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Mechanics of Flight / AC Kermode 1405823593_COVER.qxd 16/3/06 13:15 Page 1 11th Edition MECHANICS OF FLIGHT A. C. KERMODE Revised by R.H. BARNARD & D.R. PHILPOTT 11th Edition MECHANICSMECHANICS Mechanics of Flight is an ideal introduction to the principles of flight. The eleventh edition MECHANICS OF FLIGHT has been completely revised and updated to conform to current teaching practices and technical knowledge. Written in a clear jargon-free style, the book contains simple numerical examples which are suitable for students up to HND level and for first year OFOF FLIGHTFLIGHT degree students. The book commences with a summary of the relevant aspects of mechanics, and goes on to cover topics such as air and airflow, aerofoils, thrust, level flight, gliding, landing, performance, manoeuvres, and stability and control. Important Revised by A. C. KERMODE aspects of these topics are illustrated by a description of a trial flight in a light aircraft. The book also deals with flight at transonic and supersonic speeds, and finally orbital flight and spacecraft. Key Features 11th Edition • A straightforward, practical, approach to the subject based on the application of the basic principles of mechanics. R.H. BARNARD & D.R. PHILPOTT • Descriptions are aided by the use of numerous illustrations and photographs. • Numerical questions with answers make it suitable as a course teaching resource. • Non-numerical questions and answers are included to allow readers to assess their own understanding. Mechanics of Flight is an excellent text for student pilots, students of aeronautical and aerospace engineering, aircraft engineering apprentices and anyone who is interested in aircraft. A recommended follow-up book is Aircraft Flight (also published by Pearson Prentice Hall) by R. H. Barnard and D. R. Philpott. The authors have also provided the recent and current revisions of Mechanics of Flight. R. H. Barnard PhD, CEng, FRAeS; formerly Principal Lecturer in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at the University of Hertfordshire. A. C. KERMODE D. R. Philpott PhD, CEng, MRAeS; formerly Principal Aerodynamic Specialist at Raytheon Corporate Jets and Reader in Aerospace Engineering at the University of Hertfordshire. ISBN 1-405-82359-3 Revised by 9 781405 823593 www.pearson-books.com Cover image: Lockheed Martin R.H. BARNARD & D.R. PHILPOTT MECH_A01.QXP 29/3/06 10:17 Page i Mechanics of Flight MECH_A01.QXP 29/3/06 10:17 Page ii We work with leading authors to develop the strongest educational materials in aerodynamics, bringing cutting-edge thinking and best learning practice to a global market. Under a range of well-known imprints, including Prentice Hall, we craft high quality print and electronic publications which help readers to understand and apply their content, whether studying or at work. To find out more about the complete range of our publishing, please visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk MECH_A01.QXP 29/3/06 10:17 Page iii Mechanics of Flight 11th EDITION A. C. KERMODE CBE, MA, CEng, FRAeS Revised by R. H. BARNARD PhD, CEng, FRAeS and D. R. PHILPOTT PhD, CEng, MRAes, MAIAA MECH_A01.QXP 29/3/06 10:17 Page iv Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk First published by Pitman Books Ltd Tenth edition published 1996 Eleventh edition 2006 © A. C. Kermode 1972 © Pearson Education Limited 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. ISBN–13: 978–1–4058–2359–3 ISBN–10: 1–4058–2359–3 British Library Cataloguing-in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kermode, Alfred Cotterill. Mechanics of flight / A. C. Kermode; rev. and edited by R. H. Barnard and D. R. Philpott.-- 11th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-4058-2359-3 (paperback : alk. paper) 1. Aerodynamics. 2. Flight. I. Barnard, R. H. II. Philpott, D. R. III. Title TL570.K43 2006 629.132--dc22 2006041555 10987654321 10 09 08 07 06 Typeset in 10/12pt Sabon by 3 Printed and bound in China The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests. MECH_A01.QXP 29/3/06 10:17 Page v Contents Preface to Eleventh Edition vi Acknowledgements vii Chapter 1 Mechanics 1 Chapter 2 Air and airflow – subsonic speeds 28 Chapter 3 Aerofoils – subsonic speeds 67 Chapter 4 Thrust 120 Chapter 5 Level flight 147 Chapter 6 Gliding and landing 180 Chapter 7 Performance 215 Chapter 8 Manoeuvres 230 Chapter 9 Stability and control 257 Chapter 10 A trial flight 287 Chapter 11 Flight at transonic speeds 297 Chapter 12 Flight at supersonic speeds 342 Chapter 13 Space flight 377 Appendixes 1 Aerofoil data 412 2 Scale effect and Reynolds Number 431 3 Numerical questions 435 4 Answers to numerical questions 471 5 Answers to non-numerical questions 479 Index 491 MECH_A01.QXP 29/3/06 10:17 Page vi Preface to eleventh edition The lasting popularity of this classic book is aptly demonstrated by the fact that this is the eleventh edition. This is also the third time that the current reviewers have undertaken the task of updating it, and we hope that the changes will be as well received this time as previously. It would be unreasonable to try to include details of all recent develop- ments, and furthermore, we wanted to retain as much as possible of the practical detail that Kermode supplied. This detail nowadays relates mostly to light general aviation and initial training aircraft, of the type that will be encountered by anyone who wishes to learn to fly. However, transonic, super- sonic and even space flight are given their place. The late A. C. Kermode was a high-ranking Royal Air Force officer respon- sible for training. He also had a vast accumulation of practical aeronautical experience, both in the air and on the ground. It is this direct knowledge that provided the strength and authority of his book. Most chapters have some simple non-numerical questions that are intended to test students’ undertstanding, and our answers to these are provided. There are also numerical questions and solutions for each chapter. For engineering and basic scientific questions we have used the SI unit system, but aircraft operations are an international subject, and anyone involved in the practical business will need to be familiar with the fact that heights are always given in feet, and speeds in knots. We have therefore retained several appropriate qes- tions where these units are involved. R. H. Barnard D. R. Philpott MECH_A01.QXP 29/3/06 10:17 Page vii Acknowledgements We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material: Figures 1B, 2G, 2E, 8D courtesy of the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, USA; Figures 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 6B, 11B, 12D courtesy of the former British Aircraft Corporation; Figures 3C, 6E, 9F, 13B courtesy of General Dynamics Corporation, USA; Figure 3D courtesy of Paul MacCready; Figures 3E, 5H courtesy of the Grumman Corporation, USA; Figure 3F courtesy of Fiat Aviazione, Torino, Italy; Figures 4D, 13D, courtesy of the Bell Aerospace Division of Textron Inc., USA; Figure 4G courtesy of Beech Aircraft Corporation, USA; Figures 4H, 5B courtesy of Cessna Aircraft Company, USA; Figure 4I courtesy of the former Fairey Aviation Co. Ltd; Figures 5C, 8C courtesy of Flight; Figure 6A courtesy of Slingsby Sailplanes Ltd; Figure 6C (bottom) courtesy of Terry Shwetz, de Havilland, Canada; Figure 6F courtesy of Bell Helicopter Textron; Figure 6G courtesy of Nigel Cogger; Figures 7C, 13C courtesy of the Boeing Company; Figure 9H courtesy of SAAB, Sweden; Figure 9I courtesy of Piaggio, Genoa, Italy; Figure 11A courtesy of the Shell Petroleum Co. Ltd; Figure 11E courtesy of McDonnell Douglas Corporation, USA; Figure 12A courtesy of the Lockheed-California Company, USA; Figure 12B courtesy of British Aerospace Defence Ltd, Military Aircraft Division; Figure 12C courtesy of Avions Marcel Dassault, France; Figures 13A, 13E courtesy of NASA. Quotation from The Stars in their Courses on p.391 (Sir James Jeans) reprinted courtesy of Cambridge University Press. MECH_A01.QXP 29/3/06 10:17 Page viii MECH_C01.QXP 28/3/06 17:15 Page 1 CHAPTER 1 Mechanics Flying and mechanics The flight and manoeuvres of an aeroplane provide glorious examples of the principles of mechanics. However, this is not a book on mechanics. It is about flying, and is an attempt to explain the flight of an aeroplane in a simple and interesting way; the mechanics are only brought in as an aid to understanding. In the opening chapter I shall try to sum up some of the principles with which we are most concerned in flying. Force, and the first law of motion An important principle of mechanics is that any object that is at rest will stay at rest unless acted upon by some force, and any object that is moving will continue moving at a steady speed unless acted upon by a force. This state- ment is in effect a simple statement of what is known as Newton’s First Law of Motion. There are two types of forces that can act on a body. They are: (1) externally applied mechanical forces such as a simple push or pull (2) the so-called body forces such as those caused by the attraction of gravity and electromagnetic and electrostatic fields.
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