There were no other significant differences across disadvantage/advantage. • OfThere those is socioeconomic that had experienced inequality somein exposure form toof bullyingbullying among (n=1366), adolescents, 27.8% leaving reportedchildren of that greater they socioeconomic had experienced disadvantage it during at the higher ages risk of of 0 -victimization12 years (primary (Due 2009). school), 36.6% hadBullying experienced & Disadvantage it when /they Advantage were 13-17 years (secondary school)60.00% & 16.2% were 18 years and over. 50.00% 55.80% 52.00%

40.00%

30.00% 27.70% 20.00% 19.60% 16.30% 10.00% 12.40% 8.10% 7.80% 0.00% Never Occasionally (1-3 times) Often (4-6 times) Frequently (greater than 10 times) Most Disadvantaged Most Advantaged

Bullied Most Disadvantaged Most Advantaged Never 55.8% (51.4-60.2) 52.0% (48.1-55.9) Occasionally (1-3 times) 19.6% (13.7-25.5)* 27.7% (22.9-32.5)* Often (4-6 times) 8.1% (1.8-14.4) 7.8% (2.3-13.3)

Frequently (greater than 10 times) 16.3% (10.3-22.3) 12.4% (7.1-17.7) mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 30 Bullied receiving Treatment or Disability Pension RettewAge, DC && Pawlowski Gender, S 2016, when 'Bullying', Childbullying Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am, vol. 25, lastno. 2, Apr, experienced pp. 235-242. • Those who had experienced bullying were significantly more likely to be currently receiving treatment or the disability pension for psychological or psychiatric illness Of thosecompared that to had those experienced that hadn’t some(16.4% form vs 9.2%) of bullying (n=1366), 27.8% reported• There wasthat an they incremental had experienced and statistically it during significant the ages increase of 0- 12in those years on (primary Treatment school),or disability 36.6% pension had experienced by frequency it whenof bullying they as were shown 13 by-17 the years table (secondary below school)• There & are 16.2% long -wereterm serious18 years physical and over. and psychological consequences for bullies, victims, and those who oscillate between both roles (Rettew et al 2016)

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 31 AgeBMI (Body& Gender Mass when Index) bullying van Geel, M, et al 2014, 'Are overweight and obese youths more often bullied by their peers? A meta-analysis on the lastcorrelation experienced between weight status and bullying', Int J Obes (Lond), vol. 38, no. 10, Oct, pp. 1263-1267. • No significant difference in BMI by overall bullying status • There was a significant difference in BMI by the frequency of bullying. The most Of thoseinteresting that findinghad experienced is that those some who were form frequently of bullying bullied (n=1366), were more 27.8% likely to be reportedobese asthat shown they by had the experienced figure below –it seeduring obese the category. ages of 0-12 years (primary school),• Both overweight36.6% had and experienced obesity are it risk when factors they for were being 13 a -victim17 years of bullying. (secondary school) & 16.2% were 18 years and over. 60.0%

51.6% 53.2% 50.0% 43.3%

40.0% 38.0% 34.7% 29.0% 27.8% 30.0% 27.7% 27.2% 24.9% 19.4% 20.0% 19.1%

10.0%

2.5% 1.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Underweight (<18.5) Normal (>=18.5 & < 25) Overweight (>=25 & <30) Obese (>=30)

Never bullied Occassionally (1-3 times) Often (4-10 times) Frequently (greater than 10 times)

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 32 AntidepressantsAge & Gender when & Obesity bullying Sourander, et al. 2009, 'Childhood bullying behavior and later psychiatric hospital and psychopharmacologic treatment:last findingsexperienced from the Finnish 1981 birth cohort study', Arch Gen Psychiatry, vol. 66, no. 9, Sep, pp. 1005-1012. • Those that had ever been on anti-depressants or were still on antidepressants were more likely to be obese. Of• thoseThose thatthat hadhad experienced experienced bullying some wereform significantly of bullying more (n=1366), likely to 27.8% have reportedever used that anti they-depressants had experienced in their lifetime it during than the those ages that of 0didn’t-12 years report (primary school),being 36.6%bullied had(22.3% experienced vs 11.5% respectively it when they) i.e. weretwice 13as -likely17 years (secondary school) & 16.2% were 18 years and over.

BMI Ever been on antidepressants Still on antidepressants Underweight (<18.5) 19.4% 9.5% Normal (>=18.5 & <25) 14.0% 5.8% Overweight (>=25 & <30) 14.6% 7.7% Obese (>=30) 24.6% 14.8%

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 33 AgeStrategies & Gender for Organizations when bullying last experienced 1. Acknowledge the prevalence of bullying in the population and that half of the workforce may have, or have recently, experienced some level of Of thosebullying that and had it’s experiencedfrequency. Some some may form be suffering of bullying from (n=1366), prolonged 27.8% bullying reportedand not that know they how had to experiencedseek help. Provide it during clear, the effective ages ofanti 0-bullying12 years (primary school),policies. 36.6% (particularly had experienced those under it whenthe age they of 30) were 13-17 years (secondary school)2. Offer & education 16.2% were about 18 bullying, years and what over. it looks like, and how you might help, providing avenues of support when it does occur, or how to prevent it. The most powerful act as role models – education should start there. 3. Provide strategies to deal with bullying in your own workforce, and this may have to be organisation specific. Maybe start with an anonymous survey to all staff with an open question about how you might change the culture. 4. Provide feedback opportunities that make managers aware of bullies and those being bullied through whistle-blower type protection, or even anonymous reporting systems. Be aware of natural justice rules. 5. Create opportunities for people to talk to someone about it, peer support systems, one to ones with staff, or employ a welfare worker or counsellor. 6. Have good Human Resource responses to complaints of bullying – as usually staff see reporting systems as ineffective, and reporting bullying may make their situation worse. mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 34 Reviewing the Literature: What’s out there?

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 35 An explosion of bullying literature in the last 10 years! Search term = Bully* • A Pub Med search was completed on 23rd September 2015 which provided a total of 1685 articles with the word bully* in the title. • A search on Scopus (graph below) showed 3827 articles. From 2011-15 there was an average of 430 articles per year, and throughout the 1990’s (90-99) there was an average of only 14 articles per year. Articles Published on Bullying 1975-2015 (source Scopus) 600 16%

14% 500 12% 400 10%

300 8%

6% 200 4% 100 2%

0 0% 1975 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Amount % published

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 36 AgeSCOPUS & Gender n=3827 when bullying last experienced Text here

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 37 AgeBullying & Gender Literature when by bullying country last experienced Text here

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 38 Thematic Analysis of Pub Med Literature

• Method: All 1685 articles were sorted into groups with similar title headings such as ‘school’ or ‘workplace'. This created around 50 natural groups. • The most frequent items of the 50 groups were then combined to form supergroups that naturally themed together so ‘Education and Schooling’ included the words :- • graduate (n=9), education (n=21), teacher (n=38), student (n=132), and school (n=402). There were two additional supergroups formed which were ‘health related issues’ containing 18 subthemes (n=751) and ‘life stage’ containing only 4 subthemes (n=730).

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 39 Thematic Analysis: The top 5 themes

School 402 Victim 286 Work 274 child 210 Adolescent 202 Other (not in chart) 311

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 40 Articles that matched Life Stages (All had bullying in title n = 730)

Age or life stage child 210 29% adolescent 202 28% adult 44 6% work 274 38% 730

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 41 Articles that matched Health (All had bullying in title n = n=751)

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 42 AgeBullying & Gender in Nursing, when Medicine bullying lastand experiencedTeaching • The prevalence of bullying as reported by nurses varies from one country to another. Experience with bullying was reported by: Of those• that31% ofhad 511 experienced nurses in a U.S. some study. form of bullying (n=1366), 27.8% reported• that44% ofthey 1,100 had nurses experienced in a British it study,during the ages of 0-12 years (primary school),• 36.6%57% of had 152 experienced nurses in an Australian it when they study, were 13-17 years (secondary school)• &21 16.2%% of 286 were nurses 18 years in a Turkish and over. study

Keller, R, Budin, WC & Allie, T 2016, 'A Task Force to Address Bullying', Am J Nurs, vol. 116, no. 2, Feb, pp. 52-58.

• A British survey of more than 1,000 clinical and administrative health care workers found that 44% of nurses and 35% of other staff reported experiencing “peer bullying” in the workplace within the previous year, although bullies weren’t identified by job title.

• A Finnish study of more than 5,000 hospital employees found that 5% reported being bullied at work; of these, 50% were nurses, by far the largest group.

Dellasega, CA 2009, 'Bullying among nurses', Am J Nurs, vol. 109, no. 1, Jan, pp. 52-58. mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 43 AgeNumerous & Gender examples when bullyingin the literature last experienced • Medical: Studies in the UK have found prevalence of bullying in medical students in the range of 10.5% to 38% Of those• Higher that hadrates experienced were seen in somethe United form States of bullying (42%) (n=1366), 27.8% reported• In that Scandinavian they had countries experienced like Finland it during (75 %)the ages of 0-12 years (primary school), 36.6% had experienced it when they were 13-17 years (secondary (Kapoor, S, Ajinkya, S & Jadhav, PR 2016, 'Bullying and Victimization Trends in Undergraduate school)Medical Students & 16.2% - A Self were-Reported 18 years Cross-Sectional and over. Observational Survey', J Clin Diagn Res, vol. 10, no. 2, Feb, pp. VC05-VC08.)

• Teaching: A sample of 261 education employees is collected: 48.7% of these teachers report having experienced workplace bullying (N 127), while 51.3% indicate not considering themselves as bullied at work (N 134) • There is evidence of the high incidence of bullying within the education sector in many countries: Australia, Finland, the Netherlands, the UK, the USA, and China, Ireland, where teachers have been targets of workplace bullying. Turkish primary school teachers had experienced bullying as high as 50%.

(Ariza-Montes, A, Muniz, RN, Leal-Rodriguez, AL & Leal-Millan, AG 2016, 'Workplace Bullying Among Teachers: An Analysis From the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) Model Perspective', J Occup Environ Med, Jun 14.)

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 44 CommonAge & GenderBehaviours when Used bullyingin Nurse–Nurse Bullying Dellasega, CA 2009, 'Bullying among nurses', Am J Nurs, vol. 109, no. 1, Jan, pp. 52-58. last experienced • Giving a nurse “the silent treatment” • Spreading rumours Of• thoseUsing humiliationthat had experienced and put-downs, some usually form regarding of bullying a nurse’s (n=1366), skills and27.8% ability reported• Failing thatto support they hada nurse experienced because you it duringdon’t like the her ages or him of 0-12 years (primary school),• Excluding 36.6% a nurse had experiencedfrom on- or off it-the when-job theysocializing were 13-17 years (secondary school)• Repeating & 16.2% information were 18 shared years byand one over. nurse out of context so that it reflects badly on them • Sharing confidences you were asked to keep private • Making fun of another nurse’s appearance, demeanour, or another trait • Refusing to share information with another nurse or otherwise setting her or him up to fail • Manipulating or intimidating another nurse into doing something for you • Using body language (such as eye rolling or head tossing) to convey an unfavourable opinion of someone • Saying something unfavourable, then pretending you were joking • Name calling • Teasing another nurse about their lack of skill or knowledge • Running a smear campaign or otherwise trying to get others to turn against a nurse mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 45 AgeTrauma & Gender and Psychiatric when bullying Consequences lastof Bullying experienced • Bullying victimization in childhood is associated with a broad array of serious mental health disturbances, including anxiety, depression, and suicidal Of thoseideation that and had behaviour. experienced some form of bullying (n=1366), 27.8% reported that they had experienced it during the ages of 0-12 years (primary school),Silberg, JL, 36.6% Copeland, had W, experienced Linker, J, Moore, it AA,when Roberson they- Nay,were R &13 York,-17 TPyears 2016, (secondary 'Psychiatric outcomes of bullying victimization: a study of discordant monozygotic twins', school)Psychol Med, & 16.2% vol. 46, were no. 9, 18 Jul, years pp. 1875 and-1883. over.

• In a USA study: It is estimated that 160,000 children skip school every day because of fear of attack or intimidation by other students. • Approximately 1 in 6 high school students has seriously considered suicide, • and 1 in 12 has attempted it. • Suicide rates among teens have been increasing for the last couple of years; from 6.3% in 2009, to 7.8% in 2011; • and more youth suicides have been reported as a result of bullying.

(Shireen, F, Janapana, H, Rehmatullah, S, Temuri, H & Azim, F 2014, 'Trauma experience of youngsters and Teens: A key issue in suicidal behavior among victims of bullying?', Pak J Med Sci, vol. 30, no. 1, Jan, pp. 206-210)

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 46 'Childhood bullying involvement predicts low-grade systemic inflammation into adulthood‘

Copeland, WE, Wolke, D, Lereya, ST, Shanahan, L, Worthman, C & Costello, EJ 2014,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U S A, vol. 111, no. 21, May 27, pp. 7570-7575.

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 47 Cumulative effects of bullying (victims)

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 48 Adjusted mean CRP levels (mg per litre)

mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 49 Theme Leader Professor Julio Licinio and Professor Mali Wong

Associate Professor Caroline Miller and Jacqueline Bowden

Professor Anne Taylor and Eleonora Dalgrande Thank You & mb.sahmri.com - Mind & Brain 2016 Questions? 50